Thèses : « Environmental impacts mitigation »

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Hovhannisyan, Lilit. « OVERSEEING THE MITIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS IN ARMENIA ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami150105623187497.

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Luger, Michael Karl. « Environmentally-sensitive river management : assessment and mitigation of impacts on urban rivers ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13886.

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Urban development and engineering works have resulted in the majority of rivers that drain urban areas being severely degraded, both ecologically and in terms of their potential amenity value. This dissertation explores the reasons for this "spiral of degradation" and it describes the ecological and social impacts on rivers caused by urban development, channelisation and canalisation. It then suggests possible measures to mitigate the impacts at the levels of the catchment, floodplain and river channel. The present cycle of degradation of urban rivers in the Cape Metropolitan Area (and elsewhere) can be halted. In addition, where degradation has already occurred, mitigation and rehabilitation are possible and could restore some of the lost conservation and ecological values, as well as the potential amenity, recreation and education functions. Early colonisation of Cape Town by Europeans inflicted severe impacts on the rivers surrounding and passing through the city. These included: catchment degradation, water abstraction, the disposal of unpurified sewage and industrial effluents, removal of riparian forests, clearing of instream vegetation and the draining of wetlands. During the 20111 century, many urban rivers have been "improved" by straightening or confining within rectangular concrete-lined canals in order to protect urban development in flood-prone areas. The unquestioning faith in technology during this period and the attitude that human ingenuity could "improve nature" are now regarded by the scientific community, together with some local and regional authorities and informed members of the public, as mistakes that resulted in ecological and environmental degradation. These technical solutions merely treated the symptoms of the problem without recognising, let alone attempting to treat, the causes, that is poor catchment and floodplain management. However, there is still a public demand for canalisation of the remaining "natural" rivers in the greater Cape Town area and beyond. At the same time, there has been an increase in environmental awareness, as well as a growing appreciation of the value of holistic and multi-objective planning in the engineering and planning professions. This dissertation aims to assess the impacts of urbanisation, channelisation and canalisation on the aquatic ecosystem and socio-economic environment of urban rivers, and to develop possible measures to mitigate these impacts.

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Shanmugam, Harini. « Assessment and mitigation of potential environmental impacts of Portland Cement Concrete highway grindings ». Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2004/h%5Fshanmugam%5F121304.pdf.

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Driscoll, Simon. « Climate impacts of stratospheric particle injection ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5460c624-75d0-448e-b9a0-c1bc70cc9ad0.

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Geoengineering has attracted large attention over recent years as to being a possible way to ameliorate some of the effects of climate change. One of the proposals, involving injecting sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere in order to cool Earth's temperature back to pre-industrial levels, has been assessed as one of the leading geoengineering proposals. Despite this, large uncertainties remain in both the physical and social sciences. Small scale trials of sulphate aerosol injection are not seen as ways to provide large amounts of useful data to inform on the climate response to stratospheric sulphate aerosol loading (whilst also facing many social and ethical barriers). Large scale trials involving injecting amounts of aerosol more comparable to what would be required to cool the Earth's temperature back to pre-industrial levels are viewed as too risky. Assessments of the climate effects of sulphate aerosol geoengineering by the scientific community therefore have largely relied on climate modelling studies. The thesis begins by reviewing sulphate aerosol geoengineering and the modelling that have been conducted to date. In light of the need to verify modelling results with observations the thesis seeks to understand the effects of nature's analogue to sulphate aerosol geoengineering: large volcanic eruptions. When a volcano erupts it can inject large amounts of SO2 gas into the stratosphere, which then undergo conversion to form sulphate aerosol, cooling the Earth in a way analogous to sulphate aerosol engineering. The ability of the climate models submitted to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) database is assessed, with a particular focus on dynamical changes in the Northern Hemisphere winter period. These models fail to capture the observed NH dynamical response following eruptions, which is of concern for the accuracy of geoengineering modelling studies that assess the atmospheric response to sulphate aerosol geoengineering. Simulations of volcanic eruptions are then performed with high-top and low-top configurations of the HadGEM2-CC climate model. The high-top version of HadGEM2-CC, with enhanced vertical resolution and model height, gives a markedly improved and statistically significant post-volcanic winter dynamical simulation to its low-top counterpart. The post-winter dynamical simulation in the high-top model agrees with the observed response following volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, mechanisms involved in the dynamical changes are analysed and it is concluded that the HadGEM2-CC high-top model would give more confident simulations of sulphate aerosol geoengineering over its low-top counterpart. Given the identification of a more suitable model for geoengineering simulations following extensive investigation, the final chapter analyses simulations of the HadGEM2-CC high-top model for asymmetries between the climate response to an immediate onset of geoengineering and a rapid cessation of geoengineering - known as a 'termination' of geoengineering. The project is summarised and discussed, and future work is proposed, involving a large host of projects.

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Kettlewell, Chad Issac. « An Assessment of Wetland Impacts and Compensatory Mitigation in the Cuyahoga River Watershed, Ohio, USA ». The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392733321.

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Bergman, Crystal Jane. « A Survey of Drought Impacts and Mitigation Planning in Kentucky ». TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/95.

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Ahmad, Mumtaz. « ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION OF WATER RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS IN THE BAGRAMI DISTRICT OF KABUL PROVINCE ». The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-09222008-022006/.

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My paper includes: (1) an analysis of cases of waterborne diseases in Bagrami District from 2003-2007; (2) a review and assessment of the effectiveness of three recent water supply and sanitation projects carried out by aid organizations; (3) a description of a Bagrami water sanitation project that I helped manage in 17 villages in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in spring 2008; and (4) my recommendations on how to improve the effectiveness of water supply and sanitation projects in Bagrami and other areas of Afghanistan based on insights gained from this study.

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Hirono, Yuhei. « Assessment and mitigation of the environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilizer application in green tea fields ». Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235969.

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Brown, Terry-Rene Wiesner. « Monitoring and Mitigation of Elevated CO₂ Impacts using Microalgae ». Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6188.

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Climate change is arguably the greatest environmental and economic challenge of our time. There are considerable documented and projected impacts to both human and natural systems as a result of climate change. These impacts include changes in temperature, sea level, precipitation patterns, and biogeography of ecologically and economically relevant species, including pathogens. One of the main drivers of climate change is elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas. Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO2 levels have increased from approximately 280 ppm to over 400 ppm, as a result of fossil fuel combustion, cement production and land use change. In addition to being a driver of climate change and a direct contributor to the increase in global average temperatures, elevated atmospheric CO2 also affects biogeochemical cycles. When ocean surface waters equilibrate with higher levels of atmospheric CO2, there is an increase in acidification and resulting effects on marine biota, such as changes to community composition and decreases in calcifying organisms. Freshwater systems are less understood, but many freshwater systems are experiencing acidification and the resulting ramifications as well. Microalgae, as the primary producers in these systems, are often studied as sentinels of such change. Here, I present studies using microalgae to monitor and mitigate elevated CO2. The goals of the investigation were to conduct 1) a field study to determine if microalgae in a freshwater stream were impacted by an elevated CO2 treatment; 2) a meta-analysis of elevated CO2 effects on freshwater microalgae; and 3) a laboratory study to optimize growth of microalgae for biofuels production. In the first chapter, I provide background information and the framework for the studies that follow. Past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are discussed as well as their impacts to marine and freshwater systems. The importance of microalgae to these aquatic systems is described. Then I discuss the role of microalgae in elevated CO2 monitoring and mitigation. In the second chapter, I present a field study of elevated CO2 effects on a freshwater stream. The study took place at the University of Michigan Biological Station at the Stream Research Facility. Once-through artificial stream channels were employed to grow microalgae in simulated natural stream conditions. The stream channels were subjected to ambient or elevated CO2 treatments and impacts to stream water chemistry and microalgae were measured. Stream water chemistry was impacted by the elevated CO2 treatment such that there were significant decreases in pH and significant increases in dissolved inorganic carbon. However, these chemical changes did not have a measured impact on the stream microalgae, as measured by microalgal biomass, elemental composition, and community composition. Perhaps microalgae will not be the first to be impacted by increasing levels of atmospheric CO2, though freshwater systems vary considerably and more research is needed to confirm this conclusion. In the third chapter, I present the results of a meta-analysis of elevated CO2 effects on freshwater algae. We conducted a literature search in ISI Web of Science of all publications on freshwater microalgal response to elevated CO2 and chose studies that used elevated CO2 levels of less than or equal to 2,000 ppm, which is the highest level projected for the future by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. From the twenty-two papers that met the inclusion criteria, qualitative and quantitative data were extracted and categorized into response classes including water chemistry, microalgal growth, carbon fixation and photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and consumer response. Effect sizes for elevated CO2 were calculated, and CO2 enrichment significantly increased water acidity and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, microalgal growth, carbon fixation and photosynthesis, and algal nutrient uptake. Algal consumers (e.g., herbivores) in general were negatively affected, but the overall result was not statistically significant. We also analyzed a variety of experimental parameters and determined that experimental design and algal culture conditions did not impact elevated CO2 effects on freshwater microalgae in the studies conducted to date. In the fourth chapter, I provide the results of a laboratory-based study of the marine microalgae Picochlorum oculatum, which has shown promise as a source of biofuel because of its high lipid production and relative ease of growing in culture. We ran a series of lab experiments to optimize growth conditions and maximize growth of P. oculatum. Experiments included tests of light source (LED or metal halide), CO2 delivery (continuously or in pH-controlled pulses), inoculum size (10%, 15% or 20%), and culture pH (7.0, 7.5, or 8.0); these variations did not significantly impact growth so future experiments were run in the most cost-effective manner using LED lights, with pH-controlled pulses, 10% inoculum size and at culture pH of 7.5. We also tested different sources of supplied nitrogen in an effort to reduce culture costs and potentially improve sustainability by using urea and ammonium, sources of nitrogen readily available from wastewater treatment. Growth was comparable using the standard artificial nitrogen source, nitrate, and the wastewater-constituent urea, indicating that urea may be a cost-effective and sustainable source of nitrogen for microalgal cultures grown on an industrial scale for biofuel production. Growth using ammonium was not successful even when concentrations were reduced and a buffer was added to reduce acidification of the growth medium resulting from ammonium uptake by the algae. More research is needed to determine if ammonium can be a suitable nitrogen source for microalgae. Experiments were also conducted in an outdoor setting to determine if high growth levels were maintained when the cultures were grown at a larger scale and in variable natural conditions; successful growth was demonstrated over 68 days, indicating that P. oculatum may be a promising candidate for biofuel production. Additional research is needed to further optimize culture growth and streamline operations. The body of work herein examines the role of microalgae in elevated CO2 monitoring and mitigation. There is considerable evidence that elevated atmospheric CO2 impacts aquatic chemistry through increases in dissolved inorganic carbon and acidity. These chemical changes have varied impacts on aquatic biota, including microalgae, which play foundational roles in ecosystems as primary producers and bases of food webs. Microalgal responses to elevated CO2 may impact other trophic levels and have widespread effects on aquatic ecosystems. Additional research is needed on elevated CO2 effects on microalgae, particularly in freshwater systems, which are less understood than marine systems and perhaps less predictable due to the wide variability in their physical, chemical and biological compositions. Microalgae may also play a significant role in elevated CO2 mitigation because of their potential in biofuel production. With additional research focused on reducing costs and improving sustainability, microalgae may play an important role in reducing elevated CO2, one of the main drivers of climate change.

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BATTINI, FERDINANDO. « ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION IN DAIRY FARMS AND BIOGAS PRDUCTION FROM MANURE AND ENERGY CROP IN THE PO VALLEY ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6076.

