Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Environmental Management. Stakeholder Theory. Sensemaking »

We extend attribution and stakeholder theory in the context of crisis reputation management by examining differences in stakeholder perceptions in the form of organization-related blame. We presented eight stakeholder groups with factual information surrounding the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and asked them to indicate the extent to which they blamed the leaders and organizations associated with the event. Stakeholders also completed a survey assessing their attribution styles. Results indicated that perceptions of blame were affected by the interaction of stakeholder role (i.e., active vs. passive) with attribution style (i.e., optimistic vs. pessimistic). Our results suggest that organizational leaders’ understanding of their stakeholders may be an important aspect in managing stakeholders’ sensemaking during crises.

Business and academic organizations are in a constant pursuit of efficient and ethical technologies and practices to safeguard their information assets from the growing threat of hackers. Ethical hacking is one important information security risk management strategy they use. Most published books on ethical hacking have focused on its technical applications in risk assessment practices. This paper addressed a scarcity within the organizational communication literature on ethical hacking. Taking a qualitative exploratory case study approach, the authors explored ethical hacking implementation within a Canadian university as the case study in focus, applying technoethical inquiry theory paired with Karl Weick's sensemaking model as a theoretical framework. In-depth interviews with key stakeholder groups and a document review were conducted. Findings pointed to the need to expand the communicative and sociocultural considerations involved in decision making about ethical hacking organizational practices, and to security awareness training to leverage sensemaking opportunities and reduce equivocality.

Ullmann’s (1985) three-dimensional model of social responsibility disclosure is tested to determine whether it can be operationalized to help explain the quantity and quality of environmental disclosures in Australian annual reports. The stakeholder power dimension of Ullmann’s framework is significant in explaining environmental disclosures while content of the mission statement and existence or otherwise of environmental or social responsibility committees also find strong statistically significant support in the results. Ullmanns’ stakeholder theory has previously been applied to explain social disclosures in general (Roberts, 1992) and is an important theory because it introduces a measure of strategy. The current paper demonstrates how this theory can be applied to a specific social disclosure using variables that are idiosyncratically applicable to the types of disclosures.

Sustainable Human Resource Management aims to aggregate and assist in implementing sustainable strategies and improving engagement and relationships with all stakeholders. This systematic literature review aims to understand the concepts and the association of Sustainable Human Resource Management with Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability from the Stakeholder Theory perspective, using the Scopus database. We found an increase in research for Sustainable Human Resource Management, which is the evolution of Green Human Resource Management. SHRM is relevant to management approaches aimed at sustainability. It has a broad view of dimensions, being focused on its employees and the socio-environmental and economic impact of the organization, considering the organization’s relationship with all stakeholders.

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to empirically analyze the extent of the impact stakeholders' pressure has as a determinant of multinational enterprises' MNEs' local environmentally responsible management (ERM), aiming to contribute to the interlocution with stakeholders and ERM strategy establishment of MNE subsidiaries. Design/methodology/approach – To identify key stakeholders, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was used. The data were collected from 300 foreign subsidiaries established by Korean MNEs from August to December 2012. Findings – The results show the parent company (as a major internal stakeholder) and government, NGOs and media (as external stakeholders) are major factors that promote ERM by subsidiaries. Stakeholder theory provides a comprehensive understanding about stakeholders' pressure as a force to engage overseas subsidiaries with environmental responsibility. Originality/value – The research contributes to environmental and international business literature by investigating antecedents of ERM of overseas subsidiaries. A stakeholder perspective is used as an overarching theory in order to develop an ERM framework.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the environmental behaviour of the Algerian firms, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, showing how the involvement of stakeholders may change this behaviour. Design/methodology/approach – In order to set the environmental quality management (EQM), the paper has first been inspired by a mobilisation grid which has allowed the authors to evaluate the degree of dialogue between the stakeholders and the SONATRACH Group which constitutes the case study. Then, the various interviews held at the six sites of this group have allowed to determine the percentage rate of the stakeholders’ mobilisation. Findings – The suggested approach highlights two field studies. First, the aim was to check the mobilisation of the stakeholders of the SONATRACH Group. Then, in order to confirm the importance of mobilising the stakeholders for a better environmental integration, the authors had to evaluate the EQM by measuring the response rate of these stakeholders in percentages. Research limitations/implications – The contribution makes it possible to emphasise the contribution of stakeholder theory in environmental construction based on the mobilisation of stakeholders. Practical implications – In Algeria, some production sites are ranked as polluting. For this research work, the paper has chosen the sites of the SONATRACH multinational. Being conscious of the importance of integrating the environmental dimension, the group has carried out real changes by involving all stakeholders. Originality/value – The objective of this paper is to show the importance of mobilising the stakeholders who play a role in resolving economic and/or environmental issues to help the Algerian firms improve their environmental situation.

