Articles de revues : « ENUMERATIVE ANALYSIS »

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Antonova, Maryna. « ENUMERATION AS A MEANS TO STRUCTURE THE PROCESSES DOMAIN WITHIN ECONOMIC SYSTEM ». Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, n^o 30 (2021) : 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2021.30.1.

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This paper explores cognitive aspects of enumeration. The material of the study is economic discourse. Enumeration is considered as a means to structure and represent conceptual information within economic discourse. Cognitive approach to enumeration involves analysing both homogeneous and heterogeneous enumerative series. In economic discourse semantically homogeneous enumerations are represented by economic spheres of human activity, while semantically heterogeneous enumerative series presuppose correlation between economic and other spheres of human activity. In economic discourse the structure of enumerative sequence is represented by linear and hierarchical constituents. The linear structure may consist of at least two different components of enumeration. In some cases more than one linear enumeration is used in one sentence. In case of a hierarchical structure one of the elements of the main enumerative sequence is subdivided into a subordinate enumerative block. The analysis of enumerative series provided conceptual knowledge represented by the following domains within economic system: the processes domain, the institutes domain, the instruments domain and the indicators domain. The processes domain is analysed in this article. Macroeconomic processes, namely globalisation, regionalisation and transition economy are represented by semantically homogeneous enumerative series. The study of semantically heterogeneous enumerative series allowed to structure knowledge about the macroeconomic processes of globalisation and regionalisation, as well as the microeconomic investment process. Homogeneous and heterogeneous enumerations name, specify, categorise and define the economic system constituents, as well as determine their potential and consequences for the economy.

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MELCZER, STEPHEN, et MARNI MISHNA. « Singularity Analysis Via the Iterated Kernel Method ». Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 23, n^o 5 (10 juin 2014) : 861–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963548314000145.

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In the quarter plane, five lattice path models with unit steps have resisted the otherwise general approach featured in recent works by Fayolle, Kurkova and Raschel. Here we consider these five models, called the singular models, and prove that the univariate generating functions marking the number of walks of a given length are not D-finite. Furthermore, we provide exact and asymptotic enumerative formulas for the number of such walks, and describe an efficient algorithm for exact enumeration.

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Shustin, E. « A tropical approach to enumerative geometry ». St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 17, n^o 2 (20 février 2006) : 343–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s1061-0022-06-00908-3.

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Readdy, Margaret A. « Enumerative and asymptotic analysis of a moduli space ». Advances in Applied Mathematics 47, n^o 3 (septembre 2011) : 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aam.2010.12.001.

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Naranjo, Steven E., Jonathan W. Diehl et Peter C. Ellsworth. « Sampling Whiteflies in Cotton : Validation and Analysis of Enumerative and Binomial Plans ». Environmental Entomology 26, n^o 4 (1 août 1997) : 777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.4.777.

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Sasaki, K., S. Kawata et S. Minami. « Optimal Wavelength Selection for Quantitative Analysis ». Applied Spectroscopy 40, n^o 2 (février 1986) : 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864509385.

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A new computer algorithm has been developed for selecting the optimal set of wavelengths for spectroscopic quantitative analysis of mixture samples. The method is based on the criterion of the minimum mean square error between concentrations of the mixture components and their estimates. The branch and bound algorithm finds the optimal set from all possible combinations of wavelengths. This algorithm saves computation time significantly, compared with the enumerative method. The mathematical formulation of the lower bound of the mean square errors for the combinations in a given subset is derived as a recurrence inequality. Experimental results of wavelength selection for infrared absorption spectra of xylene-isomer mixtures are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in terms of computation complexity and accuracy in quantitative analysis for the fixed measurement time.

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Pandey, Palak, et Pravin D. Kunte. « Geospatial approach towards enumerative analysis of suspended sediment concentration for Ganges–Brahmaputra Bay ». Computers & ; Geosciences 95 (octobre 2016) : 32–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.06.019.

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Borgwardt, Karl Heinz, et Jürgen Brzank. « Average Saving Effects in Enumerative Methods for Solving Knapsack Problems ». Journal of Complexity 10, n^o 1 (mars 1994) : 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcom.1994.1005.

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Georgieva, Penka, et Aleksey Zinger. « Real Gromov–Witten theory in all genera and real enumerative geometry : computation ». Journal of Differential Geometry 113, n^o 3 (novembre 2019) : 417–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/jdg/1573786971.

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Irving, John. « Minimal Transitive Factorizations of Permutations into Cycles ». Canadian Journal of Mathematics 61, n^o 5 (1 octobre 2009) : 1092–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2009-052-2.

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Abstract. We introduce a new approach to an enumerative problem closely linked with the geometry of branched coverings, that is, we study the number ${{H}_{\alpha }}({{i}_{2}},{{i}_{3}},...)$) of ways a given permutation (with cycles described by the partition $\alpha $) can be decomposed into a product of exactly ${{i}_{2}}$ 2-cycles, ${{i}_{3}}$ 3-cycles, etc., with certain minimality and transitivity conditions imposed on the factors. The method is to encode such factorizations as planar maps with certain descent structure and apply a new combinatorial decomposition to make their enumeration more manageable. We apply our technique to determine ${{H}_{\alpha }}({{i}_{2}},{{i}_{3}},...)$ when $\alpha $ has one or two parts, extending earlier work of Goulden and Jackson. We also show how these methods are readily modified to count inequivalent factorizations, where equivalence is defined by permitting commutations of adjacent disjoint factors. Our technique permits us to generalize recent work of Goulden, Jackson, and Latour, while allowing for a considerable simplification of their analysis.

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Catford, Angela, Kyle Ganz et Sandeep Tamber. « Enumerative Analysis of Salmonella in Outbreak-Associated Breaded and Frozen Comminuted Raw Chicken Products ». Journal of Food Protection 80, n^o 5 (3 avril 2017) : 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-496.

