Bibliographies thématiques / Energetic evaluation

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Energetic evaluation »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Energetic evaluation"

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Čulková, Katarína, et Marcela Taušová. « RISK EVALUATION IN ENERGETIC INDUSTRY ». Acta Tecnología 5, no 2 (30 juin 2019) : 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/atec.v5i2.54.

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Encinar, J. M., J. F. González, G. Martínez et S. Román. « Jerusalem artichoke pyrolysis : Energetic evaluation ». Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 85, no 1-2 (mai 2009) : 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.11.023.

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Burg, Patrik, David Ludín, Kazimierz Rutkowski, Anna Krakowiak-Bal, Petr Trávníček, Pavel Zemánek, Jan Turan et Vladimir Višacki. « Calorific evaluation and energy potential of grape pomace ». International Agrophysics 30, no 2 (1 avril 2016) : 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2015-0082.

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AbstractThis article deals with energetic evaluation and potential of pomace – a waste product originating during production of grape wine. Calorimetric analysis of 19 grapevine varieties was performed in 2013 and 2014. The aim was to specify their combustible limit and the gross calorific value. The evaluations were performed on pristine pomace, pomace without seeds, and only on seeds themselves. The results obtained imply that pomace is an interesting energetic resource with a gross calorific value of 16.07-18.97 MJ kg−1. Lower calorific values were detected in pomace after seed separationie14.60-17.75 MJ kg−1; on the contrary, seeds alone had the highest calorific values of 19.78-21.13 MJ kg−1. It can be assumed from the results of energetic evaluation of pomace in Czech Republic conditions that, by purposeful and efficient usage of pomace, 6.4 GWh of electric energy and 28 GWh of thermal energy can be generated.
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Meza-García, Enrique, Anja Rautenstrauch, Michael Bräunig, Verena Kräusel et Dirk Landgrebe. « Energetic evaluation of press hardening processes ». Procedia Manufacturing 33 (2019) : 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.04.045.

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Flachowsky, G., et M. Kirchgessner. « The energetic feed evaluation in Germany ». Archiv für Tierernaehrung 51, no 2-3 (mai 1998) : 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450399809381912.

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Neruda, M., et M. Farský. « Bio-mass for energetic : Chance or regression ? » Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 11 (1 mars 2012) : 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5360-agricecon.

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Authors summarise historical aspects of the renewable energy resources usage in the Czech countries, mainly of bio-mass. They are interested in the economic evaluation of the investment efficiency of usage or transformation of bio-mass. They supply facts of the approaching fossil fuels reserves exhausting and therefore an interest of growing trees and plants for energy usage. They indicate the possible utilisation of fallow land and of reclaimed land after the surface lignite mining for the purpose.
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Morais, Jorge E., Nuno D. Garrido, Mário C. Marques, António J. Silva, Daniel A. Marinho et Tiago M. Barbosa. « The Influence of Anthropometric, Kinematic and Energetic Variables and Gender on Swimming Performance in Youth Athletes ». Journal of Human Kinetics 39, no 1 (1 décembre 2013) : 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0083.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the: (i) gender; (ii) performance and; (iii) gender versus performance interactions in young swimmers’ anthropometric, kinematic and energetic variables. One hundred and thirty six young swimmers (62 boys: 12.76 ± 0.72 years old at Tanner stages 1-2 by self-evaluation; and 64 girls: 11.89 ± 0.93 years old at Tanner stages 1-2 by self-evaluation) were evaluated. Performance, anthropometrics, kinematics and energetic variables were selected. There was a non-significant gender effect on performance, body mass, height, arm span, trunk transverse surface area, stroke length, speed fluctuation, swimming velocity, propulsive efficiency, stroke index and critical velocity. A significant gender effect was found for foot surface area, hand surface area and stroke frequency. A significant sports level effect was verified for all variables, except for stroke frequency, speed fluctuation and propulsive efficiency. Overall, swimmers in quartile 1 (the ones with highest sports level) had higher anthropometric dimensions, better stroke mechanics and energetics. These traits decrease consistently throughout following quartiles up to the fourth one (i.e. swimmers with the lowest sports level). There was a non-significant interaction between gender and sports level for all variables. Our main conclusions were as follows: (i) there are non-significant differences in performance, anthropometrics, kinematics and energetics between boys and girls; (ii) swimmers with best performance are taller, have higher surface areas and better stroke mechanics; (iii) there are non-significant interactions between sports level and gender for anthropometrics, kinematics and energetics.
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Sewastianik, Sara, et Andrzej Gajewski. « Energetic and Ecologic Heat Pumps Evaluation in Poland ». Energies 13, no 18 (22 septembre 2020) : 4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184980.

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The purpose of the work is a comparison of indirect carbon dioxide emissions between the different heat pump types that operate in Polish climate conditions. The analysis embraces air-to-water heat pump, ground-to-water heat pump, water-to-water heat pump and water-to-water heat pump with separating heat exchanger in the selected towns one in each climatic zone in the country. The study starts from determining seasonal coefficient of performance in each location using heating degree days to estimate seasonal heat demand. Seasonal coefficient of performance values enable an assessment which kind of heat pump meets the European Union requirements in every location. Eventually, indirect CO2 emissions that is caused by electrical energy production, are estimated for every heat pump in each location. Ground-to-water heat pump and water-to-water heat pump satisfy these requirements in each climatic zone in Poland. Air-to-water heat pump would be an energetic and ecological viable on a condition that substantial changes were done in Polish electrical energy mix.
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Damse, R. S., et Amarjit Singh. « Evaluation of Energetic Plasticisers for Solid Gun Propellant ». Defence Science Journal 58, no 1 (21 janvier 2008) : 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.58.1627.

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Veenhuizen, Y., E. Cup, T. Satink, J. Groothuis, B. van Engelen, M. Nijhuis-van der Sanden et A. Guerts. « Implementation and process evaluation of the energetic study ». Neuromuscular Disorders 26 (octobre 2016) : S147—S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.225.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Energetic evaluation"

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Rosyid, Oo Abdul. « System analytic safety evaluation of the hydrogen cycle for energetic utilization ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980572371.