This paper aims to summarize and analyze what is known regarding the ways in which stakeholder pressure may influence sustainable practices. Furthermore, this study extends this understanding to the development of several research opportunities for further investigation. A systematic extensive literature review was performed to investigate the relationship between stakeholder pressure and sustainable management practices. This literature review shows that organizational factors are more widely covered than the individual and macro-level factors as moderating variables, and suggests more organizational-, individual-, and macro-level factors, as well as the interaction of these factors as moderating variables on the link between stakeholder pressure and sustainable management practices. Furthermore, the use of the stakeholder theory is dominant, followed by the use of the institutional theory. The manufacturing sector is widely covered, survey methodology is extensively used, and the environmental dimensions are more addressed than the social dimensions of sustainability. The relationship between stakeholder pressure and the adoption of sustainable management practices is not obvious, due to the varied results. Therefore, it is difficult to establish a direct relationship between stakeholder pressure and the adoption of sustainable management practices. This study furthers insight into the stakeholder pressure influence on sustainable management practices by reviewing the comprehensive literature and suggesting future research opportunities.

PurposeVarious suggested paths for greening logistics and supply chains often address the specific perspectives of single supply chain actors. Drawing on stakeholder theory, the purpose of this paper is to develop a deeper understanding of the alignment between logistics service providers (LSPs) and shippers in the context of adopting more environmentally sustainable logistics practices.Design/methodology/approachWith a case study approach, a dual perspective is taken in which both LSPs and shippers were researched. The cases comprise eight LSPs and six shipper companies in Sweden, Italy and Ireland. Information was first analysed in relation to levels of environmental awareness, customer requirements and provider offerings and critical success factors (CSFs) and inhibitors. In a second step, the findings were analysed using stakeholder theory.FindingsLSPs demonstrate higher ambition levels and more concrete offerings compared to shippers' requirements for green logistics services. Paradoxically, customers are an important CSF and also an inhibitor for both LSPs and shippers. Both LSPs and shippers perceive financial factors and senior management priorities as important CSFs. The application of stakeholder theory helps to illuminate the importance of the many secondary stakeholders vs that of one or a relatively small number of primary stakeholders.Originality/valueThe three-dimensional analysis of environmental alignment between LSPs and shippers reinforces existing knowledge and provides new insights. A novel use of stakeholder theory in a supply chain context underlines its usefulness in research of this kind.

The goal of this research is to test the effect of environmental disclosure on cost of capital. Also, to examines the environmental risk on its relationship on cost of capital. This study is derived on the stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and signaling theory. To implement the stakeholder theory, the companies can inform their environmental issues by disclosing their environmental management (Meng et al. 2014). They also disclose their environmental issue to fulfill both national and international regulation on environment to implement the legitimacy theory. Disclosure of environmental issue also indicates investor reliance. The larger disclosure will increase the more investor reliance (El Ghoul et al. 2011). Disclosure also indicate the signal of management to the investor. The design of this study is an explanatory research with quantitative approach. The populations in this study are the companies that listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique based on purposive sampling. The data used is secondary data; consist of annual report of the company and financial report. The authenticity of this research is the first accounting study in Indonesia that examines environmental risks. The result shows that environmental risk can moderate the relationship between environmental disclosure and cost of capital.

Environmental management accounting (EMA) is attracting increased recognition as a management tool that assists in improving financial and environmental performance through enhanced environmental accountability. Various industries have been included in EMA-related research and study, but universities have typically failed to be the focus of the attention. This research studied the experiences of key managers from five universities to explore potential factors influencing the decision to adopt, or not to adopt, EMA within the higher education sector. For the purpose of this study, EMA is defined as the generation, analysis, and use of monetary (or financial) and physical (or non-financial) environment-related information in order to improve organisational financial and environmental performance. The two objectives of this study were to understand current accounting practices for managing major environmental costs, and to identify factors influencing EMA adoption within universities. For the purpose of this study, the major environmental costs referred to are limited to the costs pertaining to the consumption of electricity, water and paper, and the generation of wastes. A case study methodology was followed using semi-structured interviews of key personnel with four different management functions (i.e. environmental management, management accounting, senior management, and heads of academic schools) within each university, and performing content analysis on the transcribed interview data. Specifically for achieving the second research objective, a theoretical framework that considers four theories was embraced to guide the data collection and focus the study. The four theories are contingency theory, institutional theory, legitimacy theory, and stakeholder theory. The findings of the first research objective revealed that there was a general lack of EMA utilisation within the case universities. This was in part due to a perceived lack of appreciation by key personnel of the extent of environmental costs being incurred, but arguably mainly because of the absence of relevant environmental cost information being brought to the attention of senior management. Although environmental sustainability was promoted as important from an environmental management perspective, efforts to improve internal environmental accountability, in particular from an accounting perspective, were still absent. In relation to the second research objective, it was found that five key barriers contributed to this lack of EMA utilisation within the five case universities, and they were attitudinal, financial, informational, institutional, and management barriers. Among the factors that provide further explanations about how each barrier influences EMA adoption, resistance to change, resource constraints, (a lack of) legitimacy considerations, and a lack of environmental responsibility & accountability were found to be strong factors, as they were supported in all of the five cases. Apart from the theoretical extension to this area of research, the results and findings of this study supported the uses and applications of EMA by the higher education sector. Much more can, and should, be done by universities in relation to how they account for the environment. This can provide benefits not only for the sector itself, but also for the environment in which we live.

