Articles de revues sur le sujet « Emissions monitoring »
Pour voir les autres types de publications sur ce sujet consultez le lien suivant : Emissions monitoring.
Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres
Consultez les 50 meilleurs articles de revues pour votre recherche sur le sujet « Emissions monitoring ».
À côté de chaque source dans la liste de références il y a un bouton « Ajouter à la bibliographie ». Cliquez sur ce bouton, et nous générerons automatiquement la référence bibliographique pour la source choisie selon votre style de citation préféré : APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
Vous pouvez aussi télécharger le texte intégral de la publication scolaire au format pdf et consulter son résumé en ligne lorsque ces informations sont inclues dans les métadonnées.
Parcourez les articles de revues sur diverses disciplines et organisez correctement votre bibliographie.
1
Liu, Michelle J., Karren N. Izquierdo et Dennis S. Prince. « Intelligent monitoring of fugitive emissions – comparison of continuous monitoring with intelligent analytics to other emissions monitoring technologies ». APPEA Journal 62, no 1 (13 mai 2022) : 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21116.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Studies have shown that fugitive emissions are dominated by a small number of sources with extremely high emission rates, known as super-emitters. These super-emitters present an opportunity to significantly reduce emissions in a cost-effective manner if they are managed effectively. This requires the ability to detect, locate, and accurately measure emissions. However, the uncertain nature of fugitive emissions presents challenges to monitoring. Existing and emerging technologies enable emissions management with varying levels of success. This paper provides a practical comparison of several fugitive emissions monitoring technologies, including handheld gas detectors, optical gas imaging cameras, vehicle-based systems, satellites, aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles. These technologies provide periodic monitoring of a facility and are compared to continuous monitoring technologies that monitor emissions on a 24/7 basis using fixed sensors and advanced analytics to identify and track emission plumes. Continuous monitoring with intelligent analytics has demonstrated great potential in overcoming the challenges of monitoring fugitive emissions to reduce greenhouse gases and other problematic emissions. Features, capabilities, and limitations of these technologies are explored in the context of gas facilities, including their ability to detect intermittent sources, identify unsuspected and off-site sources, and quantify emissions. The range of monitoring for each technology and safety concerns associated with their use are discussed.
2
Králik, M., J. Jablonický, Z. Tkáč, Ľ. Hujo, D. Uhrinová, J. Kosiba, J. Tulik et R. Záhorská. « Monitoring of selected emissions of internal combustion engine ». Research in Agricultural Engineering 62, Special Issue (30 décembre 2016) : S66—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/72/2015-rae.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper deals with the possibility of appropriate measurement and evaluation of emissions of nitrogen oxides. Development of exhaust systems which captures the solid particles emitted from engine, lost an objective assessment of the emission status of the diesel engine of agricultural tractor. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new method of measuring and quantifying the emission state of the diesel engine by measuring emissions, which should be economic and time-saving, but especially universal and sufficiently precise. The selected method should also provide sufficient information on such emissions that are subject to approval but they are not controlled during periodic checks.
3
Figliuolo Brandão, Rozilda. « Monitoring of Fugitive Emissions in Petrochemical Plant ». Water Science and Technology 29, no 8 (1 avril 1994) : 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0395.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that a third of the emissions into the atmosphere in some industrial plants is due to Fugitive Emissions. It defines Fugitive Emissions as the diffuse release of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or hydrocarbons into the atmosphere, through pumps, valves, connections, open-ended lines, compressors, etc., establishing emission patterns and monitoring frequency. COPENE Petroquimica do Nordeste S/A has been implanting a program of fugitive emissions adapted to the reality, trying to promote a continuous improvement in its employees' working conditions and in environmental protection. This paper presents the methodology for the elaboration of this program and the conclusions of some surveys which were already completed.
4
Gao, Yu, et Hong Bo Pan. « Discussion on Fugitive Emission Monitoring of Air Pollutants ». Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (septembre 2013) : 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.88.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Construction project completion and acceptance of environmental protection, fugitive emissions of air pollutants monitoring sites based on the Integrated emission Standard of air pollutants (GB16297-1996) and Technical guidelines for fugitive emission monitoring of air pollutants and the relevant technical documents. The main source of fugitive emissions was production equipment obsolete, unreasonable design, operational errors, improper command and poor management. Existing problems: too theoretical, poor operability, from monitoring sites to point measured project location far, representative is not strong. Recommendations that distribution specification,always pay attention to fugitive emissions sampling,scientific and rational way to find the maximum concentration, Monitoring points arrangement as far as possible with less points to achieve better representative monitoring data .
