Articles de revues : « Environmental protection – European Union countries »

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Barrell, Alan, Pawel Dobrzanski, Sebastian Bobowski, Krzysztof Siuda et Szymon Chmielowiec. « Efficiency of Environmental Protection Expenditures in EU Countries ». Energies 14, n^o 24 (14 décembre 2021) : 8443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248443.

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Environmental protection policy is a widely discussed issue in scientific works. However, special attention should be also paid to the effectiveness of expenditures on environmental protection, and this is the main goal of this paper. The countries of the European Union were selected for this analysis due to the fact that, in recent years, this region has become an informal world leader with respect to the implementation of policy measures in the field of environmental protection. For that reason, the data envelopment analysis methodology was used, which allows the calculation of input-output efficiency for the years 2005–2015. The analysis shows that, among the 30 analyzed countries, the most effective in environmental protection actions is Finland. The hypothesis that higher environmental protection expenditures does not result in better environmental results has been confirmed. Our analysis confirmed the problem of the deteriorating efficiency of environmental expenditures across the selected European Union Member States, caused by increases in spending. This research may contribute to the discussion on environmental protection policy design and its assessment, as well as environmental policy results measurement.

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Kuzmin, Sergey B. « Risk of Environmental Management in Countries of European Union ». Issues of Risk Analysis 18, n^o 3 (2 juillet 2021) : 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/1812-5220-2021-18-3-46-63.

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An assessment of the risk of environmental management for the countries of the European Union was carried out on the basis of two main criteria — natural hazard and protection from natural disasters. Natural hazard consists of natural processes of various origins — lithospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric and biospheric, which are considered dangerous within the entire state according to official data, as well as protection from natural disasters and disasters at the state level. The last criterion is calculated on the basis of a number of socio-economic and environmental indicators for the EU countries: gross domestic product, the share of the working-age population and the population living below the poverty line, telecommunications and transport coefficients, life expectancy and literacy of the population, child mortality, and the intensity of environmental problems. The relationship between the level of economic development and the level of risk of environmental management in individual EU countries has not been established. So, highly developed countries fall into all risk categories: Italy. Austria and Germany — high risk, France, Netherlands and Belgium — medium risk, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark — low risk. Conversely, underdeveloped countries are also present in all categories: Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania — high risk, Latvia. Lithuania — medium risk, Estonia — low risk. Therefore, when assessing the risk of environmental management, its subsequent analysis and management of natural and natural-man-made emergencies, one should not rely only on indicators of the level of economic development in countries, for example, GDP, as well as on environmental standards established, albeit at the international level, such as MPC, MPI of harmful substances in soils, plants, water bodies, atmospheric air, etc. Taking into account direct indicators and damage from past events in assessing the risk of natural resource use also suffers from a number of drawbacks. A differentiated approach is required.

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Elbashir, Rania. « LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». MEST Journal 10, n^o 2 (15 juillet 2022) : 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.

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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.

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Kovačič, Art. « European Union and Sustainable Development Indicators ». Management of Sustainable Development 9, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2017) : 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msd-2017-0018.

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Abstract Assessment of sustainable position of selected countries is the important challenge in the last years. The sustainable theory has changed from the years of Rio conference and the availability of statistical resources is becoming better. Sustainable development is an important objective for each country. Enlargement of the EU has brought the current priorities and future direction of EU environmental policy sharply into focus. Enlargement process has increased the standards of environmental protection and social development. Significant environmental investments are necessary and the new members need to speed up their preparation for implementing the Gothenburg strategy “sustainable strategy”.

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Kiedrzynek, Michał. « Environmental protection in constitutional status in former Yugoslavian countries ». Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 35 (11 juin 2021) : 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.35.18.

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As a result of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, a number of independent states were formed. However, their path to independence ran differently. Some of the countries took the pro-Western direction by joining NATO and the European Union, while others chose the Eastern direction, strengthening relations with the Russian Federation. The issues related to environmental protection in basic acts have also been regulated in various ways. There are a number of questions related to the current regulations on environmental protection in countries which were a unity a quarter of a century ago, and how comprehensive the issue was at the constitutional level in individual countries.

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ZHATKANBAYEVA, Aizhan E., Nazgul S. TUYAKBAYEVA, Araylym K. JANGABULOVA, Sailaubek T. ALIBEKOV, Elena V. KASATKINA et Elena A. MASLIHOVA. « International Regulation of Environmental Auditing in the Countries of the European Union ». Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, n^o 5 (1 janvier 2019) : 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.9.5(29).15.

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In the context of the global environmental crisis that is currently one of the most real threats to the existence of mankind the protection and improvement of the quality of the environment is recognized as a world-wide task, acquires exceptional importance, and is a necessary condition for preserving the health, well-being and economic prosperity of the present and future generations of people. The authors note that the recognition of the global nature of environmental problems by the scientific and political elites of the world's leading countries and their associations, among which one of the most influential and powerful is the European Union, calls for intensified cooperation at the international level to adjust existing and develop new approaches to environmental protection, creation of effective mechanisms for the implementation of the newest environmental policy. These factors contribute to the formation of a new philosophy and practice of European economic interaction based on the need for assistance from stronger participants in the world economy to be weak in solving the interrelated tasks of the economy and ecology.

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Массеров et D. Messerov. « Mechanisms for Management of Environmental Protection in Europe ». Economics of the Firm 6, n^o 2 (8 juin 2017) : 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_592d2fd4c33bc4.31687063.

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The experience of the industrialized countries on the state of the environment monitoring convincing shows that their success in environmental regulation are mainly due to the use of modern environmental management methods. The experience of the European Union concerning the control mechanisms in the field of environmental protection and the possibility of its application in Russia are analyzed.

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Habro, Irina, et Mykhailo Solomko. « Development of environmental diplomacy of the European Union ». European Historical Studies, n^o 18 (2021) : 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.18.01.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of environmental diplomacy of the European Union. Today environmental diplomacy has become an important way for states to promote their course of environmental diplomacy, to protect their environmental rights and interests, to promote their own economic and environmental development. The most striking example of the application of green diplomacy on a regional and global scale is the environmental policy implemented by EU member states. Within the EU there is a huge number of environmental programs for the development of renewable energy sources, protection of flora and fauna, as well as combating pollution of water and land resources. To implement its own environmental diplomacy, the EU has adopted a number of important regulations, which are analyzed in the article. The most thorough legal act in the field of environmental diplomacy was Council Directive 85/337 / EEC of 1985 on the assessment of the effects of public and private projects on the environment. This directive reflects the EU’s desire to draw the attention of government agencies and the public to environmental issues and to encourage their collective solution. EU environmental diplomacy is carried out through diplomatic missions, missions, delegations, as well as at the individual level. It involves European politicians and officials who are able to influence international public opinion, employees of foreign ministries and diplomatic missions. The EU also involves third countries as partners to discuss the most pressing environmental issues and their future solutions: climate change, biodiversity conservation, soil depletion, forest and water resources, and renewable energy. Environmental protection is one of the priority areas for European integration. States wishing to join the EU must meet its environmental standards and implement key principles of environmental legislation. It is noted that the EU countries are trying to transfer the economy to clean technologies and diplomatically encourage others to take measures to improve the environmental situation.