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Thunyiswa, Nomahlubi Nomahlubi. « Evaluation of velocity interferometry for high energetic materials using a VISAR ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77888.

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In this study, a cylinder expansion test was performed using a square prism OFHC copper with a cylindrical extrusion filled with Comp B explosive charge. A Valyn VISAR was used as a measuring tool to record the expansion history of the cylinder by Doppler shift of the light reflected off its surface, which subsequently was used to obtain the velocity history of the square prism cylinder. Quadrature fringe signals obtained from the square prism cylinder test were analysed using the results still showing some traces of fringe jumps. Whereas the hands-on calculations were more precise in correcting the jumps. This introduced some shifts in the velocity results VISAR Push-Pull reduction software and hands-on calculations. The outcome of the two velocity graphs (reduction software and manual) did not correspond. This might be due to the software velocity which caused the variation in the two velocity results. Overall, both software and manual methods resulted in velocity values that were difficult to draw conclusions from. In an attempt to further understand the test results, the displacement curve were also reduced from the velocity graphs. Although the trend of the displacement graph obtained from the reduction software is comparable to the displacement graph published in literature for the same test, the magnitudes of the values are still difficult to explain. The cylinder design used in this study was tested for the first time and numerous challenges rose up during setup and execution and are discussed. It is important for another test to be conducted with an improved setup in order to achieve a reliable interpretation of the cylinder test results.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Physics
MSc
Unrestricted
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Zhu, Jin-Qian. « Evaluation of the energetic contribution from gut fermentation in growing pigs ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU016517.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth supporting value of DE derived from gut fermentation in growing pigs. Unmolassed sugar beet pulp (SBP) was selected as a model material for fermentation. For a reference material which would be digested in the small intestine by the endogenous enzymes, maize starch (MS) was selected. A cereal-based control diet was formulated to fulfil the needs of pigs for all essential nutrients apart from energy. To this control diet, either SBP (150 & 300 g/kg) or MS (100 & 200 g/kg) were added. The study consisted of two phases. The first phase (digestion trial and growth trial) was devoted to studying the digestion of these diets and to comparing the effects on growth of pigs of the two DE sources (SBP and MS). The second phase was to determine the production of VFA resulting from the fermentation of SBP. Methods used included stoichiometric calculations based on measurements of the molar proportions of VFA combined with CH4 production, and a direct assessment of the true fermented materials using antibiotics to suppress fermentation. The results of the first phase showed that the energy in SBP and MS had an apparent digestibility of 0.74 and 0.98. The DE from SBP was used for supporting carcass gain with an efficiency of 0.57 of the DE from MS. The results of the second phase indicated that measurements of methane production alone or even with inclusion of free hydrogen could underestimate the extent of fermentation in the gut of pigs. The results also suggest that with the cereal-based control diet, fermentation could supply up to 13.6% of the dietary DE in the form of VFA or 18.0% in the form of fermented energy. For this control diet incorporating 30% SBP, the respective values were 25.4% and 33.4%. The absorbed VFA resulting from the fermentation of SBP had a growth supporting value of 0.763 of that of absorbed glucose from MS.
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Ehtiwesh, Ismael Alagili Sassi. « Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental evaluation of concentrated solar power plants in Libya ». Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15882.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica
The PhD project addresses the potential of using concentrating solar power (CSP) plants as a viable alternative energy producing system in Libya. Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental analyses are carried out for a particular type of CSP plants. The study, although it aims a particular type of CSP plant – 50 MW parabolic trough-CSP plant, it is sufficiently general to be applied to other configurations. The novelty of the study, in addition to modeling and analyzing the selected configuration, lies in the use of a state-of-the-art exergetic analysis combined with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The modeling and simulation of the plant is carried out in chapter three and they are conducted into two parts, namely: power cycle and solar field. The computer model developed for the analysis of the plant is based on algebraic equations describing the power cycle and the solar field. The model was solved using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software; and is designed to define the properties at each state point of the plant and then, sequentially, to determine energy, efficiency and irreversibility for each component. The developed model has the potential of using in the preliminary design of CSPs and, in particular, for the configuration of the solar field based on existing commercial plants. Moreover, it has the ability of analyzing the energetic, economic and environmental feasibility of using CSPs in different regions of the world, which is illustrated for the Libyan region in this study. The overall feasibility scenario is completed through an hourly analysis on an annual basis in chapter Four. This analysis allows the comparison of different systems and, eventually, a particular selection, and it includes both the economic and energetic components using the “greenius” software. The analysis also examined the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The main technological finding of this analysis is higher performance and lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for Libya as compared to Southern Europe (Spain). Therefore, Libya has the potential of becoming attractive for the establishment of CSPs in its territory and, in this way, to facilitate the target of several European initiatives that aim to import electricity generated by renewable sources from North African and Middle East countries. The analysis is presented a brief review of the current cost of energy and the potential of reducing the cost from parabolic trough- CSP plant. Exergetic and environmental life cycle assessment analyses are conducted for the selected plant in chapter Five; the objectives are 1) to assess the environmental impact and cost, in terms of exergy of the life cycle of the plant; 2) to find out the points of weakness in terms of irreversibility of the process; and 3) to verify whether solar power plants can reduce environmental impact and the cost of electricity generation by comparing them with fossil fuel plants, in particular, Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) plant and oil thermal power plant. The analysis also targets a thermoeconomic analysis using the specific exergy costing (SPECO) method to evaluate the level of the cost caused by exergy destruction. The main technological findings are that the most important contribution impact lies with the solar field, which reports a value of 79%; and the materials with the vi highest impact are: steel (47%), molten