In the last few decades, the natural environment has increasingly received attention among policy makers, media and the international community. In such a context, firms have approached the environmental issue by developing different strategies and adopting practices that contribute to pollution reduction, resources savings and, more generally, to green efficiency. The present Ph.D. dissertation blends together the natural environment and operations management. As plants are the major responsible of pollution in the industry, this thesis aims at investigating their environmental choices and actions within the framework of manufacturing strategy. The thesis consists of three papers, each corresponding to a chapter. The first one addresses the environmental issue from a general perspective and defines the role of environmental strategy as long as the drivers underlying higher proactiveness; the second one deals with the environment as a competitive priority to understand which firm-related characteristics affect environmentally oriented manufacturing strategies; and the final one analyses the implementation of green and lean practices and the effects on plant performance. More precisely, the first chapter investigates the concept of proactive environmental strategy (PES). The literature has defined this strategy as a set of voluntary practices that go beyond mere compliance with regulations. In order to examine this concept and provide a narrower definition of PES, I first propose that PES is composed of two dimensions: the technical/organizational dimension and the embeddedness dimension. Second, I propose a theoretical framework that allows identification of different typologies in a firm’s environmental strategy. I finally outline the dynamics that drive shifts among PES typologies. In such a way, my final intention is to show that proactive environmental strategy is multidimensional and that there is not a unique definition of it, thus recommending an in-depth investigation of its position within the firm’s strategy. The second chapter allows understanding the role of the natural environment within the manufacturing strategy. Particularly, I analyse the effects of the organizational context on the emphasis that plant managers place on the environmental priority compared to the competitive priorities of cost, quality, delivery, flexibility and innovation. A multinomial logit model is used to explore whether and to what extent the organizational context, proxied by plant- and supply chain-related characteristics, influences three clusters of different manufacturing strategic patterns: environmental-oriented group, balanced set group, and cost-oriented group. Data is collected from a survey of manufacturing plants from Canada in the fabricated metal products, machinery, electronics, and electrical appliances industries. The results highlight that the organizational context affects the emphasis managers put on the environmental issue. In particular, they show that an international supply chain leads the plant to adopt an environmental oriented strategy. This might be explained by arguing that plants are more exposed to environmental risks caused by their international stakeholders, thus threatening their image or raising the chances to monetary fines. The final chapter analyses environmental management from a more operational perspective. Specifically, it contributes to the exploration of how lean and green practices might fit together to improve competitiveness. The relationship of lean manufacturing and environmental performance on the one side, and environmental management and operational performance on the other side, has widely been investigated but final benefits are still uncertain. Anyway, several researches have shown that some lean and green practices actually synergistically interact to improve plant performance. Using a case study methodology, the present paper aims to understand how the two sets of practices interact together and how they affect operational and environmental performance. Based on the analysis of three successful projects of two Italian plants, I find that the timing of implementation, i.e. sequential vs simultaneous, defines modes of managing lean and green practices, i.e. planning vs mutual adjustment, that ultimately affect plant performance. Finally, the findings identify what drivers foster lean practices and green practices to be synergic and jointly produce a positive impact on both environmental and operational performance
Negli ultimi decenni, l’ambiente è stato al centro di un crescente interesse tra regolamentatori, media e comunità internazionali. In tale contesto, le aziende si sono ritrovate ad affrontare la questione ambientale attraverso lo sviluppo di strategie e l’implementazione di pratiche atte a ridurre l’impatto inquinante, l’uso di risorse e, in generale, ad accrescere la propria efficienza in ottica green. La presente tesi di dottorato ha lo scopo di analizzare congiuntamente la questione ambientale e le operations. Questo tema è particolarmente interessante perché prende in considerazione le fabbriche, ovvero le principali responsabili di inquinamento, allo scopo di investigarne le scelte e le azioni ambientali nell’ambito della strategia manifatturiera. La tesi è formata da tre articoli, ognuno dei quali corrisponde ad un capitolo. Il primo tratta della questione ambientale partendo da una prospettiva generale e definendo qual è il ruolo della strategia ambientale e quali sono i fattori determinanti per accrescerne la proattività; il secondo considera l’aspetto ambientale come una possibile priorità competitiva e cerca di individuare i fattori legati alle caratteristiche dell’azienda che incidono su una strategia manifatturiera orientata alla protezione dell’ambiente; infine, l’ultimo capitolo esplora il processo di implementazione di pratiche lean e green nelle fabbriche e l’effetto che questo produce sulle performance. In particolare, il primo capitolo analizza il concetto di strategia ambientale proattiva (SAP). La letteratura ha definito questa strategia come un insieme di pratiche volontarie che non si limitano ad applicare le norme in materia ambientale. Allo scopo di formulare una puntuale definizione, dapprima identifico le dimensioni di SAP: una dimensione tecnica e organizzativa e una dimensione di intensità relazionale. Secondo, propongo una struttura teorica che permetta di individuare differenti tipologie di strategia ambientale. Infine, provo a delineare le spinte dinamiche che sono alla base dei cambiamenti tra una tipologia di SAP e l’altra. In questo modo, metto in evidenza che la strategia ambientale proattiva è multidimensionale e che non può essere definita univocamente, rendendo pertanto opportuno capirne il ruolo all’interno della strategia aziendale. Il secondo capitolo affronta il tema dell'ambiente naturale nell'ambito della strategia manifatturiera delle aziende. In particolare, lo scopo è analizzare gli effetti del contesto organizzativo sull'enfasi che i managers pongono sulla priorità ambientale con rispetto alle tradizionali priorità competitive di costo, qualità, consegna, flessibilità e innovazione. Grazie a una regressione logistica multinomiale, indago la relazione tra il contesto organizzativo, espresso in termini di caratteristiche dell'azienda e della catena di fornitura, e tre diverse possibili strategie manifatturiere: strategia orientata al sostegno ambientale; strategia orientata alla riduzione dei costi; e strategia con simile enfasi su tutte le priorità competitive. L'analisi empirica si basa su un campione di aziende manifatturiere canadesi operanti nei settori dei metalli, dei macchinari, dell’elettronica e delle apparecchiature elettroniche. I risultati dell'analisi evidenziano che il contesto organizzativo influisce sull'enfasi che i managers decidono di dare alla sostenibilità ambientale. Infatti, essi mostrano che quanto più la catena di fornitura si estende internazionalmente, ovvero i clienti e i fornitori sono dispersi in diverse aree geografiche, tanto più l'azienda adotta una strategia manifatturiera che pone enfasi sulla protezione dell'ambiente naturale. Questo è probabilmente motivato dal fatto che un'azienda ha maggiore difficoltà a controllare i potenziali rischi ambientali causati dai propri stakeholders operanti in diverse aree geografiche, dai quali possono derivare sanzioni pecunarie su pezzi importati non conformi alle norme e/o un danno alla propria visibilità a livello globale. L’ultimo capitolo affronta il tema della gestione ambientale da una prospettiva esclusivamente operativa. Nello specifico, questo articolo contribuisce a esplorare come le pratiche di lean management e le pratiche di green management possono essere implementate insieme per migliorare la competitività. La relazione tra lean manufacturing e performance ambientale da un lato, e tra gestione ambientale e performance operativa dall’altro, è stata ampiamente studiata ma senza arrivare a una visione univoca dei benefici che ne derivano. Tuttavia, un certo numero di ricerche hanno mostrato che alcune pratiche di lean e green sono complementari. Basandosi sulla metodologia dello studio di caso, il presente articolo ha lo scopo di capire come i due insiemi di pratiche interagiscono tra di loro e producono effetti sulle performance operative e ambientali. Attraverso l’analisi di tre progetti di successo di due aziende italiane, identifico che il timing di implementazione, sequenziale vs simultaneo, definisce le modalità di gestione delle pratiche da adottare – pianificazione vs mutuo aggiustamento. Questo aspetto ha un effetto significativo sulle performance dell'azienda in quanto l'approccio simultaneo porta a risultati maggiori rispetto all'approccio sequenziale. Infine, l'analisi dei casi mi permette di individuare i drivers che influenzano la relazione tra pratiche green e lean nell'implementazione di progetti ambientali

