Thèses sur le sujet « Environmental risk assessment – Law and legislation »

Because of the potential for development to have negative environmental impacts, one of the most important questions addressed by environmental law and policy is whether and how to allow development to proceed. In Canada this question is answered primarily through environmental impact assessment ("EIA"). At the federal level, EIAs are required under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, S.C. 1992, c. 37 ("CEAA") for certain types of proposed projects and activities. Although CEAA's purposes include fostering both a healthy environment and economy, the Act does not provide any instruction on how to balance or choose between these goals in situations where both goals cannot be served. In 1999 Professor Daniel Farber developed a methodology he refers to as 'eco-pragmatism' in an attempt to create a means by which society's competing (and often contrary) values can be balanced and satisfactory trade-offs arrived at. In this thesis the differences between CEAA and eco-pragmatism are explored and consideration is given to whether eco-pragmatism might assist in resolving the value conflicts that often characterize EIAs. Of particular interest is whether Farber's approach might improve the CEAA framework and assist CEAA decision-makers in determining whether proposed projects should be approved. It is argued that although eco-pragmatism is useful, it is not adequate if the ultimate goal is environmental protection that is sustainable into the future. Both CEAA and eco-pragmatism focus on the mitigation of negative environmental effects, rather than on achieving long-term environmental gains or observing a minimum environmental standard. Accordingly, both arguably have the effect of slowing the erosion of environmental quality, but each fails to observe some sort of environmental 'bottom line' that would impose an ultimate limit on negative impact. It is suggested that an ultimate limit is a necessary (albeit difficult) element of environmental law.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

Sustainable development requires the integration of ecological and social concerns into economic activities. Recent trends in environmental impact assessment (EIA) suggest the eventual use of the EIA process to link socio-environmental attributes with economic decision-making thus allowing for the transition towards a sustainable future.
This thesis is an examination of the proposed Federal Environmental Impact Assessment Act of Canada and the extent to which its provisions seek to ensure a move towards sustainable development.

How people perceive risk or threats is important to many disciplines that seek to assist policy makers in developing policies, regulations and laws. Using the previous work of Slovic et al. (Fischhoff, Slovic, Lichtenstein, Read and Combs, 2000; Slovic P., 1992; Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein, 2000) in development of the psychometric paradigm, a sample of residents (n=600) from a region with a large number of nuclear reactors was surveyed. The question set was expanded to include demographic questions to determine if they impact risk perception. Two aspects of risk perception were examined, perception of overall risk and perception of riskiness along specific dimensions of concern identified previously in the literature. For both risk and riskiness, respondents? perceptions of nuclear power were compared to three other perceptions of technologies including use of modern farming methods using chemicals, railroad transportation and coal-generated electricity. The recent increase in public concern about nuclear power following the meltdowns at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant led to the expectation that nuclear power would be rated higher in overall risk and riskiness than the other three technologies consistent with Slovic?s earlier work on risk perception. This expectation was generally supported although respondents tended to perceive modern farming methods using chemical as similar in overall risk and riskiness to nuclear power. The research specifically tested five hypotheses concerning the impact of five demographic factors: gender, race, income, education and political orientation on the overall perception of risk and riskiness. Subsequent analysis using analysis of variance and linear regression found that select demographics only explained 2% of the risk perception for nuclear power generation.