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ABSTRACT A significant data gap exists with respect to the levels of pathogens in foods implicated in foodborne outbreaks. These data are essential for the quantification of pathogen exposure via the ingestion of contaminated food. Here we report the levels of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella in comminuted raw chicken products that had been breaded and then frozen. The products investigated were collected during four food safety investigations of foodborne outbreaks that occurred in Canada from 2014 to 2016. Most-probable-number (MPN) distribution analysis of the food samples revealed Salmonella levels of 0.0018 to 3 MPN/g, which is equivalent to 1 MPN per 0.33 to 556 g of product. These data suggest low levels of Salmonella may be associated with foodborne outbreaks.

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Blasiak, Pawel, Gérard H. E. Duchamp et Karol A. Penson. « Combinatorics of Second Derivative : Graphical Proof of Glaisher-Crofton Identity ». Advances in Mathematical Physics 2018 (22 octobre 2018) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9575626.

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We give a purely combinatorial proof of the Glaisher-Crofton identity which is derived from the analysis of discrete structures generated by the iterated action of the second derivative. The argument illustrates the utility of symbolic and generating function methodology of modern enumerative combinatorics. The paper is meant for nonspecialists as a gentle introduction to the field of graphical calculus and its applications in computational problems.

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Horváth, Eszter K. « Islands : from coding theory to enumerative combinatorics and to lattice theory - overview and open problems ». Miskolc Mathematical Notes 14, n^o 3 (2013) : 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.18514/mmn.2013.798.

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Latham, Gary P., et Christina Sue-Chan. « A meta-analysis of the situational interview : An enumerative review of reasons for its validity. » Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 40, n^o 1 (1999) : 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0086826.

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ĆWIK, Bogdan. « THE CONCEPT OF THREAT MODEL IN THE ASPECT OF SAFETY IN LOGISTIC SYSTEMS ». Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk 2, n^o 47 (29 décembre 2017) : 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.5995.

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The overall aim of the study is to improve the processes of threat monitoring in military logistic systems, while the specific objective is to uniquely define the concept of a threat in the process of perceiving warning signals. This work uses the following scientific methods: analysis and criticism of literature, analysis and logical construction, as well as the heuristic methods: “new look” method and the analogue transfer method. These concepts incorporate the method of inference, including deductive inference combined with enumerative induction. The work resulted in the concept of threat model providing division into causal and consequential hazards. It was supplemented with partial models: threat development and threat perception model.

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Sanei-Mehri, Seyed-Vahid, Apurba Das, Hooman Hashemi et Srikanta Tirthapura. « Mining Largest Maximal Quasi-Cliques ». ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 15, n^o 5 (26 juin 2021) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3446637.

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Quasi-cliques are dense incomplete subgraphs of a graph that generalize the notion of cliques. Enumerating quasi-cliques from a graph is a robust way to detect densely connected structures with applications in bioinformatics and social network analysis. However, enumerating quasi-cliques in a graph is a challenging problem, even harder than the problem of enumerating cliques. We consider the enumeration of top- k degree-based quasi-cliques and make the following contributions: (1) we show that even the problem of detecting whether a given quasi-clique is maximal (i.e., not contained within another quasi-clique) is NP-hard. (2) We present a novel heuristic algorithm K ernel QC to enumerate the k largest quasi-cliques in a graph. Our method is based on identifying kernels of extremely dense subgraphs within a graph, followed by growing subgraphs around these kernels, to arrive at quasi-cliques with the required densities. (3) Experimental results show that our algorithm accurately enumerates quasi-cliques from a graph, is much faster than current state-of-the-art methods for quasi-clique enumeration (often more than three orders of magnitude faster), and can scale to larger graphs than current methods.

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Tella, Adeyinka, Saheed Oyeniran et Ebenezer Sanya Ibironke. « Determinants of Web Search Effectiveness From the Perspective of Library and Information Science Students ». International Journal of Library and Information Services 10, n^o 2 (juillet 2021) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijlis.20210701.oa13.

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This study examined an empirical analysis of the determinants of library and information science students’ web search effectiveness at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. A total enumerative method was used where the entire 146 year three and four undergraduate students of the Department of Library and Information Science represent the sample. Through a survey approach, a questionnaire was developed and used for the collection of data. Three research questions were developed to guide the study. The results demonstrate that determinants such as internet and computer self-efficacy, information literacy skills, use of Boolean operators and use of appropriate search terms significantly correlate with and determine web search effectiveness.

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Chen, Yan Cang, et Lun Guo Xie. « Extending Fault Blocks to Avoid Livelock for a Logic-Based Distributed Fault-Tolerant Routing Algorithm of Networks-on-Chip ». Advanced Materials Research 485 (février 2012) : 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.536.

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For logic-based distributed fault-tolerant routings, livelock is a troublesome challenge. In this paper, we prove the sufficient conditions which make the fault-tolerant routing PR-WF [1] to be livelock-free. Due to the diversity of fault blocks, it is almost impossible to verify the sufficient condition of livelock-free by a formal method. In this paper, both visual analysis and enumerative simulation methods are taken to prove livelock theorems. In order to avoid livelock, an algorithm is presented to extend fault blocks. Experimental results show that, it has to disable no more than 1.8% no-faulty links to avoid livelock if the true faulty link rate is 10%.

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Buchanan, B. R., et D. E. Honigs. « Detection of Methanol in Gasolines Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and an Optical Fiber ». Applied Spectroscopy 41, n^o 8 (novembre 1987) : 1388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874447077.

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Because of methanol's relatively low cost and its utility as an octane booster, a need to monitor the concentration of methanol in gasolines has evolved. Near-infrared analysis can be used to monitor methanol in gasolines with the use of optical fiber. If stepwise multiple linear regression is used, methanol can be predicted to within 0.25 weight percent. The use of an optical fiber lowers personnel and instrument exposure to hazardous environments and minimizes the risk of explosion. It is pointed out, however, that care must be taken in the prediction of future specimens. The differences between enumerative and analytical calibrations are also discussed.