salt (25%) and synthetic oil (21%). The “Human Health” damage category presents the highest impact (69%) followed by the “Resource” damage category (24%). In addition, the highest exergy demand is linked to the steel (47%); and there is a considerable exergetic demand related to the molten salt and synthetic oil with values of 25% and 19%, respectively. Finally, in the comparison with fossil fuel power plants (NGCC and Oil), the CSP plant presents the lowest environmental impact, while the worst environmental performance is reported to the oil power plant followed by NGCC plant. The solar field presents the largest value of cost rate, where the boiler is a component with the highest cost rate among the power cycle components. The thermal storage allows the CSP plants to overcome solar irradiation transients, to respond to electricity demand independent of weather conditions, and to extend electricity production beyond the availability of daylight. Numerical analysis of the thermal transient response of a thermocline storage tank is carried out for the charging phase. The system of equations describing the numerical model is solved by using time-implicit and space-backward finite differences and which encoded within the Matlab environment. The analysis presented the following findings: the predictions agree well with the experiments for the time evolution of the thermocline region, particularly for the regions away from the top-inlet. The deviations observed in the near-region of the inlet are most likely due to the high-level of turbulence in this region due to the localized level of mixing resulting; a simple analytical model to take into consideration this increased turbulence level was developed and it leads to some improvement of the predictions; this approach requires practically no additional computational effort and it relates the effective thermal diffusivity to the mean effective velocity of the fluid at each particular height of the system. Altogether the study indicates that the selected parabolic trough-CSP plant has the edge over alternative competing technologies for locations where DNI is high and where land usage is not an issue, such as the shoreline of Libya.
O projeto de Doutoramento aborda o potencial de usar centrais de energia solar concentrada (CSP) como um sistema de produção de energia alternativa disponível na Líbia. Uma análise nas vertentes exergética, energética, económica e ambiental foi realizada para um tipo particular destas centrais – um sistema de 50 MW com receção parabólica, porém ela é suficientemente geral para ser aplicada a outras configurações. A originalidade do estudo, para além da modelação e análise da configuração selecionada encontra-se na utilização do estado da arte em termos da análise exergética combinada com a avaliação do ciclo de vida (LCA). A modelação e simulação da central CSP selecionada são efetuadas no terceiro capítulo tendo em consideração as duas componentes: ciclo de potência e campo de coletores solar. O modelo computacional para a análise do sistema foi desenvolvido com base em equações algébricas que descrevem o sistema, e que são resolvidas usando o software EES. Deste modo, são definidas as propriedades em cada ponto de interesse para os diferentes elementos do sistema, o que assim permite determinar as energias, eficiências e irreversibilidades desses elementos. O modelo desenvolvido tem o potencial de se tornar uma ferramenta de grande utilidade para o projeto preliminar de engenharia de centrais CSP, e também para a avaliação da eventual reconfiguração de centrais elétricas solares comerciais em operação. Além disso, o modelo pode ser utilizado no estudo de viabilidade da operação de centrais CSP, através da análise energética, económica e ambiental, para regiões diferentes da que foi escolhida no presente estudo -Trípoli (Líbia). O cenário total da viabilidade da operação da central CSP é completado através da análise horária com base anual apresentada no quarto capítulo. Esta análise permite a comparação de diferentes sistemas e, eventualmente permite fazer a seleção com base nas componentes económicas e energéticas, que são determinadas dentro do contexto do software greenius. A análise também toma em conta o impacto de financiamento e incentivos dados aos projetos no custo da produção de energia. O principal resultado desta análise é a verificação que o desempenho é mais elevado, com o consequente menor custo nivelado da eletricidade, para a Líbia em comparação com o Sul da Europa (Espanha). Assim a Líbia tem o potencial de se tornar um candidato atrativo para o estabelecimento de centrais CSP com o objetivo, como foi considerado em várias iniciativas europeias, de exportar eletricidade gerada através de fontes de energia renováveis de países do Norte de África e Médio Oriente para a Europa. A análise apresenta uma breve revisão do custo corrente da eletricidade e o potencial para reduzir o custo da energia a partir da tecnologia de receção parabólica de centrais CSP. A avaliação do ciclo de vida com base exergética (ELCA) e a avaliação do ciclo de vida convencional são realizadas para a centrais CSP específicas no quinto capítulo. Os objetivos são 1) avaliar o impacto ambiental e custo, em termos de do ciclo iv de vida exergético do sistema; 2) identificar pontos fracos em termos da irreversibilidade dos processos; e 3) verificar se as centrais CSP podem reduzir o impacto ambiental e o custo de geração de eletricidade em comparação com centrais que consomem combustível fóssil. O capítulo ainda apresenta uma análise termoeconómica com base na metodologia do custo específico da exergia (SPECO), que avalia o custo relacionado com a destruição de exergia. A análise verificou que o impacto mais importante é a contribuição apresentada pelo campo solar (79%), e os materiais com maior impacto são: aço (47%), sal fundido (25%) e óleo sintético (21%). A análise ELCA mostra que a maior demanda de exergia é devida ao aço (47%); a análise existe uma considerável demanda de exergia relacionada com o sal fundido e ainda o óleo sintético. Em comparação com as centrais que consomem combustível fóssil (NGCC e óleo) a central sistema CSP apresenta menor impacto ambiental, enquanto o pior desempenho ambiental é o da central com queima de óleo seguida pela central a gás natural (NGCC). Na central CSP, o campo solar apresenta o custo mais elevado, enquanto o gerador de vapor, entre os componentes do ciclo de potência, apresenta o maior custo. O armazenamento de energia térmica permite que as centrais CSP superem a intermitência de radiação solar para responder à procura de energia elétrica independentemente das condições climáticas, e também possam estender a produção de eletricidade para além da disponibilidade da radiação solar diária. A análise numérica do transiente térmico de um sistema de armazenamento de gradiente térmico é realizada durante a fase de carregamento. O sistema de equações que descreve o modelo numérico é resolvido através da utilização de diferenças finitas implícitas no tempo usando o software Matlab. Os resultados da análise indicam que as previsões estão em boa concordância com os dados experimentais para a evolução no tempo da região de gradiente térmico, em particular para regiões mais afastadas da entrada. Nesta região os desvios observados são provavelmente causados pelo alto nível de turbulência devido à penetração do jato no seio do tanque de armazenamento. O modelo analítico simples para simular a turbulência que foi desenvolvido melhora os resultados. Esta abordagem não requer esforço computacional adicional e determina a difusidade térmica efetiva ao longo do tanque.
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Castrillon, Posada Juliana. « Development of Non-lethal Methods for the Evaluation of Energetic Reserves in Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) ». Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386540.