The aim of the project was to make a detailed risk assessment using Swedish guidelines for a factory site in Kodaikanal, South India, and a nearby village called Vellagavi. The study areas were chosen due to previous records of mercury contamination on the factory site and a possible spread to Vellagavi. A comparison between Indian and Swedish guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated areas was performed. The purposes of comparing the two systems were to locate if there were any differences in the legislation, or guidelines, and to find ways of improving the processes. The project also included an evaluation of possible remedial actions that could reverse or prevent environmental damage that might be caused by the former factory. Methods used for the project were literature studies, semi-structured interviews and surveys. The results from the risk assessment were that the Swedish Computer Program for Calculation of Guideline Values (CPCGV), with some adjustments, could be used in order to calculate site specific guideline values for mercury concentrations on sites similar to Swedish conditions, such as climate. The site specific guideline values in soil rangedfrom 0.1-2.4 mg/kg. An Indian court decision had stated that a guideline value of 20 mg/kg should be used for remediation at the factory site. The result from the forward dose calculation showed that when a soil contains 20 mg/kg,the tolerable daily intake of mercury would be exceeded, and therefore pose a risk to human health. The comparison of legislation systems between India and Sweden showed several differences. India did not have any legislation relating directly to polluted soil. Risk assessments in India commonly relied on several different international standards even though the standards were not regulated by law. The results from the remedial evaluation showed that there were several possible remediation methods that could beused on the factory site. Limited remedial actions were suggested for Vellagavi since there were no measurements taken on site. Preferably, remediation should take place at the source of the contamination, i.e. the factory site.
Det övergripande målet med projektet var att genomföra en detaljerad riskbedömning för en fabriksplats i Kodaikanal, södra Indien, samt för en närliggande by, Vellagavi. Tidigare genomförda mätningar uppvisade förhöjda halter av kvicksilver i området, varför det ansågs vara ett lämpligt område för studien. Studien innehöll en jämförelse av riktlinjer för riskbedömningar för förorenad mark mellan Indien och Sverige där syftet var att identifiera skillnader i lagstiftning och riktlinjer samt lokalisera eventuella förbättringsmöjligheter. Studien innefattades även av en åtgärdsutredning för fabriksplatsen och Vellagavi, vars syfte var att utreda vilka åtgärder som skulle kunna minska risken för fortsatt miljöförstöring eller återställa området. Metoderna som användes i studien var litteraturstudier, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet från riskbedömningen visade att beräkningsverktyget för platsspecifika riktvärden från Naturvårdsverket kunde användas på platser som liknar Sverige klimatmässigt, efter att diverse justeringar hade gjorts. Beräkningsverktyget användes för att ta fram ett platsspecifikt gränsvärde för kvicksilverkoncentrationen i marken. Det framtagna platsspecifika gränsvärdet för koncentrationen kvicksilver i jord varierade mellan 0,1-2,4 mg/kg. Ett beslut utfärdat av indisk domstol angav att fabriksplatsen skulle saneras så att kvicksilverkoncentationen i marken inte skulle överskrida 20 mg/kg. Resultatet från den här studien visade att den nivån av förorening i marken skulle innebära att det tolerabla dagliga intaget av kvicksilver skulle överskridas. En jämförelse av de juridiska systemen som anknöt till förorenad jord i Indien respektive Sverige visade på flertalet skillnader mellan länderna. Indien hade ingen lagstiftning som speficikt reglerade förorenad jord medan det i Sverige reglerades av Miljöbalken. Riskbedömningar i Indien baserades ofta på internationella standarder, med det fanns ingen lagstifting som reglerade vilka standarder som skulle användas. Resultatet från åtgärdsutredningen var att det fanns flera olika åtgärdsmetoder som skulle kunna användas för att sanera fabriksplatsen. Åtgärdsutredningen för Vellagavi var begränsad eftersom det inte fanns tillräckligt mycket mätdata för området. Företrädesvis bör saneringsåtgärderna vidtas vid föroreningskällan, vilket i detta fall är fabriksplatsen.