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Camm, Jeffrey D., Jeremy Christman et A. Narayanan. « Total Unduplicated Reach and Frequency Optimization at Procter & ; Gamble ». INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 52, n^o 2 (mars 2022) : 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2021.1096.

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The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is a consumer goods corporation that employs over 90,000 people and has operations in roughly 80 countries worldwide. Products in P&G’s 10-category portfolio of products are sold in over 180 countries. The Consumer Research Analytics group at P&G empowers internal clients by using analytics to ensure that the products in P&G’s portfolio of products are not just well received by consumers but become the products of choice for the maximum number of consumers, thereby maximizing P&G’s market share. One of the most frequently used analytical approaches for managing a product line is Total Unduplicated Reach and Frequency analysis. We replaced the previous enumerative approach with integer programming coupled with cuts to the unit hypercube to dramatically speed up the analysis. As a result, P&G achieved higher utilization of its system, improvements to existing products, and more thorough analyses for product line planning and other applications.

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Viain, Marie. « Les savoirs linguistiques dans deux classifications des sciences du Xe siècle : l’émergence de la notion de « discipline » ». Histoire Épistémologie Langage 36, n^o 2 (2014) : 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/hel.2014.3495.

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Grammatization of Arabic has been made as early as the 7th c. from the analysis of Koranic text and a poetic corpus. The interactions that occur between grammar, religious studies and poetic art invite us to question the concept of “ discipline” at this time. Two reviews of the 10th c. which present the various areas of knowledge tell us about the construction of this notion. The purely enumerative approach Ibn al-Nadīm (m. 987) adopts in his Fihrist in order to name personalities and works related to each knowledge contrasts with the logical approach of al-Fārābī (m. 950), who defines with precision the various branches of knowledge in Iḥṣā ʾ al-ʿ Ulūm. This “ scientifical” approach to grammar is going to make it a theorized and autonomous discipline.

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Peterson, Brian. « Quantifying Conversion : A Note on the Colonial Census and Religious Change in Postwar Southern Mali ». History in Africa 29 (2002) : 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172170.

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The use of colonial census data on religious conversion in historical analysis is often fraught with methodological problems. What, at first glance, might appear to have been profound structural transformations of society may in part be illusions created by changes in the census apparatus, or data collection process, itself. In this paper I will discuss how a colonial census was conducted and how local rural peoples were active agents in enumerating their own (official) religious identities. Thus, how did changes in this central tool of bureaucratic knowledge and power distort history? As an overarching critique, I suggest that the problem of the census as an exercise of colonial bureaucratic power in Africa has hardly elicited comment. Thus I suggest that the census may be a potentially fruitful avenue of historical inquiry in examining in closer detail the primary “enumerative modality” of colonial forms of knowledge.I will present examples from the history of French colonial southern Mali during the postwar period in arguing that the colonial census was a complex social and political process that must be ‘deconstructed’ if we are to make critical use of such state-generated numbers. Southern Mali occupied what was believed, in the French imagination, to be an active frontier of Islamization, separating the “Muslim” Sahel (and Sahara) from the “fetishist” forest regions to the south. This religious frontier status elicited mixed views. As Jean-Loup Amselle has argued, colonial officials in southern Mali adopted a highly ambiguous stance toward Islam, “going from one extreme to another, sometimes seeing Islam everywhere, sometimes nowhere.”

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Магомедов, О. Р., et С. А. Чернышев. « Multi-agent decision support system for minimizing the cost of grouped goods ». Vestnik of Russian New University. Series «Complex systems : models, analysis, management», n^o 4 (23 janvier 2023) : 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/rnu.v9187.22.04.p.97.

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Приводится решение реальной задачи из предметной области доставки товаров с подробным описанием предложенной архитектуры и принципами работы мультиагентной системы поддержки принятия решений для минимизации стоимости отправки заказа посредством группировки товаров по разным посылкам. Рассмотрены преимущества мультиагентной системы над переборными алгоритмами, особенности спроектированной мультиагентной системы, GUI для анализа, различные модификации работы системы и возможные пути ее улучшения. The article describes solution of a real problem from the subject area of goods delivery with a detailed description of the proposed architecture and the principles of multi-agent system decision-making support to minimize the cost of sending an order by grouping goods into different parcels. The advantages of multi-agent system over enumerative algorithms, features of the designed multi-agent system, GUI for analysis, different modifications of the system operation and possible ways of its improvement are considered.

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Reis, Luis Gustavo de Moura, Wendson de Oliveira Souza, Alfredo Ribeiro Neto, Carlos Ruberto Fragoso, Antonio Miguel Ruiz-Armenteros, Jaime Joaquim da Silva Pereira Cabral et Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro. « Uncertainties Involved in the Use of Thresholds for the Detection of Water Bodies in Multitemporal Analysis from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Images ». Sensors 21, n^o 22 (11 novembre 2021) : 7494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227494.

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Although the single threshold is still considered a suitable and easy-to-do technique to extract water features in spatiotemporal analysis, it leads to unavoidable errors. This paper uses an enumerative search to optimize thresholds over satellite-derived modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI). We employed a cross-validation approach and treated accuracy as a random variable in order to: (a) investigate uncertainty related to its application; (b) estimate non-optimistic errors involving single thresholding; (c) investigate the main factors that affect the accuracy’s model, and (d) compare satellite sensors performance. We also used a high-resolution digital elevation model to extract water elevations values, making it possible to remove topographic effects and estimate non-optimistic errors exclusively from orbital imagery. Our findings evidenced that there is a region where thresholds values can vary without causing accuracy loss. Moreover, by constraining thresholds variation between these limits, accuracy is dramatically improved and outperformed the Otsu method. Finally, the number of scenes employed to optimize a single threshold drastically affects the accuracy, being not appropriate using a single scene once it leads to overfitted threshold values. More than three scenes are recommended.