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att ge företag ökad förståelse för hur arbete mot minskad miljöpåverkan även kan vara förenligt med ökade finansiella intäkter. Metod: Vi använder oss av ett intressentbaserat angreppsätt för att besvara studiens frågeställning, där företags benägenhet att aktivt arbeta med miljöledning utgår från de krav som ställs av dess olika intressenter. Genom att anpassa sig efter dessa krav mot förbättrad miljöpåverkan, kan lönsamma relationer och konkurrenskraftiga förmågor skapas. Teorier inom stakeholder theory, enlightened shareholder theory, innovationsförmåga och proaktiva arbetsmetoder har lagt grunden till denna förståelse. Empirisk data har samlats in via semistrukturerade intervjuer hos tre företag som idag är ISO 14001 certifierade. Med hjälp av en deduktiv arbetsmetodik, har logiska slutsatser härletts från de likheter och skillnader som uppstår mellan teori och empiri. Slutsatser: Studiens frågeställning som vi ämnar besvara har formulerats enligt följande; Hur påverkas företags finansiella intäkter av ISO 14001 certifiering? Vårt bidrag till frågan visar stöd att det inte finns något enhälligt svar att ge, då företag som idag arbetar mot dessa miljökrav både har upplevt certifikatet som något möjliggörande, men också som något restriktivt, till att öka finansiella intäkter.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to give companies a greater understanding for how work towards reducing environmental impact, also can be compatible with increased financial income. Method: We use a stakeholder based approaches to answer the study question, where the company's willingness to actively work with environmental management is based on the requirements of its various stakeholders. By adapting to these requirements towards improved environmental impact, profitable relationships and competitive abilities can be created. Theories in stakeholder theory, enlightened shareholder theory, innovation and proactive practices have laid the foundation for this understanding. Empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews with three companies which today are ISO 14001 certified. By using a deductive methodology, logical conclusions was derived from the similarities and differences that arise between theory and empiricism. Conclusions:The study's issue that we intend to answer is formulated as follows; How is companies financial income affected due to ISO 14001 certification? Our contribution supports that there is no unanimous answer here to give, since the companies currently working with environmental requirements both have experienced the certificate as something that enables, but also restrains, increases in financial revenue.

