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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Enslaved persons, emancipation, united states"
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Toledano, Ehud R. « Enslavement and Freedom in Transition ». Journal of Global Slavery 2, no 1-2 (2017) : 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00201002.
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This article explores the transition from enslavement to post-emancipation realities in the Muslim-majority societies of the Middle East and North Africa during the last stage of empire and the first phase of nation-building. The main argument is that within enslavement, there were gradations of bondage and servitude, not merely a dichotomy between free and enslaved. The various social positions occupied by the enslaved are best understood as points on a continuum of social, economic, and cultural realities. In turn, these were reproduced after emancipation in the successor states that emerged following the demise of the Ottoman and Qajar empires, the Sharifian state in Morocco, and the various principalities of the Arab/Persian Gulf. Hence, post-emancipation did not create equal citizenship for all freed persons, but rather the inequality within enslavement transitioned into the post-imperial societies of the Middle East and North Africa.
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Waples, Emily. « Breathing Free : Environmental Violence and the Plantation Ecology in Hannah Crafts's The Bondwoman's Narrative ». Victorian Literature and Culture 48, no 1 (2020) : 91–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150319000524.
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This essay presents an ecocritical analysis of Hannah Crafts's The Bondwoman's Narrative, the 1850s manuscript novel by a formerly-enslaved African American woman that was recovered by Henry Louis Gates in 2001. Examining Crafts's extensive engagement with Charles Dickens's Bleak House, it argues that Crafts's fictionalized narrative of enslavement and self-emancipation re-imagines a Victorian politics of environmental health as a critique of environmental racism. Showing how Crafts presents the material ecology of the plantation South as a site and vector of violence, it reads The Bondwoman's Narrative as resisting nineteenth-century scientific discourses of racialized immunity that sought to legitimize the systemic neglect of enslaved people in the antebellum United States.
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Selassie I, W. Gabriel. « “The Walls Have Fallen” ». California History 99, no 1 (2022) : 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.1.73.
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In 2021, June 19 (Juneteenth) became a federal holiday commemorating the emancipation of enslaved people of African descent in the United States. Prior to Juneteenth gaining official status, January 1 (Emancipation Day) was the de facto national holiday on which African Americans celebrated the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation and the end of slavery. From 1863 until the late twentieth century, African Americans throughout the nation celebrated what the black-owned journal The Elevator called “the greatest event in the history of the Colored people of America.” While several scholarly works focus on Emancipation Day celebrations throughout the United States, these studies have largely ignored how black westerners celebrated what was essentially “independence day” for African Americans. This essay examines Emancipation Day celebrations in the African American communities of San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles. Emancipation Day celebrations illustrate how black Californians in the state’s largest African American communities used ritualized celebration and public dialogue to construct their new civic identities as free black men and women. Emancipation Day celebrations provided black Californians opportunities to testify to their aspirations as members of the American polity, and to their vision of themselves as upholders of liberty and beacons of freedom in post–Civil War America. Black Californians forthrightly used public commemorations of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation to illustrate black community consciousness through the spirit of public festivals and civic celebrations, otherwise known as “public festive culture.” These public rituals did more than celebrate liberty: they legitimated black freedom and citizenship, honored the memory of Abraham Lincoln as God’s servant, and elaborated a political ethos powerful enough to unify African Americans as members of the American polity.
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Botwick, Bradford. « Gullah-Geechee settlement patterns from slavery to freedom : Investigation of a Georgia plantation slave quarter ». North American Archaeologist 39, no 3 (juillet 2018) : 198–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197693118793795.
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Gullah-Geechee is a creole culture that emerged among enslaved African Americans in the coastal Southeastern United States. Modern material expressions of this culture include a distinctive settlement type, the family compound, consisting of loosely clustered residences and outbuildings. The arrangement of these settlements resembles colonial slave quarters but differs from antebellum “slave rows.” Gullah-Geechee family compounds existed by the mid-20th century, but their origin, time depth, and evolution from linear quarters are unclear. Archaeological study of the Wilson–Miller plantation slave quarter near Savannah, occupied over most of the 19th Century, indicated that the Gullah-Geechee residential compound appeared soon after Emancipation. The study also suggested that communal outdoor space was important in maintaining cultural practices that were expressed in both colonial and post-Emancipation settlement patterns.