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Cetaceans have been suggested as ideal ocean sentinels for the evaluation of ecosystem health because they are long-lived, higher trophic foragers, often with high site-fidelity. The body condition of cetaceans provides an integrated picture of foraging success and energy expenditure and thus represents an effective ‘sentinel parameter’ for ecosystem monitoring. In addition, the body condition of an individual can serve as a predictor of reproductive success and offspring survival. The ability to monitor the body condition of cetaceans is therefore of direct relevance for conservation biology. Despite the value of this parameter, there is currently a lack of reliable, standardized, non-lethal methodologies for its evaluation across species and age-categories. The introduction chapter describes the natural history of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the context of its Antarctic ecosystem and its energetic requirements. It sets out that the species is among the most vulnerable in a changing environment due to it being a specialised feeder depending on Antarctic krill. Krill is the keystone of the Antarctic ecosystem and is presently facing numerous threats. Humpback whales are capital breeders that spend summers feeding in high latitude feeding grounds, building up their energy reserves reflected in their body condition. During winter they migrate to tropical waters to reproduce, a journey that is fuelled by the energy stores previously accumulated. The seasonal dynamics of intensive feeding and lipid deposition, followed by high energy activities that are accompanied by fasting and lipid mobilisation, render the species ideal for the study of possible biomarkers of fluctuating energy stores. This thesis focuses on the evaluation of fluctuating adiposity of southern hemisphere humpback whales. The second chapter presents a critical review of the available approaches of assessing cetacean body condition. Currently the methodologies can be divided into four groups, namely: Blubber Measures, Body Composition, Body Morphometry, and Biochemical and Chemical Biomarkers. The last category is dedicated mainly to new developments and explores the emerging methodologies. This chapter describes and analyzes their applications as well as their respective strengths and weaknesses. The chapter concludes by advocating research priorities that fill the critical technical research needs for a reliable, non-lethal and standardized methodology that is applicable across species and age-categories and for large numbers of individuals. In response to the research need identified in chapter two, chapter three investigates adipocyte metrics as a potential biomarker of adiposity in humpback whales. Blubber is composed of adipocytes, which are filled with lipids according to the individual energy reserves. This means that a change in total energy reserve impacts the volume of individual adipocytes. Two adipocyte metrics were assessed histologically: the two-dimensional adipocytes area and the relative proportion of adipocyte space in the blubber tissue which is termed the adipocyte index. Both adipocyte metrics exceed the sensitivity of the most widely used proxy for energetic reserves, blubber lipid percentage, thus validating the implementation of adipocyte area and the adipocyte index as energetic reserve biomarkers. This published work therefore advocates the inclusion of these measures, obtained from superficial blubber biopsies, in long-term monitoring programs as a means of improving evaluation of fluctuating energy reserves. Following the molecular techniques’ potential to assessing body condition identified in the second chapter, chapter four explores the RNA extraction from humpback whale blubber for downstream applications. Good quality RNA is a prerequisite for successful downstream applications, however its extraction can be difficult, especially if the starting material is high in lipids. This chapter describes the strategic approach taken for method optimization and the difficulties encountered. The fifth chapter provides a theoretical basis for the use of blubber proteins “adipokines” as biomarkers of adiposity. The main physiological role of blubber is energy storage; however, the tissue is highly integrated into the overall physiological and metabolic control systems of mammals. This mechanism is carried out through the secretion of proteins, synthesized in the adipose tissue and actively involved in the lipid dynamics, with a profound effect on food intake and energy expenditure in model species. The different concentrations of these proteins, such as leptin and adiponectin inform the hypothalamus of the amount of energy stored. However, very little is known about the operation of adipokines in animals that experience extreme fluctuations in their energy reserves while at the same time using adipose tissue as insulation as cetaceans do. This chapter explores the possibility that the gene expression profile of selected adipokines may provide insight into the fluctuating energetic health of cetaceans. This chapter also outlines trialled approaches and advocates future priorities. The key findings and implications of this work are discussed in the concluding chapter. In summary, this study makes clear the importance of the energy reserves measurement and its ecological scope. It identifies the priorities for the improvement and standardization of the current methodologies and highlights the importance of new developments, pointing towards possible areas for further development. It proposes a simple and easily applicable methodology that improves precision and accuracy of the current method. In addition, it proposes advances in the optimization of the extraction of good quality RNA from blubber for downstream application. Finally, it explores the gene profile of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin, leaving the theoretical bases and some progress in the study of adipokines gene expression from humpback whale blubber.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Oexmann, Jochen [Verfasser]. « Post-combustion CO2 capture : energetic evaluation of chemical absorption processes in coal-fired steam power plants / Jochen Oexmann ». Hamburg : Universitätsbibliothek der TU Hamburg-Harburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1012653196/34.

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Ferrer, i. Martí Ivet. « Study of the effect of process parameters on the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, evaluation of a thermal sludge pre-treatment and overall energetic assessment ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5323.