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Cui, Yuan, Shao-kuan Chen, Jian-feng Liu et Wen-zheng Jia. « Optimal Locations of Bus Stops Connecting Subways near Urban Intersections ». Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/537049.

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Unsuitable locations of bus stops which provide feeder transportation connecting subways near urban intersections usually lead to the low efficiency of public transport and level of passenger service. A multiobjective optimization model to distribute such stop locations is proposed to attain the shortest total walk distance of passengers and minimum delay time of cars through intersections and travel time of buses. The Pareto frontier and optimal solutions for the proposed model are given by the distance-based and enumerative methods. The Xizhimen bus stop is selected to implement case studies for verifying the validity of the proposed model. The analysis of sensitivity on possible solutions is also carried out in the case studies. The results show that the proposed model is capable of optimizing the locations of bus stops connecting subways near intersections and helpful to improve the level of passengers service and operational efficiency of public transportation.

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Weyand, Björn. « Die Welt als zu bereisender Katalog. : Enumerative Verfahren der Reiseliteratur bei Adam Olearius, Johann Wolfgang Goethe und Otto Julius Bierbaum ». Zeitschrift für Germanistik 32, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/92171_61.

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Reiseliteratur und enumerative Verfahren sind seit der Antike eng miteinander verflochten. Der Beitrag entwickelt eine mediengebundene Differenzierung zwischen Aufzählung, Liste und Katalog. Analysen von Adam Olearius’ Gottorfische Kunst=Kammer, Johann Wolfgang Goethes Italienische Reise und Otto Julius Bierbaums Yankeedoodle=Fahrt zeigen, wie sich die enumerativen Schreibweisen der Reiseliteratur vor dem Hintergrund kultur-, medien- und wissensgeschichtlicher Entwicklungen verändern. Travel literature and enumerative practices have been closely intertwined since antiquity. The article develops a media-bound differentiation between enumerations, lists, and catalogues. Analyses of Adam Olearius’ Gottorfische Kunst=Kammer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe’s Italienische Reise, and Otto Julius Bierbaum’s Yankeedoodle=Fahrt, show how enumerative techniques in travel literature have changed against the background of developments in the history of culture, media, and knowledge.

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FERREIRA, Ana Carolina, Benildes Coura Moreira dos Santos MACULAN et Madalena Martins Lopes NAVES. « Ranganathan and the faceted classification theory ». Transinformação 29, n^o 3 (décembre 2017) : 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2318-08892017000300006.

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Abstract The present study contextualizes Ranganathan’s main theoretical contributions to the classification theory and addresses the Five Laws of Library Science. The major milestones in philosophical and bibliographic classifications are presented to show that the classification system has evolved from purely philosophical schemes, which were focused on the systematization of knowledge, into modern bibliographic classification systems. Facet analysis is considered a contribution to the classification process since it allows the use of an approach that encompasses different points of view of the same subject, as opposed to the enumerative systems. This article also discusses Ranganathan’s five fundamental categories, known as Personality, Matter, Energy, Space and Time, and points out to criticism of this form of categorization in the literature. The Spiral of Scientific Method and the Spiral Model of Development of subjects are presented; the latter is the meta-model of the former. The Colon Classification, which was first published in 1933, was also discussed. Finally, the applicability of the faceted classification in today’s world was addressed.

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Prakash P, Nappinai Seran, Navaneetha, Malarvizhi et Pradeep Thilakan. « The effectiveness of TIPER (Tailor Made Interventional Package to Enhance Relaxation) on depression, anxiety and stress among elders at old age homes, Puducherry ». International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, n^o 2 (14 avril 2019) : 1124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.392.

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A Quasi-experimental study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of Tailor Made Interventional Package(TIPER) among the elders at Voluntrait, POINCARE (Pondicherry Society Care for the Aged), Clunny Home for aged and Anbu Nilayam in Puducherry. TIPER consists of Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Guided Imagery and Mindfulness Meditation Total enumerative sampling technique was adopted with 211 samples in phase one, and 90 samples were obtained in phase two was randomized into study and control group of 45 each. Control group samples were administered with physical exercises. A tool used in this study was Socio-demographic Variables, Mini-Mental Status Examination, Modified Kuppusamy Socio-Economic Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale(DASS-21), ICD-10 Criteria for Depression & General Anxiety, State and Trait Anxiety Scale. Results reveal that analysis of pre-test and post-test score in study group using paired ‘t' test shows the ‘p' value was <0.01 level were as in control group was not less than 0.01 level. Hence, TIPER was found effective in reducing the level of depression, anxiety and stress among elders at old age homes.

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Kogan, Konstantin, Yael Perlman et Galit Kelner. « Software Portfolio Optimization : Access Rejection versus Underutilization ». Applied Sciences 13, n^o 4 (10 février 2023) : 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042314.

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Several types of network and non-network licenses control users’ access to software. The literature on efficient selection of software licenses has mostly addressed queuing models intended to estimate the probability of denial of access for a user. Under that approach, however, the lower one sets the rejection probability, the greater the likelihood that licenses will be underused. We follow the literature in describing demand for software access with an Erlang queuing model and present a general integer program for optimizing mixed-license software portfolios under constraints on two types of risk: access rejection and license underutilization. The program, in which the number of licenses of each type is a decision variable, minimizes the total licensing cost while satisfying constraints on access denial and license underutilization. We evaluate and illustrate the ability of an efficient enumerative algorithm to solve the common problem of selecting an appropriate mix of floating and network named user licenses. Our case-study analysis indicates the potential for reducing the cost of licensing while also limiting problems associated with lack of access and underutilization.