Population growth, coupled with changing weather patterns, is straining water supplies, especially in the American Southwest. A multitude of tools, including additional storage, will be needed to meet water demand and supply gaps. The Animas-La Plata Project, a reservoir in southwest Colorado, provides a case study of how groups worked for nearly 70 years to solve a water problem: insufficient irrigation for agriculture. This qualitative case study addressed a lack of first-person narratives from those most involved. Its purpose was to gather stakeholder narratives and analyze them using Kingdon's three streams theory to address the extent to which the problem, policy, and political streams converged to open policy windows that resulted in a built facility. Purposeful sampling identified 11 organizational stakeholders with the highest seniority and longest association with the project. Transcribed data from structured interview questions were inductively coded and thematically analyzed. Key findings include identification of a major federal policy change in the late 1970s to 1980s that excluded escalated benefits of water projects. Within this same timeframe, necessary elements were present to open a policy window, the Colorado Ute Indian Water Rights Settlement, which resulted in project construction. If strategists can learn to predict the opening of policy windows "when the problem, policy, and political streams join" water resource planning and policy can be improved. Retrospective narrative analysis is a promising ex post audit and evaluation tool that policy analysts can use to assess program performance and lessons learned. Social change implications of the study are that its findings on the need for positive collaboration may prove valuable to those in management who seek to address water scarcity issues.

In the West African country Ghana, which has a history of poor natural resource management, discovery of offshore petroleum resources in 2007 and subsequent commercial production in 2010 (with British multinational Tullow Oil as lead operator) is a potential source of potential wealth and inequality. Using the Cultural Theory of Risk, Social Amplification of Risk Framework, and the Corporate Sustainability Framework — a proposed model—as theoretical foundations, this dissertation examines corporate sustainability practices, communication, and their implications for local residents’ risk perceptions, corporate reputation, and risk management. The study also assesses how cultural worldviews and informational networks (e.g., an environmental group, opinion leaders, and media) amplify or attenuate residents’ risks perceptions. Data were collected via interviews with key actors including a non-governmental organization (NGO), a survey of a representative sample of Half Assini residents in one of the six coastal districts that adjoin Ghana’s offshore petroleum region, and analyses of Tullow’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports and other communication texts. Extant worldview and corporate reputation measures were also developed/adapted and tested. The study finds support for the view that cultural worldview and affect are associated with public risk perceptions. Thus, individuals who (a) do not subscribe to the worldview that government ought to regulate corporate behaviors, (b) show a relatively high sense of attachment to their communities, (c) rate the images associated with Ghana’s offshore oil production favorably, and (d) rate the images associated with Tullow Oil positively are more likely to be worried that Ghana’s offshore oil production poses significant risks for the country and their local communities. Regarding corporate sustainability communication, the study observes that Tullow uses a predominantly technical, expert-driven approach, which seeks to discursively position it as an aspirational, engaged, and responsible organization. While critiquing Tullow’s corporate sustainability and communication approach, the research also argues that corporate sustainability (CSR and risk) communication has the potential to constitute desirable corporate practices and could ultimately culminate in meaningful social change. Theoretical contributions to risk perception, risk management/communication, corporate reputation, and CSR communication are discussed. Practical implications for advocacy, corporate practices, and public participation in environmental decision-making are discussed.

En av de viktigaste frågorna i världen idag är naturresurshantering. Med en väx-ande befolkning och hoten från klimatförändringar kommer förvaltningen av jordens naturresurser bli än viktigare, såväl för dagens generation som kommande generationer. En viktig aspekt när det gäller naturresurshantering är hur människor uppfattar och värderar naturen. För att komma närmare dessa miljövärden har ett flertal olika vetenskapliga tillvägagångssätt föreslagits. Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur det är möjligt att närma sig miljövärden under olika omständighe-ter och utifrån olika behov. Detta görs genom att undersöka hur olika teorier har använts, och kan användas, avseende olika våtmarker i Kenya. I utvecklingslän-der har naturresurser, teoretiskt sett, ett högre värde eftersom fattiga människor till en högre grad är direkt beroende av naturresurser och ekosystemtjänster. Ut-gångspunkten i denna avhandling är sex våtmarksområden i Kenya under olika förvaltning och med ett flertal, både aktuella och potentiella, användare. I av-handlingen undersöks hur lokalsamhället, myndigheter, industrier och turister uppfattar och värderar våtmarkerna. Genom att applicera ett arenaperspektiv, som betonar vikten av tvärvetenskap, diskuteras i avhandlingen det ekonomiska värdet av miljön för att sedan applicera andra metoder såsom emergy analys, stakeholder analys, kulturteori och riskanalys för att bredda och berika värderingen av miljön.
One of the most important issues in the world, both for present and future genera-tions, concerns natural resource management. With a growing global population and the threat of climate change, issues relating to natural resource management will grow in importance with time. One fundamental aspect of natural resource management is how people perceive and value the environment. The value that is ascribed to natural resources will be one of the determinants in the choices that people face in regards to their management. A wide range of approaches have been suggested to approach environmental values. This thesis focuses on analys-ing the assessment of environmental values under different circumstances and needs. This is done by exploring the ways various theories have and can be used to approach natural resource valuation in different wetland management situations in Kenya. In the developing world the value of natural resources can, theoreti-cally, be seen as even higher than in the developed world, due to poor peoples’ direct dependency on their natural resources and the ecosystem services and goods that they provide. The point of departure in this thesis is six wetland areas with different management strategies and with multiple users. It examines how local communities, governmental authorities, industries and tourists perceive the value of the wetlands. By applying an arena perspective, that emphasises the need of interdisciplinarity, this thesis discusses the economic value of the environment and applies other methods such as, emergy analysis, stakeholder analysis, cultural theory and risk analysis, to enrich the valuation of environment.