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La tesi ha un filo logico che inizia con la quantificazione e caratterizzazione degli impatti ambientali della produzione del latte. La ricerca prosegue con l'analisi delle opzioni per mitigare questi impatti, tra cui la produzione di biogas da reflui zootecnici. Il passo successivo è stato quello di analizzare la sostenibilità ambientale della co-digestione della biomassa da colture dedicate e reflui zootecnici. La digestione anaerobica dei reflui zootecnici per la produzione di biogas e la sua combustione per produrre energia elettrica è risultata un approccio tecnologico efficace per ridurre le emissioni di gas serra in quanto riduce le emissioni dallo stoccaggio dei liquami e sostituisce la produzione di energia elettrica da combustibili fossili. La produzione di biogas da biomassa da colture dedicate, anche se non fornisce benefici ambientali di per sé, può essere considerata come una opzione per facilitare e incrementare la digestione dei reflui, ma la biomassa da colture dedicate deve essere utilizzato in modeste quantità. I risultati di questa tesi - realizzati utilizzando la metodologia LCA - possono aiutare i responsabili politici nella pianificazione delle misure volte ad aumentare la sostenibilità della produzione del latte e del biogas nelle aziende zootecniche.
The thesis has a logical thread that starts with the quantification and characterization of the environmental impacts of milk production. The research continues with the analysis of the options for mitigating these impacts, among which biogas production from manure results very effective. The next step was to analyse the environmental sustainability of co-digestion of manure and energy crops. The anaerobic digestion of manure to biogas and its combustion to produce electricity resulted as an effective technological approach to mitigate GHG emissions because it reduces the emissions from slurry storage and contributes to the displacement of electricity generation from fossil fuels. Biogas production from energy crops, although not providing environmental benefits per se, may be regarded as an option to facilitate and increase the digestion of manure, if allowed only in small shares. The results of this thesis – achieved using LCA methodology – can assist policy makers in the planning of measures aimed at increasing the sustainability of milk and biogas production from dairy farms.

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BATTINI, FERDINANDO. « ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION IN DAIRY FARMS AND BIOGAS PRDUCTION FROM MANURE AND ENERGY CROP IN THE PO VALLEY ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6076.

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La tesi ha un filo logico che inizia con la quantificazione e caratterizzazione degli impatti ambientali della produzione del latte. La ricerca prosegue con l'analisi delle opzioni per mitigare questi impatti, tra cui la produzione di biogas da reflui zootecnici. Il passo successivo è stato quello di analizzare la sostenibilità ambientale della co-digestione della biomassa da colture dedicate e reflui zootecnici. La digestione anaerobica dei reflui zootecnici per la produzione di biogas e la sua combustione per produrre energia elettrica è risultata un approccio tecnologico efficace per ridurre le emissioni di gas serra in quanto riduce le emissioni dallo stoccaggio dei liquami e sostituisce la produzione di energia elettrica da combustibili fossili. La produzione di biogas da biomassa da colture dedicate, anche se non fornisce benefici ambientali di per sé, può essere considerata come una opzione per facilitare e incrementare la digestione dei reflui, ma la biomassa da colture dedicate deve essere utilizzato in modeste quantità. I risultati di questa tesi - realizzati utilizzando la metodologia LCA - possono aiutare i responsabili politici nella pianificazione delle misure volte ad aumentare la sostenibilità della produzione del latte e del biogas nelle aziende zootecniche.
The thesis has a logical thread that starts with the quantification and characterization of the environmental impacts of milk production. The research continues with the analysis of the options for mitigating these impacts, among which biogas production from manure results very effective. The next step was to analyse the environmental sustainability of co-digestion of manure and energy crops. The anaerobic digestion of manure to biogas and its combustion to produce electricity resulted as an effective technological approach to mitigate GHG emissions because it reduces the emissions from slurry storage and contributes to the displacement of electricity generation from fossil fuels. Biogas production from energy crops, although not providing environmental benefits per se, may be regarded as an option to facilitate and increase the digestion of manure, if allowed only in small shares. The results of this thesis – achieved using LCA methodology – can assist policy makers in the planning of measures aimed at increasing the sustainability of milk and biogas production from dairy farms.

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LIU, AMY JIN-RONG. « EMPLOYING LAND-USE SCHEMES AS A MITIGATION STRATEGY FOR THE WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1017949450.

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Marshall, Andrew Robert. « Using The Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model to Forcast Probable Impacts, and Planning Implications, of a 500-year Tsunami in Cayucos, California ». DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1433.

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This report focuses on using the Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model (PTVA) to demonstrate the vulnerability of Cayucos to a 500-year tsunami, and using the results to inform specific planning recommendations. By modeling inundation with GIS and analyzing building attributes via the PTVA model, this study has gone beyond any previous vulnerability assessments of Cayucos. Findings include: delineation of the most vulnerable areas, estimates of numbers of lost civic buildings, commercial buildings and houses, as well as estimates of people displaced from tsunami damaged homes. The report goes on to discuss what mitigation measures are in place and what further specific steps could be taken to ensure the long term sustainability of the town and help reduce future tsunami losses. Cayucos is a small coastal town in San Luis Obispo County, California; popular with tourists and locals for its beach, pier, and downtown. Intense coastal development and low lying topography makes Cayucos among the most tsunami vulnerable communities in the county. Many civic and economically important buildings, as well as homes, are within the 500-year tsunami inundation area. In the absence of fully developed, and accessible assessment tools like FEMA’s HAZUS tsunami program; local planners have had only basic information to assess the community’s tsunami vulnerability. The Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model (PTVA) is a method that uses available tsunami runup estimations and field data collection to produce a detailed assessment of individual building survivability and overall community vulnerability.

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Mendes, Pablo Bettio. « Análise comparativa de elementos de bioengenharia no controle do processo erosivo de um talude de alta inclinação em um curto período de tempo ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157282.

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Submitted by Pablo Bettio Mendes (bettiomendes@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-10T15:48:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Pablo - FINAL - 2018-OUT-10 (Rev.2).pdf: 2608147 bytes, checksum: 01299e2f6bfb9f6afd67d263d6a73aa0 (MD5)
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Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-10T16:34:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_pb_me_bauru.pdf: 2608147 bytes, checksum: 01299e2f6bfb9f6afd67d263d6a73aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24
A erosão dos solos é fenômeno natural que ocorre tanto em áreas rurais como urbanas, atuando através da remoção e arraste de material, tendo consequências muito sérias ocasionando diversas perdas financeiras e até de vidas humanas. A necessidade de conter ou controlar esse processo de degradação inspirou o desenvolvimento de várias tecnologias ligadas à área de bioengenharia. Duas delas, biomanta e hidrossemeadura, são atualmente vendidas separadamente no mercado provavelmente por razões comerciais, mas possuem o potencial de ser trabalhadas de maneira integrada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi testar a eficácia do uso integrado de duas técnicas de controle de erosão causada pela água em encostas e taludes: biomanta e hidrossemeadura. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Sorocaba em um talude com forte pendente disponibilizado dentro do Campus da Faculdade de Tecnologia (FATEC). Foram usados materiais de baixo custo, além do uso de rejeitos de material proveniente de cortes de vegetação de baixo porte que muitas vezes não tem um destino adequado. Para tanto foram construídas oito parcelas retangulares de aproximadamente seis metros de extensão por um metro de largura. Duas destas parcelas foram mantidas continuamente descobertas (condição controle de terreno natural) e as outras seis foram cobertas / protegidas com mantas biodegradáveis, sementes ou sistema integrado de palha e sementes. Ao todo foram construídos quatro pares, cada um deles com uma técnica diferente de combate a erosão. Durante a pesquisa, foram avaliadas e quantificadas as mudas das espécies que germinaram, também foi medido o volume de chuva durante o período. Sem prejuízo, fez-se, também, a quantificação do volume do material erodido (sedimento) em cada tipo de recobrimento após cada evento de chuva.
Soil erosion is a natural phenomenon that occurs in rural and urban areas, acting through the removal and dragging of material, with very serious consequences causing several losses including human lifes. The need to contain or control this degradation process has inspired the development of several technological alternatives linked to the area of bioengineering. Two of them are currently sold separately on the market, probably for commercial reasons, but have the potential to be worked on in an integrated fashion. The aim of the present work is to test the effectiveness of two techniques integrated to avoid erosion caused by water on slopes used together: bio-blanket and hydroseeding. The work was carried out in Sorocaba in a slope with strong inclination made available within the Campus of the Faculdade de Tecnologia (FATEC). For the work, low cost materials were used as the litter usually coming from the tailings, vegetation cuts that often did not have an adequate destination. For this, eight rectangular plots of approximately six meters in length by a meter of width each were constructed. Two of these plots were kept continuously discovered (natural land control condition) and the other six were covered / protected with biodegradable blanket, seeds or integrated straw and seed system. Altogether there are four pairs compared, each with a different solution from the each other. During the research, the seedlings of the species that germinated were evaluated and quantified. The volume of rain was quantified and also the volume of the eroded material (sediment) in each type of cover were also measured right after every rain event

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Demes, Fernanda Oliveira Cavalcante. « Acompanhamento da implantaÃÃo das medidas mitigadoras propostas para a recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas degradadas na execuÃÃo dos aÃudes pÃblicos Aracoiaba e SÃtios Novos, no Estado do CearÃ ». Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11356.

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A exploraÃÃo de Ãreas de emprÃstimo para obtenÃÃo de materiais para obras civis tem resultado na degradaÃÃo ambiental, muitas vezes, com sÃrios impactos nos meio fÃsico e biÃtico. Assim, os impactos ambientais de Ãreas de emprÃstimo devem ser identificados, para que sejam propostas e executadas medidas visando Ã sua recuperaÃÃo. Neste trabalho, procurou-se avaliar a eficÃcia das medidas mitigadoras propostas nos estudos de impacto ambiental dos aÃudes pÃblicos Aracoiaba e SÃtios Novos, no estado do CearÃ, para a recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas degradadas durante a obtenÃÃo de matÃria prima para suas obras civis. A pesquisa teve inÃcio com o levantamento dos EIA/RIMA dos AÃudes PÃblicos Aracoiaba e SÃtios Novos, com Ãnfase na anÃlise dos impactos identificados como possÃveis de ocorrerem nas Ãreas de emprÃstimo dos dois empreendimentos. Foram tambÃm levantadas as medidas mitigadoras propostas para recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas de emprÃstimos dos dois reservatÃrios. A partir de pesquisas de campo foi realizado levantamento das medidas mitigadoras efetivamente implantadas para recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas de emprÃstimo. A pesquisa permitiu a realizaÃÃo de estudo comparativo entre as medidas propostas e as efetivamente implantadas nas Ãreas de emprÃstimo dos dois aÃudes. Constatou-se que vÃrias medidas propostas nÃo foram implantadas, principalmente nas Ãreas de emprÃstimo do AÃude SÃtios Novos, resultando na existÃncia de Ãreas ainda degradadas, necessitando de recuperaÃÃo. Ao final, propÃe-se a adoÃÃo de aÃÃes visando mitigar a degradaÃÃo ambiental resultante dos dois aÃudes, nas suas Ãreas de emprÃstimo.
Exploitation of borrow areas to obtain materials for civil works has resulted in environmental degradation , often with serious impacts on physical and biotic environment . Thus , the environmental impacts of borrow areas should be identified , to be proposed and implemented measures aimed at their recovery . In this study, we sought to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures proposed in the environmental impact studies and public dams Aracoiaba Novos , in the state of CearÃ , for the recovery of degraded areas for obtaining feedstock for its civil works . The research began with a survey of the EIS / EIR for Public and Sites New Dams Aracoiaba , with emphasis on the analysis of the impacts identified as possible to occur in the areas of loan of two developments . Were also raised proposals for the rehabilitation of the two reservoirs loans mitigation measures . From field research was conducted survey of mitigation measures effectively implemented for the rehabilitation of loan. The survey allowed for a comparative study between the proposed measures and effectively implemented in the areas of borrowing of the two dams . It was observed that several proposed measures were not implemented , mainly in the areas of loan Novos Dam, resulting in the existence of yet degraded areas needing recovery . At the end, we propose the adoption of actions to mitigate environmental degradation resulting from the two dams in their lending areas.

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Rack, Mireille. « Sustainability assessment of biochar : evaluating the potential environmental, economic and social impacts of the production and application of biochar in Europe as an option for climate change mitigation ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/58339.

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Sustainable development and climate change are at the forefront of today’s political agendas, as signified by the 2016 Paris Agreement and the 2015 United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies are being investigated for their contribution to reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. The PhD assesses the potential of biochar systems as a sustainable CDR technology for climate change mitigation at a European scale. The potential sustainability impacts of biochar production and land application are evaluated by applying life cycle approaches to analyse the environmental, economic and social impacts within the overarching Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) framework. Scenario modelling is incorporated to estimate feedstock potentials and the scale of biochar production within Europe, as well as the corresponding levels of carbon sequestration. The research results indicate that gasification biochar systems have potential as CDR technologies, though the uncertainty regarding biochar’s stable carbon fraction remains a significant knowledge gap. The use of ‘wastes’ as the input material is more likely to reduce potential negative impacts in all three sustainability components. Though overall, the current economic climate limits the feasibility of sustainable biochar systems. The results are sensitive to the modelling approach, especially the incorporation of ‘consequential’ elements, which was shown to significantly benefit the outcomes of the environmental and economic assessments. The scenario modelling outputs suggest that large-scale implementation of biochar systems within Europe can contribute an important share of the EU emission reduction targets. However, to incentivise the uptake of biochar and/or to generate policy support, further certainty and evidence of biochar’s impacts following land application is needed. Overall, a single-issue focus is no longer applicable in today’s policy climate. It is important to assess all three pillars of sustainability when evaluating whether a product system/process is capable of contributing to sustainable development. The novel LCSA framework shows potential to assist with such assessments at the micro-level.