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Tuttle, E. R., S. W. Peterson et J. E. Titus. « Further Applications of Group Theory to the Enumeration and Structural Analysis of Basic Kinematic Chains ». Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, n^o 4 (1 décembre 1989) : 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3259027.

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The use of finite symmetry groups to enumerate basic kinematic chains has been extended by making use of the subgroup structure of the symmetry groups. This refinement not only makes the enumeration of kinematic chains considerably more efficient, but also permits the enumeration of all distinct inversions of each of the chains found. As examples, all chains with 2, 3, 4, and 5 independent loops and 1, 2, or 3 degrees of freedom and their inversions have been found on a personal computer.

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Nepal, Manju, Susan Maharjan, Bimala Adhikari, Bimala Adhikari, Laxmi Khanal et Parbati Nepal. « Perception regarding Sexuality, Contraceptive and Teenage Pregnancy among Adolescent Studying in Secondary Schools in Palpa District ». International Research Journal of MMC 2, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/irjmmc.v2i2.38149.

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Adolescence is a period of both opportunities and threats. It is also a phase in life marked by vulnerability to risky sexual behavior and underprivileged reproductive health outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the perception regarding sexuality, contraceptive and teenage pregnancy among adolescents studying in secondary schools in Palpa District. A cross sectional analytical study designed was applied. Total enumerative sampling technique was used to select 407 schools going adolescents in four selected school in Palpa district. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaire. Analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 20. Findings showed that 56.51% of adolescents had favorable perception on sexuality, 51.84% of adolescents had favorable perception on contraceptive and 55.77% had favorable perception on teenage pregnancy. There were significant association between Sex, Grade, Ethnicity, Type of family of adolescent and level of perception on sexuality, contraceptive and teenage pregnancy where Chi-square p value is less than .05 at 5% level of significance. Based on the findings of the study, majority of adolescents had favorable perception towards sexuality, contraceptive and teenage pregnancy which suggests that adolescents were aware on sexuality, contraceptive and teenage pregnancy.

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Grübel, Rudolf, et Paweł Hitczenko. « Gaps in Discrete Random Samples ». Journal of Applied Probability 46, n^o 4 (décembre 2009) : 1038–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1261670687.

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Let (Xi)i∈ℕ be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with values in the set ℕ0 of nonnegative integers. Motivated by applications in enumerative combinatorics and analysis of algorithms we investigate the number of gaps and the length of the longest gap in the set {X1,…,Xn} of the first n values. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the tail sequence (qk)k∈ℕ0, qk=P(X1≥ k), for the gaps to vanish asymptotically as n→∞: these are ∑k=0∞qk+1/qk <∞ and limk→∞qk+1/qk=0 for convergence almost surely and convergence in probability, respectively. We further show that the length of the longest gap tends to ∞ in probability if qk+1/qk→ 1. For the family of geometric distributions, which can be regarded as the borderline case between the light-tailed and the heavy-tailed situations and which is also of particular interest in applications, we study the distribution of the length of the longest gap, using a construction based on the Sukhatme–Rényi representation of exponential order statistics to resolve the asymptotic distributional periodicities.

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Leinartas, Evgenij, et Tat’jana Yakovleva. « Generating Function of the Solution of a Difference Equation and the Newton Polyhedron of the Characteristic Polynomial ». Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Mathematics 40 (2022) : 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/1997-7670.2022.40.3.

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Generating functions and difference equations are a powerful tool for studying problems of enumerative combinatorial analysis. In the one-dimensional case, the space of solutions of the difference equation is finite-dimensional. In the transition to a multidimensional situation, problems arise related both to the possibility of various options for specifying additional conditions on the solution of a difference equation (the Cauchy problem) and to describing the corresponding space of generating functions. For difference equations in rational cones of an integer lattice, sufficient conditions are known on the Newton polyhedron of the characteristic polynomial that ensure the preservation of the Stanley hierarchy for the generating functions of its solutions. Namely, a generating function is rational (algebraic, D-finite) if such are the generating functions of the initial data and the right side of the equation. In this paper, we propose an approach for finding the generating function of a solution to a difference equation based on the possibility of extending the rational cone in which solutions of the equation are sought to a cone in which sufficient conditions for the conservation of the Stanley hierarchy are satisfied. In addition, an integral formula is given that relates the generating functions of the solution in the original and extended cones.

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Grübel, Rudolf, et Paweł Hitczenko. « Gaps in Discrete Random Samples ». Journal of Applied Probability 46, n^o 04 (décembre 2009) : 1038–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200006124.

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Let (X i ) i∈ℕ be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with values in the set ℕ0 of nonnegative integers. Motivated by applications in enumerative combinatorics and analysis of algorithms we investigate the number of gaps and the length of the longest gap in the set {X 1,…,X n } of the first n values. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the tail sequence (q k ) k∈ℕ0 , q k =P(X 1≥ k), for the gaps to vanish asymptotically as n→∞: these are ∑ k=0 ∞ q k+1/q k <∞ and limk→∞ q k+1/q k =0 for convergence almost surely and convergence in probability, respectively. We further show that the length of the longest gap tends to ∞ in probability if q k+1/q k → 1. For the family of geometric distributions, which can be regarded as the borderline case between the light-tailed and the heavy-tailed situations and which is also of particular interest in applications, we study the distribution of the length of the longest gap, using a construction based on the Sukhatme–Rényi representation of exponential order statistics to resolve the asymptotic distributional periodicities.

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Michalczuk-Wlizło, Marta. « Choice of Language in Discussions on Law. Pregnancy Termination in the Legislative Process of the Polish Sejm of the Eighth Term ». Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 27, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2022) : 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.04.10.

