Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Environmental Engel Curve »

In this study, gender patterns in allocation of health expenditure have been investigated for Pakistan. Using Household Integrated Expenditure Survey (HIES) data for the year 2010-11, the conventional Engel curve as well as the Hurdle Methodology have been employed to detect gender biasness. Gender discrimination has been studied at three decision stages: reporting sick, consulting medical practitioners, and incurring positive medical expenditure. Results indicate that the nature of discrimination varies by age cohort and type of health seeking behaviour. There is a pro-female bias among women above the age of 40 in health expenditure allocation and a pro-male bias in consulting a doctor in working age group (26-40). These results reflect the possibility that females above 40, in Pakistan, are in general more likely to develop severe sickness and thus incur higher medical expenditure. The results also reveal an interesting reversal of the pro-male bias in health expenditure that is present for younger age cohorts particularly in the working age sample. Additionally, there is variation in the likelihood of consulting a doctor in younger age group in rural areas and lower income group.

PurposeThis study aims at analysing the causal crowding-out effect of tobacco spending on intrahousehold budget share in Vietnam. Besides, we also examine the differences in expenditure patterns between tobacco spending households and non-spending households in Vietnam as well as determine the reason behind these differences.MethodsWe estimated a system of quadratic conditional Engel curve to determine intrahousehold resource allocation using the latest Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey data in 2016. In order to estimate the causal crowding-out effect of tobacco spending, GMM 3SLS method is used to simultaneously deal with heteroscedasticity and endogeneity problems.ResultsAlthough the Wald test results propose the difference in preferences between tobacco spending and non-spending households in Vietnam, once controlling for household characteristics, the results from GMM 3SLS method show that the differences are insignificant. Generally, the crowding-out effect of tobacco spending in Vietnamese households is modest because of the small share of tobacco in the total household expenditure. An increase in tobacco expenditure only leads to a fall in the budget shares of education. The crowding-out effect, however, mainly appears in the case of low-income households.ConclusionsThe reduction in education caused by tobacco consumption, particularly in low-income households, may extend inequality and thus prevent the socioeconomic development in Vietnam in the long term. Additionally, the tiny share of tobacco in household expenditure reveals that the price of tobacco products in Vietnam is extremely low, leading to high proportion of tobacco smokers. Government, therefore, should continuously increase the tobacco tax so that it could restrict the tobacco affordability.

In the present paper, an investigation into Thailand’s energy demand is performed to determine if: (1) a linear or nonlinear Engel curve better explains the relationship between income and energy consumption, and (2) systems with pre-commitments better model energy consumptions. Four demand systems are estimated: an almost ideal demand system (AIDS), the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QAIDS), generalized almost ideal demand system (GAIDS), and the generalized quadratic almost ideal demand system (GQAIDS). Elasticities are calculated for policy implications. The empirical results suggest that models considering pre-commitments and nonlinear Engel curves may be slightly more appropriate for Thailand’s energy system, from both statistic and economic standpoints. Statistical inferences appear to favor the GQAIDS model based on the encompassing results. Economic reasonability also appears to favor the GQAIDS model, in particular, petroleum products, as it provides results consistent with the notions of precommitments and fuel substitutability found in previous studies. Most of the previous studies in various forms have shown that the demand for petroleum products is relatively inelastic to price in Thailand. The current study, however, finds that own-price elasticities of uncompensated demand for petroleum products are almost unitary, which is relatively more elastic than most of the previous studies. As such, further studies are required and the price-based policy on petroleum products targeting the reduction in petroleum product dependence must be implemented with caution.

Abstract A study was conducted in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas to determine which site factors affected height growth of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.). Height-age pairs were developed from stem analysis data. Nonlinear regression was implemented to develop a generalized height-age model. After curves were developed, stepwise regression was used to determine impacts of environmental variables on height growth. Environmental factors correlated with height growth included A horizon depth and those related to moisture relations including seasonal precipitation, average daily temperature, and texture of the A horizon. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):71-74.

Die Einführung des urbanen Gebietes in § 6a BauNVO [1] dient der Optimierung der Innenentwicklung, um die Inanspruchnahme von Flächen „auf der grünen Wiese“ zu reduzieren [2-3]. Sie soll insbesondere den Kommunen die Planung von funktionsgemischten Gebieten in innerstädtischen Lagen erleichtern [3-4]. Die Kommunen können so – zum Zwecke der verstärkten Nutzungsmischung und um mehr Wohnraum zu schaffen – Wohnen und Gewerbe enger zusammenbringen. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurden die zulässigen Immissionsrichtwerte der TA Lärm [5] für urbane Gebiete auf 63 dB(A) im Beurteilungszeitraum Tag (6-22 Uhr) und auf 45 dB(A) im Beurteilungszeitraum Nacht (22-6 Uhr) festgesetzt. Damit liegt der Immissionsrichtwert tagsüber 3 dB über dem der Mischgebiete; nachts ist der zulässige Immissionsrichtwert identisch. Diese Erhöhung wird vom Gesetzgeber begründet mit einem Duldungswillen bzw. Akzeptanz der Bevölkerung vor dem Hintergrund der damit verbundenen Vorteile: der „Stadt der kurzen Wege“. Das Forschungsvorhaben konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung der Geräuschimmissionen in innerstädtisch verdichteten Gebieten und geht der Frage nach, wie sich die Lärmsituation dort auf die Bevölkerung auswirkt. Damit betritt das Vorhaben Neuland; vergleichbare Untersuchungen liegen nach Kenntnis der Autorinnen und Autoren dazu bislang nicht vor. Die hier ermittelten und dargestellten Expositionswirkungskurven konzentrieren sich auf die Auswirkungen von „urbanem Gewerbelärm“. Davon umfasst sind die Gewerbelärmquellen, die typischerweise in innerstädtischem Gebiet vorzufinden sind, das heißt Gastronomie, Einzelhandel und kleinere Gewerbebetriebe oder auch Tankstellen.