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Burnete, Sorin, et Abiola E. Ogunmokun. « European Union : Spearhead of the Environment Protection Movement ». Human and Social Studies 6, n^o 3 (1 octobre 2017) : 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2017-0023.

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Abstract Industrialization laid the foundation for contemporary civilization but also begot environmental problems, which have been building up and remained unsolved to this day. There is widespread belief that, if industrial manufacturing lies at the root of environment degradation through endless spewing of residual waste, trade among nations is to blame for scattering residual waste the world over. Yet paradoxically, it is the very international trade that might be the ground for major remedies thereto. The 20th century witnessed the shift from free trade to fair trade; it is about time to shift from fair trade to clean trade. Nevertheless, such serious problems had barely been dealt with until the post-World War II period. An awareness-raising effort in this line was made by the European Union (EU) which, since the early 1970s, has been dealing with environmental and social issues, especially the ones deriving from international trade, in a decisive and responsible manner. Still, EU’s new policy in the field of environment protection has a downside in that it affects trade relations with partners from outside the Union, both developing and developed countries, thereby drawing fierce international reaction. The good part is that EU’s actions will most likely prompt other nations to follow suit.

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Vapa Tankosić, Jelena. « Environmental Policy and Air Quality Standards of the European Union ». Journal of Agronomy, Technology and Engineering Management (JATEM) 5, n^o 6 (21 décembre 2022) : 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55817/qgwn5703.

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In the last 50 years, environmental protection has become an indispensable part of most European initiatives and the basis of economic sustainable development. The EU's environmental protection is based primarily on available scientific and technical information for the future planning activities, taking into account the ecological state of the region, potential benefits that will arise from the application of specific measures or and harms due to the lack of implementation of the measures. All this is viewed from the aspect of the costs of environmental protection activities and the degree of contribution to the economic and social development of the region and the Union as a whole. Seven so far completed specialized Environmental Action Programs helped to improve both EU legislation and practice in member countries in the direction of sustainable development and environmental protection. On the other hand, since the beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century, the European Union has been dealing with the problem of improving air quality by controlling the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere, as well as improving the quality of fuel and integrating guidelines for respecting the environment in the transport and energy sectors. For the Republic of Serbia, this issue is extremely important as it should follow, among others, the EU standards in the area of environmental protection and sustainable development, in the viewpoint of a potential EU member state. However, the adoption and implementation of the acquis of the EU in the field of environmental protection will require significant investments in the future.

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EVANS, DOUGLAS, ANDRÁS DEMETER, PETER GAJDOŠ et ĽUBOŠ HALADA. « Adapting environmental conservation legislation for an enlarged European Union : experience from the Habitats Directive ». Environmental Conservation 40, n^o 2 (1 mars 2013) : 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000422.

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SUMMARYThe European Union's (EU's) Habitats Directive includes annexes listing the habitats and species requiring protection. As new countries join the EU these lists need to be amended to remain pertinent. In 2004 and 2007, 12 countries, mostly in central Europe, joined the EU and were asked to propose native species or habitats that required protection; this formed an initial base for negotiations with the European Commission in consultation with the existing member states and with scientific support from the European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity. The 12 countries made 831 proposals, resulting in the addition of 191 species and 33 habitats, and geographical exemptions for eight species. Although the Directive provided definitions, these needed to be supplemented with additional criteria to permit assessments of the proposals. The process involved many actors at both European and national level. This illustrates the development of biodiversity governance and provides potential lessons for future activities, including the need for scientific guidance and the importance of involving all relevant actors.

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Polkovnychenko, D. Ju, N. V. Grigorenko, O. I. Liashevka et M. A. Bolovnev. « Green energy and environmental protection : Problems of state regulation in Ukraine and EU experience ». Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, n^o 5 (20 octobre 2020) : 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_235.

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The problems of state regulation in the field of green energy have been examined in the paper. In particular, a comparison of management principles in the field of green energy in Ukraine and in the European Union has been carried out. It has been emphasized that in Ukraine, in contrast to the European Union countries, management in the field of green energy is carried out exclusively by the state. Measures for the reformation of the Ukraine’s green energy have been analyzed. It has been also noted that the development of a set of measures to bring the Ukrainian energy market closer to the European one was completed. In addition, Ukraine joined the International Energy Charter, which, in turn, provides an opportunity to successfully meet the current and future challenges of global energy industry with the support of other countries.

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Tsiantikoudis, S., S. Galatsidas, A. Paschalidou, E. Zafeiriou et G. Arabatzis. « Environmental taxes in the European Union and their use as a means of environmental restoration ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1123, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2022) : 012091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012091.

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Abstract Environmental degradation caused by intense human activities has allured scientific and social concerns. Environmental taxes are a part of a wider policy context integrating various tools, including pricing instruments, subsidies, and investment in public infrastructure. Environmental taxes are the only fiscal policy tool the revenue which can be used for environmental protection purposes. They are used in modern societies, as means of optimizing consumers’ and producers’ behavior. These taxes generate revenues that can be used by governments to invest in environmental protection projects or in the effective management of natural resources. Eastern European countries’ environmental taxation regime, is a successful example since appropriate policies and actions were used for environmental degradation resilience along with the formerly degraded land restoration and funding environmental information dissemination programs for local communities. The present work aims to unveil successful practices adopted related to the implementation of environmental taxation in European countries and the use of their revenues in projects and actions to protect the environment and limit the anthropogenic impacts. In addition, a comparative analysis of individual EU countries efficiency in the use of taxation for mitigation of natural environment degradation is conducted with significant findings for policymakers.

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Ivanova, Lyudmila V. « WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES : CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ». EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE : PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, n^o 10 (2021) : 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.10.02.009.

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Numerous specialized and unauthorized landfills and huge volumes of waste are a serious problem for the use of minerals. The country's system of solid waste management, based on burial, incinera-tion, partial processing, does not fully comply with the climatic and socio-economic characteristics of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Russia is one of eight members of the Arctic Council, international organizations promoting development of cooperation in the field of environmental protection and sustainable develop-ment of circumpolar areas. In 2001, the Arctic Council approved an Action Plan for the elimination of pollution in the Arctic. For the implementation of the Plan, a specially created expert group on waste supports and oversees pilot projects demonstrating environmentally friendly waste management in the Arctic. Waste dis-posal methods that do not meet environmental standards can contribute to soil, water and air pollution through toxic emissions. Improper waste management can also lead to transboundary emissions. While there is clear progress in this direction in Europe due to the implementation of effective public policies on waste and a focus on the transition to a circular economy, significant amounts of valuable resources remain untapped as a result of ineffective waste management in practice.