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Guo, Yafei [Verfasser], Karl-Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] Mühling et Klaus [Gutachter] Dittert. « Mitigation of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions from soil : Elucidating the impacts of nitrification inhibitors, environmental factors, soil characteristics and biogas residues acidification / Yafei Guo ; Gutachter : Klaus Dittert ; Betreuer : Karl-Hermann Mühling ». Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237685613/34.

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Girardet, Xavier. « Paysage & ; [et] infrastructures de transport : modélisation des impacts des infrastructures sur les réseaux écologiques ». Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069242.

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Le développement d'infrastructures linéaires de transport conduit, à toutes les échelles, à une artificialisation du territoire et au morcellement du milieu naturel. La fragmentation du paysage est un processus spatial qui s'accompagne d'une diminution progressive de la connectivité entre les différents éléments nécessaires au bon déroulement des processus écologiques. Ainsi, le maintien d'un bon niveau de connectivité entre les habitats naturels, s'il est compatible avec les activités humaines, est devenu un enjeu majeur pour la préservation de la biodiversité. En mobilisant des méthodes empruntées à la théorie des graphes et à l'écologie du paysage, la thèse cherche à démontrer l'intérêt de la modélisation des réseaux écologiques par les graphes paysagers, dans l'analyse des impacts des infrastructures à l'échelle régionale. Cette démarche, fondée sur la modélisation, a permis de démontrer l'influence du réseau écologique du chevreuil dans la localisation des collisions entre les individus de cette espèce et les véhicules empruntant le réseau de la DIR est en Franche-Comté. Le travail a également permis de proposer un cadre méthodologique pour localiser l'impact potentiel de la branche est de la LGV Rhin-Rhône sur la distribution d'une espèce, et estimer la distance de perturbation de cette infrastructure. Enfin, deux démarches sont proposées pour évaluer quantitativement et hiérarchiser des aménagements afin d'éviter ou d'atténuer ces impacts. Les résultats montrent la pertinence de l'intégration des réseaux écologiques dans les études d'impacts des infrastructures de transport.

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Woo, Lai-yan. « Appraisal of the implementation of ecological mitigation measures in Hong Kong / ». Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22264218.

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Morrison, Rachel. « Biodiversity offsetting and environmental impact assessment : a critical analysis of the use of environmental impact assessment as a vehicle for the operationalisation of biodiversity offsetting ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/biodiversity-offsetting-and-environmental-impact-assessment-a-critical-analysis-of-the-use-of-environmental-impact-assessment-as-a-vehicle-for-the-operationalisation-of-biodiversity-offsetting(f0104f48-14a3-4c2c-984e-4e98e2636eda).html.

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Biodiversity offsetting mechanisms are increasingly applied worldwide as a new solution to the current biodiversity crisis. The offsetting approach is idealised as a means to achieve no net loss of biodiversity. Offsetting mechanisms aim to quantify residual biodiversity losses and enable developers to account for residual impacts off-site. Despite rising global application, the effectiveness of offsetting is by no means assured. The question of whether and how offsetting can be operationalised to achieve no net loss has become a key focal point in debates surrounding their effectiveness. Environmental Impact Assessment, or EIA, has been portrayed as an obvious 'vehicle' for integrating offsetting into existing corporate management systems and planning systems, and therefore a key factor over how offsetting mechanisms operate. This research critically investigated the nature of integration and interactions between EIA and offsetting using a three phase qualitative research design, which brought together analysis of emerging policy, expert interviews and in-depth case studies.

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Roman, Maína. « Avaliação de impactos ambientais de rodovias : análise de projetos de ampliação da capacidade rodoviária e proposição de diretrizes para o licenciamento ambiental ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/151321.

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Este trabalho aborda a avaliação de impactos ambientais de empreendimentos rodoviários, no âmbito do licenciamento ambiental. As obras rodoviárias geram numerosos impactos ambientais e atualmente ainda existem falhas na gestão ambiental destes projetos, desde a pequena dimensão dada aos aspectos ambientais ainda na fase de planejamento da obra, perpassando por falhas nos estudos ambientais, dificuldades na previsão dos impactos e dimensionamento das medidas preventivas e mitigadoras, pelas rotinas controversas dos processos de licenciamento até o acompanhamento ambiental deficiente. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa propor diretrizes e procedimentos para o licenciamento ambiental de rodovias, tendo como base a análise de diferentes projetos rodoviários em licenciamento ambiental federal, localizados no Sul do país. Foram analisados os empreendimentos rodoviários BR 285 (Timbé do Sul/SC – São José dos Ausentes/RS) e BR 386 (Tabaí/RS – Estrela/RS), por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, com revisão teórica e documental. Ao final da análise foram apresentadas propostas de medidas preventivas e mitigadoras sistematizadas às etapas de instalação e operação de empreendimentos rodoviários, além dos estudos ambientais necessários ao licenciamento ambiental, de acordo com as tipologias pavimentação, implantação e duplicação de rodovias. Foram elaborados roteiros orientativos para o licenciamento de obras de apoio e para a escolha dos Programas Ambientais mais adequados às diferentes fases do projeto e diferentes tipologias de obras rodoviárias. Concluiu-se o trabalho com diretrizes básicas para os processos de licenciamento ambiental e de avaliação de impactos ambientais de rodovias. Para o processo de licenciamento: tramitação eletrônica do processo de licenciamento; licenciamento trifásico com possibilidade de fusão em duas ou uma etapa; criação de padrões para o estabelecimento de condicionantes para as licenças; participação popular em outros momentos do processo, além das audiências públicas; divulgação de impactos positivos e boas práticas adotadas; consulta aos órgãos intervenientes na fase de planejamento; exigência de manutenção de equipe de supervisão ambiental durante toda a fase de obras. Para a avaliação de impactos ambientais: criação de banco de dados nacional compartilhado com informações ambientais de empreendimentos já licenciados; elaboração de um manual de avaliação de impacto ambiental, com regras claras para a elaboração dos estudos ambientais; elaboração de manuais técnicos para temas relacionados ao licenciamento, passíveis de padronização de técnicas e metodologias; criação de roteiro metodológico com critérios para avaliação dos estudos pelos analistas ambientais; limitação do diagnóstico às variáveis ambientais com possibilidade de interagirem com o empreendimento e obrigatoriedade de um Programa de Controle Ambiental para execução durante a paralisação de obras.
This study discusses the environmental impact assessment of highways projects in the context of project licensing. Constructing highways create many environmental impacts and, nowadays, there are still flaws in environmental management of these projects, including the little importance given to environmental aspects in project planning, low quality of environmental impact statements, difficulties in impact prediction and mitigation design, common shortfalls in the project licensing process and, lastly, deficient environmental monitoring. In this context, this study aims to propose guidelines and procedures to improve the project licensing process, based on the analysis of different highways projects under government permitting process, located in southern Brazil. The following highways projects were selected: BR 285 (Timbé do Sul/SC – São José dos Ausentes/RS) and BR 386 (Tabaí/RS – Estrela/RS). The study was based on qualitative research with theoretical and documentary review. At the end of analysis, the proposals were focused on preventive and mitigating measures, considering installation and operation stages of highways projects, in addition to the main issues and statements to be considered in the licensing process, according to the different types of highways projects: paving, implementation and duplication. Some guidelines for the support project licensing were presented, as well as guidelines for the most appropriate environmental programs to be applied along different stages of the projects and to different types of highways projects. The study was completed with basic guidelines for environmental impact assessment and for project licensing of highways projects. Suggestions for project licensing: electronic processing, licensing processes in three phases with possibility of fusing into two or one, creation of standards for constraints imposed in the environmental permit, popular participation in all stages of the process, dissemination of positive impacts and best practices adopted, discussion with government agencies in highway planning moment, mandatory requirement of environmental supervision team throughout the construction phase. Suggestions for environmental impact assessment: creation of a national and shared database with environmental information from already licensed projects, development of environmental impact assessment guideline, with clear rules for the preparation of environmental impact statements, preparation of manuals on issues related to licensing with the possibility of standardization of methodologies and techniques, creation of methodological script with criteria for evaluation of studies by staff members at government agencies in charge of the licensing process, scoping on issues associated with the project (that truly matter), and mandatory requirement of a control program to run during the stoppage of works.

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Woo, Lai-yan, et 胡麗恩. « Appraisal of the implementation of ecological mitigation measures in Hong Kong ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254809.

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Chaturvedi, Swati 1976. « Strategies for mitigating adverse environmental impacts due to structural building materials ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17910.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-93).
This thesis assesses the problem of adverse environmental impacts due to the use of Portland cement and structural steel in the construction industry. The thesis outlines three technology and policy strategies to mitigate these impacts: 1. Reduce consumption; 2. Select materials to minimize impacts; and 3. Explore alternative new materials that have lesser impacts. The main findings and recommendations in each of these areas are as follows: Reduce Consumption: While absolute consumption of materials will grow with a growing population, recycling and reuse of structural members can reduce use of virgin material. Since recycling is already widely practiced, reuse of structural members is the primary means of further reducing consumption. Barriers to reuse can be eliminated by establishing design standards and regulations for reuse of structural sections, and creating functioning markets for re-useable sections. Select materials to minimize impacts: While designers are keen to select materials with minimum impacts, they do not have appropriate education or tools for the purpose. Standardization and simplification of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools, and education of designers are identified as the main areas for improvement. The main recommendations are: i) standardize LCA tools; reduce the number of impact categories, make the categories understandable and incorporate uncertainty data and ii) establish programs for educating designers about materials selection tools. Alternative new materials: New materials with lesser impacts need to be explored. The main recommendations in this area are: i) conduct life cycle assessments of new materials to determine environmental credentials over their lifetime and
(cont.) ii) establish appropriate policies enabling market adoption of alternative new technologies. The life cycle assessment of magnesia cement (a mix of cement containing reactive magnesium oxide) is carried out. The assessment concludes that magnesia cements could be a more environmentally friendly alternative than ordinary Portland cement. In summary, this thesis shows that the current consumption trends are not sustainable. The large volumes of construction materials consumed annually may lead to irreversible changes in the natural environment. Alternatives to current practices urgently need to be found.
by Swati Chaturvedi.
S.M.

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De, Oliveira Silva Rafael. « Modelling sustainable intensification in Brazilian agriculture ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28821.

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At the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change COP15 (2009) Brazil presented ambitious commitments or Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), to reduce greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs) mitigation by 2020. At COP21 (2015), the country presented new commitments and a framework to achieve further mitigation targets by 2030 as so-called Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Both NAMAs and INDCs focus on the land use change and agricultural sectors, but the INDCs include a commitment of zero illegal deforestation in the Amazon by 2030. This research focuses on the contribution of the livestock sector to reducing GHGs through the adoption of sustainable intensification measures. A detailed linear programming model, called Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Gases for Livestock Emissions (EAGGLE), of beef production was developed to evaluate environmental trade-offs. The modelling encompasses pasture degradation and recovery processes, animal and deforestation emissions, soil organic carbon dynamics and upstream life-cycle inventory. The model was parameterized for the Brazilian Cerrado, Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes and further developed for farm-scale and regional-scale analysis. Different versions of the EAGGLE model was used to: (i) Evaluate the GHG mitigation potential and economic benefit of optimizing pasture management through the partitioning of initially uniform pasture area; (ii) to define abatement potential and cost-effectiveness of key mitigation measures applicable to the Brazilian Cerrado; (ii) to demonstrate the extent of cost-effective mitigation that can be delivered by the livestock sector as part of INDCs, and to show a result that underpins the national INDC target of zero deforestation; and (iv) to evaluate the consequences of reducing (or increasing) beef production on GHGs in the Cerrado. Counter-intuitively, a sensitivity analysis shows that reducing beef consumption could lead to higher GHG emissions, while increasing production could reduce total GHGs if livestock is decoupled from deforestation.