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Hamdani, Yoav. « “Servants not Soldiers” : The Origins of Slavery in the United States Army, 1797–1816 ». Journal of the Early Republic 43, no 4 (décembre 2023) : 537–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915153.
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Abstract: This article illuminates a lesser-explored aspect of the United States as a “slaveholding republic.” Between 1816–1861, the U.S. Army relied on thousands of enslaved persons who served as officers' servants. In 1816, Congress authorized allowances, rations, and bonuses for officers' private servants while putting an end to the practice of soldiers serving as servants. This legislative move effectively subsidized and incentivized military slaveholding. The paper delves into the political circumstances and legislative maneuvers that led Congress to institutionalize military slavery, establishing mechanisms to sustain, fund, and expand the number of enslaved servants. Military slavery developed gradually with the foundation, bureaucratization, and professionalization of an American military peace establishment. It evolved from 1797 to 1816 through competing policy objectives, resulting in a long-lasting bureaucratic workaround euphemistically termed "servants not soldiers." Facing public criticism over officers’ abuse of soldiers’ labor, the army “outsourced” officers’ servants through a dual process of privatization and racialization, differentiating between “public” and “private” service, between free, white soldiers and enslaved, black servants. Though serving slaveholders’ interests, the adopted solution was a product of bureaucratic contingencies and ad-hoc decision-making and not a policy orchestrated by a cabal of enslavers. Interestingly, a basic question of reimbursement led somewhere unanticipated, ending in government-sponsored enslaved servitude. Acknowledging this contingency does not excuse the actions but underscores how slavery was often "solved" through institutional accommodation rather than political or moral opposition. Thus, slavery directly impacted the U.S. Army, a central national institution, altering the military system at its pivotal, formative moments.
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Hanks, R. Daniel, Robert F. Baldwin, Travis H. Folk, Ernie P. Wiggers, Richard H. Coen, Michael L. Gouin, Andrew Agha, Daniel D. Richter et Edda L. Fields-Black. « Mapping Antebellum Rice Fields as a Basis for Understanding Human and Ecological Consequences of the Era of Slavery ». Land 10, no 8 (8 août 2021) : 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080831.
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Model systems enlightened by history that provide understanding and inform contemporary and future landscapes are needed. Through transdisciplinary collaboration, historic rice fields of the southeastern United States can be such models, providing insight into how human–ecological systems work. Rice culture in the United States began in the 1670s; was primarily successfully developed, managed, and driven by the labor of enslaved persons; and ended with the U.S. Civil War. During this time, wetlands were transformed into highly managed farming systems that left behind a system of land use legacies when abandoned after slavery. Historically accepted estimates range from 29,950 to 60,703 ha; however, using remotely sensed data (e.g., LiDAR) and expert opinion, we mapped 95,551 ha of historic rice fields in South Carolina, USA. After mapping, the rice fields’ current wetland and land cover characteristics were assessed. Understanding the geographic distribution and characteristics allows insight into the overall human and ecological costs of forced land use change that can inform future landscapes.
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Chik, Nicholas. « Nativism and the Civil War : The Impact of the Emancipation of Slaves on American Immigration ». Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 4, no 1 (17 mai 2023) : 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/4/2022292.
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The emancipation of enslaved people after the Civil War dramatically altered the perception of immigrants in the United States. This paper explores legal and social changes that took place in America after the Reconstruction period and analyzes the effect of those changes by comparing the treatment of the Irish in the mid-19th century with that of immigrants who arrived later in the century. It focuses on three main topics: the evolution of immigration laws, the rising popularity of post-war pseudo-scientific theories on race in the late 19th century, and immigrant groups assimilation rates. The study demonstrates how these concepts are interrelated to illustrate the impact of the Civil War on immigration trends. It concentrates on Irish and Italian families since they share many traits: both groups came from poor, rural backgrounds, both took jobs away from Americans and lowered wages, both immigrant groups practiced Catholicism, and both came in waves from Europe. Despite these similarities, Italians, like Asian and Jewish immigrants fleeing their homelands between the 1880s and early 1900s, faced more virulent forms of nativism and more restrictions than Irish newcomers a few decades earlier, in part because of the 14th Amendments definition of birth-based citizenship and post-Reconstruction discrimination that was intended to subordinate newly freed African Americans.