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Abstract The radicalization of views and the conflict concerning the possibility of, and the rationale for, the institutionalization of termination of pregnancy in Poland usually gain prominence before elections, when political parties, when presenting their programs, bring controversial issues that evoke extreme emotions to the debate. The appearance of the topic of abortion in the discourse is always accompanied by increased attention of the media, which makes the issue even more attractive for politicians. An analysis is presented of the bills amending the Act of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human fetus, and the conditions of permissibility of abortion, also known as the “Family Planning Act” or the “Anti-Abortion Act,” as well as of parliamentary debates1 focused on the issue of the right to abortion in Poland, that is primarily those debates where the issue of expanding or narrowing the enumerative catalog of prerequisites for permissibility of abortion was discussed. The temporal scope of the subject matter includes the legislative processes that took place before the eighth term of the Sejm. The paper is an attempt to interpret the regularities observed during the research and does not aspire to be an exhaustive description of the topic.

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Bartha, Sándor, James Cheney et Vaishak Belle. « One down, 699 to go : or, synthesising compositional desugarings ». Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 5, OOPSLA (20 octobre 2021) : 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3485499.

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Programming or scripting languages used in real-world systems are seldom designed with a formal semantics in mind from the outset. Therefore, developing well-founded analysis tools for these systems requires reverse-engineering a formal semantics as a first step. This can take months or years of effort. Can we (at least partially) automate this process? Though desirable, automatically reverse-engineering semantics rules from an implementation is very challenging, as found by Krishnamurthi, Lerner and Elberty. In this paper, we highlight that scaling methods with the size of the language is very difficult due to state space explosion, so we propose to learn semantics incrementally. We give a formalisation of Krishnamurthi et al.'s desugaring learning framework in order to clarify the assumptions necessary for an incremental learning algorithm to be feasible. We show that this reformulation allows us to extend the search space and express rules that Krishnamurthi et al. described as challenging, while still retaining feasibility. We evaluate enumerative synthesis as a baseline algorithm, and demonstrate that, with our reformulation of the problem, it is possible to learn correct desugaring rules for the example source and core languages proposed by Krishnamurthi et al., in most cases identical to the intended rules. In addition, with user guidance, our system was able to synthesize rules for desugaring list comprehensions and try/catch/finally constructs.

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MÜNSTER, DANIEL N. « Farmers’ Suicides as Public Death : Politics, Agency and Statistics in a Suicide-Prone District (South India) ». Modern Asian Studies 49, n^o 5 (27 mai 2014) : 1580–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000225.

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AbstractThis paper argues that Indian farmers’ suicides may fruitfully be described as public deaths. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in the South Indian district of Wayanad (Kerala), it shows that farmers’ suicides become ‘public deaths’ only via the enumerative and statistical practices of the Indian state and their scandalization in the media. The political nature of suicide as public death thus depends entirely on suicide rates and their production by the state itself. But the power of representations complicates the ethnographic critique of statistical knowledge about suicide. In a context like Wayanad, which had been declared a suicide-prone district by the Indian state, public representations of suicides have taken on a life of their own; statistical categories and the media interpretations of these statistics have had a curious feedback—mediated by development encounters—onto the situated meanings of individual suicides. Local interpretations of individual suicides mostly commented on personal failures of the suicide and on the perils of speculative smallholder agriculture. Ethnography of farmers’ suicide based on case studies alone, however, would soon encounter limitations equally grave as the limitations of statistical analysis. Not only is the meaning of suicide (intentions, causes, motives) at the actor level off limits for ethnography, but in addition to that the (public) meaning of suicide is co-determined by state practice including statistical accounting.

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Dahal, Anika, et Kamal Prasad Acharya. « Effectiveness of Information Education and Communication on Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent School Girls of Jumla District ». Journal of Nobel Medical College 8, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2019) : 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v8i2.26714.

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Background: Menstruation and menstrual practices are darkened by taboos and different societal as well as cultural restrictions, which results in lack of adequate knowledge in adolescents regarding the scientific facts of menstruation as well as healthy menstrual hygiene practices. The objective of the study was to find out the effectiveness of information, education and communication (IEC) on menstrual hygiene among adolescents of Jumla district. Materials and Methods: Quasi-experimental research design was used for the study. The samples were taken from government school, Shree Janta Secondary Technical school of Chandannath municipality of Jumla District. A total of 112 adolescents girls studying in class 9 and class 10 were selected by using non probability total enumerative sampling technique. Data was collected by using self administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study revealed that 8.9% of respondents had high knowledge during pre test which was significantly increased to 60.7% during post test and 27.7% of respondents had good practice during pre test which was significantly increased to 51.8% during post test. Conclusion: The present study concluded that adolescents lacked appropriate knowledge and practices about menstruation in the pre test which significantly increased in post test. Thus, structured health education program can significantly bring positive change in healthy menstrual hygiene practices.

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Uher, Vojtěch, Petr Gajdoš, Michal Radecký et Václav Snášel. « Utilization of the Discrete Differential Evolution for Optimization in Multidimensional Point Clouds ». Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6329530.

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The Differential Evolution (DE) is a widely used bioinspired optimization algorithm developed by Storn and Price. It is popular for its simplicity and robustness. This algorithm was primarily designed for real-valued problems and continuous functions, but several modified versions optimizing both integer and discrete-valued problems have been developed. The discrete-coded DE has been mostly used for combinatorial problems in a set of enumerative variants. However, the DE has a great potential in the spatial data analysis and pattern recognition. This paper formulates the problem as a search of a combination of distinct vertices which meet the specified conditions. It proposes a novel approach called the Multidimensional Discrete Differential Evolution (MDDE) applying the principle of the discrete-coded DE in discrete point clouds (PCs). The paper examines the local searching abilities of the MDDE and its convergence to the global optimum in the PCs. The multidimensional discrete vertices cannot be simply ordered to get a convenient course of the discrete data, which is crucial for good convergence of a population. A novel mutation operator utilizing linear ordering of spatial data based on the space filling curves is introduced. The algorithm is tested on several spatial datasets and optimization problems. The experiments show that the MDDE is an efficient and fast method for discrete optimizations in the multidimensional point clouds.