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Kuzmin, Sergey, et Dmitrii Lopatkin. « Geoinformation support for environmental risk assessment ; in countries of European Union ». Geoinformatika, n^o 4 (18 novembre 2021) : 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2021-4-4-17.

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An assessment of the risk of environmental management for the countries of the European Union was carried out on the basis of two main criteria — natural hazard and protection from natural disasters. For this purpose, specific geoinformation support was used to calculate the risk according to the author's methodology. Natural hazard consists of natural processes of various origins — lithospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric and biospheric, which are considered dangerous within the entire state according to official data, — as well as of protection from natural disasters and catastrophes at the state level. The last criterion is calculated on the basis of a number of socio-economic and environmental indicators for the EU countries: gross domestic product, the share of the working-age population and the population living below the poverty line, telecommunications and transport coefficients, life expectancy and literacy of the population, child mortality, and the intensity of environmental problems. The relationship between the level of economic development and the level of risk of environmental management in individual EU countries has not been established. So, highly developed countries fall into all risk categories: Italy, Austria and Germany — high risk, France, Netherlands and Belgium — medium risk, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark — low risk. Conversely, underdeveloped countries are also present in all categories: Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania — high risk, Latvia, Lithuania — medium risk, Estonia — low risk. Therefore, the assessment of the risk of environmental management, its subsequent analysis and management of natural and natural-man-made emergencies, one should not rely only on indicators of the level of economic development in countries, for example, GDP, as well as on environmental standards established, albeit at the international level, such as MPC, MPE of harmful substances in soils, plants, water bodies, atmospheric air, etc. Consideration of direct indicators and damage from past events when assessing the risk of natural resource use also has a number of drawbacks. A differentiated approach is required.

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Art, Kovačič. « European Union and Sustainable Development Assessment in the Business Sector ». Management of Sustainable Development 10, n^o 1 (1 juin 2018) : 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msd-2018-0006.

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Abstract Assessment of sustainable position of selected countries is the important challenge in the last years. The sustainable theory has changed from the years of Rio conference and the availability of statistical resources is becoming better. Sustainable development is an important objective for each country. Enlargement of the EU has brought the current priorities and future direction of EU environmental policy sharply into focus. Enlargement process has increased the standards of environmental protection and social development. Significant environmental investments are necessary and the new members need to speed up their preparation for implementing the Goethenburg strategy “sustainable strategy”. CEE countries and also SEE countries are implementing sustainable development approach through integration process with European Union. So, the national strategies and development programmes are taking sustainability approach with EU documents

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Lee, Bo Yeon. « Subsidiary Protection of the European Union and the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union ». LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE CHUNGBUK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 33, n^o 1 (30 juin 2022) : 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.34267/cblj.2022.33.1.169.

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Complementary (or subsidiary) protection refers to the international protection provided outside the system of the Geneva Convention. Refugees who cannot return to their home countries due to violence or inhumane treatment but does not fall into the the legal definition of the Convention may be granted complementary protection status. Korea provides the humanitarian residence permit as a complementary protection. However, the Refugee Act has a few provisions on a humanitarian stay permit. This article examines subsidiary protection in the European Union which established the Qualification Directive (QD) and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) regarding the Directive. The QD provides refugee and subsidiary protection as a form of international protection. The objective of the Directive is to introduce the unified standards for determining who qualifies as a refugee or as a person eligible for subsidiary protection, and the content of international protection. Additionally, it was intended to equalize the legal status of subsidiary protection to refugee. The CJEU confirmed that the goal of the QD is to provide adequate protection to those who meet the requirements for international protection. The CJEU did not overlook the independent characters of the Directive, while taking into account the interpretation of other international treaties and the ECtHR. The Korean humanitarian residence permit system is not sufficient to fully revive the intent of complementary protection. To accomplish the purpose of international protection, it is required to draw clear rules regarding a humanitarian residence permit in the Refugee Act. It is also necessary to present clear requirements and application procedures for the permit, and to guarantee the status of humanitarian residents.

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Ptak, Michał. « Motor fuel taxes and the environmental protection ». Oeconomia Copernicana 2, n^o 1 (31 mars 2011) : 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2011.002.

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Motor fuel taxes are primarily revenue-raising taxes. However, due to high fuel consumption these taxes can be quite an efficient source of general budget revenue in many countries. It seems that the taxes on motor fuels may also be useful instruments for environmental policy or climate change policy. Environmental objectives can be achieved through change of behavior of drivers. The paper presents theoretical basis for taxes levied on motor fuels. Attention is paid to the problem of external costs of transport and internalization of external costs by applying taxes on motor fuels. The article also contains a review of the European Union countries experience with taxes levied on motor fuels (such as: petrol, diesel oil, liquid petroleum gas and compressed natural gas). The author discusses the structure of fuel taxation and tax rates in different countries. Attention is also paid to the fuel taxes which are principally intended to change behavior, not to raise revenue (particularly carbon taxes) and to the ‘environmentally friendly’ tax differentiations. The paper is based on the available literature and reports published by various organizations (Eurostat, the OECD).

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Wyszkowska, Dorota, et Anna Rogalewska. « Green economy indicators for Poland and other European Union countries ». Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 61, n^o 10 (28 octobre 2016) : 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1109.

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Economic crises affecting different parts of the world have forced world leaders to seek new paths of development, taking into account the needs of environmental protection and prevention of adverse effects of human activities. One of these roads may be ”green growth” leading to the achievement of ”green economy”. Monitoring the state of green economy in Poland is possible due to certain indicators, among which is defined the group of measures relating to economic opportunities and policy responses. The aim of this article is to present the mentioned above group of indicators. The article is divided into two parts. The first one shows the theoretical issues relating to the green economy and indicators to measure it, with particular emphasis on the selected group. While the second is devoted to presenting the Polish situation in the background of other European Union countries in terms of the indicators of the economic opportunities and policy responses.

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Lengfeld, Holger, et Jürgen Gerhards. « Support for European Union Environmental Policy by Citizens of EU-Member and Accession States ». Comparative Sociology 7, n^o 2 (2008) : 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913308x289050.

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AbstractIn a first step we reconstruct the emergence and content of European Union environmental policies and their underlying normative ideas. These policies have become increasingly important since the 1970s such that today the EU expects member states actively to protect the natural environment even at the price of less economic freedom and higher financial costs. We then analyze the extent to which citizens support the idea of protecting the environment. Overall the approval rating for the EU ecological ideas is rather high, and environmental protection is an integral component of European citizens' values. Nevertheless, not all countries support this to the same degree. Citizens of EU-15 countries show higher levels of support for having the environment take precedence over economic claims than do citizens in Accession I and II country groups and in Turkey. As regression analysis shows, the level of support depends on several factors. The most important ones are a country's level of economic modernization and its citizens' post-material value orientation.

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Zębek, Elżbieta Małgorzata. « Environmental Management of ISO 14001 System Enforcement in EU Countries ». Review of European and Comparative Law 44, n^o 1 (19 février 2021) : 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.9958.