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Bwalya Lungu, Nancy, et Alice Dhliwayo. « African American Civil Rights Movements to End Slavery, Racism and Oppression in the Post Slavery Era : A Critique of Booker T. Washington’s Integration Ideology ». EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, Issue 3 (30 septembre 2021) : 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i03.0104.
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The Transatlantic Slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal and subsequently other European kingdoms were able to expand overseas and reach Africa. The Portuguese first began to kidnap people from the West Coast of Africa and took those that they enslaved to Europe. This saw a lot of African men and women transported to Europe and America to work on the huge plantations that the Whites owned. The transportation of these Africans exposed them to inhumane treatments which they faced even upon the arrival at their various destinations. The emancipation Proclamation signed on 1st January 1863 by the United States President Abraham Lincoln saw a legal stop to slave trade. However, the African Americans that had been taken to the United States and settled especially in the Southern region faced discrimination, segregation, violence and were denied civil rights through segregation laws such as the Jim Crow laws and lynching, based on the color of their skin. This forced them especially those that had acquired an education to rise up and speak against this treatment. They formed Civil Rights Movements to advocate for Black rights and equal treatment. These protracted movements, despite continued violence on Blacks, Culminated in Barack Obama being elected the first African American President of the United States of America. To cement the victory, he won a second term, which Donald Trump failed to obtain. This paper sought to critic the philosophies of Booker T. Washington in his civil rights movement, particularly his ideologies of integration, self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation as expressed in his speech, “the Atlanta Compromise,” and the impact this had on the political and civil rights arena for African Americans.
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Bwalya Lungu, Nancy, et Alice Dhliwayo. « African American Civil Rights Movements to End Slavery, Racism and Oppression in the Post Slavery Era : A Critique of Booker T. Washington’s Integration Ideology ». EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, Issue 3 (30 septembre 2021) : 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i03.0104.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Transatlantic Slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal and subsequently other European kingdoms were able to expand overseas and reach Africa. The Portuguese first began to kidnap people from the West Coast of Africa and took those that they enslaved to Europe. This saw a lot of African men and women transported to Europe and America to work on the huge plantations that the Whites owned. The transportation of these Africans exposed them to inhumane treatments which they faced even upon the arrival at their various destinations. The emancipation Proclamation signed on 1st January 1863 by the United States President Abraham Lincoln saw a legal stop to slave trade. However, the African Americans that had been taken to the United States and settled especially in the Southern region faced discrimination, segregation, violence and were denied civil rights through segregation laws such as the Jim Crow laws and lynching, based on the color of their skin. This forced them especially those that had acquired an education to rise up and speak against this treatment. They formed Civil Rights Movements to advocate for Black rights and equal treatment. These protracted movements, despite continued violence on Blacks, Culminated in Barack Obama being elected the first African American President of the United States of America. To cement the victory, he won a second term, which Donald Trump failed to obtain. This paper sought to critic the philosophies of Booker T. Washington in his civil rights movement, particularly his ideologies of integration, self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation as expressed in his speech, “the Atlanta Compromise,” and the impact this had on the political and civil rights arena for African Americans.
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Duclos-Orsello, Elizabeth. « The Fullness of Enslaved Black Lives as Seen through Early Massachusetts Vital Records ». Genealogy 6, no 1 (26 janvier 2022) : 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6010011.