Abstract Industrial emissions and soil pollution caused by harmful substances attracted an increased public awareness in the 1970s. Ministry of the Environment contributed to the rapid development of environmental legislation. Development of Finnish environmental legislation has also been significantly affected by the membership of the EU has been in 1995. Finnish legislation is largely based on EU legislation, but in some cases it includes even stricter standards and limits than those applied on the EU level. Studies of contaminated soils in Finland began with mapping of landfills in the 1980s. The clearing and renovation project of contaminated soils named SAMASE started in 1988, and approximately 10,400 contaminated areas were surveyed. Currently, the total number of objects has already expanded to about 25,000. This thesis consists of five scientific publications related to contaminated sites. Its summary deals with environmental legislation, treatment methods for soils contaminated with oils and heavy metals, and risk assessment in general. The scientific publications focus on the utilization of two chemical methods, i.e. oil biodegradation of contaminated soil studied, especially by manometric respirometric BOD Oxitop method, and the study of railway ballast using five-step sequential extraction method. The results show that the biodegradability of oil is strongly dependent on the soil matrix and the studied oils (motor and light fuel oils), which are biodegradable well under suitable conditions. When a 6-month long biodegradation study of light fuel contamination in mineral-rich soil without soil conditioning was performed, the final biodegradation degree was surprisingly almost complete (> 90 %), in contrary to the general assumption. Thus, the inherent biodegradability is a cost-efficient and a recommended treatment method for oil contaminated soils, especially in sparsely populated areas. Research of the railway ballast showed that the multi-step sequential extraction will provide valuable information about the effects of environmental circumstances on metals bioavailability or solubility for the purposes of risk assessment. This information is necessary to understand the actual environmental risks of metals in different natural environments, thus contributing to the development of licensing procedure. The results of this thesis also show that licensing related to the restoration of contaminated soils r (authority and control procedures) must be simplified. The authorities should also have sufficient chemical knowledge, since after all, environmental problems are mainly of chemical nature
Tiivistelmä Huoli ympäristöstä nosti 1970-luvun alussa erilaiset päästöt päivänvaloon, ja haitallisten aineiden aiheuttama maaperän pilaantuminen nousi esille 1980-luvulla. Suomeen vuonna 1983 perustettu ympäristöministeriö on edesauttanut nopeaa ympäristölainsäädännön kehittymistä. Kehitykseen on vaikuttanut merkittävästi myös EU-jäsenyytemme vuodesta 1995 lähtien ja jäsenyyden myötä implementoitu EY:n lainsäädäntö. Joiltain osin säädöksemme ovat jopa tiukempia kuin EU:n vastaavat säännökset. Suomessa pilaantuneiden maiden selvitystyö alkoi kaatopaikkojen kartoituksella 1980-luvulla. Valtioneuvoston v. 1988 antaman selonteon pohjalta käynnistyi saastuneiden maa-alueiden selvitys- ja kunnostusprojekti (SAMASE), jossa kartoitettiin noin 10 400 pilaantuneeksi epäiltyä tai todettua aluetta. Tätä työtä jatketaan edelleen viranomaisten tavanomaisen lupa- ja valvontatyön ohessa. Tällä hetkellä kohteiden kokonaismäärä on noin 25 000. Tämä pilaantuneisiin maihin (PIMA) liittyvä väitöskirjatutkimus koostuu yhteenveto-osasta, jossa käsitellään alan lainsäädäntöä, käsittelymenetelmiä ja riskinarviointia yleisesti sekä viidestä osajulkaisusta, jotka keskittyvät öljyllä pilaantuneiden maiden biohajoavuuteen manometrista respirometrista BOD Oxitop -menetelmää käyttäen ja kaivosteollisuuden sivukiven (raidesepeli) raskasmetallien analytiikkaan sekventiaalista uuttoa hyödyntäen. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että öljy biohajoaa maassa sopivissa olosuhteissa hyvin ja luontainen biohajoavuus on täten yksi käyttökelpoinen öljyllä pilaantuneiden maiden puhdistusmenetelmä. Raidesepelitutkimukset osoittivat, että monivaiheinen sekventiaalinen uutto tuo uutta arvokasta tietoa olosuhteiden vaikutuksista metallien biosaatavuudesta/liukoisuudesta niiden riskinarviointia varten. Tämä tieto on välttämätöntä, kun halutaan ymmärtää metallien todelliset ympäristövaikutukset erilaisissa luonnonolosuhteissa ja näin edistää osaltaan lupamenettelyn kehittämistä. Väitöskirjassa todetaan myös, että pilaantuneen maan kunnostuksiin liittyen viranomaisten lupa- ja valvontamenettelyä tulee yksinkertaistaa ja viranomaisilla tulisi olla riittävästi kemian tietämystä ja kemiallista ajattelua, ovathan ympäristöongelmat pääosin luonteeltaan kemiallisia