Dans cette recherche doctorale, nous étudions comment la gestion environnementale des entreprises (GEE) est prise en compte en matière de prêts bancaires aux entreprises en Europe et en Chine. Nous identifions également des facteurs motivationnels et des obstacles à l’inclusion de la GEE dans les décisions de prêts aux entreprises. La thèse est basée sur trois articles empiriques. Dans le premier article, nous établissons un cadre d'évaluation composé de 20 éléments et testons 50 banques en Europe entre 2016 et 2018. Nous examinons également comment le pouvoir des parties prenantes et des caractéristiques des banques influencent le niveau d’inclusion de GEE dans les prêts bancaires. Le deuxième article explore la perception de la GEE dans les activités de prêt du point de vue des prêteurs avec une enquête auprès de 110 managers de banques en France et au Luxembourg en 2019. En outre, l'étude examine l'influence de motivations institutionnelles sur la perception de la GEE. Dans le troisième article, nous nous concentrons sur la clarification des difficultés liées à la mise en œuvre du crédit vert en enquêtant auprès de 240 managers de banques chinoises. Cette étude identifie en particuliers les défis auxquels les banques chinoises sont actuellement confrontées dus à leurs différentes structures de propriété. Nous soutenons dans cette thèse que les banques, en tant que fournisseurs de capitaux aux entreprises, peuvent jouer un rôle central pour influencer les décisions des entreprises emprunteuses en faveur de la réduction de leur impact sur l’environnement à condition que les banques envisagent d'inclure la GEE dans leurs décisions de prêt
In this doctoral research, we investigate how corporate environmental management (CEM) is taken in account in lending decision-making of banks to corporations in Europe and China. We also identify motivational factors and barriers of including CEM into bank lending. Our thesis is based on three empirical papers. In the first paper, we establish a 20-item evaluation framework of 50 banks in Europe between 2016 and 2018. We also explore how stakeholder power and banks’ characteristics influence banks’ level of CEM inclusion in lending. The second paper explores the perception of CEM in the lending business from the lenders’ perspective with a survey of 110 bank managers in France and Luxembourg in 2019. In addition, the study examines the influence of institutional motivations on bank managers’ perception of CEM. In the third paper, we focus on clarifying the difficulties associated with green credit implementation by investigating 240 Chinese bank managers in 2019. This study identifies challenges Chinese banks currently face according to their different ownership structures. We argue in this thesis that banks, as capital providers to corporations, can play a central role in influencing the decisions of borrowing corporations to reduce their impact on the environment if banks consider including CEM into their lending decision-making

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is widely discussed in the business community in terms of its effectiveness. However, studies of factors that can affect CSR are not so many. The purpose of this study is to evaluate of the impact of ownership structure on Environmental and Social performance. This study was conducted on the example of 174 cases among Swedish companies, listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange, Environmental and Social performance, which was represented by the largest information provider Thomson Reuters. Using the experience of previous studies, a model of relationship between ownership structure and Environmental and Social performance was founded and a multiple regression analysis was performed. The most significant result of the study, confirmed by previous empirical studies and theoretical literature, is the existence of a relationship between capital structure and CSR performance. Foreign investors, who came to the Swedish market, have a stable positive connection with performance. This form of ownership, like majority control, did not find sufficient evidence to the impact on Environmental and Social performance in this study. The Minority control and Joint Minority and Management control showed no influence on performance in Swedish companies.