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In genealogy, tracing names and dates is often the initial goal, but, for many, desire soon turns to learning about the embodied lives of those who came before them. This type of texture is hard for any genealogist to locate, but excruciatingly hard for those seeking to trace family histories that include ancestors who were enslaved in the northern parts of the colonies that would become the United States. Often, records thin to nearly nothing and frame all lived experiences through the lens of an enslaver. This is true especially of public records, created, maintained, and curated by the state apparatus. By adhering to the proposition that even materials that do not immediately reveal much about Black life may be useful if we consider what is missing and left out, this article suggests that these types of documents might help breathe some fullness into the individual and collective lives of those Black ancestors whose humanity the state denied. Emerging from a larger project to locate stories and histories of Black residents of one of the first colonized spaces in British North America, this article focuses on the ways in which the publicly available Massachusetts pre-1850 Vital Records—which have specific “Negroes” sections—serve as an unexpected source of useful, if fragmentary, evidence of not only individual lives, but collective histories of the communities in which Black ancestors lived. Highlighting creative approaches to analyzing these particular vital records, and centering women’s lives throughout, this article demonstrates what is possible to learn about patterns of childbearing, relationships between and among enslaved persons owned by different families, the nature of religious lives or practices, relationships between enslavers and enslaved, and the movements, over time, of individuals and families. Alongside these possibilities, the violence, limitations, and challenges of the vital records are identified, including issues related to Afro-indigenous persons, the conflation of birth and baptismal records, and differential access to details of the lives of enslaved men vs. women.
Thèses sur le sujet "Enslaved persons, emancipation, united states"
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St-Louis, Katherine Anne. « Saint-Domingue Refugees and their Enslaved Property : Abolition Societies and the Enforcement of Gradual Emancipation in Pennsylvania and New York ». Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16136.
Texte intégralLivres sur le sujet "Enslaved persons, emancipation, united states"
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L, Howell Maria, dir. The Emancipation Proclamation. San Diego : Greenhaven Press, 2006.
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Thoreau, Henry David. Thoreau on freedom : Attending to man : selected writings by Henry David Thoreau. Golden, Colo : Fulcrum Pub., 2003.
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Elizabeth, Clark-Lewis, dir. First freed : Washington, D.C. in the emancipation era. Washington, D.C : Howard University Press, 2002.
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Greenfield, Adams Carolyn, dir. Hunter Sutherland's slave manumissions and sales in Harford County, Maryland, 1775-1865. Bowie, Md : Heritage Books, 1999.
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John Deaver Drinko Academy for American Political Institutions and Civic Culture., dir. Cabell County's empire for freedom : The manumission of Sampson Sanders' slaves. Huntington, W. Va : John Deaver Drinko Academy for American Political Institution and Civic Culture, Marshall University, 1999.
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Foner, Eric. Forever free : The story of emancipation and Reconstruction. New York : Knopf, 2005.
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John, Bailey. The lost German slave girl : The extraordinary true story of the slave Sally Miller and her fight for freedom. Waterville, Me : Thorndike Press, 2005.
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John, Bailey. The lost German slave girl : The extraordinary true story of the slave Sally Miller and her fight for freedom. Sydney : Pan Macmillan Australia, 2003.
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John, Bailey. The lost German slave girl : The extraordinary true story of Sally Miller and her fight for freedom in old New Orleans. New York : Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005.
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Road to Emancipation. Addison-Wesley Longman, Incorporated, 1998.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Enslaved persons, emancipation, united states"
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Callahan, Mat, Robin D. G. Kelley et Kali Akuno. « Finding the Songs ». Dans Songs of Slavery and Emancipation, 25–41. University Press of Mississippi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496840172.003.0002.
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This chapter follows the journey of the author in searching for some historian of music or ethnomusicologist to have made the connection between slave revolts and their musical expression. It begins by narrating how he stumbled upon an old, dog-eared pamphlet with the title “Negro Slave Revolts in the United States, 1526–1860.” In the pamphlet, author Herbert Aptheker documented the frequency and consistency of rebellions beginning with one in a doomed Spanish colony in what is now South Carolina in 1526. Enslaved Africans brought there that very year staged a revolt, killing many of the Spanish before running off to join Indians in the neighborhood. Amidst all the dates and names, the numbers and incidents, the chapter pays attention to the lyrics to a song written in the pamphlet. These lyrics, according to Aptheker, had been composed and sung by enslaved persons at a clandestine meeting to plan an insurrection in 1813. The chapter questions if the song could be an example of the exaggerations Aptheker has been accused of. Could this be wishful thinking on the part of a well-intentioned scholar who nonetheless was reinterpreting or even manipulating the facts to give a false impression? This text, from this period, immediately posed questions that demanded answers.
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Constantinesco, Thomas. « Willing Pain in Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ». Dans Writing Pain in the Nineteenth-Century United States, 59–86. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192855596.003.0003.