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McVey, Mark J., Christopher M. Spring, John W. Semple, Mazharul Maishan et Wolfgang M. Kuebler. « Microparticles as biomarkers of lung disease : enumeration in biological fluids using lipid bilayer microspheres ». American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 310, n^o 9 (1 mai 2016) : L802—L814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00369.2015.

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Extracellular vesicles, specifically microparticles (MPs), are rapidly gaining attention for their capacity to act as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, or responsiveness to therapy in lung disease, in keeping with the concept of precision medicine. However, MP analysis by high-sensitivity flow cytometry (FCM) is complicated by a lack of accurate means for MP enumeration. To address this gap, we report here an enhanced FCM MP gating and enumeration technique based on the use of novel engineered lipid bilayer microspheres (LBMs). By comparison of LBM-based MP enumeration with conventional bead- or fluorescent-based FCM enumeration techniques and a gravimetric consumption gold standard, we found LBMs to be superior to commercial bead preparations, showing the smallest fixed bias and limits of agreement in Bland Altman analyses. LBMs had simultaneous capacity to aid FCM enumeration of MPs in plasma, BAL, and cell culture supernatants. LBM enumeration detected differences in MP counts in mice exposed to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide or saline. LBMs provided for 1) higher sensitivity for gating MPs populations, 2) reduced background within MP gates, 3) more appropriate size, and 4) an inexpensive alternative amenable to different fluorescent tags. LBM-based MP enumeration was useful for a series of different FCM systems assessed, whereas LBM gating benefited high- but not low-sensitivity FCM systems compared with fluorescence gating. By offering exclusive advantages over current means of gating and enumerating MPs, LBMs are uniquely suited to realizing the potential of MPs as biomarkers in biological lung fluids and facilitating precision medicine in lung disease.

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Bodroza-Pantic, Olga, Harris Kwong, Rade Doroslovacki et Milan Pantic. « Enumeration of Hamiltonian cycles on a thick grid cylinder - part I : Non-contractible Hamiltonian cycles ». Applicable Analysis and Discrete Mathematics 13, n^o 1 (2019) : 28–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aadm171215025b.

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In a recent paper, we have studied the enumeration of Hamiltonian cycles (abbreviated HCs) on the grid cylinder graph Pm+1 x Cn, where m grows while n is fixed. In this sequel, we study a much harder problem of enumerating HCs on the same graph only this time letting n grow while m is fixed. We propose a characterization for non-contractible HCs which enables us to prove that their numbers hnc, m (n) satisfy a recurrence relation for every fixed m. From the computational data, we conjecture that the coefficient for the dominant positive characteristic root in the explicit formula for hnc,m (n) is 1.

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GILL, ALEXANDER, et DENISE OUDIT. « Enumeration of Escherichia coli O157 in Outbreak-Associated Gouda Cheese Made with Raw Milk ». Journal of Food Protection 78, n^o 9 (1 septembre 2015) : 1733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-036.

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In this article, we discuss the enumerative analysis for Escherichia coli O157 in two raw milk Gouda cheese products (A and B), implicated in an outbreak of 29 cases of E. coli O157:H7 illness that occurred across Canada in 2013. Samples were enumerated for E. coli O157 by most probable number (MPN) over a period of 30 to 60 days after the end of the outbreak. Samples (55.55 g) of product A (n = 14) were analyzed at 146 to 180 days postproduction. E. coli O157 was isolated from six samples at 19.9 to 44.6 MPN/kg. The E. coli O157 concentration of product A estimated from the results of all 14 samples was 9.5 MPN/kg. Samples (55.55 g) of product B (n = 20) were analyzed at 133 to 149 days postproduction. E. coli O157 was isolated from four samples at 19.9 MPN/kg. The E. coli O157 concentration of product B estimated from the results of all 20 samples was 3.7 MPN/kg. Analysis of a 305-g sample of product A (n = 1) stored at 4°C until 306 days postproduction revealed that the E. coli O157 concentration had declined to 3.6 MPN/kg. E. coli O157 could not be isolated from 555-g samples of product B (n = 5) after 280 days postproduction. The physicochemical parameters (pH, water activity, percent moisture, and percent salt) of both cheese products were found to be in the normal range for this type of product. The results of this study demonstrate that E. coli O157 could not replicate during storage at 4°C in the products tested but was capable of survival following aging and prolonged storage. This indicates that, if contaminated, the minimum 60-day aging period, which is required for raw milk Gouda cheeses, is not sufficient in all cases to ensure that the product does not contain viable cells of E. coli O157. The results also indicate that samples sizes greater than 100 g may be required to reliably detect E. coli O157 in cheese products associated with outbreaks.

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Killian, M. Scott, Jose Matud, Roger Detels, Janis V. Giorgi et Beth D. Jamieson. « MaGiK Method of T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Analysis ». Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 9, n^o 4 (juillet 2002) : 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.4.858-863.2002.

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ABSTRACT T-cell receptor diversity enables the cellular immune response to recognize a broad range of viral and other pathogenic agents. An increasingly common method of characterizing T-cell receptor diversity and usage in response to antigenic challenges involves the identification of clonal expansions by PCR amplification of the CDR3 region of distinct TCRVβ families. Though clonal expansions often appear evident upon visual inspection of the results, a systematic method is needed for the valid enumeration of these expansions. Here, we describe a novel analysis method, termed the MaGiK method, for systematically identifying and enumerating clonal T-cell expansions and for applying the results to investigations of the T-cell receptor repertoire.

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Hao, Kongzhang, Long Yuan et Wenjie Zhang. « Distributed hop-constrained s-t simple path enumeration at billion scale ». Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, n^o 2 (octobre 2021) : 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3489496.3489499.