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The European Union International Organization for Standardization management system for the environment (ISO 14001) is established by European Commission Regulation 1221/2009. This legislates a voluntary system where organizations can register in a community eco-management and audit scheme. In the literature, this standard is recognized as an instrument of international environmental protection law, introduced by soft law regulations. ISO 14001 has been implemented by many global and European organizations, and it strives to improve the quality of their environmental resources. It was considered that the ISO 14001 eco-management and audit scheme enforced protection of environment in EU countries by imposing the obligation to implement appropriate legal regulations in this area. This article aims is determine what legal solutions in chosen UE countries enable the effective implementation of ISO 14001 and what positive effects it has on the state of the environment in these countries. The results demonstrated that the number of certified organizations is increasing despite the many difficulties and costs of implementing and organizing required environmental protection areas. The implementation of ISO 14001 was described using the example of Poland and Italy compared to other EU countries. The uptake identifies improved environmental quality, and this is confirmed by indicators of decreasing gas emissions and increasing waste recycling which improve global air, soil and water quality. The higher implementation index of the ISO 14001 standard in Italy translates into higher environmental quality indicators in this country than in Poland.

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Ioan Mogos, Radu, Mihaela Diana Negescu–Oancea, Sorin Burlacu et Victor Adrian Troaca. « Climate Change and Health Protection in European Union ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, n^o 3 (1 octobre 2021) : 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n3p97.

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Climate change (CC) represents a real fact with consequences that start to be seen more and more often and that is why it cannot be ignored anymore. It affects many domains of the human activities and also the health of the people. Climate-specific actions are needed to be taken in order to protect the people and to save the environment. For each affected domain, new regulations and actions regarding climate change prevention must be designed, promoted and implemented. Besides phenomena like heat waves, storms, increased temperature, forest fires, floods, etc. which represent direct results of the CC, also indirect results like human health may be encountered. Human health is affected by elements that are having a big impact over the environment of the people and over the resources that they need (resources like water, food, air, natural resources, etc.). CC has also implications on people migration, the fight over the natural resources, political and economic environments. This paper offers an overview of the most important factors that are affecting the health of the people from the CC point of view and which are the main challenges that most affected countries from EU are dealing with.

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Iefremova, Iryna, Iryna Lomakina et Nataliia Obiiukh. « Groundwater Protection as an Essential Component of Water Management in the European Union in the Light of Modern Integration Processes : Legal Aspects of the Problem ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, n^o 3 (1 octobre 2019) : 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n3p354.

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In the context of exacerbation of environmental problems that are global in nature, it is necessary to assess the opportunities and development prospects of environmental policy not only at the international level, but also at the regional European level. In this regard, the focus of our article is to consider the problem of protecting groundwater as a strategic natural resource and to analyze the practice of applying European directives on water quality and protection of groundwater in EU countries. In the EU, the basic legal framework for water protection is defined in the Water Framework Directive that determines the need to develop monitoring programs and basin water management plans to improve the quality of water in the EU by the member states. However, taking into account the fact that groundwater, especially drinking artesian water, is vulnerable to pollution, improvement of the legal groundwater protection system and the search for rational groundwater protection practices implemented in the EU countries are vitally necessary. Therefore, the paper aims to explore the ways of EU legislation development in the field of water resources protection, identifying the main areas of groundwater protection and analyzing the legal means used in certain EU countries, in particular, Austria, Germany, as well as identifying priorities and objectives for Ukraine on the way to integration into the system of European water legislation. Keywords: EU legislation, groundwater, groundwater pollution, groundwater use, water management, water protection.

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Kulakov, O., O. Popova, S. Popova et E. Tomashevskaya. « Investments in green business and corporate governance by Ukraine’s cooperation with the European Union ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1126, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2023) : 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1126/1/012011.

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Abstract For the successful increase capital investments on ecological protection and increase current expenditures on ecological protection the recommendations on green business and corporate governance, taking into account the modern European experience are developed. The following actions to control the decentralization reform and implement measures to increase investment in improving energy efficiency and energy independence of rural areas are researched. Unstable growth of capital investments on environmental protection in Ukraine is analysed. Indicators of current expenditures on ecological protection in Ukraine are studied. The necessary to develop success in the implementation of environmental innovations and increased spending on environmental innovations for increase employment and economic growth is researched. Ukraine has unstable increase in ecological protection investments compared with the countries in the European Union, which indicates the need for implementation green innovations for the reform of Ukraine’s circular economy. The economic and mathematical model will allow to increase the objectivity and efficiency of decisions regarding the recommendations on green business and corporate governance, taking into account the modern European experience.

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Shestak, Viktor, Sergei Katsuba, Tatiana Kvasnikova et Yuri Bokov. « Liability for Violation of Environmental Legislation in the EU ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 1 (1 mars 2021) : 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021002.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the ratio of the legislative mechanisms of administrative and criminal liability for violation of environmental legislation in the legal system of the European Union. Using the methods of political and legal analysis, the comparative legal method and the structure designmethod, the study examines the features of the formation and structure of EU legislative mechanisms in the field of legal regulation of liability for violations of environmental legislation. At the same time, existing problems faced by legislators from the point of view of law enforcement practice in different countries of the European Union are also considered. In the EU, considerable attention is paid to the vector of environmental protection at the supranational level, as well as to the implementation of the acquis communautaire of the environmental legislation into national legislative norms. Nevertheless, the institutions of the European Union have not yet been able to fully achieve complete uniformity with regard to the established environmental liability regime and, accordingly, overcome the difficulties associated with the effective interaction of EU legislation and the realities of national legal systems. At the same time, in European law enforcement practice, administrative measures in matters of environmental responsibility are given preference over measures of criminal responsibility. To date, as evidenced by the study, EU legislators adhere to the position regarding the assignment of criminal prosecution obligations to the national authorities, which is due to the flexibility of law enforcement measures. environmental damage, environmental law, environmental legislation, environmental protection, environmental responsibility, European Union, supranational policy

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Yekimov, Sergey, Oleg Bavykin, Elena Kuznetsova, Roman Kucherenko et Dmitriy Kucherenko. « Regulation of environmental protection measures in the Caspian Sea region ». E3S Web of Conferences 262 (2021) : 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126203002.

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Information obtained as a result of monitoring of water bodies is taken as a basis for legal regulation of economic activities related to environmental pollution. In the context of a globalized economy, the strengthening of environmental protection measures in one of the neighboring countries often leads to the fact that the next plant will be built across the border, and its impact on the environment on a global scale will be the same. In this study, the authors studied the problem of finding new ways to solve the environmental problems of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea belongs to Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran. to solve the environmental problems of the Caspian Sea, it is necessary to unify the environmental legislation of these countries, similar to the unification of the environmental legislation of the European Union countries.