A segurança e saúde no trabalho é tema de grande relevância nos dias atuais, sobretudo, em razão do elevado custo financeiro, social e para a saúde dos trabalhadores relacionados aos agravos decorrentes dos riscos existentes nas atividades laborais. Desde a Revolução Industrial e no Brasil desde o fim da escravidão o tema vem progressivamente adquirindo maior importância e chamando a atenção das autoridades públicas. No Brasil a segurança e saúde do trabalho é amplamente abordada e disciplinada na legislação trabalhista através das disposições da Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas – CLT e das Normas Regulamentadoras, emitidas pelo Ministério do Trabalho, bem como de outros instrumentos legais afins. Entretanto, no âmbito do serviço público a realidade é bastante diferente. Apesar de o setor público abrigar diversas atividades que implicam em riscos à saúde e à integridade física de seus trabalhadores, a SST é marcada pela omissão legislativa nesse setor. Enquanto no regime CLT a disciplina legal e regulamentar do tema é bastante satisfatória em termos de abrangência, no serviço público, por sua vez a disciplina do tema resume-se a tratar dos adicionais ocupacionais, deixando de lado importantes programas e medidas que são utilizadas no regime celetista. O objetivo geral deste estudo é propor alternativas para sanar a omissão legislativa e regulamentar sobre saúde e segurança no trabalho no regime jurídico único federal (estatutário). O trabalho foi elaborado com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Discute-se a possibilidade de criação de alternativas para superar a omissão legislativa e regulamentar sobre SST que atinge os trabalhadores do setor público com vistas a garantir maior isonomia no tratamento dos trabalhadores de ambos os regimes, no que diz respeito à proteção de sua saúde e segurança no trabalho.
Safety and health at work is a subject which has great relevance nowadays, mainly due to the high financial, social and health costs of workers related to the grieves arising from the existing risks in the work activities. Since the Industrial Revolution, and in Brazil, since the end of slavery the issue has gradually become more important and has been drawing the attention of public authorities. In Brazil, occupational safety and health is widely approached and disciplined in labor legislation through the provisions of the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT) and the Regulatory Norms issued by the Ministry of Labor, as well as other related legal instruments. However, within the public service the reality is quite different. Although the public sector has several activities that imply risks to the health and physical integrity of its workers, the SHW is marked by the legislative omission in this sector. While in the CLT regime the legal and regulatory discipline of the subject is quite satisfactory in terms of scope, in the public service, in its turn the discipline of the topic boils down to dealing with occupational additional which is paid to those who work in circumstances of risk, leaving aside important programs and initiatives that are used in the private sector. The general objective of this study is to propose alternatives to solve the legislative and regulatory omission on health and safety at work in the federal (statutory) single legal regime. The work was elaborated taking as a base bibliographical and documentary research. The possibility of creating alternatives to overcoming the legislative and regulatory omission of SHW affecting public sector workers is discussed, with a view in ensuring greater equality in the treatment of workers in both regimes with regard to the protection of their health and safety at work.

Defence date: 18 May 2012
Examining Board: Rainer Bauböck (Supervisor EUI); Martin Kohli (Co-supervisor EUI); Anne Philips (LSE); Kees Groenendijk (Universiteit Nijmegen).
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Migration policy-making in liberal democracies has long been explained by highlighting how “liberal constraints” compel governments to respect individual rights when devising migration policies. Family-related migration is based entirely on the individual right to protection of the family of members of society (citizens or long-term residents). However, family migration has recently been the specific target of restrictive policy reforms across Europe. Thus, in a field where, theoretically, the liberal constraint could be assumed to be strongest, there is increasing restriction. How do liberal democratic states manage to restrict migration in spite of liberal constraints? The thesis explores government strategies that restrict spousal migration while staying within the discursive realm of individual rights. By categorising policy instruments into the two approaches of regulating social membership and regulating family ties, a framework for the analysis of family migration policies emerges. Departing from the constructivist perspective that emphasises the importance of the way problems and solutions are “framed” for any policy analysis, the political debates surrounding spousal migration policies from 2005-2010 in Germany are explored. An analysis of policy documents, parliament debates and in-depth interviews with policy-makers in the legislative and executive reveal the various discursive strategies employed to legitimise restrictive policies or attack them. By circumscribing and scrutinising both the social membership necessary to access the fundamental right to family protection and the family ties in question, restricting spousal migration is legitimised. Supranational EU developments and policy shifts in other European states emphasise the pertinence of the examined German case, as it is situated within a wider European trend. By exploring the perspectives and coping strategies of transnational couples directly affected by the policies in question, a more nuanced understanding of the consequences of regulating membership status and family ties in Germany emerges.