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This chapter explores how Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) exposes the problematic function of pain in the disciplinary apparatus of slavery and in the constitution of Black subjectivity. It considers how Jacobs illuminates the contradiction of slavery’s biopolitical power, which treated enslaved men and women as both possessing and not possessing a will. As property, the chapter shows, enslaved people had no will, only a body that did not belong to them; as legal persons, they were granted a negative will of criminal intent, which returned them to their commodified body, experienced through the pain of forced labor and corporeal punishment. The chapter demonstrates however that, rather than seeking to escape from body to will, Jacobs’s journey from enslavement to emancipation takes the form of a looping structure, whereby she comes to will her own pain of body and mind through her escape in the “loophole of retreat” she finds in her grandmother’s garret. It further argues that the narrativization of her pain complicates the equivalence between literacy and liberation that underwrites slave narratives, as much as it challenges the conventions of sentimentalism that Incidents nevertheless deploys. It eventually makes the claim that, by willing pain as a paradoxical source of agency, Jacobs’s narrative reveals how pain is integral both to the reappropriation of embodied selfhood and to the familial and social bonds she strives to recover after her flight from enslavement.
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Krohn, Raymond James. « Antislavery Elevated ». Dans Abolitionist Twilights, 45–71. Fordham University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9781531505592.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on William Wells Brown’s 1873 intercontinental Black history, The Rising Son; or, the Antecedents and Advancement of the Colored Race, as well as his 1880 personal and regional history, My Southern Home: or, the South and Its Peoples. Prepared amidst Radical Reconstruction’s climax and demise, both books document how a formerly enslaved Brown, who liberated himself from Missouri servitude in 1834, deployed distant and recent pasts on behalf of an ongoing freedom struggle. For the pioneering African American public intellectual, who legally secured his liberty in 1854, abolitionism revolved about two paramount “E’s”—the emancipation of the enslaved and the elevation of people of color. The birth of millions of freedpeople due to the Civil War’s destructiveness thus enabled him to enlarge and nationalize a transcendent racial uplift campaign, one that had originally accompanied the emergence of the first all-free Black populations in the United States as bondage gradually ended across the North during the late eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. This chapter, then, spotlights the ways in which a veteran abolitionist attempted to realize unfinished activism as a middle-class moralist and conduct writer, whose code bourgeois and betterment evangel always combated racism.
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Ross, Kelly. « Fugitive Slave Narratives as a Literature of Sousveillance ». Dans Slavery, Surveillance, and Genre in Antebellum United States Literature, 19–48. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856272.003.0002.
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Abstract The 1820s and 1830s were a transformational period during which US abolition activists demanded immediate emancipation and developed national institutions. This chapter argues that the turn in the 1820s from religious to legalistic antislavery discourse prompted ex-slave narrators and their editors in the 1820s and 1830s to test out different ways to frame their narratives. Slave narratives from these decades increasingly detailed the mechanisms of surveillance within the slave system, as well as the varied and creative ways enslaved people resisted this pervasive surveillance. Narratives from these decades positioned the ex-slave narrator as a spy before the familiar “slave as eyewitness” trope became conventional. When we read slave narratives through this surveillant lens, we can perceive their emphasis on crime and punishment, evidence, and revelation of secrets: the same concerns that would become central to detective fiction a decade later.
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Wiggins, Benjamin. « Introduction ». Dans Calculating Race, 1–7. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197504000.003.0001.
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The introduction of Calculating Race positions the process of racial formation in the context of the risk society. The relationship between race and risk stretches back to the transatlantic slave trade, an era in which enslaved Africans were insured during their voyage across the Middle Passage. Calculating Race begins with a striking account of an uprising on the ship Thames, preserved as a historical record of how the nascent insurance trade of the early modern period viewed enslaved persons as both at risk and a risk. By insuring enslaved persons against the risk of mortality and insuring the ships that carried them against insurrection, maritime slave insurance established a complex relationship between enslaved Africans and risk even before they came to the Americas. This introduction sets the stage for this relationship and previews the intersection of risk and race in the United States over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Colby, Robert K. D. « Introduction ». Dans An Unholy Traffic, 1–16. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578261.003.0001.