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Huhmann, Brittany Lynn. « Mitigating the impacts of arsenic on human health and rice yield in Bangladesh ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120601.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Naturally-occurring groundwater arsenic can threaten human health and food security. In Bangladesh, >50 million people are estimated to have chronically consumed water with arsenic above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 10 μg/L, which can contribute to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive and developmental effects. Studies relating arsenic exposure to health impacts generally estimate dose based on participants' primary household wells. Using a mass-balance for arsenic and water, we estimate that participants in Araihazar, Bangladesh obtain 37±8% of their water from primary household wells and 31±14% from other wells, and we thus recommend the inclusion of other wells in dose estimation. Concentrations of arsenic in well water are spatially variable, enabling many exposed households to switch to nearby lower-arsenic wells in response to area-wide well testing. Following well testing and education in Araihazar, arsenic exposure declined and remained lowered for at least eight years. Participants with arsenic-unsafe wells were 6.8 times more likely to switch wells over the first two years and 1.4-1.8 times more likely to switch wells over the ensuing decade. Rice comprises more than 70% of calories consumed in Bangladesh, and rice yield is negatively impacted by the buildup of arsenic in soil from irrigation with high-arsenic water. We investigated the effect of soil arsenic on yield using a controlled study design where we exchanged the top 15 cm of soil between high-arsenic and low-arsenic plots. Differences in yield were negatively correlated to differences in soil arsenic between adjacent soil replacement and control plots, suggesting that boro rice yield countrywide may be diminished by 7-26% due to arsenic in soil. Soil testing and removal of high-arsenic soil may enable farmers to mitigate the impacts of arsenic on rice. Twelve measurements made with the ITS Econo-Quick field kit could be used to estimate whether soil arsenic was above or below a 30 mg/kg intervention threshold with 80-90% accuracy. A soil inversion, where deep low-arsenic soil was exchanged with surface high-arsenic soil, decreased soil arsenic, organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations by about 40% in the top 20 cm of soil and improved rice yield by 15-30%.
by Brittany Lynn Huhmann.
Ph. D. in Environmental Engineering

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Porciuncula, Luciana. « Identificação e avaliação de impactos ambientais associados a aterros sanitários ». Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4715.

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This study was developed with the aim of identifying as well as assessing the environmental impacts associated to the construction of Municipal Landfills, according to technical standards. The research is classified as qualitative, carrying out documentary analysis, bibliographic research and data collection. The environmental impacts associated to the main activities related to Municipal Landfills, which were proposed by Sánchez (2008), were evaluated making use of an Interaction Matrix and the Ad hoc method. With the collected data, the activities in the Landfills which represented greater impact potential were identified under the negative aspect, so as to verify, with the use of Interaction Networks, the probable negative chain environmental impacts as well as the proposal of mitigating measures for these impacts. The activity which presented more negative impacts on the environmental compartments was the Implementation of the construction site, followed by the vegetation Removal activity. Both activities are part of the Implementation phase: Preparatory activities for a Landfill, confirming the obtained result in the assessment of environmental impacts in the Interaction Matrix, where this phase presented the greatest possibility of negative environmental impacts on the environmental compartments. For all the probable negative environmental impacts, at least one mitigating measure was selected, and the most recurrent ones were the Implementation of a vegetation curtain, planting of grass and curbs on the slopes, covering the garbage with earth and, the installation of draining systems and waterproof coating. This study works as a tool for the municipal government agents, especially due to the importance of implementing the mitigating measures which were proposed, minding the negative environmental impacts.
Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar e avaliar os impactos ambientais associados à construção de Aterros Sanitários Municipais, de conformidade com as normas técnicas. A pesquisa classifica-se como qualitativa, com a realização de análise documental, pesquisa bibliográfica e de levantamento. Foram avaliados os impactos ambientais associados às principais atividades relacionadas a Aterros Sanitários Municipais, propostas por Sánchez (2008), utilizando-se de uma Matriz de Interação e do método Ad hoc . Com os dados gerados, foram identificadas as atividades dos Aterros Sanitários de maior potencial impactante sob o aspecto negativo, para então, com o emprego de Redes de Interação, serem averiguados os prováveis impactos ambientais negativos em cadeia, bem como, propostas medidas mitigadoras a estes impactos. A atividade que mais apresentou impactos de caráter negativo sobre os compartimentos ambientais foi a Implantação do canteiro de obras, seguida da atividade de Remoção da vegetação. Ambas as atividades fazem parte da fase de Implantação: Atividades preparatórias de um Aterro Sanitário, confirmando o resultado obtido na avaliação de impactos ambientais da Matriz de Interação, onde esta fase apresentou a maior possibilidade de impactos ambientais negativos sobre os compartimentos ambientais. Para todos os prováveis impactos ambientais negativos foram elencadas, pelo menos, uma medida mitigadora, sendo que as mais recorrentes foram a Implantação da cortina vegetal, o Plantio de gramíneas e bermas nos taludes, o Recobrimento do lixo com terra e, a Instalação de sistemas de drenagem e manta impermeável. Este estudo serve como ferramenta para os gestores públicos municipais, especialmente pela importância de se implantar as medidas mitigadoras que foram propostas, atendendo aos impactos ambientais negativos.

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Luce, Malivaï. « Mitigating road work disruptions on bus service : a framework for passenger impact evaluation ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111436.

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Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 165-166).
Road works are increasingly disrupting the operations on London's TfL bus network, increasing running times, running time variability, and headways. Operators manage disruptions by short-turning more often, making passengers have longer and less reliable journeys. Mitigation strategies are put in place to limit the impact of these disruptions, such as by increasing scheduled headways or fleet size, systematically curtailing trips, or diverting the route to avoid traffic around the construction site. These mitigation strategies can themselves impact passengers. This research introduces a framework to analyze and evaluate the potential impacts of disruptions and mitigation strategies on bus passenger demand, utilizing automatically collected data. A post-hoc analysis of road work impacts highlights the need to examine the impacts of road works on different origin-destination market segments within the impacted bus routes. Changes in performance measures are difficult to explain without accounting for exogenous factors, suggesting that it would be challenging to develop a credible model for predicting route performance metrics. A framework is developed to model and predict the demand response to bus route service changes. A methodology to evaluate mitigation strategies is presented, and an itinerary choice model is developed and calibrated on data covering the entire TfL network. A pilot implementation is built as a web application with interactive maps and dashboards. The framework is tested by studying past road works on a bus route in London. The mitigation strategy that was actually applied is evaluated with the model, and the performance estimates are compared to historical data, validating the framework and identifying ways in which the model could be improved. The benefits of using the framework to compare potential service changes are illustrated by evaluating two alternative mitigation proposals for the case study. The visualization tool enables a quick analysis of critical zones for passengers, which guides strategy design, and performance metrics structure the evaluation of service change proposals.
by Malivaï Luce.
S.M. in Transportation

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LLorach, Massana Pere. « Mitigating the environmental impacts of Urban Agriculture : innovative materials, GHG emissions analysis and new by-products ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405303.

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L’agricultura urbana (AU) consisteix en el desenvolupament d’activitats agrícoles dins i al voltant de les ciutats. Actualment, aquestes pràctiques estan creixent en tot el món per fer front al creixement de la població (tant a les zones urbanes com a nivell planetari), reduir les conseqüències ambientals de proporcionar aliments a les ciutats i augmentar-ne l’autosuficiència alimentaria. Un dels espais lliures amb gran disponibilitat, i d’interès per les practicants de l’AU, són les cobertes dels edificis. En concret, les cobertes de les naus industrial podrien ser d’interès per la instal·lació de cultius intensius amb objectius comercials, com els hivernacles en coberta. Els hivernacles en coberta poden ser connectats amb l’edifici sobre el qual estan instal·lats, amb la finalitat de generar un intercanvi de fluxos (aigua, energia i CO2) entre els dos sistemes. Aquestes estratègies poden ser de gran interès per reduir els impactes ambientals dels hivernacles en coberta, obtingudes principalment per la reducció de les distancies de transport dels aliments, l’atenuació de les pèrdues d’aliments durant el seu transport i la reutilització del packaging pel transport. No obstant això, no s’han detectat millores ambientals en la resta d’etapes de cicle de vida; per tant, sembla ser que encara manca realitzar una recerca més profunda sobre aquests aspectes. La present tesis doctoral pretén cobrir aquest àmbit de recerca a través d’intentar donar resposta a les següents preguntes: • Pot un sistema passiu fet amb materials de canvi de fase substituir els sistemes convencionals de calefacció agrícoles i reduir la petjada de carboni dels hivernacles en coberta? • Pot l’aire residual dels edificis ser utilitzat per l’enriquiment carbònic dels hivernacles en coberta? • Es possible millorar la precisió del càlcul de la petjada de carboni dels hivernacles en coberta? • És la creació de subproductes, a partir dels residus agrícoles, una estratègia per fixar el CO2 capturat pels cultius dels hivernacles en coberta? La principal metodologia de recerca aplicada, per respondre les preguntes plantejades, és l’anàlisi de cicle de vida (ACV). A més a més, altres materials i mètodes han sigut utilitzats d’acord amb els requeriments de les línies de recerca estudiades; com per exemple: un sistema de cambra oberta; anemòmetres; piranòmetres; sensors de CO2; sensors de temperatura o cromatògrafs de gasos i líquids. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que la creació de subproductes, amb residus de l’AU, podria ser l’estratègia estudiada amb major viabilitat per minimitzar els impactes ambientals dels hivernacles en coberta. L’ús de residus agrícoles per produir subproductes evita la gestió final d’aquests residus. A més a més, els subproductes obtinguts tenen un gran potencial per fixar les emissions de CO2 capturades pels cultius de l’AU. Els materials de canvi de fase, en canvi, no podran ajudar a minimitzar les conseqüències ambientals dels sistemes de calefacció agrícoles actuals fins que el seu preu i impactes mediambientals, generats durant la seva producció, es redueixin. Malgrat això, gràcies a les elevades concentracions de CO2 dels espais tancats d’habitatges i edificis d’oficines, l’aire residual d’aquests immobles podria ser injectat dins els hivernacles en coberta (situats sobre el mateix edifici) per enriquir amb carboni els cultius. Finalment, a dia d’avui i d’acord amb la recerca realitzada, la petjada de carboni dels hivernacles en coberta podria no haver sigut calculada amb precisió. L’ús de factors de d’emissions de nitrogen no específics, per calcular les emissions de N2O de cultius realitzats en hivernacles en coberta, podria haver causat una sobreestimació del 7.5% de la petjada de carboni calculada. En futures recerques, podria ser de gran interès profunditzar amb més detall les línies de recerca iniciades i començar noves recerques sobre altres aspectes metodològics detectats, encara pendents d’estudi.
La agricultura urbana (AU) consiste en el desarrollo de actividades agrícolas dentro y en los extrarradios de las ciudades. En la actualidad, estas prácticas están creciendo para hacer frente al crecimiento de la población (tanto en las zonas urbanas como a nivel planetario), reducir las consecuencias ambientales de proporcionar alimentos a las ciudades y aumentar su autosuficiencia alimentaria. Uno de los espacios libres con gran disponibilidad, y de interés para las practicantes de la AU, son las cubiertas de los edificios. Las cubiertas de las naves industriales podrían ser de interés para la instalación de cultivos intensivos con fines comerciales, como son los invernaderos en cubierta. Los invernaderos en cuberita pueden ser conectados con el edificio sobre el cual están instalados, con la finalidad de generar un intercambio de flujos (agua, energía y CO2) entre los dos sistemas. Estas estrategias pueden ser de gran interés para mitigar los impactos ambientales de los invernaderos en cubierta, principalmente debido a la reducción de las distancias de transporte de los alimentos, la atenuación de las pérdidas de alimentos durante su transporte y la reutilización del packaging para el transporte. Sin embargo, no se han detectado mejoras ambientales en el resto de las etapas de ciclo de vida. La presente tesis pretende cubrir este vacio a través de intentar dar respuesta a las siguientes preguntas: • ¿Puede un sistema pasivo hecho con materiales de cambio de fase substituir los sistemas convencionales de calefacción agrícolas y reducir la huella de carbono de los invernaderos en cubierta? • ¿Puede el aire residual de los edificios ser utilizado para el enriquecimiento carbónico de los invernaderos en cubierta? • ¿Es posible mejorar la precisión del cálculo de la huella de carbono de los invernaderos en cubierta? • ¿Es la creación de subproductos, a partir de residuos agrícolas, una estrategia para fijar el CO2 capturado por los cultivos de los invernaderos en cubierta? La principal metodología de investigación aplicada es el análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV). Además, otros materiales y métodos fueron utilizados según los requerimientos de las líneas de investigación; por ejemplo: un sistema de cámara abierta; anemómetros; piranómetros; sensores de CO2 y de temperatura; o cromatógrafos de gases y líquidos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la creación de subproductos, con residuos de la AU, podría ser la estrategia estudiada con una mayor viabilidad para minimizar los impactos ambientales de los invernaderos en cubierta. El uso de residuos agrícolas para producir subproductos evita la gestión final de estos residuos. Asimismo, los subproductos obtenidos tienen un gran potencial para fijar las emisiones de CO2 capturadas por los cultivos de la AU. Los materiales de cambio de fase, en cambio, no podrán ayudar a minimizar los impactos ambientales de los sistemas de calefacción agrícolas actuales hasta que su precio e impactos ambientales, generados durante su producción, se reduzcan. Gracias a las elevadas concentraciones de CO2 de los espacios cerrados de las viviendas y edificios de oficinas, el aire residual de estos inmuebles podría ser inyectado dentro de los invernaderos en cubierta para enriquecer con carbono los cultivos. Finalmente, a día de hoy y de acuerdo con la investigación realizada, la huella de carbono de los invernaderos en cubierta podría no haber sido calculada con precisión. El uso de factores de emisiones de nitrógeno no específicos, para calcular las emisiones de N2O de los cultivos realizados en invernaderos en cubierta, podría haber causado una sobreestimación del 7.5% de la huella de carbono calculada. En futuras investigaciones, podría ser de gran interés profundizar con más detalle las líneas de investigación iniciadas y empezar nuevas investigaciones sobre otros aspectos metodológicos detectados, todavía pendientes de estudio.
Urban agriculture (UA) consist of farming operations taking place in and around cities. At present, these practices are growing all around the world to face the increasing world and urban population, reduce the environmental implications of feeding urban areas and increase food self-sufficiency in cities. An interesting vacant space for UA practitioners is the roof of buildings. The roof of industrial buildings may be of great interest for the installation of intensive crops for commercial purposes, such as rooftop greenhouse (RTGs). RTGs can be connected with the building they are placed on to exchange water, heat or CO2 flows. These types of RTGs are named integrated RTGs (i-RTGs). i-RTGs, for example, can use the rainwater harvested by the building to irrigate crops, take advantage of the thermal inertia of the building to warm crops without using heating systems or use the residual air of the building, with high CO2 concentration due to human respiration or other processes, to increase the CO2 concentration of crops. These strategies are of great interest to mitigate the environmental burdens of i-RTGs. In comparison with conventional decentralized agriculture, previous studies show that i-RTGs could reduce the environmental implications of feeding cities. Benefits are mainly obtained due to reduced food transportation distances, minimized food losses during transportation and improved packaging logistics which allows its reutilization. However, no advantages were detected for the other life cycle stages; therefore, further research is still lacking in this area. This doctoral thesis aims to fill this gap by addressing the following research questions: • Can passive systems made with phase change materials (PCMs) replace conventional heating in greenhouses and reduce the carbon footprint of i-RTGs? • Can the residual air of a building be used for CO2 enrichment in i-RTGs? • Could the GHG emissions of i-RTGs be calculated with more accuracy? • Is the creation of new by-products, with UA wastes, a strategy to sink the CO2 emissions captured by crops grown in i-RTGs? Life cycle assessment (LCA) was the main method used to answer these questions. In addition, other specific methods and materials (i.e.; open chamber system, pyranometers; anemometers; temperature sensors; CO2 sensors and gas or liquids chromatography) were used according to the requirements of each specific research line. The results evidence that the creation of by-products with UA wastes could be the strategy studied with the higher feasibility to reduce the environmental implications of i-RTGs. When waste biomass generated in i-RTGs is used to produce new by-products, biomass waste management is avoided. Moreover, the new by-products obtained have the potential to fix the CO2 emissions captured by crops, for a long time. The use of PCMs to reduce the energy consumption of conventional heating systems in greenhouses and i-RTGs will not be of interest until PCMs prices go down and the efficiency of its production increases. However, due to the high CO2 concentration in household and office buildings, the residual air from their ventilation systems could be used for the carbon enrichment of i-RTGs. Finally, according to research done, the carbon footprint of i-RTGs has not been calculated with accuracy until today. The application of non-specific nitrogen emission factors to calculate the direct N2O emissions in crops grown in i-RTGs could have caused the overestimation of their carbon footprint by 7.5%. In the near future, further research would be of interest to address in more detail the new topics studied during this dissertation and develop research on other methodological aspects detected.