Defence date: 04 October 2008
Examining Board: Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann (EUI/Supervisor) Prof. Francesco Francioni (EUI) Prof. Joanne Scott (UCL) Prof. Thomas Cottier (University of Bern)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
No abstract available

The research focused on the assessment of the effectiveness of the methods used in the implementation of environmental legislation in the Mutasa district of Zimbabwe. Successful implementation of environmental legislation and any other legislation is determined by various factors. Some of the factors include environmental education, environmental awareness programmes, consistency in implementing environmental legislation, coordination of all stakeholders, willingness of communities to co-operate and the political will by political office bearers. This research revealed that the methods used to implement environmental legislation in the Mutasa district of Zimbabwe are ineffective. Poverty is the main reason for activities leading to environmental degradation. Communities in the Mutasa district of Zimbabwe are ignorant of environmental legislation which govern their activities. Environmental education and environmental awareness programmes are rarely carried out. The political office bearers in the Mutasa district lack the political will to ensure that environmental legislation are enforced.
Public Administration
MPA (Public Administration)

The legislative management of Off-Road Vehicles (ORVs) on beaches has evolved over a period of time in response to a range of influences and changing circumstances within the various social, institutional, economic and biophysical systems. The impact of ORVs on beaches in South Africa is multifaceted and when viewed holistically incorporates the interaction between the biophysical, social, economic and institutional environments. This Study focuses only on the legislative and biophysical environments associated with the impact of ORVs on beaches. Sustainable coastal development draws attention to the "process" character of sustainable development that needs to be worked towards over time in an iterative manner. It highlights the need to take into account the current reality of prevailing circumstances, the uncertainty of the future, limited understanding of coastal ecosystems and communities, and the complex interactions between and within the human and non human components of the environment. An understanding of the ecological integrity and effective governance dimensions (being the focus of Study), although only two of the five dimensions of sustainable coastal development, contributes towards an understanding of the sustainability of the impact of ORVs on beaches within the South African context. The legislative environment is investigated from the management perspective of the national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. This Study determines whether effective governance is being achieved through the ongoing management of the impact of ORVs on South African beaches. The institutional management at a national level has resulted in the conditional banning of ORVs from beaches, which has resulted in promoting the ecological integrity of beaches, therefore contributing towards sustainable coastal development. The physical system is investigated where appropriate in terms of the biophysical parameters within which ORVs are managed on beaches within the inter-tidal zone as per the ORV General Policy (1994). In order to understand the biophysical system within which ORVs are managed, the existing literature and research concerning the impact of ORVs on beaches is reviewed, including existing literature on beach geomorphology and beach biota. A Case Study Area was selected for an experimental investigation to determine the biophysical impact of ORVs on sandy beaches. The experiment was conducted at Leven Point, north of Cape Vidal situated on the KwaZulu-Natal north coast within the St Lucia Marine Reserve. The ORV General Policy (1994) has been superseded by the ORV Regulations (2001), which do not however, specify the biophysical delineation of the management of ORVs on beaches. This Study has included recommendations applicable to the management of ORVs on beaches in South Africa in terms of the ORV Regulations (2001). These recommendations advocate the conservation of the dynamic biophysical environment of the inter-tidal zone on beaches, and the need to take a sustainable coastal development approach to applications for Recreational Use Areas (RUAs) in terms of the ORV Regulations (dated 21 December 2001).
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