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El consum energètic representa un 30 % dels costos d'operació en sistemes intensius de tractament d'aigües residuals urbanes. En depuradores convencionals que utilitzin un sistema de fangs activats, entorn al 15-20 % de l'energia és consumida en la línia dels fangs, que inclou el bombeig, l'espessiment, l'estabilització i la deshidratació. Per tant, la optimització de la gestió dels fangs pot contribuir substancialment en la reducció dels costos de tractament d'aigües residuals. La digestió anaeròbia termofílica és més eficient que la mesofílica i pscicrofílica, en termes de producció de biogàs i metà, eliminació de sòlids volàtils (SV) i destrucció de patògens. El procés es pot accelerar mitjançant el pre¬tractament dels fangs, afavorint la seva solubilització i hidròlisi.
L'objecte d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral fou estudiar l'impacte dels paràmetres del procés en la digestió anaeròbia termofílica dels fangs de depuradora urbana, avaluar l'efecte del pre-tractament tèrmic dels fangs a baixa temperatura, i valorar processos alternatius des del punt de vista energètic.
Els resultats experimentals presentats s'obtingueren mitjançant l'operació de dos reactors de laboratori durant prop de dos anys. En aquest període es va estudiar l'efecte de la temperatura del procés, del temps de retenció dels fangs (TRF), de la velocitat de càrrega orgànica (VCO) i del pre-tractament a 70 ºC en la digestió anaeròbia dels fangs de depuradora. El procés fou avaluat en termes de la producció d'energia (biogàs i metà) i de la qualitat del fang digerit (contingut de SV i d'àcids grassos volàtils (AGV), facilitat de deshidratació i higienització). S'analitzà l'estabilitat del procés a mesura que es reduïa el TRF i s'incrementava la VCO, i es comparà l'eficiència en períodes d'estabilitat corresponents a les diferents condicions operacionals. Finalment, s'avaluaren els resultats des del punt de vista energètic, mitjançant el càlcul de balanços i ratis energètics teòrics, que es compararen amb els resultats obtinguts a partir de dades experimentals d'altres estudis. També s'utilitzà un model cinètic de primer ordre. Les conclusions que es desprenen d'aquest treball es resumeixen a continuació:
Durant la digestió anaeròbia dels fangs, la transició d'un reactor mesophilic (43 ºC) a termofílic (50 ºC) es podria dur a terme sense alterar el procés, treballant a TRF elevats (≥ 30 dies) i VCO baixes (≤ 0.5 kg SV m-3reactor d-1). En aquestes condicions, les principals diferències entre reactors termofílics (50-55 ºC) i mesofílics (38-43 ºC) fan referència a una certa acumulació d'AGV (0.5-2.5 g L-1) i millora de la destrucció de patògens (E. coli ≤ 102 UFC mL-1). La digestió termofílica a 50 ºC i 55 ºC dóna lloc a resultats similars pel que fa a la producció de biogàs, estabilització, higienització i facilitat de deshidratació de l'efluent, si no varien els altres paràmetres operacionals.
La producció de metà tendeix a incrementar proporcionalment a la VCO, és a dir al TRF i el contingut de SV als fangs alimentats. Així mateix, la qualitat de l'efluent (contingut de SV i AGV, facilitat de deshidratació dels fangs) també depèn de la VCO. D'acord amb els resultats obtinguts a 55 ºC, la producció de metà s'incrementà 2-3 vegades (de 0.2 a 0.4-0.6 m3CH4 m3reactor d-1) en disminuir el TRF de 30 a 15-10 dies, incrementant la VCO de 0.5 a 2.5-3.5 kg SV m3reactor d-1. En canvi, el procés es desestabilitzà amb la reducció del TRF a 6 dies i VCO per sobre de 5 kg SV m3reactor d-1. Les següents concentracions poden ser útils per detectar i prevenir la desestabilització d'un digestor termofílic de fangs: AGV totals
(2.5 g L-1), acetat (0.5 g L-1), rati acetat/propionat (0.5), alcalinitat intermèdia (1.8 g CaCO3 L-1), rati alcalinitat intermèdia/alcalinitat parcial (0.9), rati alcalinitat intermèdia/alcalinitat total (0.5), contingut de metà al biogàs (55 %).
El pre-tractament a 70 ºC afavoreix la solubilització dels fangs, incrementant la proporció de matèria orgànica soluble respecte la matèria orgànica total del 5 % al 50 % en 9-24 h; seguit d'una progressiva generació d'AGV després de 24h. Durant la subseqüent digestió anaeròbia de fangs pre¬tractats (9-48 h), s'incremetà la producció de biogàs en un 30-40 %, treballant a 55 ºC i 10 dies de TRF. El rendiment de producció de biogàs fou un 30 % superior amb fangs pre-tractats (0.28-0.30 vs. 0.22 L·gVS¬1) i el contingut de metà al biogàs també fou superior (69 % vs. 64 %).
La digestió anaeròbia termofílica de fangs pot donar lloc a una producció neta d'energia, durant estacions fredes i càlides, si s'utilitzen reactors amb aïllament tèrmic de les parets i amb recuperació energètica a partir del biogàs i dels fangs digerits. En aquest cas, l'eficiència energètica de reactors termofílics treballant a la meitat de TRF (10-15 dies) que reactors mesofílics (20-30 dies) seria similar, per la qual cosa el cabal diari podria ser doblat, o el volum del reactor reduït, amb el conseqüent estalvi en el cost de tractament dels fangs. A més, un sistema en dues etapes (70/55 ºC) produiria més energia neta que un sistema en una sola etapa (55 ºC) amb un TRF de 10 dies. De totes maneres, la quantitat d'energia neta generada augmenta amb el volum del digestor donat que, malgrat la disminució en la producció de metà a TRF creixents, la producció d'energia segueix essent superior al consum, i per tant com més quantitat de fangs hi hagi al digestor, més energia es produirà.
Energy consumption accounts for some 30 % of the total operating costs of intensive sewage treatment systems. In conventional wastewater treatment plants employing an activated sludge process, around 15-20 % of this energy is used in the sludge treatment line, including sludge pumping, thickening, stabilisation and dewatering. Therefore, optimisation of sludge management can substantially contribute in the reduction of wastewater treatment costs. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion is more efficient than mesophilic anaerobic digestion, in terms of biogas production, volatile solids (VS) removal and pathogens destruction. The process might be further accelerated by sludge pre-treatment, promoting sludge solubilization and hydrolysis.
The aim of this PhD Thesis was to study the impact of process parameters on the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, to evaluate the effect of implementing a low temperature pre¬treatment step, and to assess alternative processes from an energy perspective.
The experimental results presented were obtained by operating two lab-scale reactors for almost two years. During this period, the effect of process temperature, sludge retention time (SRT), organic loading rate (OLR) and 70 ºC sludge pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was studied. The process was evaluated in terms of energy production (i.e. biogas and methane production) and the quality of the effluent sludge (i.e. VS and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content, sludge dewaterability and hygienisation). Focus was put on the stability of the process at decreasing SRT and increasing OLR. Process efficiency during stable performance under each operating condition assayed was compared. Finally, the results were assessed from an energy perspective, by means of theoretical energy balances and ratios; and compared to the results obtained with experimental data from other studies. A first order kinetic model was also used. The conclusions drawn from the different issues dealt in this work are summarised as follows:
During anaerobic sludge digestion, the transition from a mesophilic (43 ºC) to a thermophilic operation (50 ºC) may be carried out without disturbing the process, by operating the reactors at high SRT ( ≥ 30 days) and low OLR (≤ 0.5 kg VS m-3reactor d-1). Under such conditions, some VFA accumulation (0.5-2.5 g L-1) and enhanced pathogen destruction (residual E. coli ≤ 102 CFU mL-1) would be the main differences of thermophilic (50-55 ºC) compared to mesophilic (38-43 ºC) reactors. Thermophilic sludge digestion at 50 ºC and 55 ºC should be similar in terms of biogas production and effluent stabilisation, hygienisation and dewaterability; provided that other process parameters are the same.
Methane production rate tends to increase proportionally to the OLR, thus to the SRT and VS concentration in the feed sludge. Similarly, the quality of the effluent sludge (VS content, VFA content and sludge dewaterability) is also affected by the OLR. According to the results obtained at 55 ºC, methane production rate increased by 2-3 times (from 0.2 to 0.4-0.6 m3CH4 m3reactor d-1) by decreasing the SRT from 30 to 15-10 days; increasing the OLR from 0.5 to 2.5-3.5 kg VS m3reactor d-1. However, process unbalance resulted from SRT reduction to 6 days, with OLR above 5 kg VS m3reactor d-1. The following concentrations might be useful to detect and prevent digester failure during thermophilic sludge digestion: total VFA (2.5 g L-1), acetate (0.5 g L-1), acetate/propionate ratio (0.5), intermediate alkalinity (1.8 g CaCO3 L-1), intermediate alkalinity/partial alkalinity ratio (0.9), intermediate alkalinity/total alkalinity ratio (0.5), methane content in biogas (55 %).
The 70 ºC sludge pre-treatment may initially promote sludge solubilization, increasing the concentration of soluble to total organic matter from 5 to 50 % within 9-24 h; which is followed by a progressive VFA generation after 24 h. Subsequent anaerobic digestion of pre-treated sludge samples (9¬48 h) could increase biogas production by 30-40 % working at 55 ºC with a SRT of 10 days. Biogas yield is some 30 % higher with pre-treated sludge (0.28-0.30 vs. 0.22 L·gVSfed-1) and methane content in biogas is also higher with pre-treated sludge (69 vs. 64 %).
Thermophilic anaerobic sludge digestion would result in net energy production, during cold and warm seasons, provided that digesters with wall insulation and with energy recovery from both the biogas produced and the effluent sludge are used. In this case, the energetic efficiency would be similar for thermophilic digesters working at half the SRT (10-15 days) of mesophilic digesters (20-30 days), meaning that the sludge daily flow rate could be doubled, or the reactor volume reduced, with subsequent savings in terms of sludge treatment costs. Furthermore, two-stage systems (70/55 ºC) may result in higher net energy production compared to single-stage systems (55 ºC) at 10 days SRT. However, the amount of surplus energy generated increases with digester volume. In spite of the decrease in methane production rate at increasing SRT, energy production is still higher than energy consumption, and therefore the bigger the amount of sludge in the digester, the higher the energy production.
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Garacci, Marion. « Evaluation de la réponse cellulaire et moléculaire d'une diatomée benthique d'eau douce à l'exposition à des nanoparticules carbonées ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30250/document.