Dans le contexte du changement climatique, la transition écologique repose en partie sur l'adoption d'une consommation durable, en accord avec les Objectifs de Développement Durable des Nations-Unies (2015). La pluralité de définitions associées à la consommation durable entraîne l'absence d'un consensus en matières de classification et de délimitation du périmètre de la consommation durable. En conséquence, les données et les mesures relatives à la consommation durable sont limitées, ce qui restreint la réalisation d'études empiriques à ce sujet. La thèse s'emploie à résoudre ces contraintes à travers trois chapitres, en proposant une méthodologie et des résultats originaux.Le premier chapitre propose une méthodologie pour mesurer de la consommation durable des ménages dans 150 pays, sur la période 1995-2015. Cette mesure est construite à partir des biens et services environnementaux dont les classifications, CLEG et APEC, sont identifiées dans la demande finale des ménages des tables Input-Output Exiobase3rx.Le deuxième chapitre étudie la relation entre le revenu disponible et la consommation durable au niveau macro-économique, en retenant le cadre de la Courbe Environnementale d'Engel. Cette analyse empirique estime l'effet du revenu disponible sur la consommation durable des ménages, ainsi que les élasticités d'Engel qui, en fonction de leurs valeurs, déterminent si cette consommation est assimilée à une consommation de luxe ou de nécessité. Par ailleurs, notre estimation économétrique introduit un instrument à la Bartik qui suggère un effet significatif des politiques fiscales vertes sur la consommation durable des ménages. À partir d'une simulation, nous soulignons l'importance de prendre en compte la vraie valeur des élasticités d'Engel dans le cadre de politiques de redistribution globale, telles que le Fonds Climat.Le troisième chapitre évalue l'effet des inégalités de revenus sur ce type de consommation, contribuant ainsi au débat sur l'arbitrage entre qualité environnementale et inégalités. En utilisant trois indicateurs d'inégalités, nos résultats suggèrent que l'impact des inégalités sur la consommation durable peut varier en fonction du niveau de revenu et de la mesure d'inégalités considérée. En proposant un polynôme de degré supérieur, nous explorons la sensibilité de cette consommation à une variation du niveau d'inégalités et déterminons un niveau optimal d'inégalités qui maximise la consommation durable des ménages.Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse contribue à mesurer la consommation durable des ménages par pays et à en explorer ses déterminants, tout en offrant des perspectives pour l'élaboration de politiques environnementales et redistributives
In the context of climate change, ecological transition relies in part on the adoption of sustainable consumption, in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (2015). The diversity of definitions associated with sustainable consumption leads to a lack of consensus related to the classifications and scope of sustainable consumption. Consequently, data and measures related to sustainable consumption are limited, thereby restricting empirical studies on this subject. The thesis addresses these constraints through three chapters, offering the original methodology and results.Chapter 1 presents a methodology for measuring household sustainable consumption in 150 countries over the period 1995-2015. This measure is constructed using environmental goods and services, classified as CLEG and APEC, identified in the final demand of households from the Input-Output Tables Exiobase3rx.Chapter 2 explores the relationship between disposable income and sustainable consumption at the macroeconomic level, referring to the Environmental Engel Curve framework. The empirical analysis estimates the effect of disposable income on household sustainable consumption and determines Engelian elasticities which, depending on their values, categorize this consumption as either a luxury or a necessity consumption. Furthermore, our econometric estimation introduces a Bartik instrument, suggesting a significant impact of green fiscal policies on household sustainable consumption. Performing a simulation exercise, we emphasize the importance of considering the «true value» of Engelian elasticities in the context of global redistribution policies, such as the Climate Fund.Chapter 3 evaluates the effect of income inequality on this type of consumption, thereby contributing to the debate on the trade-off between environmental quality and inequalities. Using three inequality indicators, our results suggest that the impacts of inequalities on sustainable consumption depend on the income level and the measure of inequalities considered. By introducing a higher-order polynomial, we analyse the sensitivity of this consumption to changes in the level of inequalities and determine an optimal level of inequalities that maximizes household sustainable consumption.Overall, this thesis contributes to the measurement of household sustainable consumption by country and explores its determinants, while also providing insights for environmental and redistributive policies