In recent years within South Africa, good governance has become a governmental goal with sound public participation processes becoming a core element of good governance practices. As a result of this goal, most decision-making tools have an element of public participation within them: a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is one such tool. This study aimed to examine the governance processes within the draft Mkhondeni Stream Catchment (MSC) area SEA with particular reference to public participation. Five objectives were conceived to achieve this aim. The first objective involved an examination of the public participation processes as articulated by the legislation. The second objective involved an examination of the public participation processes of the draft MSC area SEA. The third objective was to determine whether the ‘deliberation’ or public participation process was adequate. The fourth objective was to investigate how the draft MSC area SEA was framed and reframed by key stakeholders. The fifth and last objective of this study was to reflect on the public participation process and how it may be strengthened. Against the background of a focused literature review on good governance practices, public participation and SEAs, the fieldwork undertaken involved a qualitative approach using key informant interviews and random community member’s interviews. The key informant interviews were held with what are widely considered to be the key stakeholders within the MSC area SEA process. Random interviews were held with Ashburton community members to add value to this study by allowing for a wider perspective from general community members to be understood. There were 5 objectives that are set out for this study and they were achieved. Objective 1 is achieved through an examination into the public participation processes as articulated by the Provincial Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) and legislation. The findings reveal that there is sufficient legislation and processes with regards to public participation in terms of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs); however it is noted that there is a lack of clarity with regards to the public participation processes and legislation within the SEA process and at present there are only recommendations for best practice. Objective 2 and 3 are achieved as they dealt with the understanding and adequacy of the public participation processes within the draft Mkhondeni SEA. The findings generated allow for the public participation methods and process used to be noted and in relation to the methods and process used the public participation process was deemed to be inadequate as it did not meet the minimum requirements stipulated by legislation in terms of public participation within an environmental assessment as well as the recommendations for best practice. Objective 4 is achieved by investigating how the draft SEA is framed by the key stakeholders. Out of the results the emerging themes that were identified within this study were that of: (a) Misrepresentation of the community by the Preservation of the Mkondeni Mpushini Biodiversity Trust (PMMBT); (b) the SEA being viewed as a learning process in which a lack of clarity emerged amongst interested and affected parties (I & APs) about the exact process that needed to be carried out to achieve the SEA; (c) a lack of trust in the government to take the comments of the community into consideration; (d) the importance of education within society about environmental tools, such as the SEA, and their uses; and (e) the need for social development to be considered alongside environmental concerns within the Ashburton area. And lastly, objective 5 is achieved as the public participation process within the draft SEA is reflected upon and recommendations are made. These recommendations deal with the following: (1) Involvement in the Formulation of the ToR, (2) Identification of I & APs, (3) Feedback, (4) Capacity Building and Education needs and (5) Management of the SEA Process. The intention of the researcher is that the knowledge derived from engaging with interviewees and from researching relevant literature will be used to improve future decision-making processes with the overall aim of improving the relationship between the relevant authorities and communities affected by so-called development.
Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Children's and adolescents' capacity to provide valid informed consent is one of the key ethical concerns in pediatric research, and the focus of this project. The original contribution to knowledge is the advancement of both conceptual and empirical bioethical approaches to research with vulnerable populations. First, a review of adolescent vulnerability is presented to highlight the complex interplay between capacity and other forms of vulnerability. This review is offered as an interdisciplinary analysis to better understand why the study of vulnerable populations is critical to the ethical advancement of clinical research. Results from this analysis suggest the need for enhanced screening techniques as well as the utilization of specialized staff to identify and reduce the impact of different forms of vulnerability. The primary tasks of the empirical portion of the dissertation were to: (1) Adapt a validated adult competency assessment tool for clinical research, the MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool for Clinical Research, to assess the capacity of children and adolescents to consent to clinical research; (2) Identify predictors that impact children and adolescents’ capacity to provide consent to clinical research; and (3) assess differences and similarities in capacity between healthy and chronically ill children and adolescents. Overall results suggest adolescent capacity to consent to research was similar to adults, and most strongly associated with their family's socioeconomic status as well as their level of health literacy. These findings contrast starkly with the age-based criterion for providing consent currently utilized in assent and consent determinations. These findings also provide insights into ways to ethically involve youth in complex biomedical research.