5
Sebos, Ioannis, et Leonidas Kallinikos. « NMVOC Emissions from Solvents Use in Greece : Monitoring and Assessment ». Atmosphere 14, no 1 (23 décembre 2022) : 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010024.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The use of solvents and other volatile organic chemicals is a significant source of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) emissions. Due to the wide spectrum of applications of solvents and numerous locations where these occur, the estimation of NMVOCs emissions can be challenging. The aim of this paper is to present the methodological framework used in Greece for the estimation of NMVOCs emissions. It covers processes and products that use solvents and other volatile organic chemicals in several industries, as well as in households. The framework is based both on existing methods found in the literature and on new emission factors developed in order to reflect the mitigation potential of EU Directives and national legislation aiming at the reduction of NMVOCs emissions. The developed framework was used to forecast future NMVOCs emissions and assess the implemented mitigation actions. Results were verified by comparison with solvent emission estimates from the European Solvent Industry Group.
6
El-Safoury, Mahmoud, Miguel Dufner, Christian Weber, Katrin Schmitt, Hans-Fridtjof Pernau, Bert Willing et Jürgen Wöllenstein. « Resonant Photoacoustic Gas Monitoring of Combustion Emissions ». Proceedings 2, no 13 (30 novembre 2018) : 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130962.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since the entrance into the industrial era and the increasing demand for energy due to global economic growth and development, the amount of energy-related emissions have continuously grown every year to significantly high levels. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide or methane cause an increase in the earth’s temperature. Toxic gases like nitrous oxides, Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide are extremely detrimental to the health of all living beings. Over the past few years, global organizations are imposing tighter limits by international laws for flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion. Emission-limiting techniques like filter and scrubber systems have to be installed for waste gas treatment in the exhaust gas streams. In addition, exhaust gas measuring technologies detect the actual emission values of the respective target gases. We present the development of a low-cost and highly sensitive photoacoustic gas detector for the monitoring of emitted combustion gases. First tests were carried out with the toxic Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in secure lab conditions, where a sensitivity below 1 part per million (ppm) was achieved during continuous flow of the gas.
7
Pennock, D. J., T. T. Yates et J. T. Braidek. « Towards optimum sampling for regional-scale N2O emission monitoring in Canada ». Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no 3 (1 mai 2006) : 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-104.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is an increasing need for field monitoring studies of N2O emissions to assess the reliability of process models. Our goal is to review the issues surrounding the design of monitoring and regional upscaling of fieldmeasured N2O emissions for Canadian conditions. Management history creates a range of controlling conditions and emission responses for each land use present in the study region and multiple fields should be sampled within each land use class. The requirement for multiple sample fields necessitates chamber-based sampling designs (ideally in conjunction with site-specific micrometeorological measurements). Uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimators have been recommended for estimation of the mean and variance of the sample distributions, but use of these estimators is limited where zero or negative values occur. Three basic annual emission patterns are observed across a range of N2O studies: background, seasonal, and event + seasonal. The event + seasonal pattern (where short duration, high emission events are superimposed on an underlying seasonal pattern) is common in Canadian agroecosystems. Background and seasonal annual patterns can be effectively captured with biweekly or even triweekly samplings. For the event + seasonal patterns more frequent samplings at periods when emission are believed to be higher (e.g., snow melt or post-fertilization events) are required. Linear interpolation of emissions between the sporadic measurements is the simplest and most reproducible method of temporal interpolation. Spatial extrapolation of the measured emissions is typically done by a measure and multiply approach, where the measured emissions for a given class are multiplied by the area of the class. The methods used to define the soil wetness, land use, and management classes should be clearly defined and consistently applied. The lack of information on the duration and magnitude of event-based emissions and the diurnal pattern of emissions is a major limitation to temporal interpolation. Key words: Greenhouse gas, upscaling, geographical information systems, landscape
8
Zhou, Fan, Jing Liu, Hang Zhu, Xiaodong Yang et Yunli Fan. « A Real-Time Measurement-Modeling System for Ship Air Pollution Emission Factors ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no 6 (31 mai 2022) : 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060760.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The lack of techniques for monitoring ship emissions all day and in all weather conditions to obtain real-time emission factor values is the main problem in understanding the characteristics of ship emissions, and there is still no perfect solution. In this study, a real-time measurement-modeling system was designed and implemented. The system was divided into three parts: (1) a portable exhaust monitoring device, which could be mounted on a drone, aircraft, patrol boat, dock, and bridge crane, as well as on the shore, to conduct all-weather and real-time online monitoring of ship emissions; (2) a monitoring information platform for ship emissions, based on a Spring + Spring MVC + MyBatis (SSM) framework and Vue front-end technology; and (3) a cloud server that received real-time ship emission measurement data and stored it after verification and analysis to calculate the pollutant gas and particulate matter emission factors. Following development, this system was used to monitor the emissions of ocean-going and inland river ships. Analysis of the acquired data showed that the system could effectively measure the emission factors of ship exhausts full-time in a variety of weather scenarios. This system can improve the efficiency of maritime law enforcement and provide technical support for promoting the construction of ship emission control areas. It can also help researchers obtain ship emission data, as well as an improved understanding of the emission characteristics of ships.
