Bibliographies thématiques / Enzymatic cleaning

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Enzymatic cleaning »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 7 septembre 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Enzymatic cleaning"

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Bdiri, Bensghaier, Chaabane, Kozmai, Baklouti et Larchet. « Preliminary Study on Enzymatic-Based Cleaning of Cation-Exchange Membranes Used in Electrodialysis System in Red Wine Production ». Membranes 9, no 9 (3 septembre 2019) : 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090114.

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The use of enzymatic agents as biological solutions for cleaning ion-exchange membranes fouled by organic compounds during electrodialysis (ED) treatments in the food industry could be an interesting alternative to chemical cleanings implemented at an industrial scale. This paper is focused on testing the cleaning efficiency of three enzyme classes (β-glucanase, protease, and polyphenol oxidase) chosen for their specific actions on polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolic compounds, respectively, fouled on a homogeneous cation-exchange membrane (referred CMX-Sb) used for tartaric stabilization of red wine by ED in industry. First, enzymatic cleaning tests were performed using each enzyme solution separately with two different concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 g/L) at different incubation temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C). The evolution of membrane parameters (electrical conductivity, ion-exchange capacity, and contact angle) was determined to estimate the efficiency of the membrane′s principal action as well as its side activities. Based on these tests, we determined the optimal operating conditions for optimal recovery of the studied characteristics. Then, cleaning with three successive enzyme solutions or the use of two enzymes simultaneously in an enzyme mixture were tested taking into account the optimal conditions of their enzymatic activity (concentration, temperatures, and pH). This study led to significant results, indicating effective external and internal cleaning by the studied enzymes (a recovery of at least 25% of the electrical conductivity, 14% of the ion-exchange capacity, and 12% of the contact angle), and demonstrated the presence of possible enzyme combinations for the enhancement of the global cleaning efficiency or reducing cleaning durations. These results prove, for the first time, the applicability of enzymatic cleanings to membranes, the inertia of their action towards polymer matrix to the extent that the choice of enzymes is specific to the fouling substrates.
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Graßhoff, A. « Enzymatic Cleaning of Milk Pasteurizers ». Food and Bioproducts Processing 80, no 4 (décembre 2002) : 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/096030802321154736.

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Gonzalez, Jonathan, Thomas Vanzieleghem, Axelle Dumazy, Christelle Meuris, Jacques Mutsers, Genevieve Christiaens, Philippe Leclercq, Jean-Philippe Loly, Edouard Louis et Pierrette Gast. « On-site comparison of an enzymatic detergent and a non-enzymatic detergent-disinfectant for routine manual cleaning of flexible endoscopes ». Endoscopy International Open 07, no 04 (21 mars 2019) : E412—E420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0838-4995.

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Abstract Background and study aims Flexible endoscopes are potential vectors of pathogen transmission to patients that are subjected to cleaning and high-level disinfection after each procedure. Efficient manual cleaning is a prerequisite for effective high-level disinfection. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the impact of the cleaning chemistry in the outcome of the manual cleaning of endoscopes. Materials and methods Twelve endoscopes were included in this study: four colonoscopes, four gastroscopes, two duodenoscopes and two bronchoscopes. This study was designed with two phases; in each of them, the manual cleaning procedure remained identical, but a different detergent was used: a non-enzymatic detergent-disinfectant (NEDD) and an enzymatic detergent (ED). Biopsy and suction channels of endoscopes were sampled using 10 mL of physiological saline at two points: before and after manual cleaning, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured on each sample. In total, 208 procedures were analyzed for the NEDD phase and 253 for the ED phase. Results For each endoscope type, cleaning endoscopes with ED resulted in larger median decrease in ATP than with NEDD: respectively 99.43 % and 95.95 % for bronchoscopes (P = 0.0007), 99.28 % and 96.93 % for colonoscopes (P < 0.0001) and 98.36 % and 95.36 % for gastroscopes (P < 0.0001). In addition, acceptability rates of endoscopes based on defined post-manual cleaning ATP thresholds (200, 150, 100 or 50 relative light units) for all endoscope types were significantly higher with ED compared to NEDD. Conclusions With all other parameters of manual cleaning remaining unchanged, the enzymatic chemistry of ED provided more consistent and improved cleaning of endoscopes compared to NEDD. Therefore, choice of the detergent for endoscope cleaning has an impact on the outcome of this process.
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Persson, Mette, K. Bilgrav, Lone Jensen et F. Gottrup. « Enzymatic Wound Cleaning and Absorbable Sutures ». European Surgical Research 18, no 2 (1986) : 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000128514.