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Tutak, Magdalena, Jarosław Brodny, Dominika Siwiec, Robert Ulewicz et Peter Bindzár. « Studying the Level of Sustainable Energy Development of the European Union Countries and Their Similarity Based on the Economic and Demographic Potential ». Energies 13, n^o 24 (16 décembre 2020) : 6643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246643.

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The concept of sustainable economic development takes into account economic, social and environmental aspects and strives to achieve balance between them. One of the basic areas where it is required to revalue the current views on sustainable development is energy. The growing public awareness of environmental protection forces changes in this industry. Despite the global nature of this problem, its solution is perceived differently in various regions of the world. The unquestionable leader in introducing the idea of sustainable development economy is the European Union, where the energy sector is of key importance for the effectiveness of this process. In order to assess the sustainable energy development of the European Union countries, studies were conducted based on 13 selected indicators characterizing this sector in terms of energy, economy and environment. In order to assess the specificity of the European Union countries, these indicators were additionally compared to the gross domestic product value and the number of inhabitants of individual countries. For these cases, multi-criteria analyses were carried out using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. It allowed the authors to rank the European Union countries in terms of their adaptation to a sustainable energy economy. Based on the determined values of indicators versus the gross domestic product and the number of inhabitants of the countries in question, these countries were also divided into similar groups with the use of the Kohonen artificial neural networks. These groups can pursue a common energy policy in the field of sustainable development. The aim of the research was to present a new approach to the assessment of sustainable energy development of the European Union countries. The extensive ratio analysis (13 indicators of the sustainable energy development), including the economic and demographic potential of individual countries, and the use of modern tools made it possible to acquire new knowledge in the field of sustainable energy development in the European Union countries. The results should be utilized for more effective sustainable energy development of the European Union countries.

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Filipiak, Beata Zofia, et Dorota Wyszkowska. « Determinants of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in European Union Countries ». Energies 15, n^o 24 (16 décembre 2022) : 9561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249561.

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In the literature on the subject, it is argued that tax policy is one of the tools stimulating the transition toward sustainable economies. Public authorities can use two functions for this purpose: fiscal and non-fiscal functions. High emission rates and the rising rapid atmospheric changes that come with them are serious threats to the climate and sustainable development. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is one of the goals towards which the world strives (including the EU), so as to keep a balance between people’s expectations, economic aspects, and the needs of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to explain whether, along with other factors, environmental policy and its component “green taxes” can act as a factor in limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this article is to seek an answer to the question of whether “green taxes” as an instrument of tax policy are a significant factor influencing climate change by contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This article attempts to identify the determinants of greenhouse gas emissions (the dependent variable) using the method of linear regression analysis. Multiple linear regression models are used to predict the value of the dependent variable based on the values of the independent variables (identified from the literature). Trading of CO2 emissions was not included in the analysis due to lack of data. The regression analysis was carried out using specialized statistical software (SPSS). The authors negatively verified the hypothesis that environmental taxes are a significant determinant of greenhouse gas emission reductions compared to the analyzed determinants. “Population”, “current and capital transfers for environmental protection”, and “supply, transformation and consumption of solid fossil fuels” are the most important factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions. Changing consumer behavior (as an effect of the non-fiscal function of taxes) appears to be an extremely important factor in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, the public authorities should promote behaviors conducive to their reduction by means of incentives, and not mainly taxation of negative behavior or fiscal incentives.

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Zębek, Elżbieta. « Important issues in select European Union countries’ criminal environmental law in compliance with Directive 2008/99/EC ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, n^o 2 (2021) : 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.207.

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This article analyzes issues in criminal environmental law in Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, which implemented the provisions of the European Commission Directive 2008/99/EC. The provisions of this directive changed the scope of protection of environmental resources in these countries’ penal codes to varying extents. These three countries have been relatively successful in comprehensively implementing criminal directive provisions. This included changes in the special protection of Natura 2000 sites and ozone depleting substances. Legal systems are generally based on prevention and risk assessment, and the basic conditions of criminal responsibility for environmental crimes include “significant damage, causing damage to the health of another or animals and plants, damage to other property and also water, air, soil and environmental components which have significant value”. Additional aspects include environmental damage over larger areas and restoration costs. However, the greatest current problem is the vague definition of conditions of criminal responsibility, which makes it difficult to enforce legislation. The following postulates de lege ferenda were formulated: clarify the premises for offenses against the environment, specify the costs of remedying environmental damage, define critical emission standards for environmental crime, as well as specify activities in protected areas that threaten objects. This article emphasizes that an increased and better definition of the conditions of criminal responsibility for environmental crimes enacted by EU countries may contribute to more effective enforcement of infringements of environmental protection law.

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МУХАМЕТГАРЕЕВА, Наталья Михайловна, et Зиля Анасовна ЮСУПОВА. « ENVIRONMENTAL PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION BASED ON THE PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT : CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS ». Rule-of-law state : theory and practice 17, n^o 3(65) (22 octobre 2021) : 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2021.3.19.

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In today’s world, there are many global problems, among which one of the most fundamental is the environmental problem. The solution of this issue is impossible without the joint efforts of the neighbor States. Therefore, cooperation between the Russian Federation and the European Union, that share a common border, is promising. The partnership between Russia and the European Union in the sphere of ecology is supported by the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. Purpose: to define the main directions for the evolution of the partnership between Russia and the European Union in the field of environmental protection applying on the Cooperation and Partnership Agreement. Methods: the authors made an analysis of international instruments in the sphere of ecological safety, with interpretation and detailed review of normative legal acts. Results: there is a great number of opportunities for increasing environmental cooperation between the Russian Federation and the European Union. The authors believe that such increasing should also be built on treaties in the sphere of environmental protection, in the development of the ecological enactments of the Cooperation and Partnership Agreement that regulate the intercourse of States in question. The completion of such a treaty is very significant not only for the under question countries but for the whole continent.

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Bukowska, Joanna, Piotr Świat et Anna Sosnowska. « The Participation of the Council of the European Union and the European Commission in the Process of Concluding International Agreements on Climate Protection ». International Community Law Review 23, n^o 2-3 (29 juin 2021) : 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341476.

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Abstract For many years the European Union has aspired to be the leader of global climate protection policy. By setting increasingly ambitious challenges in its efforts against global warming, the EU has tried to encourage other countries to compete in this field at international level. In this article, the authors present the roles of the Council of the European Union and the European Commission in the process of concluding international agreements on climate protection. The division of competences between the two institutions is important in the situation when the agreements are concluded within Union’s non-exclusive competence such as the one in the field of environmental protection. In case of such agreements both the Union and its Member States are contracting parties. However, not only the division of competences is at the centre of the EU external action, but also the development of appropriate solutions that will ensure the effective achievement of climate policy objectives.

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Pokrason, A. O., K. M. Martyniuk et L. O. Bulko. « On the question of temporary protection in the countries of the European Union ». Legal position, n^o 2 (2022) : 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32836/2521-6473.2022-2.13.