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Abstract The introduction sets the scene for the book by examining Robert Lumpkin’s efforts to extract up to fifty enslaved people from Richmond just before the city’s fall in April 1865. It then sketches the history of the domestic slave trade in the United States and the ways in which historians have depicted that traffic. Historians have not, however, devoted much attention to the wartime traffic in the enslaved. This trade survived because it allowed Confederates to invest and speculate in the enslaved, to mitigate the crises of the war and to keep emancipation at bay. The threat of sale, meanwhile, shaped enslaved people’s pursuit of freedom. The wartime slave trade also strongly influenced the terms on which people entered into liberty after the conflict. The history of the domestic slave trade and its wartime survival thus intersects with key themes in Civil War scholarship.
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Sell, Zach. « The Toil of Man ». Dans Trouble of the World, 167–91. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661346.003.0010.
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This chapter examines mid-nineteenth century projects to colonize British Honduras. In the midst of Black emancipation in the United States, British colonial officials sought the settlement of formerly enslaved people from the United States to colonize the country. When freedpeople refused to relocate to the colony, colonial officials turned toward Chinese indentured labor. Following their resistance, British colonial officials sought to encourage the settlement of by U.S. confederates and slaveholders. These confederates were seen as crucial not only for the management of plantation estates and indentured labor but also to secure the colony against the Santa Cruz Maya.
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Taylor, Amy Murrell. « Keeping Faith ». Dans Embattled Freedom, 179–208. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643625.003.0009.
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This chapter follows Burdett, and many other enslaved people from Kentucky, into Camp Nelson, a Union supply depot that became a recruiting post for the United States Colored Troops. It emphasizes the constraints faced by those entering the camp in 1863 and 1864, especially due to its location in the Union slaveholding state of Kentucky, which was exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation. Union officials proved more determined to limit the progress of emancipation in this state than in any other exempted region, leading to impressments of men and expulsions of women and children. But Gabriel Burdett still found a free space in which to begin preaching, and over time, with the assistance of missionaries like John Fee, he worked to establish a new school and an independent church at Camp Nelson. By 1865 the camp had become a place to seize and experience the religious freedom that enslaved people like Burdett had long imagined.
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Saba, Roberto. « Introduction ». Dans American Mirror, 1–14. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691190747.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of how the United States and Brazil, the two major independent slave societies in the Western world, were the main beneficiaries of the expansion of slavery. Slavery fueled the economies of both countries, producing valuable agricultural commodities for the global market. Its efficiency and profitability notwithstanding, slavery eventually collapsed in these two countries. The United States, shaken by a bloody separatist war and the mass flight of enslaved people from Southern plantations, led the way in the mid-1860s. Brazil, agitated by a mass abolitionist movement that included free and enslaved people, followed suit in the late 1880s. As slavery unraveled in the western hemisphere, Americans and Brazilians came together to stimulate and direct this transformation. This book traces how a cosmopolitan group of antislavery reformers connected these two emancipation processes to boost capitalist development in both countries. It argues that modern capitalism emerged not from the remaking of slavery in the nineteenth century but from its unmaking. Between the 1850s and the 1880s, American and Brazilian antislavery reformers succeeded in creating economic systems that surpassed anything that slave societies had ever created.
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Lang, Andrew F. « Endings ». Dans A Contest of Civilizations, 282–320. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660073.003.0008.
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The final chapter of Part II explores the nature of Confederate surrender. While Union political and military leaders insisted that Confederates unconditionally end the rebellion, dismantle their government, dissolve their armies, and consent to emancipation, the Union also maintained policies in accordance with Lincoln’s pledge in his Second Inaugural Address of “malice toward none.” This chapter thus probes a controversial question about the end of the American Civil War: should the United States have extended far greater punishment to Confederates to avoid the forthcoming horrific white southern counterrevolution against Reconstruction? While some did, many loyal citizens believed that excessive retribution violated the purpose of waging a war for Union, emancipation, and the preservation of self-government. With the slaveholding class destroyed and seemingly no longer a threat to national accord, future rebellions against federal authority seemed unlikely. Former Confederates realigning in the nation alongside formerly enslaved people, according to myriad white loyal citizens, contrasted the Union’s peaceful, moral restraint to a world governed by state-sponsored reprisals.