Problem: Inom området Grön Human Resouce Management (HRM) har en begränsad mängd empiriska underlag producerats och forskare hävdar att ämnet kräver mer forskning, särskilt i relation till multinationella organisationer. Övervägande del av befintliga studier om grön HRM har undersökt området genom kvantitativa metoder och denna studie avser därför att studera området kvalitativt. För att utöka den empiriska forskningsgrunden har studien avgränsats till att studera multinationella organisationer (MNC) som är verksamma inom industrisektorn.   Syfte: Syftet är att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur gröna HR-aktiviteter formas och används inom multinationella industriorganisationer. Vidare syftar även studien att tillföra en ökad förståelse för vad som påverkar införandet av gröna HR-aktiviteter i företag som är verksamma inom denna sektor. Metod: Studien utgår från en deduktiv ansats och för att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med HR-verksamma använts. Totalt har tre fallföretag studerats och primärdata har samlats in genom fem olika intervjuer med totalt sex olika respondenter. Primärdata har analyserats genom en riktad innehållsanalys av det latenta innehållet. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att MNC:s verksamma inom industrisektorn delvis bedriver gröna HR-aktiviteter inom områdena rekrytering och urval, kompetensutveckling, anställningsrelationer (involvering och deltagande) samt belöning. Studiens resultat indikerar även att gröna HR-aktiviteter tenderar att vara lokalt utformade i jämförelse med HR-aktiviteter som inte bedrivs ‘grönt’ och som istället tenderar att vara standardiserade HR-aktiviteter utformade av HQ. De faktorer som denna studie kunde finna ha en inverkan på organisationernas införande av gröna HR-aktiviteter är den yngre generation, nationella krav och lagstiftningar, en organisations ledning, kostnader, utvecklingsinitiativ, aktuella restriktioner som ett resultat av den pågående Covid-19-pandemin samt samhällstrender.

Organizational change and innovation are central and enduring issues in management theory and practice. The need to understand processes of organization change and innovation has never been greater in order to respond to dramatic changes in population demographics, technology, stakeholder needs, competitive survival, and social, economic, environmental, health, and sustainability concerns. These concerns call for a better understanding of managing organization change and innovation. Why and what organizations change is generally well known; how organizations change is the central focus of this handbook. It focuses on processes of change, or the sequence of events in which organizational characteristics and activities change and develop over time, and the factors that influence these processes, with the organization as the central unit of analysis. Across the diverse and wide-ranging contributions, three central questions evolve: what is the nature of change and process; what are the key concepts and models for understanding organization change and innovation; and how we should study change and innovation. This handbook presents critical evolving scholarship and explores its implications for future research and practice on organizational change and innovation.

Wastes and pollution are associated with an uncoordinated urbanization trend. This exploratory study investigates total quality management's (TQM) role in smart city development. It delineates smart cities and its conjoined relationship with digital cities. It submits to the complementary relationship between TQM and quality function deployment (QFD) and highlights stakeholder engagement as central to smart city development strategy, underpinned by social theory. It distils that stakeholders and built environment professionals need to work collaboratively to maximize the benefit of smart cities as being an innovation value chain, leading to the use of IT-enabled platform such as building information modelling (BIM). This culminates in the design of an integrative framework with ICT (focusing on BIM) and TQM serving as the information architecture and the ideological premise respectively. It then presents the close-loop (front-end) and open-loop (back-end) approaches to smart city development, discusses future research directions and concludes with implications.

The niche of a narrow literature in the field inspires the core objective of this chapter which is to develop a coherent and eco-efficient outline for environmental audit in an integrated audit management system. The research paradigm is based on the stakeholder theory refined with Hart's vision of the entity based on natural resources in order to recognize the natural environment as the main stakeholder of any entity. The revision of the literature enables ascertaining the determining factors for an environmental audit integrated in the audit management system. The result is built on the management component of the continuous improvement and creates knowledge for a way of action to implement an environmental management system and environmental auditing and implicitly, to react to social corporate responsibility. Future researches regard the increase the auditor's role in integrating various areas of the sustainability reports.

The aim of this chapter is to propose a conceptual framework, based on an interdisciplinary approach, which integrates the Viable Systems Perspective, Institutional and neo-Institutional Theory and Structuration Theory with the Consumer Behaviour Theory. The reason for this is to show the relational dynamics between the firm-brand and the individual-consumer, and between these and the direct-indirect stakeholder. The chapter is based on the reflection that the consumption system can be thought of as having two levels. The first is a micro-level, where the consumption system is characterized by the momentum of the creation and maintenance of consonant relationships between the firm-brand and the individual-consumer in order to achieve mutual systemic viability. The second is a macro-level, characterized by the concept that relationships between firm-brand and individual-consumer influence both direct and indirect stakeholders. Within these relationships, according to Stakeholder Theory, it is therefore very important to consider the reciprocal influences the indirect stakeholder has on and receives from the relationships. The results of these relationships affirm the legitimate conditions on which sustainability requirements (economic, social and environmental) are based. For these reasons the proposed conceptual framework will analyze the firm-brand three-dimensional social role when it is engaged to create and/or maintain and/or guarantee a long term enduring relationship.

Companies have started to publish social and environmental reports, in addition to their financial reports. Disclosing non-financial information takes the form of sustainability reports due to some pressures from the environment. The reasons of why organizations publish sustainability reports and benefits that can be obtained with such disclosures can be explained from institutional theory, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory perspectives. This chapter aims to broaden the understanding about sustainability reporting. Thus, after a quick introduction with the meaning and scope of sustainability and organizational sustainability, theoretical framework for sustainability reporting practices and related studies from different organizational contexts are examined. Besides, sustainability in the Turkish business context is shortly addressed.