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Différentes approches ont été utilisées pour évaluer les effets de deux formes de nanoparticules de carbone (NPC), nanotubes et graphène, afin de comprendre les mécanismes de la réponse générée par la diatomée benthique d'eau douce Nitzschia palea. Les effets à l'échelle de la communauté ont démontré un impact temporaire sur la croissance du biofilm et une accumulation des NPC dans la matrice extracellulaire. L'application d'une étude transcriptomique a mis en évidence l'importance de l'interaction physique, à l'origine d'altération du frustule, dans la mise en place de cette réponse extracellulaire se traduisant par une surproduction des substances exo-polymériques (EPS). Cette approche a également révélé l'impact des NPC sur l'activité photosynthétique des diatomées et une modification du métabolisme énergétique, suggérant une allocation énergétique en faveur de la production d'EPS. L'étude du protéome extracellulaire a permis d'avoir un premier aperçu de la composition de la matrice extracellulaire, principalement constituée de protéines à caractère hydrophobe. Lors de l'exposition aux NPC, les diatomées semblent produire un système adhésif complexe permettant de renforcer la matrice extracellulaire et d'augmenter la stabilité du biofilm tout en piégeant les NPC. L'exposition des diatomées face au deux formes de NPC induit une réponse présentant une forte similitude notamment pour les plus fortes concentrations testées
Different approaches were used to assess the effect of two forms of carbon-based nanoparticles (CNP) nanotubes and graphene, in order to determine the mechanism of the response generated by the benthic freshwater diatom Nitzschia palea. The effect at the cellular community scale demonstrated a temporary impact on biofilm growth and an accumulation of NPC in the extracellular matrix. The use of transcriptomic study evidenced the role of the physic interaction, causing alteration of the frustule, in the extracellular response leading to an overexcretion of exopolymeric substances (EPS). This approach also revealed the impact of NPC on the photosynthetic activity of diatoms and a modification of the energetic metabolism suggesting an energetic allocation for the EPS production. The study of the extracellular proteome allowed to have a first insight of the extracellular matrix composition, in majority composed of hydrophobic-like proteins. In NPC exposure, diatoms seemed to produce an adhesive system allowing to strengthen the extracellular matrix and increase the biofilm stability while trapping NPC. The exposition of diatoms to the two NPC forms induce a response greatly similar for the highest tested concentration
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Šicová, Pavlína. « Energetické hodnocení krasobruslařské haly ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227857.