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Chernobai, V. T., P. I. Kabachnyi, V. F. Rudyuk, L. N. Korchagina, Zh A. Lyubetskaya, N. F. Maslova, L. I. Dranik et al. « Asperase ? An enzymatic preparation for cleaning wounds ». Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 25, no 1 (janvier 1991) : 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00766368.

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Bárbara Guandalini, Ivana Vendramini, Denise Piotto Leonardi, Flávia Sens Fagundes Tomazinho1 et Paulo Henrique Tomazinho. « Comparative analysis of four cleaning methods of endodontic files ». RSBO 11, no 2 (30 juin 2015) : 154–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v11i2.837.

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Due to the size and design of endodontic files, these instruments have been considered one of the most difficult to clean among all dental instruments. The debris maintenance within the sulcus prevents the effective sterilization and may compromise the disinfection of root canal systems in endodontic therapy. However, there is neither a method nor technique that standardized the cleaning of these instruments. Objective: To evaluate the cleaning ability of four techniques used in dentistry. Material and methods: For this purpose, 30 new size #40 Flexofile were used for the preparation of the canals of mandibular molars of pigs. After instrumentation, the contamination and the presence of debris in the sulcus was confirmed and the files were randomly divided into four groups: control group (without cleaning), group 1 (enzymatic detergent + manual brushing with nylon bristle brush), group 2 (ultrasound + enzymatic detergent), group 3 (ultrasound + water) and group 4 (gauze embedded in 70% alcohol). Next, all files were photographed and photographs were printed at high quality. The spirals containing debris were counted.Results: Manual cleaning with enzymatic detergent and nylon bristle brush, ultrasound with either water or detergent showed the best cleaning capacity in which respectively 100%, 98.9% and 96.2%, of the spirals were free of debris. Cleaning with alcohol and gauze proved to be ineffective, showing debris in more than 40% of the spirals by visual analysis. In control group, 91% of the spirals presented debris. It can be concluded that the association between manual and ultrasound cleaning may be promising in ensuring a cleaning protocol for endodontic files cleaning.
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Walker, Natalie, FJ Trevor Burke et Charles J. Palenik. « Comparison of Ultrasonic Cleaning Schemes : A Pilot Study ». Primary Dental Care os13, no 2 (avril 2006) : 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/135576106776337904.

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Objective Ultrasonic cleaning is an effective method for cleaning dental instruments prior to sterilisation. However, there are few studies that directly compare precleaning and ultrasonic cleaning solutions. This study evaluated the efficacy of different ultrasonic cleaning schemes. Method and Materials Twenty representative dental instruments, five of which were soiled with a mixture of blood and hydroxyapatite, were used in a series of cleaning runs. Cleaning employed a presoaking agent, ultrasonic cleaning, or a combination of both. Two presoaking agents (Non-ionic Ultrasonic Cleaning Solution and ProEZ Foaming Enzymatic Spray) plus five ultrasonic cleaners (UltraDose, General Purpose Cleaner, Co-enzyme Concentrate, Enzol Enzymatic Detergent, and Non-ionic Ultrasonic Cleaning Solution) were compared, with tap water serving as a control. There were two cleaning times: seven and 15 minutes. After rinsing, the working ends of the instruments underwent scrubbing for 20 seconds using a dental polishing brush held in a haemostat. After scrubbing, the brush and instrument were placed in a tube containing sterile saline. Vortexing of the tube lasted 30 seconds. Testing for the post-cleaning presence of blood involved Hemastix dipsticks. These sticks measure minute amounts of blood in urine and can detect as few as 35 red blood cells per ml. Comparisons of colour change were made to a standard scale followed by assignment of numeric values. Results Tap water was the poorest cleaning solution, while UltraDose was the most effective. Blood removal improved when cleaning time was increased from seven to 15 minutes. The combined effect of a presoak immersion followed by ultrasonic cleaning was the most effective cleaning scheme overall. Cleaning by either ultrasound or presoaking only was less effective. Some instruments were more difficult to clean than others. Conclusion Within the constraints of the small number of test runs performed, it was concluded that application of a presoak agent before ultrasonic cleaning produced the most effective instrument-cleaning regimen.
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Rudolph, Gregor, Herje Schagerlöf, Kristian Morkeberg Krogh, Ann-Sofi Jönsson et Frank Lipnizki. « Investigations of Alkaline and Enzymatic Membrane Cleaning of Ultrafiltration Membranes Fouled by Thermomechanical Pulping Process Water ». Membranes 8, no 4 (10 octobre 2018) : 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8040091.