Proponents and advocates of transfrontier conservation in southern Africa have postulated rural communities living adjacent to conservation areas as one of the main determinants of the success of such initiatives and thus they should be potential beneficiaries along with the state and the private sector. This assertion is reflected in the various memoranda of understanding (MOU), treaties, policies and agreements establishing transfrontier conservation initiatives. For community participation to be effective, the laws, policies and institutions establishing transfrontier conservation in southern Africa must lead to the empowerment of these rural communities who commonly subsist on local natural resources and perceive them as opportunities to earn a living. I derive a principle and set of criteria and indicators that are used to analyse the legal, policy and institutional framework and its implications for community participation and empowerment in transfrontier conservation in southern Africa. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park provides a case study. I argue that while provisions for community participation are made in the laws, policies and institutions under which transfrontier conservation is being initiated and implemented in the region, they are not sufficiently prescriptive about empowering communities to secure commitment from conservation agencies to enable communities to effectively participate in transfrontier conservation. It is suggested that as presently defined, the laws, policies and institutions may lead to community disempowerment from transfrontier conservation, as they allow too much scope for interpretations that weaken options for censure where agencies are not demonstrating commitment to community participation and empowerment in conservation.
Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Каркач П. В. Європейські та національні стандарти правового регулювання відносин оцінки впливу на стан довкілля з боку проектів та програм : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 081 "Право" / наук. керівник Т. О. Коломоєць. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 109 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота складається зі 109 сторінок, містить 100 джерел використаної інформації. З метою наближення до європейських стандартів, а саме контролю ступеня забруднення навколишнього природного середовища та забезпечення права громадян на безпечне довкілля, у 2017 році було прийнято Закон України « Про оцінку впливу на довкілля (далі - Закон про ОВД). Необхідність прийняття цього Закону була зумовлена міжнародними зобов’язаннями України, які випливають із: - Конвенції про доступ до інформації, участь громадськості в процесі прийняття рішень та доступ до правосуддя з питань, що стосуються довкілля (Оргуська конвенція) ратифікована Законом України № 832-ХІV від 19.03.1999. - Конвенції про оцінку впливу на довкілля у транскордонному контексті (Конвенція Еспо) ратифікована Законом України № 534-XIV від 19.03.1999. - Протоколу про приєднання України до Договору про заснування Енергетичного Співтовариства ратифікований Законом України № 2787-VI від 15.12.2010. - Протоколу про стратегічну екологічну оцінку до Конвенції про оцінку впливу на навколишнє середовище у транскордонному контексті (Протокол про СЕО) ратифікований Законом України № 562-VIII від 01.07.2015 - Угода про асоціацію між Україною, з однієї сторони, та Європейським Союзом, Європейським співтовариством з атомної енергії і їхніми державами-членами, з іншої сторони (Угода про асоціацію) ратифікована Законом України № 1678-VII від 16.09.2014 Метою кваліфікаційної роботи є комплексний аналіз наближення екологічного законодавства до права ЄС, визначення проблемних положень Закону ОВД та його нормативно правового забезпечення, що потребують вдосконалення, перегляду або заміни для ефективного його впровадження, та окреслення як основних проблем, так і шляхів їх усунення. Об’єктом дослідження даної кваліфікаційної роботи є суспільні відносини у сфері стратегічної екологічної оцінки проектів документів державного планування, процедури розроблення і затвердження державного планування в частині забезпечення їх стратегічної екологічної оцінки. Предметом дослідження є європейські та національні стандарти правового регулювання відносин оцінки впливу на стан довкілля з боку проектів та програм.
EN : The qualification work consists of 109 pages, contains 100 sources of information used. In order to approximate to European standards, namely to control the degree of pollution of the environment and to ensure the right of citizens to a safe environment, the Law of Ukraine “On Environmental Impact Assessment (hereinafter - the Law on ATS) was adopted in 2017. The necessity of adopting this Law was conditioned by Ukraine's international obligations arising from: - Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention) ratified by Law of Ukraine No. 832-XIV of 19.03.1999. - The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) was ratified by Law of Ukraine No. 534-XIV of 19.03.1999. - Protocol on Ukraine's accession to the Energy Community Treaty was ratified by Law of Ukraine No. 2787-VI of 15.10.2010. - Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (SEA Protocol) ratified by Law of Ukraine No. 562-VIII of 01.07.2015. - Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, European Community on nuclear energy and their Member States, on the other hand (Association Agreement) ratified by Law of Ukraine No. 1678-VII of 16.09.2014. The purpose of the qualification work is a comprehensive analysis of the approximation of environmental legislation to EU law, identification of problematic provisions of the ATS Law and its legal support, which need improvement, revision or replacement for its effective implementation, and outlining both the main problems and ways of their elimination. The object of the study of this qualification work is public relations in the field of strategic environmental assessment of draft state planning documents, procedures for development and approval of state planning in terms of ensuring their strategic environmental assessment. The subject of the study is european and national standards for the legal regulation of environmental impact assessment of projects and programs.