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The diploma thesis contains an energy audit of the figure skating hall. In the first part I focused on the analysis of the topic, fire regulations and laws relating to given theme, recent technical, theoretical and experimental solutions in practice. In the next part, I compiled the of building energy audit of building, including its mandatory annexes. In the last part, I presented the results of measurements in the evaluated object.
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Midgley, B. « Evaluation of adhesion energetics involving low surface energy films ». Thesis, University of Bradford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373227.

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Livres sur le sujet "Energetic evaluation"

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Krause, Horst H. Conversion Concepts for Commercial Applications and Disposal Technologies of Energetic Systems. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1997.

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Soluzioni innovative di risparmio energetico per edifici Nearly Zero energy : Esperienze di progettazione ambientale. Firenze : Didapress, 2018.

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Siddiqui, Omar, Roger Bedard et George Hagerman. System level design, performance and costs for San Francisco California Energetech offshore wave power plant. San Francisco, Calif : EPRI, 2004.

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Avella, F. Evaluation of Antiknock Quality of Gasolines by the Energetic Criterion. European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1991.

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Yang, Jingduan, et Daniel A. Monti. Evaluation of Human Energy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190210052.003.0009.

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This chapter describes in detail how the human energetic status is evaluated through inquiry, observation, and palpation, including unique techniques such as tongue and pulse diagnosis. Diagnostic algorithms evaluating imbalances of the human energy system help readers to apply these techniques and utilize all the theories discussed in the previous chapters to effectively formulate a diagnosis, which is the key to successful treatment. The chapter also discusses how the energetic evaluation should and can be an integral part of a medical diagnosis. It also discusses other unique observations for supporting diagnosis, such as body type, posture and movement, the smell of body fluid, and manifestations of the human spirit.
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Torres-Quezada, Jefferson Eloy. Energetic Characterization of Building Evolution : A Multi-Perspective Evaluation in the Andean Region of Ecuador. Springer International Publishing AG, 2023.

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Krishnamurti, T. N., H. S. Bedi et V. M. Hardiker. An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094732.001.0001.

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This book is an indispensable guide to the methods used by nearly all major weather forecast centers in the United States, England, Japan, India, France, and Australia. Designed for senior-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students, the book provides an introduction to global spectral modeling. It begins with an introduction to elementary finite-difference methods and moves on towards the gradual description of sophisticated dynamical and physical models in spherical coordinates. Topics include computational aspects of the spectral transform method, the planetary boundary layer physics, the physics of precipitation processes in large-scale models, the radiative transfer including effects of diagnostic clouds and diurnal cycle, the surface energy balance over land and ocean, and the treatment of mountains. The discussion of model initialization includes the treatment of normal modes and physical processes, and the concluding chapter covers the spectral energetics as a diagnostic tool for model evaluation.
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Midgley, Brian. Evaluation of adhesion energetics involving low surface energy films : Investigations of therelative importance of polar and non-polar forces in the adhesion process between low energy surface films. Bradford, 1986.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Energetic evaluation"

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Iwamiya, J. H., S. W. Sinton, J. Callahan et G. P. Drobny. « Nondestructive Evaluation of Energetic Materials Via NMR Imaging ». Dans Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 641–48. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3344-3_82.

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Hammaoui, Kelthom, M. Hamouda et Bouchra Benabdelkrim. « Evaluation of Numerical Algorithms of a Single and Two Diodes Models ». Dans Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energetic Systems, 499–510. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73192-6_53.

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Conci, Mira. « E3 model for Energetic, Economic and Environmental Lifecycle Performance Evaluation ». Dans E3 – A parametric model to evaluate trade-offs between the Energetic, Economic, and Ecological lifecycle performance of building projects, 56–80. Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27086-5_3.

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Avella, F., A. Girelli, M. Famigliett et F. Cattaneo. « Evaluation of the Antiknock Quality of Gasolines by the “Energetic Criterion” ». Dans Optimization of the Production and Utilization of Hydrocarbons, 841–66. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2256-6_47.

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Ekren, Orhan, et Serdar Çelik. « Energetic and Exergetic Performance Evaluation of an AC and a Solar Powered DC Compressor ». Dans Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 357–65. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_33.

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Nesticò, Antonio, Gianluigi De Mare, Pierfrancesco Fiore et Ornella Pipolo. « A Model for the Economic Evaluation of Energetic Requalification Projects in Buildings. A Real Case Application ». Dans Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2014, 563–78. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09129-7_41.

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Brahimi, Souad, Boudjemea Aichour et Soumia Bouzaher. « The Landscape of the City of Biskra in Front of Proposal Strategies of Wind and Solar Energy : Evaluation of the Quality of Energetic Landscape ». Dans Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions, 1535–37. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_446.

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Fernández-Alconchel, María, Juan E. Nieto-Julián, Manuel J. Carretero-Ayuso et Juan Moyano-Campos. « Methodology for the Evaluation of an Energetic Model of Thermal Transmittance in a Window by Means of Horizontal Aggregation (HA) from Short-range Photogrammetry for Model Digital Twin ». Dans Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 47–65. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1894-0_4.

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Hachem, Houda, Ramla Gueith, Fethi Aloui, Ibrahim Dincer et Sassi Ben Nasrallah. « Energetic and Exergetic Performance Evaluations of an Experimental Beta Type Stirling Machine ». Dans Progress in Clean Energy, Volume 2, 735–53. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17031-2_51.