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Francis, Patrick. « Financing Environmental Protection in Economies in Transition : The Role of Environmental Funds ». Environment and Planning B : Planning and Design 27, n^o 3 (juin 2000) : 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2663.

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Most countries with economies in transition in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union use earmarked, environmental funds to channel subsidised finance for environmental protection. In some Central and Eastern European countries in particular, the funds are major financiers of environmental investments. The funds are typically governmental institutions capitalised by various revenue sources, including environmental charges and fines. They generally provide grants or soft loans for a wide range of environmental protection activities. Although a number of circumstances in economies in transition may justify the provision of subsidised finance for environmental investments, and though funds have been endorsed as potentially effective transitional mechanisms, a number of concerns remain as regards their role vis-à-vis other environmental policy tools, their effectiveness and efficiency, and their impact on the development of more market-based financing mechanisms. In this paper I will review development trends among the funds, examine issues critical to their role and operation, and identify institutional strengthening needs.

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Bayar, Yilmaz, Laura Diaconu (Maxim) et Andrei Maxim. « Financial Development and CO2 Emissions in Post-Transition European Union Countries ». Sustainability 12, n^o 7 (26 mars 2020) : 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072640.

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Carbon dioxide emissions are on the rise, posing a serious global issue. Therefore, it is important that policymakers identify the exact causes of these emissions. This paper investigates the influence of financial development, primary energy consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in 11 post-transition European economies. The assessment was made for the 1995–2017 period using panel cointegration and causality analyses. The causality analyses did not reveal significant connection between financial sector development and CO2 emissions, but rather a two-way causality between primary energy consumption and economic growth, on one hand, and CO2 emissions on the other. Meanwhile, long-run analysis disclosed that financial sector development and primary energy consumption positively affected CO2 emissions. Our results seek to grab the attention of policy makers, who could work towards creating country-specific strategies that balance the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions. These long-term policies could ensure both development of the financial sector and environmental protection.

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Braun, Jan. « State aid for environmental protection and energy objectives in Poland and other countries of the European Union ». Optimum. Economic Studies, n^o 4(102) (2020) : 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.04.102.06.

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Purpose – The purpose of the article is to present the development of horizontal aid for environ-mental protection and objectives related to green energy in Poland in comparison with other EU countries in 2009-2017. The above category of state aid in Poland has been characterised in detail, considering its sources, forms, entities providing support as well as the main beneficiaries of aid. Research method – The article utilises the analysis of existing data on horizontal aid for environmental protection and energy objectives in Poland and European Union countries. Results – During the period 2014-2017, as part of horizontal aid in Poland, the majority of aid was granted for environmental protection and energy objectives (in 2014 it accounted for 45% of the total horizontal aid). In the European Union, by comparison, a gradual increase in the share of the abovementioned category of assistance in the total state aid granted in the analysed period is noticeable. The largest share of the studied category in total state aid was recorded in Sweden, Austria and Germany, while the largest increase in the share of this aid in total state aid was seen in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia and Romania. Originality /value / implications /recommendations - As a result of the strategies implemented in the EU states, the aid for environmental protection and energy objectives is currently one of the most important categories of horizontal aid. This article offers a multifaceted analysis of the above assistance in Poland and a detailed comparison of the level of this support in the EU countries.

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Agapov, A. « “Union for the Mediterranean” : Problems and Contradictions ». World Economy and International Relations, n^o 9 (2010) : 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-9-66-71.

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The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) suggested by Nicolas Sarcozy, the Ex-President of France, has been generating many questions from the very beginning. As experts note, this was due to the unsuccessful project kick-off. Since its first years, the Community model proposed to the Mediterranean countries appealed to solution of the most important problems by joint efforts. Common immigration policy, economic and trade development, common legal rules support, environmental protection and cooperative development were meant to be the "backbones" of the project. Investigating difficulties and perspectives of the European countries cooperation the author points that the UfM represents a promising tool for the energy problem solution. The Europe's energy market diversification program and, therefore, its security largely depends on how successfully the European partners will be able to make advantage of it.

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Mazur-Wierzbicka, Ewa. « Measurement of Progress in the Environmental Area : Poland against the Countries of the European Union ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n^o 1 (29 décembre 2022) : 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010563.

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The initiatives taken by the European Union (EU) and the strategies it adopts aim to achieve sustainable development in a long-term perspective. This, however, requires continuous and consistent efforts to minimise the pressure on the natural environment. By obliging and encouraging Member States to take action in the environmental area, the EU wants to be a leader in conducting the green energy transformation. The main aim of the article is to assess the level of advancement of the EU countries (taking into account their division into two groups: EU-13 and EU-15) in making efforts to preserve the natural environment, with a particular emphasis on the position of Poland among the EU countries. An environmental index (EI) was used to make comparisons between EU countries. This index was designed on the basis of selected indicators during a statistical analysis. The Principal Component Analysis and the cluster analysis are employed in the article. This analysis puts forward a claim that it was mainly the countries of the EU-15 (Denmark and Sweden, in particular) that ranked highest in the environmental area in the period analysed and thus are the most advanced in terms of taking action for environmental protection—they took leaders’ positions. Romania and Bulgaria took the lowest positions in these comparisons. Poland’s score was low for the EI in the period analysed compared to the EU-28 countries. Establishing a more effective environmental policy in Member States with the lowest results is most crucial. The consistency of ordering countries according to the EI was noticeable in the period investigated. This proves the stability of the positions occupied by the EU-13 and the EU-15 group. Even though the European Union has made great progress with regard to the protection of the natural environment and green transformation, there is still much more to be done to increase the efficiency of resource use, waste recycling, energy efficiency or RES sharing in energy mixes.

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Bereżnicka, Joanna. « FINANCIAL SECURITY OF FARMS IN SELECTED European Union COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, n^o 2 (21 juin 2020) : 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2362.

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The article deals with the issue of financial security in an average farm in the Czech Republic, Poland, the Netherlands and Germany. The data collected under the FADN in the period 2013-2017 was used in this work. Financial security was measured using a cash adequacy indicator and the variability of family farm income is used. The work also used the subsidy rate, which determined how much farmers can feel safe in financial terms without any subsidies or financial support. Research shows that the worst situation from the perspective of the relationship between cash flows and debt servicing occurred on an average Dutch farm, and the highest sufficiency index was shown by a Polish farm. However, these discrepancies are the result of risk aversion in recent uncertain financial times. If additional requirements for outlays related to environmental protection appear, then the most difficult situation will occur on farms in the Czech Republic and Poland due to the fact that, for them, direct payments constitute a significant source of income. In these countries, a lack of compensation for any possible consequences arising from environmental restrictions may cause a feeling of financial insecurity.

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Przygodzka, Renata. « The specificity of state aid in Poland in comparison with European Union countries ». Optimum. Economic Studies, n^o 4(102) (2020) : 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.04.102.07.