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Marshall, Ross. « The concept and role of mitigation in environmental impact assessment, with particular reference to Scottish legislation and practice ». Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248735.

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Svensson, Vironica. « The apparel industry’s environmental impact, mitigation and adaptation to climate change : A case study of three Swedish companies ». Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272226.

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Each year a large number of garments are produced. The annual global clothing production today accedes 100 billion garments. By 2030, the world population will be more than 8.5 billion people and global clothing production will rise by 63%. The apparel industry’s greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise by 50% or 60% by 2030 if the industry does not work sustainably. The apparel industry is one of the largest contributors to climate change and global warming which is one of the most threatening issues at the present time. This study contains a literature review about the apparel industry’s environmental impacts and tools, methods and ways used by the apparel companies in general to mitigate and adapt to climate change. In addition, this study contains a description, analysis and comparison of three Swedish apparel companies in terms of their environmental impacts and management systems to mitigate and adapt to climate change. These companies are H&M group, Lindex, and KappAhl. The environmental management systems of these companies have been analyzed to identify and understand their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and issues that constitute threat for them. In order to make deep understanding to the three companies’ environmental management systems, these systems have been compared. The comparison consists of two parts. In the first part, the environmental management systems of the three companies have been compared. In the second part, the environmental management systems of Lindex and KappAhl have been compared. The comparison has been divided into two parts because of the difference in the companies’ size. H&M group is a giant company while Lindex and KappAhl are much smaller. In other words, the first part covers details and estimations about H&M group and only details about Lindex and KappAhl that are appropriate to be compared with H&M group. The second part of the comparison covers details and numbers related to the environmental management systems of Lindex and KappAhl that are not appropriate to be compared with H&M group. This study showed that H&M group can be the role model company in the comparison except for three comparison criteria which are transportation, sustainable denim styles and sustainable clothes hangers. The other conclusion is that Lindex is doing better sustainability work than KappAhl according to some criteria and KappAhl is doing better sustainability work than Lindex according to other criteria. In addition, this study showed that as the apparel industry impacts the climate significantly, the climate started threating the entireapparel industry as a response. The study also showed that customers’ awareness of the apparel industry’s sustainable impacts increased and therefore they want the apparel companies to be more sustainable and transparent. These conclusions in addition to other conclusions have been summarized in the conclusions section which is the last section in this study before the references.

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Westerström, Ylva. « Kvalitetsgranskning av skadeförebyggande åtgärdsförslag i miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar ». Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för samhälls- och livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7482.

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I en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning, MKB ska en beskrivning av planerade åtgärder ges för att undvika, minska eller avhjälpa skadliga verkningar, då projektet antas medföra betydande miljöpåverkan. Eftersom det upptäckts allvarliga brister för skadeförebyggande åtgärder i forskningsrapporter utomlands, var det intressant att undersöka åtgärdskvalitén i några svenska MKB. Svagheter och styrkor i skadeförebyggande åtgärder i 6st MKB för 2st markkabelanläggningar i Sverige undersöktes. Metoden för undersökningen var två fallstudier som jämfördes mot varandra och analyserades mot teorier. Resultatet visade att kvalitén på det undersökta materialet var övervägande bra, jämförelsevis mot de forskningsrapporter som visat på bristfälliga åtgärdsförslag utomlands. Det var väl beskrivna åtgärder där identifiering och implementering av skadeförebyggande åtgärder skedde i ett tidigt skede, enligt Mitchells åtgärdshierarki. Det fanns dock brister som stämde överens mot nämnda forskningsrapporter i uppsatsen: Otydlighet i beskrivningen om hur en särskild miljöaspekt skulle åtgärdas samt avsaknad av åtgärder för denna specifika miljöaspekt, var en stor avvikelse mot de annars välbeskrivna åtgärdsförslagen mot betydande miljöpåverkan i föreliggande undersökning. Otydlighet om åtgärderna bara var förslag eller om de skulle användas, var den brist som ansågs allvarligast för att en MKB skulle vara verkningsfull. Denna allvarliga brist var gemensam för miljökonsekvensbeskrivningarna i föreliggande undersökning och för nämnda forskningsrapporter i uppsatsen.
In an environmental impact assessment, EIA there must be a description of planned measures to avoid, minimize and repair consequences that are damaging, when a project is presumed to bring significant environmental impact. Since detecting serious lack of failure for mitigation measures in science rapports abroad, it was interesting to investigate the quality for mitigation measures for some Swedish EIA. The weakness and strengths in mitigation measures in 6 EIA for 2 ground cable structure in Sweden was examined. The method for this study was two case studies that was compared against each other and analysed with theories. The results showed that the quality of the test material was considered good, comparatively to the research that demonstrated the lack of proposals for action abroad. It was well described measures in which the identification and implementation of mitigation measures were made at an early stage, according to Mitchell's mitigation hierarchy. However, there were deficiencies that were consistent with the mentioned research in this paper: Opaque in the description of how a particular environmental aspect would be addressed and the lack of action for this particular environmental aspect, was a major deviation from the otherwise well described action proposals for significant environmental effects in this study. Opaque if the measures were just proposals or if they would be used, where the shortage was most serious for an EIA would be effective. This serious deficiency was common for the environmental impact assessments in the present study and that research reports in the paper.

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Amoako-Attah, Jospeh. « Impact of climate change on newly detached residential buildings in the UK passive mitigation and adaptation strategies ». Thesis, University of West London, 2015. https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1475/.

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The global increase in demand for dwelling energy and implications of changing climatic conditions on buildings require the built environment to build sustainable dwellings. The aim of this thesis is to apply passive mitigation and adaptation design strategies to newly detached residential buildings in the UK with the view to identify the key building envelop and systems parameters to secure the right balance of energy consumption and thermal comfort in dwellings. In addition, currently, acceptable robust validation process for validating space temperatures is required, as existing simulation software validation is geared toward energy consumption. The thesis further aims to apply an effective validation method to the validation of building simulation indoor temperatures. This thesis comprised of six case studies. In the first study, Bland-Altman’s method of comparison is used as a validation technique in validating space temperatures in building simulation application. This is a newly developed knowledge in civil and construction engineering research in validating thermal analysis simulation software. The relevance of this approach is due to the emergent understanding that the goodness of fit measures used in current building simulation model validation are inadequate coupled with that fact that the current simulation software validation are geared toward energy consumption. In the second study, global Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis is performed on two differing weather patterns of UKCIP02 and UKCP09 weather data sets to compare their impact on future thermal performance of dwellings when use in thermal analysis simulation. The investigation seeks to ascertain the influential weather parameters which affect future dwelling indoor temperatures. The case study when compared to literature affirms the mean radiant temperature and the dry bulb air temperature as the key parameters which influence operative temperatures in dwellings. The third study, the extent of impact of climate change on key building performance parameters in a free running residential building is quantified. The key findings from this study were that the average percentage decrease for the annual energy consumption was predicted to be 2.80, 6.60 and 10.56 for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s time lines respectively. A similar declining trend in the case of annual natural gas consumption was 4.24, 9.98 and 16.1, and that for building emission rate and heating demand were 2.27, 5.49 and 8.72 and 7.82, 18.43 and 29.46 respectively. This decline is in consonance with the range of annual average temperature change predicted by the GCM based on the IPCC scenarios (IPCC, 2001) which generally shows an increase in temperature over stipulated timelines. The study further showed that future predicted temperature rise might necessitate the increasing use of cooling systems in residential buildings. The introduction of cooling to offset overheating risk, the trend of heating and cooling demand shows progressive increase variability with an average percentage increase of 0.53, 4.68 and 8.12 for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s timelines respectively. It is therefore observed that the introduction of cooling cancels out the energy gains related to heating due to future climatic variability. The fourth, fifth and sixth case studies consider the integrated passive mitigation strategies of varying future climatic conditions, variable occupant behaviour, building orientation, adequate provision of thermal mass, advance glazing, appropriate ventilation and sufficient level of external shading which influence the potential thermal performance of dwellings and a methodology that combines thermal analysis modelling and simulation coupled with the application of CIBSE TM52 adaptive overheating criteria to investigate the thermal comfort and energy balance of dwellings and habitable conservatories. In the fourth study, the impact of four standardized construction specifications on thermal comfort on detached dwellings in London, Birmingham and Glasgow are considered. The results revealed that the prime factor for the variation of indoor temperatures is the variability of climatic patterns. In addition, London is observed to experience more risk of thermal discomfort than Birmingham and Glasgow over the time period for the analysis. The total number of zones failing 2 or 3 CIBSE TM52 overheating criteria is more in London than in Birmingham and Glasgow. It was also observed that progressive increase in thermal mass of the standardized construction specifications decrease the indoor temperature swings but increase in future operative temperatures. The day ventilation scenario was seen not to be effective way of mitigating internal heat gains in London and Birmingham. The opposite was observed in Glasgow. Night ventilation coupled with shading offered the best mitigation strategy in reducing indoor temperatures in London and Birmingham. In the fifth study, Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis is used to determine the impact of standard construction specifications and UKCP09 London weather files on thermal comfort in residential buildings. Consideration of London urban heat island effect in the CIBSE TM49 weather files leading to the generation of three different weather data sets for London is analysed. The key findings of the study indicated that in the uncertainty analysis (box and whiskers plots), the medians for the day ventilation scenarios are generally higher than those of the night ventilation and further higher than the night ventilation with shading scenarios. This shows that applying mitigation scenarios of night ventilation and shading have a significant impact on reducing internal operative temperatures. In addition, the sensitivity analysis shows glazing as the most dominant parameter in enhancing thermal comfort. The sensitivity of glazing to thermal comfort increases from Gatwick, with London Weather Centre having the highest sensitivity index. This could be attributed to the urban heat island effect of central London, leading to higher internal operative temperatures. The study thus shows that more consideration should be given to glazing and internal heat gains than floor and wall construction when seeking to improve the thermal comfort of dwellings. Finally, the sixth study considers the use of passive solar design of conservatories as a viable solution of reducing energy consumption, enhancing thermal comfort and mitigating climate change. The results show that the judicious integration of the passive solar design strategies in conservatories with increasing conservatory size in elongated south facing orientation with an aspect ratio of at least 1.67 could progressively decrease annual energy consumption (by 5 kWh/m2), building emission rate (by 2.0 KgCO2/m2) and annual gas consumption (by 7 kWh/m2) when the conservatory is neither heated nor air-conditioned. Moreover, the CIBSE TM52 overheating analysis showed that the provision of optimum ventilation strategy depending on the period of the year coupled with the efficient design of awnings/overhangs and the provision of external adjustable shading on the east and west facades of the conservatory could significantly enhance the thermal comfort of conservatories. The findings from these case studies indicate that thermal comfort in dwellings can be enhanced by analysis of future climatic patterns, improved building fabric and provision of passive design consideration of improved ventilation and shading. They also confirm that the utilization of appropriate mitigation strategies to enhance thermal comfort could contribute to the reduction of the environmental implications to the built environment and facilitate the drive towards the attainment of future sustainability requirements.