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The pulp and paper industry is one of the most important industrial sectors worldwide, and has considerable potential for the sustainable fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to provide valuable compounds. Ultrafiltration (UF) is a suitable separation technique for the profitable production of hemicelluloses from process water from thermomechanical pulping (ThMP), but is limited by membrane fouling. Improvements in cleaning protocols and new alternative cleaning agents are required to ensure a long membrane lifetime, and thus a sustainable process. This study, therefore, focuses on the cleaning of polymeric UF membranes after the filtration of ThMP process water, comparing alkaline with enzymatic cleaning agents. The aim was to develop a cleaning procedure that is efficient under mild conditions, resulting in a lower environmental impact. It was not possible to restore the initial permeability of the membrane when cleaning the membrane with enzymes alone, but the permeability was restored when using a two-step cleaning process with enzymes in the first step and an alkaline cleaning agent in the second step. Scanning electron microscopy gave a deeper inside into the cleaning efficiency. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that not only polysaccharides, but also extractives are adsorbed onto the membrane surface.
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Allie, Z., E. P. Jacobs, A. Maartens et P. Swart. « Enzymatic cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes fouled by abattoir effluent ». Journal of Membrane Science 218, no 1-2 (1 juillet 2003) : 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(03)00145-5.

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te Poele, Sandy, et Jaap van der Graaf. « Enzymatic cleaning in ultrafiltration of wastewater treatment plant effluent ». Desalination 179, no 1-3 (juillet 2005) : 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.056.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Enzymatic cleaning"

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Puspitasari, Vera Liany Chemical Sciences &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. « Membrane cleaning and ageing effect by chemical and enzymatic agents ». Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Chemical Sciences & ; Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43731.

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MBR suppliers are largely recommending NaOCl as the cleaning agent. Despite the popularity of this chemical for membrane cleaning, there is a lack of publications regarding NaOCl optimum cleaning conditions. To properly conduct this optimization study (i.e. obtain the required level of reproducibility and confidence), a rigorous methodology is still required. The potential effect of NaOCl on polymeric materials ageing has drawn attention and recent studies have been dedicated to assess the impact of its exposure on numerous membrane materials (except polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)). PVDF and polypropylene (PP) hollow fibers were investigated using unwashed yeast as model fouling solution, while mixture of sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin (BSA) acted as feed solution for PVDF flat sheet. The cleaning efficiency and optimum NaOCl concentration were found to vary between the different membrane materials and between single and cyclical cleanings. During cyclical cleaning, foulant was more difficult to remove. When 2% NaOCl was used, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy showed a change in membrane function groups on PVDF flat sheet, indicating ageing occurrence. NaOCl agemg caused changes in membrane properties. PP hollow fibers became more brittle with 60 % elongation decrease after 13 weeks. PVDF flat sheet membrane exhibited two-steps-degradation mechanism; firstly, the removal of its surface modification substance, and secondly, the increase of its hydrophilicity. These results were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), FTIR Spectroscopy, contact angle and hydraulic measurement. Enzyme is an alternative option for membrane cleaning. However, the enzymatic cleaning study did not present encouraging results. Optimum cleaning efficiency for protease (68%) and amylase (73%) were found to be lower compared to NaOCl cleaning (95%). Lowry and Dubois methods found that residual foulants were present on the membrane after the cleaning process, which caused fouling to occur faster when membrane was re-used.
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Kavugho, Mission Sophie. « Formulation et étude de nouveaux détergents enzymatiques pour le nettoyage des membranes d'ultrafiltration de l'industrie laitière : développement et validation de méthodologies associées ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENS005.