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Purpose – The aim of the paper is to identify the directions and instruments of state aid (with the exception of agriculture and the transport sector) used in Poland and to identify their specificities in relation to other countries of the European Union. Research method – The achievement of the above purpose required the use of research methods such as the analysis of legal acts, the collection and analysis of secondary data and the processing of the collected factual material using descriptive statistical methods. The data source was The State Aid Scoreboard, together with a variety of reports from the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection. Results – In 2017, the amount of state aid in Poland was twice as high as the average indicator in the European Union (1.51% and 0.76% respectively). Regional development (27.3%) was the main beneficiary of its allocation, while environmental protection was 55.4% in the EU. A specific feature of state aid in Poland is its sustainability, which does not exist to a similar extent in other Member States. Originality /value – According to the author's knowledge, this is one of the unique research papers devoted to the problem of state aid, especially in the context of the indication of the specific characteristics of state aid in Poland against the background of the countries of the European Union.

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Apostu, Simona Andreea, Mirela Panait, Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, Diogo Ferraz et Irina Gabriela Rădulescu. « Energy Transition in Non-Euro Countries from Central and Eastern Europe : Evidence from Panel Vector Error Correction Model ». Energies 15, n^o 23 (1 décembre 2022) : 9118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239118.

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The countries of Central and Eastern Europe, from the non-euro area, have completed the process of economic transition before joining the European Union. Achieving a certain level of economic development and membership in the European Union have generated their involvement in a new transition process, namely the energy transition. Concerns about promoting the low carbon economy have become increasingly complex for those countries that are interested in the environmental impact of economic activity. This study aims to analyze the process of energy transition in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe on the basis of the causality relationship among specific variables for the period 1990–2018. The study is based on cross-sectional panel data and the panel vector error correction model (PVECM). The efforts made by these countries by joining the European Union have generated economic development, with positive effects being recorded on the protection of the environment, a fact due to the strict regulations adopted and rigorous implementation at the national level. Foreign capital had a positive impact on the transition to a low carbon economy because most of the FDI flows attracted by the non-euro countries in the CEE come from Western Europe, i.e., from EU member countries, located either among the founders or among the countries that joined during the first waves of union expansion. Membership in the European Union facilitates the energy transition process for the non-euro countries of Central and Eastern Europe, but the new geopolitical events generate the reconfiguration of the European strategy of considering the need to ensure energy security.

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Gamso, Jonas. « Trade Partnerships and Environmental Performance in Developing Countries ». Journal of Environment & ; Development 26, n^o 4 (15 septembre 2017) : 375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496517729727.

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A large scholarship surrounds the relationship between trade and the environment, with much of it centering on whether trade produces a race to the bottom or a race to the top in the environments of developing countries. While the effects of trade on key pollutants and on specific environmental policies have been widely attended to, scholars have not yet considered if and how trade impacts developing nations’ environmental performance, broadly speaking. This is a critical matter, as the effects of trade on the environment can only be appreciated fully through holistic assessment of the environment and environmental protection. The study that follows helps to fill this void through analysis of an all-inclusive measure of environmental performance that encompasses indicators of policy and practice. Findings demonstrate that exporting to the United States and the European Union improves environmental performance in developing countries; however, no such effect accompanies trade with other countries.

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Thiet, Tran Cong, et Vu Thi Duyen Thuy. « Some legal issues on compensation for environmental damage under Vietnamese law and the law of the European Union ». Studia Prawnicze KUL, n^o 3 (28 septembre 2021) : 277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/sp.10660.

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In recent years, the law on environmental damage compensation has been a burning issue in many countries around the world, especially in developing nations where the dilemma concerns the balance between economic development and environmental protection. The issue of liability for environmental damage can be considered from many perspectives, and the focus of this study will be civil liability compensation. Learning and studying the regulations of developed countries like the European Union plays an important role in the development and improvement of environmental laws in general and the law on environmental compensation in particular for Vietnam. In this article, the authors provide insights on some legal provisions on compensation for environmental damage based on comparison with the laws of the European Union to determine how to develop legal regulations in the field of environmental damage compensation. This creates a foundation that contributes to the introduction of solutions to improve the efficiency of the law on environmental damage compensation in Vietnam.

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Iatridou, Despoina, Laura Pohl, Ivana Tlak Gajger, Nancy De Briyne, Ana Bravo et Jimmy Saunders. « Mapping the teaching of honeybee veterinary medicine in the European Union and European Free Trade Area ». Veterinary Record Open 6, n^o 1 (novembre 2019) : e000343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2019-000343.

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BackgroundHoney bee (Apis mellifera) is a very important species for human beings, animals, environmental biodiversity, crop production and economic sustainability in Europe and worldwide. This study investigates whether future veterinarians are trained to deal with the particular needs of the only traditional food-producing insect in Europe.MethodsThis study analyses data collected from 77 European veterinary education establishments in EU and the European Free Trade Area.ResultsThe results show that 75 per cent of those establishments (58 out of 77) teach honeybee veterinary medicine. There is a clear geographical differentiation. In north-western countries only about half of the establishments include honeybee health, production and product inspection in their undergraduate curricula, while in eastern, central and southern countries, which are also important beekeeping countries, the great majority of the establishments incorporate honeybee veterinary medicine in their undergraduate curriculum. Eighty-six per cent of all the establishments teaching honeybee veterinary medicine (50 of the 58) incorporate it in their core curriculum either as separate subject or as part of other subjects. Twenty-five per cent of all the establishments (19 out of 77) organise postgraduate training courses in this field.ConclusionsVeterinarians have an important role in ensuring the health, sustainability and productivity of managed honeybee colonies as they do for other animal species. It seems however that teaching of honeybee veterinary medicine receives less attention in undergraduate veterinary curricula in EU compared with other fields of veterinary medicine. Seeing the increasing importance of honey bees for crop protection, environmental protection and economic sustainability, it would be beneficial to further strengthen the education of honeybee veterinary medicine in the future. Establishments should encourage and prepare veterinarians for practising science-based veterinary medicine in honey bees by incorporating such teaching in undergraduate curricula and by providing postgraduate opportunities to qualified veterinarians wishing to enhance their basic skills in this field.

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Wielechowski, Michał. « POLITICAL BUDGET CYCLES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION – POST-COMMUNIST HERITAGE ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, n^o 2 (30 juin 2018) : 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.2.28.

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We test the hypothesis that post-communist history affect election cycles in the European Union countries. We show that pre-election fiscal manipulation increase total public spending per capita by 1.9% and three specific spending categories, i.e. general public services, public order and safety, and economic affairs in Central and Eastern Europe democracies with post-communist roots. At the same time we observe no significant spending deviations in remaining EU Member States, except expenditure linked to environmental protection. Our results indicate cross-country heterogeneity of political budget cycles (PBCs) in the EU, conditional on political system history.

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Raspotnik, Andreas, et Kathrin Keil. « The European Unions Gateways to the Arctic ». European Foreign Affairs Review 19, Issue 1 (1 février 2014) : 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014006.