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Pierucci, Alessandra, et Guido R. Dell‘Osso. « Comparative LCA Evaluations between Conventional Interventions and Building Automation Systems for Energetic Requalification Activities ». Dans Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 127–42. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04166-7_9.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Energetic evaluation"

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Grubb, Geoffrey F., et Bhavik R. Bakshi. « Energetic and environmental evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles ». Dans 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (ISEE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isee.2008.4562914.

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Ferreira, Ariadne, Maria de Sousa et Talita de Almeida. « Evaluation of the energetic profile of patients with odontalgias ». Dans Congresso de Iniciação Científica UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/revpibic2720192622.

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Arlauskiene, Ausra, Danute Jablonskyte-Rasce, Aleksandras Velykis et Monika Toleikiene. « Energetic evaluation of green manure preparation for organic farms ». Dans 16th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2017.16.n133.

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Dumas, Antonio, Mauro Madonia et Michele Trancossi. « Energetic Efficiency Evaluation of a Town by Aerial Thermography ». Dans ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87367.

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This paper presents a preliminary study to evaluate energy dissipation of a town by the use of aerial thermography. The model has been realized for the town of Reggio Emilia taking into account the different optical and physical parameters which influences the infrared measurement. Altitude and operational speed are analysed on an optical point of view to minimize distortions of images and produce a sufficient resolution. By this analysis a parametric model has been defined.
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Suchomel, Charles, et David Van Wie. « Generalized Energetic Efficiency Metrics for Flight Vehicle System Evaluation ». Dans 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-1432.

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Pognant-Gros, P., T. Wasselin et F. Badin. « Power-split hybrid transmission energetic and dynamic evaluation program ». Dans 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vppc.2010.5729172.

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Damaso Pereira, Joao Luis, et A. Espirito-Santo. « Energetic Evaluation and Management of Low-Power Wireless Smart Transducers ». Dans IECON 2020 - 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon43393.2020.9254414.

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Arevalo-Torres, B., M. Nieto-Perez, R. Pless-Elling et G. Ramos. « Energetic evaluation of ammonia synthesis using a coaxial dielectric barrier reactor ». Dans 2012 IEEE 39th International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2012.6383880.

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Avella, Francesco, Alberto Girelli, Michele Famiglietti et Fabrizio Cattaneo. « Evaluation of the Antiknock Quality of Gasoline by the “Energetic Criterion” ». Dans International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/912391.

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Twum-Duah, Nana Kofi, Manar Amayri, Frederic Wurtz et Stephane Ploix. « Indicators for Evaluation of Energetic Performance of Net Zero Energy Buildings ». Dans 2019 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isc246665.2019.9071782.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Energetic evaluation"

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Hsu, Peter C., et John G. Reynolds. Energetic Materials Center Report--Small-Scale Safety and Thermal Testing Evaluation of Butyl Nitrate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1281688.

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Clausen, Jay, Richard Hark, Russ Harmon, John Plumer, Samuel Beal et Meghan Bishop. A comparison of handheld field chemical sensors for soil characterization with a focus on LIBS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43282.

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Commercially available handheld chemical analyzers for forensic applications have been available for over a decade. Portable systems from multiple vendors can perform X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, and recently laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Together, we have been exploring the development and potential applications of a multisensor system consisting of XRF, Raman, and LIBS for environmental characterization with a focus on soils from military ranges. Handheld sensors offer the potential to substantially increase sample throughput through the elimination of transport of samples back to the laboratory and labor-intensive sample preparation procedures. Further, these technologies have the capability for extremely rapid analysis, on the order of tens of seconds or less. We have compared and evaluated results from the analysis of several hundred soil samples using conventional laboratory bench top inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for metals evaluation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Raman spectroscopy for detection and characterization of energetic materials against handheld XRF, LIBS, and Raman analyzers. The soil samples contained antimony, copper, lead, tungsten, and zinc as well as energetic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), nitroglycerine (NG), and dinitrotoluene isomers (DNT). Precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of the handheld field sensor technologies were compared against conventional laboratory instrumentation to determine their suitability for field characterization leading to decisional outcomes.
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Fajardo, Mario E., III Lewis, Ashley William K., Nep Voncile L., Fossum Rachel M., Molek Emily C. et Christopher D. Benchtop Energetics : Research Progress, Concept Evaluation, and Apparatus Development. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, janvier 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada555790.

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Mizrahi, Itzhak, et Bryan A. White. Exploring the role of the rumen microbiota in determining the feed efficiency of dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7594403.bard.

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Expanding world hunger calls for increasing available food resources. Ruminants have the remarkable ability to convert human-indigestible plant biomass into human-digestible food products, due to a complex microbiome residing in the rumen compartment of their upper digestive tract. One way to tackle the problem of diminishing food resources is to increase the animals' energetic efficiency, i.e., the efficiency with which they convert energy from feed, thereby increasing food availability while lowering the environmental burden, as these animals would produce more and eat less. We hypothesize that the cow's feed efficiency is dependent on the taxonomic composition, coding capacity and activity of its reticulorumenmicrobiota. To test this hypothesis, three aims are defined: (1) Evaluation of the feed efficiency of 146 dairy cows and defining two groups representing the highest and lowest 25% using the Israeli group's unique facility; (2) Comparing these two groups for microbiota diversity, identity and coding capacity using next-generation sequencing and metagenomic approaches; (3) Comparing the reticulorumenmicrobiota metabolic activity parameters. We measured feed efficiency in 146 milking cows and analyzed the taxonomic composition, gene content, microbial activity and metabolomic composition of rumen microbiomes from the 78 most extreme animals. Lower richness of microbiome gene content and taxa was tightly linked to higher feed efficiency. Microbiome genes and species accurately predicted the animals' feed-efficiency phenotype. Specific enrichment of microbes and metabolic pathways in each of these microbiome groups resulted in increasing valuable metabolites and decreasing unusable ones such as methane in efficient animals. This ecological and mechanistic understanding of the rumen microbiome could lead to an increase in available food resources and environmentally friendly livestock agriculture.
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