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Hop-constrained s-t simple path (HC-s-t path) enumeration is a fundamental problem in graph analysis and has received considerable attention recently. Straightforward distributed solutions are inefficient and suffer from poor scalabiltiy when addressing this problem in billion-scale graphs due to the disability of pruning fruitless exploration or huge memory consumption. Motivated by this, in this paper, we aim to devise an efficient and scalable distributed algorithm to enumerate the HC-s-t paths in billion-scale graphs. We first propose a new hybrid search paradigm tailored for HC-s-t path enumeration. Based on the new search paradigm, we devise a distributed enumeration algorithm following the divide-and-conquer strategy. The algorithm can not only prune fruitless exploration, but also well bound the memory consumption with high parallelism. We also devise an effective workload balance mechanism that is automatically triggered by the idle machines to handle skewed workloads. Moreover, we explore the bidirectional search strategy to further improve enumeration efficiency. The experiment results demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed algorithm.

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Campbell, Mark S., et Anita C. Wright. « Real-Time PCR Analysis of Vibrio vulnificus from Oysters ». Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n^o 12 (décembre 2003) : 7137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7137-7144.2003.

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ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen commonly found in estuarine environments. Infections are associated with raw oyster consumption and can produce rapidly fatal septicemia in susceptible individuals. Standard enumeration of this organism in shellfish or seawater is laborious and inaccurate; therefore, more efficient assays are needed. An oligonucleotide probe derived from the cytolysin gene, vvhA, was previously used for colony hybridizations to enumerate V. vulnificus. However, this method requires overnight growth, and vibrios may lack culturability under certain conditions. In the present study, we targeted the same locus for development of a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. Probe specificity was confirmed by amplification of 28 V. vulnificus templates and by the lack of a PCR product with 22 non-V. vulnificus strains. Detection of V. vulnificus in pure cultures was observed over a 6-log-unit linear range of concentration (102 to 108 CFU ml−1), with a lower limit of 72 fg of genomic DNA μl of PCR mixture−1 or the equivalent of six cells. Similar sensitivity was observed in DNA extracted from mixtures of V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus cells. Real-time PCR enumeration of artificially inoculated oyster homogenates correlated well with colony hybridization counts (r 2 = 0.97). Numbers of indigenous V. vulnificus cells in oysters by real-time PCR showed no significant differences from numbers from plate counts with probe (t test; P = 0.43). Viable but nonculturable cells were also enumerated by real-time PCR and confirmed by the BacLight viability assay. These data indicate that real-time PCR can provide sensitive species-specific detection and enumeration of V. vulnificus in seafood.

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Thomas, John C., et Robert T. Dabkowski. « Glucose and plant exudate enhanced enumeration of bacteria capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ». Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, n^o 12 (décembre 2011) : 1067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-097.

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Enumerating environmental microbial isolates capable of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation can provide insight into the microbe–plant interactions that facilitate PAH removal. We examined a known PAH degrader ( Pseudomonas putida G7), a nondegrader ( Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404), and several microorganisms isolated from the environment by using a PAH cocktail in an enumeration medium with or without 0.025% (m/v) glucose and (or) root exudates. Compared with the standard most probable number (MPN), the addition of glucose and root exudates in a modified MPN method resulted in a 3- to 11-fold enhancement of PAH degraders being enumerated among microorganisms found in PAH-contaminated soils. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis verified that PAH levels were reduced using this modified enumeration method. Low levels of glucose, perhaps in concert with other materials in exudates, may promote microbial metabolism, thereby enhancing PAH degradation.

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Lin, Eden. « Enumeration and explanation in theories of welfare ». Analysis 77, n^o 1 (janvier 2017) : 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anx035.

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Lin, Eden. « Enumeration and explanation in theories of welfare ». Analysis 77, n^o 4 (2 mai 2017) : 767–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anx057.

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Akın, Fatma Nur, et Esen Uzuntiryaki-Kondakci. « The nature of the interplay among components of pedagogical content knowledge in reaction rate and chemical equilibrium topics of novice and experienced chemistry teachers ». Chemistry Education Research and Practice 19, n^o 1 (2018) : 80–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7rp00165g.

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We examined the interactions among pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) components of novice and experienced chemistry teachers in teaching reaction rate and chemical equilibrium topics in this qualitative multiple-case design study. For this aim, three chemistry teachers who had different levels of teaching experience in chemistry teaching were selected through a process of purposeful sampling. Multiple types of data were gathered through more than two months. In order to collect and triangulate data, a card-sorting activity, a Content Representation (CoRe) tool, semi-structured interviews, observation of instruction, and field notes were utilized. Data were analyzed through three approaches: in-depth analysis of explicit PCK, the enumerative approach, and constant comparative methods. The results revealed eight characteristics of the interactions of the PCK components: (a) the novice teacher's orientations towards science, in contrast to the experienced teachers’, were more broad and non-specific, which impeded the interactions among the components, (b) the interplay of the PCK components was idiosyncratic and topic specific, (c) the novice teacher's PCK maps were fragmented while the experienced teachers’ PCK maps were integrated, (d) the experienced teachers, in contrast to the novice teacher, interacted more than two PCK components in most of their teaching fragments, (e) knowledge of learner, knowledge of curriculum and knowledge of instructional strategies were central in the interplays of all teacher maps, (f) the experienced teachers were more successful than the novice teacher in translating their knowledge into practice in terms of the integration among PCK components, (g) teacher self-efficacy appeared to play a role in their use of PCK components and constructing interactions among them, and (h) all teachers taught the same topics with similar lesson plans and the same instructional materials; however, they differed in terms of how they connect the PCK components. Implications and suggestions for teacher education and science education research are presented.

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Dzgoev, V. D. « Constructive enumeration of Boolean lattices ». Algebra and Logic 27, n^o 6 (novembre 1988) : 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01980735.

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