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Thomas, Nicholas Wayne. « Simulating the hydrologic impact of distributed flood mitigation practices, tile drainage, and terraces in an agricultural catchment ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2017.

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In 2008 flooding occurred over a majority of Iowa, damaging homes, displacing residents, and taking lives. In the wake of this event, the Iowa Flood Center (IFC) was charged with the investigation of distributed flood mitigation strategies to reduce the frequency and magnitude of peak flows in Iowa. This dissertation is part of the several studies developed by the IFC and focused on the application of a coupled physics based modeling platform, to quantify the coupled benefits of distributed flood mitigation strategies on the reduction of peak flows in an agricultural watershed. Additional investigation into tile drainage and terraces, illustrated the hydrologic impact of each commonly applied agricultural practice. The effect of each practice was represented in numerical simulations through a parameter adjustment. Systems were analyzed at the field scale, to estimate representative parameters, and applied at the watershed scale. The impact of distributed flood mitigation wetlands reduced peak flows by 4 % to 17 % at the outlet of a 45 km2 watershed. Variability in reduction was a product of antecedent soil moisture, 24-hour design storm total depth, and initial structural storage capacity. The highest peak flow reductions occurred in scenarios with dry soil, empty project storage, and low rainfall depths. Peak flow reductions were estimated to dissipate beyond a total drainage area of 200 km2, approximately 2 km downstream of the small watershed outlet. A numerical tracer analysis identified the contribution of tile drainage to stream flow (QT/Q) which varied between 6 % and 71 % through an annual cycle. QT/Q responded directly to meteorological forcing. Precipitation driven events produced a strong positive logarithmic correlation between QT/Q and drainage area. The addition of precipitation into the system saturated near surface soils, increased lateral soil water movement, and reduced the contribution of instream tile flow. A negative logarithmic trend in QT/Q to drainage area persisted in non-event durations. Simulated gradient terraces reduced and delayed peak flows in subcatchments of less than 3 km2 of drainage area. The hydrographs were shifted responding to rainfall later than non-terraced scenarios, while retaining the total volumetric outflow over longer time periods. The effects of dense terrace systems quickly dissipated, and found to be inconsequential at a drainage area of 45 km2. Beyond the analysis of individual agricultural features, this work assembled a framework to analyze the feature at the field scale for implementation at the watershed scale. It showed large scale simulations reproduce field scale results well. The product of this work was, a systematic hydrologic characterization of distributed flood mitigation structures, pattern tile drainage, and terrace systems facilitating the simulation of each practices in a physically-based coupled surface-subsurface model.

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Ng, Cheuk-kin Jacky, et 伍焯健. « A review of mitigation methods to reduce the impact on the marine environment by underwater works : a case studyof submersible cable laying ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255954.

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McMaine, John T. « HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A RAIN GARDEN MITIGATING STORMWATER RUNOFF FROM A COMMERCIAL AREA ». UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/19.

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Impervious surfaces such as roads, sidewalks, and roofs increase the volume of runoff generated in a watershed. Traditional stormwater management techniques emphasize conveyance of runoff away from impervious surfaces in order to reduce flooding. Rain gardens are becoming popular as a different means to manage stormwater in such a way that runoff is captured and infiltrated onsite rather than conveyed offsite. A stormwater management system consisting of a rainwater harvest system, rain garden, and infiltration chamber was built at the Coca-Cola Refreshments USA, Inc. distribution center in Lexington, Kentucky during the fall of 2011. Precipitation, inflow, and water level were measured from May, 2012 to April, 2013 to evaluate the hydrologic performance of the rain garden. The rain garden had a high infiltrative capability and was able to capture and infiltrate 100% of the runoff generated during the study period. The results of the study were used to formulate recommendations for rain garden design and construction in central Kentucky.

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Rodionova, Tatiana. « Engaging on corporate social responsibility : the impact of FTSE4Good on environmental management, countering bribery and mitigating climate change ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9768.

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This thesis examines the effect of a responsible investment index (FTSE4Good) on corporate social responsibility (CSR). In the first study I investigate the impact of the FTSE engagement reinforced by the threat of exclusion from the index on companies’ improvements in environmental management. The results show that FTSE involvement doubles the probability that a company will meet stricter environmental management requirements within the three-year period 2002 to 2005. Both the dialogue and the exclusion threat stimulate compliance but the dialogue appears to be more effective where the perceived threat of exclusion is higher. The engagement effect persists for at least five years and is positively related to low concentrated ownership and to domicile in a coordinated market economy. In the second study I examine FTSE4Good’s effect on the probability that a company will implement strong countering bribery practices within the two-year time period 2007 to 2009. The results demonstrate that the combined effect of engagement and exclusion threat is significant in promoting compliance and the two act independently. Stronger anti-bribery provisions are positively associated with companies based in liberal market economies, with better internal governance and higher reputational concerns related to ethical controversies. In the third study I investigate FTSE4Good’s impact on companies’ compliance with climate change criteria. The results show that the index is able to stimulate compliance and the dialogue appears to contribute more than the exclusion threat. I also find that the likelihood of the company adopting the required practices is negatively associated with concentrated ownership and with strong internal governance. Finally, the results offer some evidence that compliance is related to subsequent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. These studies contribute to the understanding as to how different CSR areas are promoted or discouraged by the managers and the owners, and how the institutional environment influences this. The results are consistent with engagement via a responsible investment index being an effective means of large-scale collective monitoring by institutional investors. The findings are also relevant for policy makers who wish to promote active ownership.

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Patterson, Tai Zachary. « Freight shipper mode choice in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor and its impact on carbon dioxide emissions ». Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102823.

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The Quebec City - Windsor corridor is the busiest and most important trade and transportation corridor in Canada. The transportation sector is the second largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emission category in the country. Governments around the world, including Canada, are considering increased mode share by rail as a way to reduce transportation emissions. To understand whether freight mode shift is a realistic means to reduce transportation emissions, an analytical model is needed that can predict the effect of government policy on mode split.
This thesis provides background on the freight transportation-GHG nexus in Canada and describes the development, implementation, reasoning behind, and results of, a Stated Preference shipper carrier choice survey for the Quebec City - Windsor corridor conducted during the fall of 2005. It then describes how the resulting carrier choice models are used to estimate the potential to displace truck traffic to rail (premium-intermodal) under current conditions, as well as to test the effectiveness of different possible future policy or service offering scenarios.
The results show that premium-intermodal has the potential to capture a substantial share of traffic between the main destinations in the Quebec City - Windsor Corridor. However, its ability to contribute significantly to reducing CO2 emissions is limited. According to the analyses conducted, potential reductions are considered to be in the range of nil to 0.413 Mt---a fraction of what the federal government was hoping to be able to achieve through "further public-private collaboration to promote the use of intermodal freight opportunities and to increase the use of low-emission vehicles and modes" (Government of Canada 2002).
At the same time, these potential reductions are based on a small proportion of total truck-related emissions and a few city-pairs. Extension of the current analysis to more city-pairs separated by longer distances might arrive at different conclusions.

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Toros, Tulu. « Restorative urban design : toward a design method for mitigating human impacts on the natural environment through urban re/development ». Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18809.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Environmental Design & Planning Program
Lee R. Skabelund
The Restorative Urban Design (RUD) calls for a new urban design and planning approach targeting environmentally responsible re/development of urbanized areas through ecologically responsive impact mitigations. If implemented in a systematic manner, such re/developments can help move urban areas toward the successful restoration of the natural environment of which they are an inseparable part. The RUD model advocates more rigorous assessment and mitigation of urban impacts by carefully evaluating the environmental performance of urban re/developments within five primary dimensions: Atmosphere (emissions, pollutants, ozone depletion); Hydrosphere (stormwater, domestic water, wastewater); Lithosphere (land use, land cover, food and wastes); Ecology (habitat resilience, biodiversity, population and resources); and Energy (renewability, reduction and efficiency, transportation). The model relies on a scenario-comparison process in order to evaluate and optimize the performance of urban re/development projections through four critical scenarios, which are respectively: 1) Natural Baseline (NBASE); 2) Historic Progression (HPROG); 3) Trajectory Forecast (TFORE); and 4) Restorative Projection (RPROJ). The RUD Case Study illustrates how the principles and strategies of Restorative Urban Design can be applied specifically to a typical (densely developed) urban area, namely River North District in Chicago Metropolitan Area. The case study focuses exclusively on mitigation of a single critical human impact on the natural environment: Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions. The case study focuses on the design assumptions by which the restorative urban re/development scenarios might exceed beyond the full mitigation of emissions into the global remediation by 2040. The restorative projections illustrate that only a certain portion of emissions can be effectively mitigated onsite (5 to 55%), and that the remainder of projected emissions (45 to 95%) need to be mitigated offsite in order to achieve the necessary sequestration and storage. The restorative research suggests that the mitigation of major human impacts on the natural environment – not only CO₂ emissions but also other major impacts – are likely to require significant urban transformations. Moving beyond the strategies of preservation and/or conservation, the restorative approach asserts that comprehensive environmental restoration is achievable if urban impacts are adequately estimated and then entirely mitigated onsite as well as offsite through a systematic process of urban re/development.

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Kuzma, Daniel J. « Impact of Recycled Fiber on Total Carbon Dioxide Output During Linerboard Production ». Connect to resource online, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1210097844.

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Dietrich, Anthony Thomas. « Estimation of stormwater runoff mitigation in Lucas County, Ohio using SWMM modeling and GIS analysis ». University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1438906673.

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Ly, Thuy M. « Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater in Vietnam : An Overview and Analysis of the Historical, Cultural, Economic, and Political Parameters in the Success of Various Mitigation Options ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/41.