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L’ultrafiltration (UF) du lait écrémé pour la standardisation de la teneur en protéines pour la fabrication des fromages est un procédé membranaire très répandu à l’échelle industrielle. Cependant, le colmatage des membranes par des protéines du lait écrémé provoque une baisse de la productivité et constitue un verrou de ce procédé.Ainsi, l’étape de nettoyage/désinfection bi-quotidienne est indispensable afin de restaurer les performances de la membrane et d’assurer la sécurité sanitaire ainsi que la qualité des produits. Elle est en général réalisée avec des détergents formulés alcalins et acides mais il est également possible d’utiliser des détergents enzymatiques formulés ayant la réputation d’être plus efficaces. Cependant, peu d’études fondamentales existent à ce sujet, ce que cette thèse se propose de contribuer à combler. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de développer de nouveaux détergents enzymatiques efficaces et compatibles avec la membrane en PES/PVP largement utilisée pour l’UF de lait écrémé. La cible du nettoyage est un dépôt de protéines. La démarche s’est appuyée sur une méthodologie d’aide à la formulation de détergents fondée sur la mesure des dépôts résiduels sur la membrane par ATR-FTIR: que ce soit les protéines, les enzymes ou les autres constituants des détergents étudiés. De multiples prototypes ont été formulés en collaboration avec la société Kersia. Leur évaluation a suivi 3 étapes: i) des tests rapides en réacteur fermé (14 cm²) pour sélectionner les détergents prometteurs selon leur efficacité d’élimination du colmatage protéique, leur rinçabilité et le respect de l’intégrité de la membrane à court termes, ii) la transposition des résultats prometteurs en condition de filtration (127 cm²) validant également la filtrabilité des détergents, iii) enfin, la validation de la compatibilité détergent/membrane sur le long terme grâce au vieillissement accéléré sous micro-onde (3 cm²), et au nettoyage d’une membrane spirale (6.8 m²) pendant 52 heures
Ultrafiltration (UF) of skim milk for standardization of the protein content for cheese making is a very common membrane process at industrial scale. However, fouling of the membranes with skim milk proteins causes a drop in productivity and constitutes a barrier to this process. Thus, the twice-daily cleaning/disinfection step is essential to restore the performance of the membrane and ensure health safety and product quality. It is generally carried out with alkaline and acidic formulated detergents, but it is also possible to use formulated enzymatic detergents which enjoy the reputation of being more effective. However, few fundamental studies exist on this subject, which this thesis aims to contribute to fill. The objective of this thesis was to develop new enzymatic detergents that are are effecient and compatible with the PES/PVP membrane widely used for skim milk UF. The target of the cleaning is a protein deposit. The approach was based on a methodology to aid the formulation of detergents based on the measurement of residual deposits on the membrane by ATR-FTIR: whether proteins, enzymes or other constituents of the detergents studied. Mutliple prototypes were formulated in collaboration with Kersia Company. Their evaluation followed 3 steps: i) rapid tests in a batch reactor (14 cm²) to select promising detergents according to their effectiveness in eliminating protein fouling, their cleanability and the integrity of the membrane in the short term, ii) transposition of promissing results under filtration conditions (127 cm²) also validating the filterability detergents, iii) finally, validation of detergent/membrane compatibility over the long term thanks to accelerated aging under microwave (3 cm²) and cleaning of the spiral wound membrane (6.8 cm²) for 52 hours
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CHENGJIAO, ZHANG. « Photocatalytic behaviour of nano sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) blended in poly (lactic acid) (PLA) via melt blending method : focus on textile applications ». Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17441.