The rapid increase and popularity of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in civil usage around the world is due to their versatility. With advancement in technology across the globe, there are UAS of different sizes and capabilities in the market. It is imperative to note that the use and operation of UAS have numerous merits and equally, potentially poses serious risks to aviation safety, unlawful interference with States’ security as well as invasion of the privacy of persons. This reality poses a challenge to integration of UAS into the civil airspaces of different States. Accordingly, the international community developed the Chicago Convention that provides the principal framework to address the threefold concerns. At the international level, however, there is lack of a unified system of regulation of UAS. Consequently, the Chicago Convention requires States to develop national institutions and legal frameworks to not only effectively address these concerns, but also create a delicate balance between national security and right to privacy. This thesis evaluates how the legal, institutional and policy frameworks for UAS in the US, South Africa and Kenya have addressed the current needs and challenges in operation and integrating them into regulatory frameworks for civil aviation. It follows that the three States have developed constitutional frameworks, legislation, regulations, policies and strategic plans as they seek to address the challenges that emanate from integrating UAS into the civil aviation airspace. This encompasses ineffective enforcement mechanism of regulations. The thesis maps out experiences of integration in the three countries, emanating from research goals including investigating the extent to which existing international regulatory frameworks address the threefold concerns. The study establishes that the common thread running through UAS regulation is each country’s unique issues and paths to integration. Additionally, that the approach for integration of UAS into civil aviation needs be gradual and pragmatic. For this reason, this thesis recommends the development of institutional capacity, coordination and funding, and increase in regional efforts to revamp UAS integration efforts into civil aviation.
Public, Constitutional, and International Law
LL. D. (Public, Constitutional and International Law)

The needs of the free trade regime and governments' legitimate regulatory aims in the area of public health protection conflict. Government health measures create barriers to free trade and are thus disciplined by the trade regime. This conflict is addressed in the rules of the World Trade Organization, in the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This Agreement uses science to mediate the conflict. The reason for the reliance on science is the view that it provides a neutral, universally-valid discipline and that thus the results of testing health measures for scientific validity would be acceptable to both parties in a dispute. This uncritical approach towards science is called into question. An analysis of the relevant science-based disciplines of the SPS Agreement and their interpretation in WTO dispute settlement shows the flaws in this system. A re-evaluation of the WTO rules governing health regulation is called for.
Law
LL.M.

The needs of the free trade regime and governments' legitimate regulatory aims in the area of public health protection conflict. Government health measures create barriers to free trade and are thus disciplined by the trade regime. This conflict is addressed in the rules of the World Trade Organization, in the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This Agreement uses science to mediate the conflict. The reason for the reliance on science is the view that it provides a neutral, universally-valid discipline and that thus the results of testing health measures for scientific validity would be acceptable to both parties in a dispute. This uncritical approach towards science is called into question. An analysis of the relevant science-based disciplines of the SPS Agreement and their interpretation in WTO dispute settlement shows the flaws in this system. A re-evaluation of the WTO rules governing health regulation is called for.
Law
LL.M.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The objective of this research is to examine the development of the California alcohol outlets over time and the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and densities of the alcohol outlets. Two types of advanced analyses were done after the usual preliminary description of data. Firstly, fixed and random effects linear regression were used for the county panel data across time (1945-2010) with a dummy variable added to capture the change in law regarding limitations on alcohol outlets density. Secondly, a Bayesian spatio-temporal Poisson regression of the census tract panel data was conducted to capture recent availability of population characteristics affecting outlet density. The spatial Conditional Autoregressive model was embedded in the Poisson regression to detect spatial dependency of unexplained variance of alcohol outlet density. The results show that the alcohol outlets density reduced under the limitation law over time. However, it was no more effective in reducing the growth of alcohol outlets after the limitation was modified to be more restrictive. Poorer, higher vacancy rate and lower percentage of Black neighborhoods tend to have higher alcohol outlet density (numbers of alcohol outlets to population ratio) for both on-sale general and off-sale general. Other characteristics like percentage of Hispanics, percentage of Asians, percentage of younger population and median income of adjacency neighbors were associated with densities of on-sale general and off sale general alcohol outlets. Some regions like the San Francisco Bay area and the Greater Los Angeles area have more alcohol outlets than the predictions of neighborhood characteristics included in the model.