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Although arsenic is naturally present in the environment, 99% of human exposure to arsenic is through ingestion. Throughout history, arsenic is known as “the king of poisons”; it is mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic. Even in smaller concentrations, it accumulates in the body and takes decades before any physical symptoms of arsenic poisoning shows. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the safe concentration of arsenic in drinking water is 10 µg/L. However, this limit is often times ignored until it is decades too late and people begin showing symptoms of having been poisoned. This is the current situation for Vietnam, whose legal arsenic concentration limit is 50 µg/L, five times higher than the WHO guidelines. Groundwater in Vietnam was already naturally high in arsenic due to arsenic-rich soils releasing arsenic into groundwater. Then, in the past half century, with the use of arsenic-laden herbicides dispersed during the Vietnam War and subsequent industrial developments, the levels of bio-available arsenicals has dangerously spiked. With the proliferation of government-subsidized shallow tube-wells in the past two decades, shallow groundwater has become the primary source for drinking and irrigation water in Vietnam. This is a frightening trend, because this groundwater has arsenic concentrations up to 3050 µg/L, primarily in the +3 and +5 oxidation states, the most readily available oxidation states for bioaccumulation. This thesis argues that measures must be taken immediately to remedy the high concentration of arsenic in groundwater, which in Vietnam is the primary and, in some cases, the sole source of water for domestic consumption and agricultural production. Although there are numerous technologies available for treating arsenic in groundwater, not all of them are suited for Vietnam. By analyzing the historical, cultural, economic, and political parameters of Vietnam, several optimal treatments of groundwater for drinking water emerged as most recommended, a classification that is based on their local suitability, social acceptability, financial feasibility, and governmental support. Further research on irrigation water treatment is proposed due to the need for sustainable crop production, the safe ingestion of rice and vegetables, and the continued growth of Vietnam’s economy, which is heavily dependent on agriculture.

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Lehnert, Mark E. « Mule Deer Highway Mortality in Northeastern Utah : An Analysis of Population-Level Impacts and a New Mitigative System ». DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6476.

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Rerouting highways to accommodate construction of the Jordanelle Reservoir in northeastern Utah caused a dramatic increase in vehicle collisions with mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). I evaluated the effectiveness of a new system of highway crosswalk structures installed to reduce deer losses and preserve seasonal migrations. In addition, I constructed computer simulation models to investigate how highway mortality has impacted the Jordanelle deer population. The crosswalk system restricted deer crossings to specific, well-marked areas along highways where motorists could anticipate them. Subsequent to installation, mortality declined 42.3% and 36.8% along a four-lane and two-lane highway, respectively. I was unable to statistically demonstrate that observed mortality reductions were a direct result of the crosswalk system. The potential applicability of the structures, however, should not be dismissed. Reduced deer use of the highway right-of-way (ROW), the apparent maintenance of migratory behavior, and observations of animals crossing within crosswalk boundaries indicate the system warrants further testing. Lack of motorist response to crosswalk warning signs, the tendency for foraging deer to wander outside crosswalk boundaries, and the ineffectiveness of ROW escape gates contributed to most treatment area mortalities. I offer design modifications that address these shortcomings. Four years of field data revealed that highway mortality at Jordanelle was inversely density-dependent, removed between 5.6% and 17.4% of the population each year, and disproportionately impacted bucks. I incorporated this information into 3 competing simulation models in which highway losses operated in a strictly additive, partially compensatory, or strictly compensatory manner. The partial compensation model most closely tracked observed population dynamics, suggesting that highway losses were not completely offset by reductions in other mortality sources. Highway mortality apparently worsened a population crash initiated by severe winter conditions, and may be slowing the recovery. The disproportionate loss of bucks along roads altered sex ratios of simulated populations. Mitigative efforts should target road-kill reductions >60% to avoid population declines predicted by the partial compensation model. Annual variation in demographic parameters offset the impacts of highway mortality at high population levels. At low population levels, however, highway mortality was severe enough to drive declining population trends.

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Lancaster, Cory Deyne. « A low impact development method for mitigating highway stormwater runoff, using natural roadside environments for metals retention and infiltration ». Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2005/c%5Flancaster%5F072105.pdf.

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Gaspar, Ana Teresa Ferreira da Silva 1977. « Modelagem tecnico-economica de sequestro de CO2 considerando injeção em campos maduros ». [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265392.

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Orientador: Saul Barisnik Suslick
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gaspar_AnaTeresaFerreiradaSilva_D.pdf: 2070944 bytes, checksum: abd840647c52a6c6cf1fc318f0e0a772 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um estudo da viabilidade técnica e econômica da Recuperação Avançada de Óleo (EOR) em um pequeno projeto localizado em um campo maduro no Brasil. O estudo considera duas motivações importantes e complementares: (1) a recuperação avançada de óleo por meio da injeção de CO2 - o gás desloca o óleo residual deixado no local após a produção primária e injeção secundária de água (waterflooding); (2) o armazenamento deste gás no reservatório de óleo e, conseqüente contribuição para a mitigação de emissões de CO2. Os aspectos físicos deste projeto são descritos e um modelo de simulação dinâmica foi desenvolvido para modelar o comportamento do sistema seqüestro de CO2 - EOR ao longo do tempo. Este modelo leva em conta os requisitos de energia para todo o processo de seqüestro de CO2 e suas respectivas emissões inerentes ao processo. Adicionalmente, uma metodologia é proposta para estimar os principais determinantes financeiros do projeto de seqüestro de CO2 (custos de compra do CO2, compressão, transporte e armazenamento) por meio de EOR. A avaliação do projeto é derivada de um modelo de fluxo de caixa, levando-se em conta o perfil de produção do reservatório, preço, custos de capital (CAPEX), custos operacionais (OPEX), créditos de CO2, depreciação, premissas fiscais etc. Um estudo de análise de sensibilidade é realizado para identificar as variáveis mais críticas. A viabilidade econômica do projeto, como esperado, é muito sensível ao preço do óleo, produção de óleo e CAPEX. Além disso, há a contribuição para a mitigação do gás de efeito estufa (GEE), armazenando uma quantidade significativa de CO2 no reservatório onde pode permanecer por milhares de anos.
Abstract: This thesis presents a technical and economic feasibility study for CO2 EOR in a small project located in a mature oilfield in Brazil. The present study considers two important and complementary motivations: (1) EOR - CO2 displaces residual oil left in place after primary production and secondary water flooding; (2) storage of this gas in the oil reservoir and hence, contributing to mitigate CO2 emissions. The physical aspects of this project are described and a dynamic simulation model has been developed in order to model the behavior of the CO2 Sequestration - EOR system and its emissions due to the process over time. This model takes into account the energy requirements for the whole CO2 sequestration process. Additionally, a breakdown cost methodology is proposed in order to estimate the main financial determinants of the integrated EOR with CO2 sequestration (costs of CO2 purchase, compression, transportation and storage). Project evaluation is derived from a cash flow model, regarding reservoir production profile, price and costs, capital expenditures (CAPEX), operating expenditures (OPEX), carbon credits, depreciation time, fiscal assumptions etc. A sensitivity analysis study is carried out in order to identify the most critical variables. Project feasibility, as expected, is found to be very sensitive to oil price, oil production, and CAPEX. Moreover, there is the contribution from the mitigation of the Green House Gas (GHG) by storing a significant amount of CO2 in the reservoir where it can remain for thousands of years.
Doutorado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

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Hein, Maria. « The carbon footprint caused by the oversizing of building service systems : A case study of an NHS Hospital ». Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281540.

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Energy usage in buildings is a main contributor to CO2 emissions and in order for the EU to reach the 2050 goal of carbon-neutrality, there is a great need to improve the energy efficiency in buildings, particularly commercial buildings that often are substantially overdesigned. Excess margins in the design process of building services result in an oversizing of these systems which has great environmental impacts, divided up as the operational and embodied carbon footprints. The heating and cooling system of an NHS Hospital in southern England was studied and modelled in order to identify whether the system was overdesigned and to quantify the oversizing’s carbon footprint, which was the aim of the study. The cooling system of the NHS Hospital was determined potentially oversized and the focus of the thesis was therefore on the cooling system. It included the chillers that provide cooling, and the associated adiabatic coolers that provide heat rejection, as well as the affiliated pumps. The carbon footprint of this system was quantified, based on the operational energy use, the current grid carbon factor, environmental performance evaluations of units, observations and assumptions, and its cooling capacity was compared to the demand of the hospital. An optimised alternative was developed through analysis of the current system and its capacity, and the demand at the site, as well as based on the learnings of the background research. The system was designed to consist of smaller chillers and a reduced pumping system, to more correctly match the cooling demand. The optimised system was also modelled, its capacity compared to the demand, and its carbon footprint quantified. A future estimation of the two systems’ carbon footprints was calculated for year 2035, based on a projected grid carbon factor. The systems’ setups and carbon footprints were then compared for the current and projected scenarios, and the results discussed, also in regard to mitigation strategies that could lead to a reduction of oversizing and lower the environmental impacts. The results indicate that the yearly carbon footprint difference for the current scenario was approximately 539 tonnes CO2 eq, which was 43% greater than the optimised system’s carbon footprint. Whereas the yearly difference for the projected scenario was estimated to approximately 562 tonnes CO2eq, which was 752% greater than the optimised system’s carbon footprint in a possible future. This demonstrates the great environmental impact caused by the oversizing of cooling systems. The current system’s embodied carbon footprint was estimated to 3.3% of the total carbon footprint for the current scenario, and 4.8% for the projected scenario. Whereas the optimised system’s embodied carbon footprint was estimated to 1.5% for the current scenario, and 8.6% for the projected scenario. This demonstrates the large share of the embodied carbon footprint of the current, oversized system, compared to the optimised system that is sized more correctly for the cooling demand. Furthermore, it shows the anticipated raised proportion of the embodied carbon footprint of a product or system’s total future carbon footprint, since it increases for both the systems with time. The elevated share of the embodied carbon footprint in the future raises the need to address this factor and make it a priority. The key to a correctly sized system that meets the demand was determined to be precise calculations of the requirements and the elimination of excess margins that lack quantifiable justification. This results in an improved environmental performance where the system operates at its optimum level. The stakeholders’ involvement and influence throughout a transparent design process with clear communication, and incentives that provide financial aid to appropriately sized systems, as well as environmental impact evaluations of products, among others, are essential factors with major influence on the outcome. These elements are considered crucial for the reduction of the excess carbon footprint caused by the oversizing of building service systems.
Byggnaders energianvändning är en markant bidragande faktor till koldioxidutsläppen, och för att EU ska kunna nå målet att vara klimatneutral år 2050 finns det ett stort behov av att förbättra energieffektiviteten i byggnader, särskilt kommersiella byggnader som ofta är väsentligt överdesignade. Överskottsmarginaler i designprocessen av byggnadstjänster resulterar i en överdimensionering, som har en enorm miljöpåverkan, vilken delas upp som det operativa och det inneslutna klimatavtrycket. Studiens syfte var att studera och modellera värme- och kylsystemet på ett sjukhus i södra England för att identifiera om systemet var överdimensionerat, och för att kvantifiera dess klimatavtryck. Sjukhusets kylsystem bedömdes vara potentiellt överdimensionerat och studiens fokus var därför på kylsystemet. Det inkluderade kylarna som ger kylning och de anknutna adiabatiska kylarna som ger värmebortförsel, samt de tillhörande pumparna. Klimatavtrycket för systemet kvantifierades, baserat på den operativa energianvändningen, den nuvarande koldioxidfaktorn för elnätet, miljöutvärderingar av enheter, observationer och antaganden, och dess kylkapacitet jämfördes med sjukhusets behov. Ett optimerat alternativ utvecklades genom analys av det nuvarande systemet och dess kapacitet, och behovet på platsen, samt baserat på lärdomarna i litteraturforskningen. Systemet var utformat för att bestå av mindre kylare och ett reducerat pumpsystem för att bättre matcha kylbehovet. Även det optimerade systemet modellerades, dess kapacitet jämfördes med behovet, och dess klimatavtryck kvantifierades. En framtida uppskattning av de två systemens klimatavtryck beräknades för år 2035, baserat på en prognostiserad koldioxidfaktor för elnätet. Systemens uppsättningar och klimatavtryck jämfördes för de nuvarande och framtida scenarierna, resultaten diskuterades sedan, även med avseende på mildringsstrategier som kan leda till en reducering av överdimensionering och minskad miljöpåverkan. Resultaten indikerar att den årliga skillnaden i klimatavtrycket för det nuvarande scenariot var cirka 539 ton koldioxidekvivalenter, vilket var 43% större än det optimerade systemets klimatavtryck. Medan den årliga skillnaden i klimatavtrycket för det framtida scenariot uppskattades till cirka 562 ton koldioxidekvivalenter, vilket var 752% större än det optimerade systemets klimatavtryck i en eventuell framtid. Detta visar på den stora miljöpåverkan som orsakas av överdimensionerade kylsystem. Det nuvarande systemets inneslutna klimatavtryck beräknades till 3.3% av det totala klimatavtrycket för det nuvarande scenariot, och 4.8% för det framtida scenariot. Medan det optimerade systemets inneslutna klimatavtryck för det nuvarande scenariot var 1.5%, och 8.6% för det framtida scenariot. Detta demonstrerar den stora andelen inneslutet klimatavtryck i det nuvarande systemet, jämfört med det optimerade systemet som är bättre anpassat för kylbehovet. Dessutom visar det som förväntat den ökade andelen inneslutet klimatavtryck för en produkts eller ett systems totala klimatavtryck i framtiden, eftersom båda systemens inneslutna klimatavtryck visade på en framtida ökning. Den framtida ökade andelen inneslutet klimatavtryck väcker behovet av att itu med denna växande faktor och göra den till en prioritering. Nyckeln till ett system med korrekt storlek, vars kapacitet möter behovet, bestämdes vara exakta beräkningar av kraven och frånvaron av överskottsmarginaler som saknar kvantifierbar motivering. Detta resulterar i en förbättrad miljöprestanda där systemet fungerar på sin optimala nivå. Berörda parters engagemang och inflytande genom en transparent designprocess med tydlig kommunikation, och incitament som ger ekonomiskt stöd till system av korrekt dimensionering, samt miljökonsekvensbedömningar av produkter, är några av de viktigaste faktorerna med stort inflytande på slutresultatet. Dessa element bedöms vara avgörande för att minska överskottet av klimatavtrycket som orsakas av en överdimensionering av byggnadstjänster.