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The European Union (EU) is increasingly depicted as an actor with a growing interest towards the Arctic region. In order to shed light on the various possibilities for the EU's involvement in Arctic affairs, this article aims to have a close look at potential EU 'gateways' to the Arctic, subdivided into geographical-institutional and policy links, and their logical interaction. The former aspect looks at the historical, institutional, and legal links between the EU and the three Arctic actors Norway, Iceland, and Greenland. The latter examines concrete steps of cooperation between the EU and these countries in selected, Arctic-relevant policy areas. These include the challenges of environmental protection in general and climate change and sustainable development in particular, and the possibilities of benefitting from newly available Arctic resources such as oil and gas, shipping routes and fishing grounds.

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Babiarz, Stefan. « Unification of gift and inheritance taxes and the protection of taxpayers – the inheritors and recipients of donations ». Nieruchomości@ IV, n^o IV (31 décembre 2021) : 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5417.

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Gift and inheritance tax in the European Union Member States is calculated and charged in numerous ways. In the majority of countries of the European Economic Community it constitutes a separate tax. In several countries it is not charged at all or is part of the income tax. Despite the attempts made by the European Commission to unify the legislation of the Member States in this regard, there has been no success. The article presents the above-mentioned attempts of the European Commission, their results and consequences. It identifies the methods of avoiding a double or even triple taxation on cross-border inheritances or donations. This is of crucial significance also to the Polish citizens who demonstrate higher and higher investment activity in the countries of the European Economic Community and third countries.

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Străchinaru, Adina Ionela, et Alin Vasile Străchinaru. « Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection in Romania** ». Journal of Corporate Governance, Insurance, and Risk Management 1, n^o 1 (28 mars 2014) : 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/jcgirm010109.

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Environmental pollution and its devastating effects, which have made their mark on the contemporary generation, have generated the need for policies to protect the environment, but at the same time to create a framework conducive to sustainable development. Although in the literature are now numerous concerns for refining the objectives, to identify appropriate methodologies to help protect the environment and ensure sustainable development, however there is no a clear picture about the strategies of development and environmental protection, especially in Romania. The research goal is to capture the impact of pollutant factors on the environment`development, as well as measures that could mitigate the harmful effects of it. The paper presents and analyzes the economic reality of Romania, by drawing up a report on the work of environmental protection agencies, Botoșani. Its importance consist in the fact that it represents an element of strategic guidance on long-term efforts to solve the environmental development and protection issue. Also, the study tries to capture the ability of some strategies of sustainable development on amount of time horizon of 2013-2020. As can be seen in the work, Romania has a relatively large domestic market and the second largest in Central and Eastern Europe, a qualified workforce with low costs compared to Western European countries, and Romania's economic prospects have been improved following the accession to the European Union.

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Efimtseva, T. V. « Some Approaches to Energy and Environmental Issues in the Legislation of Integration Associations (Example of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union) ». Lex Russica, n^o 8 (29 août 2019) : 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.153.8.164-178.

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At the present stage of the European Union development, energy policy is a strategy aimed at achieving the energy independence of the region and ensuring the energy security of all EU members. In this regard, it should be considered reasonable to transfer the issues of energy strategy development to the supranational bodies of the Union. At the same time, energy policy should be considered in close connection with the environmental policy of the European Union, as environmental protection is a topical issue in the European region. The result of cooperation between the countries of Europe is the implementation of such initiatives as the development of renewable energy sources, the production of alternative fuels, the introduction of «green taxes», the operation of a common system of environmental management and environmental audit, the action of a kind of system of environmental certification of products («eco-label»). Similar problems are faced by such an integration association as the Eurasian Economic Union. In this regard, the experience of the European Union should be taken into account when addressing energy and environmental issues in the framework of the common policy of the EAEU Member States. In particular, the paper justifies the necessity of concluding a multilateral agreement on the protection of the environment in the EAEU framework. Currently, the basis of scientific and technical cooperation of the EAEU Member States is the priority technological platforms, which are understood as objects of innovative infrastructure network, making it possible to ensure the integration of states, science and business to combine and concentrate the necessary resources in the most important areas of scientific and technological development of the Eurasian Economic Union, including in the fields of energy and environment.

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Pankov, Yevhenii, Olha Filipshykh et Dmytro Boichuk. « Problems of the environmental law of the European Union ». Problems of Legality, n^o 155 (20 décembre 2021) : 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.155.243720.

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The problem of ecology is one of the most common problems of the twenty-first century. No country is immune: no country has better military equipment, no country with low inflation, no country with “perfect” legislation. The purpose of the article was to clarify legislative issues: European Union legislation was outdated, general and lacking in specificity. To address these problems, this article uses different approaches to the definition of environmental security, which makes it necessary to change the concept and the actions within which the definition is adopted. The article goes on to discuss the position of realists who argue that environmental security cannot be set because of lack of accountability “the importance” of the issue of “high” issues. Thus, the paper refers to the emergence of environmental security and its long path. This article contains the following changes and provisions: Brundtland Committee (1987), Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Habitats in Europe (1979), International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983) as well as the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979), the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the Hazardous Substances Directives, the impact of EU measures on the environment and the Animal Protection Directive. In addition, the article exposes Programs designed to ensure and regulate environmental safety. The report of the European Environment Agency was also reviewed and a comparative analysis of the data contained in the report and the British Broadcasting Corporation estimates was made. The authors draw attention to several directives, calling them “triumvirate”, which provide the basis for countries to regulate some environmental legislation. Almost in the end of the paper the authors pay attention to the phenomenon of environmental ethics, which is a consequence of imperfect legislation. In its conclusion, the article states that the problems that arise from the lack of accountability of legal acts of a real environmental situation occur in the member states, taking into account the special case of the European Union.

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Casagrande, Sara, et Bruno Dallago. « To Be, or Not to Be : The Role of Self-Perception in European Countries’ Performance Assessment ». Sustainability 14, n^o 20 (18 octobre 2022) : 13404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013404.

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Performance evaluation is commonly based on objective indicators which do not explicitly consider the role of perceptions. Especially when evaluating countries’ performance, citizens’ perceptions can influence public debate and socio-economic narratives. Since these may influence policy making and countries’ performance, perceptions should not be ignored. The objective of this article is to investigate the presence of discrepancies between objective performance and self-perception (subjective performance) among European Union countries. The aim is to raise awareness of the importance of recognizing biases in performance perception as factors that may hamper European debate, countries’ relations and, thus, the political and social sustainability of the European project. The article considers five spending areas that may influence the public opinion’s assessment about countries’ performance (education, environmental protection, health, public order and safety and social protection) and compares objective and subjective indicators for 28 EU countries from 2007 to 2017 using the distance-to-frontier score methodology. The results indicate that the discrepancies are significant, with a generalized tendency toward overestimation, especially among some Central and Northern European countries. The opposite occurred in Greece and some Eastern European countries. These results represent a starting point for grasping an undervalued aspect of the complexity of the European socio-economic environment.

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