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During this project, photocatalytic material, nano sized titanium dioxide, was introduced into poly (lactic acid) to produce functional surface capable of self-cleaning property. Samples containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% titanium dioxide were prepared and etched with proteinase K to expose the nano particles on the surface. It was shown that the nano titanium dioxide could dispersed in the polymer matrix pretty well, it was also found that the nano particles affected the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrix differently , due to difference in concentrations of nano filler. The self-cleaning property was evaluated by decolouration of stains caused by coffee and red wine, also by detecting degradation of methylene blue via a UV-vis spectrophotometer. By measuring changes in absorbance of light at 664nm wavelength after a maximum of 24h UV irradiation, it was possible to measure the degradation property of the samples.
Program: Masterutbildning i textilteknik
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Araújo, Bruno Miguel Viveiros. « Enzymatic Technologies for Cleaning Petroleum with Low CO2 Emissions ». Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/138878.

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Miranda, Filipa Pinto de Barros. « Enzymatic Technologies for Cleaning Petroleum with Low CO2 Emissions ». Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/137588.

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Fang, Long-Chen, et 方隆誠. « Enzymatic cleaning irreversible fouling of ultrafiltration membranes fouled by humic acid ». Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61847357567130041677.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
94
The utilization of enzymatic detergents for membrane fouling control presents several advantages such as minimum membrane damage, easier neutralization of cleaning effluents and their biodegradability was evaluated using different enzyme. The removal of irreversible fouling, due to ultrafiltration of humic acid. T he fouled membrane surfaces appears smoother than corresponding clean membrane sufaces. NaOH and citric acid were much more efficient than enzyme solution. The combination of alkaline, acid and enzyme however, was more effective than NaOH and citric acid alone. This implies that enzyme can remove the component that cannot be removed or degraded by NaOH or citric acid. The highest cleaning efficiency was observed with the combination of NaOH and α-amylase. FEG-SEM and AFM analyses elucidate that the lower roughness of fouled membrane than clean membrane, which implied increasing cleaning efficiency of α-amylase and lipase. FTIR spectra analysis were applied to see difference between the original membrane and the fouling membrane.When irreversible fouling resistance achieve one critical value, α- amylase was more cleaning efficiency than NaOH. The removal organic matter of irreversible fouling were difference with NaOH and α- amylase.
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Mendes, Sónia Alexandra Gonçalves. « Multi-Enzymatic Systems for Cleaning-up Synthetic Dyes from the Environment ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14988.

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Environmental pollution is one of the major and most important problems of the modern world. In order to fulfill the needs and demands of the overgrowing human population, developments in agriculture, medicine, energy sources, and all chemical industries are necessary (Ali 2010). Over the last century, the increased industrialization and continued population growth led to an augmented production of environmental pollutants that are released into air, water, and soil, with significant impact in the degradation of various ecosystems (Ali 2010, Khan et al. 2013).(...)
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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Enzymatic cleaning"

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Mendes, Sónia, Maria Paula Robalo et Lígia O. Martins. « Bacterial Enzymes and Multi-enzymatic Systems for Cleaning-up Dyes from the Environment ». Dans Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters, 27–55. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10942-8_2.

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Timmerman, H., P. K. Mogensen et A. Graßhoff. « Enzymatic Cleaning in Food Processing ». Dans Handbook of Hygiene Control in the Food Industry, 555–68. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100155-4.00036-4.

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Grasshoff, A. « Enzymatic cleaning in food processing ». Dans Handbook of Hygiene Control in the Food Industry, 516–38. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845690533.3.516.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Enzymatic cleaning"

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Pawlak, Joel J. « Review : Biochemical Additives for Papermaking ». Dans Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Oxford 2009, sous la direction de S. J. I’Anson. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2009.1.113.

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Biochemical additives encompass materials added to the papermaking operation that are derived from biological origins. Other than starch, the majority of the biochemical additives currently used in the paper industry are enzymatic. Enzymes are protein structures that speed a particular chemical reaction. The enzymes are not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly. The enzymes used in the paper industry typically target one of the four major components of wood: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin or extractives. Enzymes have been used industrially to aid in bleaching, reduce pitch, enhance strength, alter pulp freeness, and aid in paper machine cleaning. This review focuses on the use of enzymes in the papermaking operation, but also addresses the use of enzymes in other areas of the pulp and paper mill. There has also been considerable work in the use of fungus for improving both mechanical and chemical pulping operations. This is considered a separate topic and is only briefly addressed in this review. The future of biochemical additives may extend well beyond the current use of enzymes and a few notes on potential application are given.
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Mathew, Anil, Mitch Crook, Keith Chaney et Andrea Humphries. « Bioethanol Production From Canola Straw Using a Continuous Flow Immobilized Cell System ». Dans ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91061.