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Wilczynski, Martha O. « Recommendations for best management practices in the Juday Creek corridor : mitigating golf course development impact on brown trout habitat ». Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1033630.

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Juday Creek, in St. Joseph County, Indiana, has been designated a salmonid stream due to its reproducing population of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Increasing development in the watershed in recent years has been accompanied by deterioration of the stream habitat. The purpose of this project is to analyze a proposed golf course project and develop a set of recommendations for best management practices (BMP's) which will mitigate the effects of the golf course on the trout habitat of Juday Creek.Site features were inventoried, and the design program was formulated to include aesthetics, playability, impact to fisheries and wildlife, and groundwater quality. Current stormwater best management practices were assessed for their applicability to this project. Additionally, cultural best management practices currently utilized in the golf course industry were reviewed. BMP recommendations include: 1. Use of temporary erosion control practices during construction to avoid sedimentation of the stream.2. Use of Integrated Pest Management including selection of low maintenance grass species.3. Use of vegetated swales to filter and divert golf course runoff to out-of-play areas for further filtering.4. Use of vegetated storm filter/infiltration/wetland retention areas as stormwater filters in out- of-play areas.5. Supplemental tree planting along the stream corridor to provide additional shading of the stream.6. Restoration of structure such as logs, boulders, and cobble in the stream to improve fish habitat.
Department of Landscape Architecture

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Rønsholdt, Nielsen Steffen. « Climate change mitigation and land use in developing countries : methodological framework for the assessment of the economic and environmental impact connected to land use activities in tropical forest areas : an Ecuadorian Amazon case study / ». Roskilde : Department of Social Science, Roskilde University, 1998. http://www.rub.ruc.dk/epublisher/resume_climate%20change.pdf.

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Tarabon, Simon. « La prise en compte des fonctionnalités écologiques dans l'aménagement des territoires et l'application de la séquence Éviter-Réduire-Compenser : De l'échelle projet à la planification Environmental impact assessment of development projects improved by merging species distribution and habitat connectivity modelling Integrating a landscape connectivity approach into mitigation hierarchy planning by anticipating urban dynamics. Landscape and Urban Planning Améliorer la prise en compte des fonctionnalités écologiques dans la séquence Éviter-Réduire-Compenser Maximizing habitat connectivity in the mitigation hierarchy. A case study on three terrestrial mammals in an urban environment The effects of climate warming and urbanised areas on the future distribution of Cortaderia selloana, pampas grass, in France ». Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0720.

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La biodiversité est confrontée à une érosion accélérée et est devenue une préoccupation environnementale mondiale ces dernières décennies. En France, la séquence Éviter–Réduire–Compenser (ERC) est un des outils réglementaires mis en place dans un contexte de destruction et de fragmentation des habitats d’espèces. Elle permet le développement des territoires tout en visant une absence de perte nette de biodiversité. Cependant, malgré les récentes évolutions réglementaires européennes et françaises, le triptyque ERC présente de nombreuses limites et enjeux d’ordre opérationnel. En positionnant nos travaux à l’interface entre recherche et opérationnalité, nous proposons un cadre méthodologique basé sur plusieurs approches de modélisation afin d’améliorer les processus d’évaluation et décisionnels aux différentes étapes d’aménagement, de la planification à l’opérationnel au moment de l’autorisation des projets. Dans une première partie du travail, nous intégrons les enjeux spatio-temporels de la biodiversité à l’ensemble de la séquence ERC, de l’évaluation des impacts potentiels au dimensionnement des mesures écologiques. À partir du cas précis de l’aménagement du Grand Stade de Lyon, nous montrons l’intérêt de combiner les modèles de distribution d’espèces et les graphes paysager pour identifier les réseaux écologiques et poser un cadre de calcul de l’équivalence écologique basé sur le volet fonctionnel de la biodiversité. Intégrer les dimensions spatiales et temporelles permet d’accroitre la connectivité des habitats et améliorer la conception des projets. Nous montrons ensuite qu’organiser la compensation à l’échelle des territoires en les intégrant aux réseaux écologiques améliore davantage les bénéfices et réduit le risque d’échecs des mesures. Notre démarche est présentée dans le contexte périurbain de l’Ouest de Lyon. Enfin, nous démontrons les implications d’une démarche anticipée et planifiée de la séquence ERC dans la planification stratégique des territoires. Pour cela, nous montrons dans le cadre de la Métropole de Toulouse l’intérêt d’étudier conjointement les dynamiques urbaines et écologiques pour mettre en place une stratégie de conservation de la biodiversité à l’horizon 2040 en assurant l’absence de perte nette sur les habitats d’espèces et leur connectivité selon différentes trajectoires d’urbanisation et de ratio de compensation. Cette thèse offre une approche globale pour orienter les décideurs et améliorer la prise en compte des fonctionnalités écologiques à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles dans l’aménagement des territoires et l’application de la séquence ERC. Ce travail est basé sur des logiciels novateurs et accessibles pour tous les acteurs et constitue une contribution intéressante à l’appui des maitres d’ouvrage qui souhaitent s’assurer de l’absence d'effets significatifs ou irréversibles sur la biodiversité, et des autorités environnementales qui veillent à ce que l’ensemble des enjeux environnementaux soient bien pris en compte dans la conception des projets d’aménagement
Over the past decades, biodiversity erosion has speeded up and become a global environmental concern since. Anthropization has led to. The mitigation hierarchy (avoidance, reduction and offsetting of impacts) is a regulatory tool implemented in a context of habitat destruction and fragmentation, disrupting species’ life cycle. The objective is to achieve “no net loss” of biodiversity following urban development. Although biodiversity conservation regulations have recently better addressed ecosystem functioning, the mitigation hierarchy is still being implemented with little concern for the spatial configuration of ecosystems in the landscape. This thesis hypothesizes that the major difficulties encountered by stakeholders are, in part, methodological and technical. Situating our research at the knowledge-action interface, we propose a methodological framework based on several modeling approaches, to respond to the different scientific and operational challenges. This thesis joins forces with other scientific projects and stakeholders’ networks by exploring complementary axes. To this end, we first integrate spatio-temporal issues of biodiversity into overall mitigation hierarchy application, focusing on potential impacts and dimensioning at “territorial development project” scale through a case study on the new stadium in Lyon (Southern France). Combining species distributions models and spatial graphs improves habitat connectivity and therefore the design of the development projects. Next, we demonstrate the positive impacts on peri-urban habitat connectivity of pooling and anticipating offsets in the suburbs of Lyon. In the last part, we demonstrate the implications of an anticipated and planned approach to the mitigation hierarchy on a planning scale. We consider both ecological connectivity and urban dynamics, in an attempt to minimize the ecological impacts of urban sprawl by avoiding urbanization of areas of highest ecological value and then enhance the application of biodiversity offsetting. This method is tested on projections for the Toulouse conurbation (Southern France) by 2040. Thus, this thesis presents an overall approach that can help to increase habitat connectivity and to improve the design of territorial development projects at different spatial and temporal scales. This methodology is based on freeware available to all practitioners. It will serve planners, designers, and decision-makers needing to ensure that there are no significant or irreversible effects on biodiversity, and environmental authorities making sure that all environmental issues are taken into account in the design of development projects

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Combe, Marius. « Instruments économiques et protection de la biodiversité : analyse juridique des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux ». Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3055.

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Regroupés sous le vocable d’« instruments économiques » – ou instruments de marché (market-based instrument) –, les mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux se sont imposés comme des instruments incontournables des politiques de protection de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes. Articulés autour d’une pluralité de principes (principe pollueur-payeur, principe bénéficiaire-payeur, etc.) et de concepts (services écosystémiques, capital naturel, etc.) largement influencés par les approches économiques de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes, ces deux instruments caractérisent l’émergence d’une nouvelle approche des politiques environnementales. L’étude révèle la pluralité des liens juridiques qui unissent la compensation écologique et les paiements pour services environnementaux. Tantôt rapprochés, tantôt distingués, ces mécanismes s’imposent, in fine, comme les deux faces d’une même pièce. L’utilisation des paiements pour services environnementaux, à des fins de compensation écologique, apparaît toutefois comme une orientation préoccupante de nature à détourner cet instrument de son objet. En dépit de leurs vertus théoriques, l’efficacité des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux pour la protection de la biodiversité se révèle discutable, justifiant un renforcement et une mise en cohérence de leur cadre juridique
Gathered under the term “economic instruments” – or market-base instruments -, mechanisms for ecological compensation and payments for environmental services have established themselves as the essential tool for the biodiversity and ecosystem protection policies. Built around a plurality of principles (polluter pays principle, beneficiary pays principle, etc.) and concepts (ecosystem services, natural capital, etc.) largely influenced by economical approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems, these two instruments characterize the oncoming of a new take on environmental policies. The study reveals the plurality of judicial links that unite ecological compensation and payments for environmental services. Sometimes close together, sometimes distinguishable, these mechanisms are, in fine, both sides of a same coin. The use of payments for environmental services, as ecological compensation, appears however as a preoccupying orientation, likely to deflect this instrument from its purpose. In spite of their theoretical virtues, the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanisms and payments for environmental services for the protection of biodiversity turns out to be questionable, justifying a reinforcement and more consistency in their legal framework

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Fan, Hanlu. « The determinants and impacts of carbon assurance : an international study ». Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:61278.

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Protecting the environment is now a major aspect of corporate social responsibility and there is an increasing interest in carbon emissions reporting due to the growing pressure from major initiatives such as the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), which have exerted increasing pressure on firms to be more transparent about their nonfinancial information, including carbon emissions. Moreover, emissions trading systems (ETS) and carbon taxes in many countries have emerged as key public policies for reducing carbon emissions. Consequently, carbon disclosure has become a critical part of annual business reporting. However, voluntary carbon disclosure includes private information on future sustainability that external stakeholders cannot easily verify. It is questioned that some of the disclosed information might be subject to manipulation (i.e. ‘greenwashing’) by managers. Consequently, strong demand is emerging for independent assurance on greenhouse gas (GHG) disclosure. However, the literature on the assurance of carbon emissions remains very sparse and prior studies have mainly focused on the incentives for voluntary adoption of carbon assurance from legitimacy and institutional perspectives, choice of assurance provider, the role of internal auditors in GHG reporting, the expertise required for GHG assurance and the development of an international standard for GHG assurance. Yet researchers’ understanding of this new type of assurance is very limited given the scarcity of literature in this area. Thus, this thesis fills this gap by study carbon assurance from two perspectives, the determinants and the impacts of carbon assurance by utilising an international sample. Firstly, this study provides an insight into the determinants of carbon assurance from information asymmetry perspective. The study finds that firms with higher carbon information asymmetry between insiders and outsiders have greater incentives to voluntarily engage an external party for the independent assurance of their greenhouse gas statements. The second step of this study is to explore how firms benefit from the purchase of carbon assurance, specifically the role carbon assurance plays in firms’ voluntary carbon disclosure quality. The results show that assured companies tend to have greater carbon disclosure in the year after they obtain assurance than unassured companies.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Environmental impacts mitigation »

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