<i>Abstract.</i>—Fishing is an exciting, popular, family-oriented activity that can be ideal as an introduction to and long-term platform for achieving aquatic resources stewardship. Many agencies and stakeholder organizations have developed fishing programs for this purpose, and each year, millions of people participate in these programs across the country. This paper will identify best management practices for assessing and evaluating fishing programs for effectiveness in achieving that goal. It will address program goals, objectives, logic models and needs assessment, developing environmental sensitivity, and social context and support. Findings are based on extensive work conducted by educators and aquatic resources practitioners as part of the Recreational Boating and Fishing Foundation’s Best Practices in Boating, Fishing, and Aquatic Resources Stewardship project.

This chapter locates heritage landscapes as central to ongoing debates and future contexts and offers insights and recommendations of how engagements with landscapes can include emancipatory discourse and/or be deployed in ways that mobilize agency. It suggests ways that heritage managers can move toward protecting the intellectual and property rights of Indigenous people in heritage initiatives that could include developing research protocols, in collaboration with Indigenous people that take on the political and historical contexts. Not only as a consideration of issues related to Indigenous heritage such as confidentiality, intellectual property rights, access, right of review, and ownership of data, but also as a way to bring in the controversial topics and concerns. The chapter suggests that to develop dialogue and expand the context for Indigenous knowledge in heritage and environmental management practices, scholars must restructure how we report our work and the laws and practices that guide investigations. This chapter argues that the field of critical heritage theory has much to offer as it moves away from a critique of shortcomings to instead provide recommendations and a new engagement with heritage landscapes that makes room for multiple understandings and brings in subjugated and stakeholder knowledge.

The topic of sustainable supply chain has become of great value for the community of researchers and practitioners. Supply chain professionals become not only cost managers, but they also had to manage relationships with key stakeholders. These latter are demanding that organizations address and manage the environmental and social issues which are impacted by their operations. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to understand the influence of stakeholders on the decision of adopting sustainability practices into the supply chain. We conduct a literature review, including content analysis, examining publications on sustainable supply chains published in English. We form the link between the institutional isomorphism as a driver for SSCM and its relation with stakeholders of the organization. The study draws on institutional theory and stakeholder theory in building its framework. We’ll conclude by discussing the limits and critics of this framework, while proposing future research directions.

Reaching community consensus on water reforms was the motive—and the challenge—for this operational research. While water is comparatively abundant in New Zealand, a pattern of decline in the quality of water resources has persisted. Living up to its “clean, green” image is a significant goal for New Zealand, with high economic value derived from the effects of its globally recognized environmental credentials on key exports like tourism and agriculture. A 2009 government task force suggested that a “business as usual” approach is untenable, and water reform should be a priority. This systems study examines the challenges—and opportunities—facing Kāpiti, a rapidly growing coastal community, with water scarcity and quality constraints that had long prevented them from meeting their sustainable development objectives. The authors used a stakeholder typology to identify system stakeholders, Theory of Constraints (TOC) to examine their perspectives, causal loop diagrams to highlight potential negative outcomes, and TOC to design appropriate interventions.

Like in many countries, polluted industrial sites also exist in Belgium. Although the contamination is purely chemical in most cases, they may also contain a radioactive component. For chemically contaminated sites, extensive regulations and methodologies were already developed and applied by the different regional authorities. However and essentially because radioactivity is a federal competence, there was also a necessity for developing a legal federal framework (including an ER-methodology [1]) for remediation of radioactive contaminated sites. Most of the so-called radioactive contaminated sites are exhibiting a mixed contamination (chemical and radiological), and hence the development of such methodology had to be in line with the existing (regional) ones concerning chemical contamination. Each authority having their own responsibilities with regard to the type of contamination, this makes it more complicated and time-consuming finding the best solution satisfying all involved parties. To overcome these difficulties the legal framework and methodology — including the necessary involvement of the stakeholders and delineation of each party’s responsibilities — has to be transparent, clear and unambiguous. Once the methodology is developed as such and approved, the application of it is expected to be more or less easy, logic and straightforward. But is this really true? The aim of this document is to investigate as well the impact of factors such as the type of radioactive contamination — levels of contamination, related to NORM activity or not, homogeneous or heterogeneous, the differences in licensing procedures,… — on the application of the developed methodology and what could be the consequences in the long run on the remediation process. Two existing case studies in Belgium will be presented ([2]). The first case deals with a historical radium contaminated site, the second one with a phosphate processing facility still in operation, both with (very) low levels of radioactivity but containing very large volumes of contaminated materials. These case studies will demonstrate that, although the applied methodology will be the same in both cases, the impact of e.g. sampling strategy, scenario definitions, modelisations, final destination of the land, presence of chemotoxic components, dose or risk assessments, uncertainties, derivation of clean-up radionuclide guidelines, stakeholder involvement and waste treatment could be important on licensing, cost-estimate, planning and final outcome of the environmental remediation activities to be executed.