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Global cultivation of canola increased by approximately 22% between 2000 and 2009, due to increased demand for canola oil for biodiesel production and as an edible oil. In 2009 over 290,000 km2 of canola was cultivated globally. In contrast to oilseed, the commercial market for canola straw is minimal and it is generally ploughed back into the field. The high carbohydrate content (greater than 50 % by dry weight) of canola straw suggests it would be a good feedstock for second-generation bioethanol production. There are four major steps involved in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials: (i) pretreatment, (ii) hydrolysis, (iii) fermentation, and (iv) further purification to fuel grade bioethanol through distillation and dehydration. Previous research demonstrated a glucose yield of (440.6 ± 14.9) g kg−1 when canola straw was treated using alkaline pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Whilst bioethanol can be produced using cells free in solution, cell immobilization provides the opportunity to reduce bioethanol production costs by minimizing the extent to which down-stream processing is required, and increasing cellular stability against shear forces. Furthermore, the immobilization process can reduce substrate and product inhibition, which enhances the yield and volumetric productivity of bioethanol production during fermentation, improves operational stability and increases cell viability ensuring cells can be used for several cycles of operation. Previous research used cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in Lentikat® discs to convert glucose extracted from canola straw to bioethanol. In batch mode a yield of (165.1 ± 0.1) g bioethanol kg−1 canola straw was achieved. Continuous fermentation is advantageous in comparison to batch fermentation. The amount of unproductive time (e.g. due to filling, emptying and cleaning) is reduced leading to increased volumetric productivity. The higher volumetric productivity of continuous fermentation means that smaller reactor vessels can be used to produce the same amount of product. This reduces the capital costs associated with a fermentation plant. Research demonstrated a higher bioethanol yield was attained (224.7 g bioethanol kg−1 canola straw) when glucose was converted to bioethanol using immobilized cells in packed-bed continuous flow columns. On an energy generation basis, conversion of 1 kg of canola straw to bioethanol resulted in an energy generation of 6 MJ, representing approximately 35% energy recovery from canola straw. The amount of energy recovered from canola straw could be improved by increasing the amount of energy recovered as bioethanol and by utilising the process by-products in a biorefinery concept.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Enzymatic cleaning"

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Beck, Aaron. NAPTRAM - Plastiktransportmechanismen, Senken und Interaktionen mit Biota im Nordatlantik / NAPTRAM - North Atlantic plastic transport mechanisms, sinks, and interactions with biota, Cruise No. SO279, Emden (Germany) – Emden (Germany), 04.12.2020 – 05.01.2021. Gutachterpanel Forschungsschiffe Bonn, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_so279.

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The coastal and open oceans represent a major, but yet unconstrained, sink for plastics. It is likely that plastic-biota interactions are a key driver for the fragmentation, aggregation, and vertical transport of plastic litter from surface waters to sedimentary sinks. Cruise SO279 conducted sampling to address core questions of microplastic distribution in the open ocean water column, biota, and sediments. Seven stations were sampled between the outer Bay of Biscay and the primary working area south of the Azores. Additional samples were collected from surface waters along the cruise track to link European coastal and shelf waters with the open ocean gyre. Microplastic samples coupled with geochemical tracer analyses will build a mechanistic understanding of MP transport and its biological impact reaching from coastal seas to the central gyre water column and sinks at the seabed. Furthermore, floating plastics were sampled for microbial community and genetic analyses to investigate potential enzymatic degradation pathways. Cruise SO279 served as the third cruise of a number of connected research cruises to build an understanding of the transport pathways of plastic and microplastic debris in the North Atlantic from the input through rivers and air across coastal seas into the accumulation spots in the North Atlantic gyre and the vertical export to its sink at the seabed. The cruise was an international effort as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC (“HOrizontal and vertical oceanic distribution, Transport, and impact of MICroplastics”) and the BMBF funded project PLASTISEA (‘Harvesting the marine Plastisphere for novel cleaning concepts’), and formed a joint effort of HOTMIC and PLASTISEA researchers from a range of countries and institutes.
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