9
Liu, Fei, Bryan N. Duncan, Nickolay A. Krotkov, Lok N. Lamsal, Steffen Beirle, Debora Griffin, Chris A. McLinden, Daniel L. Goldberg et Zifeng Lu. « A methodology to constrain carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants using satellite observations of co-emitted nitrogen dioxide ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no 1 (3 janvier 2020) : 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-99-2020.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. We present a method to infer CO2 emissions from individual power plants based on satellite observations of co-emitted nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which could serve as complementary verification of bottom-up inventories or be used to supplement these inventories. We demonstrate its utility on eight large and isolated US power plants, where accurate stack emission estimates of both gases are available for comparison. In the first step of our methodology, we infer nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from US power plants using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 tropospheric vertical column densities (VCDs) averaged over the ozone season (May–September) and a “top-down” approach that we previously developed. Second, we determine the relationship between NOx and CO2 emissions based on the direct stack emissions measurements reported by continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) programs, accounting for coal quality, boiler firing technology, NOx emission control device type, and any change in operating conditions. Third, we estimate CO2 emissions for power plants using the OMI-estimated NOx emissions and the CEMS NOx∕CO2 emission ratio. We find that the CO2 emissions estimated by our satellite-based method during 2005–2017 are in reasonable agreement with the US CEMS measurements, with a relative difference of 8 %±41 % (mean ± standard deviation). The broader implication of our methodology is that it has the potential to provide an additional constraint on CO2 emissions from power plants in regions of the world without reliable emissions accounting. We explore the feasibility by comparing the derived NOx∕CO2 emission ratios for the US with those from a bottom-up emission inventory for other countries and applying our methodology to a power plant in South Africa, where the satellite-based emission estimates show reasonable consistency with other independent estimates. Though our analysis is limited to a few power plants, we expect to be able to apply our method to more US (and world) power plants when multi-year data records become available from new OMI-like sensors with improved capabilities, such as the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), and upcoming geostationary satellites, such as the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring Pollution (TEMPO) instrument.
10
Han, Xin, Xiangxian Li, Minguang Gao, Jingjing Tong, Xiuli Wei, Sheng Li, Shubin Ye et Yan Li. « Emissions of Airport Monitoring with Solar Occultation Flux-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer ». Journal of Spectroscopy 2018 (2018) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1069612.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Both domestic and international aviation industries have experienced a boom, which results in a dramatic increase in emissions of the aviation industry in recent decades. Therefore, domestic and abroad scientists adopted different methods to measure emissions; however, there are no appropriate methods to measure the emissions of the whole airport. In order to provide data support for the relevant departments to take appropriate emission reduction measures, solar occultation flux-Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (SOF-FT-IR) is used to monitor the emissions of Beijing Capital International Airport. CO, CO2, C2H4, and CH2O are selected as the target gases and are quantitatively analyzed with the nonlinear least squares method to get the column concentration. Then, the flux can also be calculated by linking the wind velocity and direction with the column concentration. A comparison between the results measured by SOF-FT-IR and the results measured by the method published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that auxiliary power equipment and ground support equipment for the emission of the airport are also important emission sources besides the aircraft and the concentration distribution gives powerful and useful pieces of evidence to locate the emission sources. In order to decrease the contribution of the airport to the air pollution, the key point is to reduce the emissions of the APU and mobiles in the airport.
11
Zhang, Ailing, Sha Li, Lin Tan, Yingchao Sun et Fuxiao Yao. « Intelligent Measurement and Monitoring of Carbon Emissions for 5G Shared Smart Logistics ». Journal of Sensors 2022 (12 janvier 2022) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8223590.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With the upgrading of logistics demand and the innovation of modern information technology, the smart logistics platform integrates advanced concepts, technologies, and management methods, maximizes the integration of logistics resources and circulation channels, and effectively improves the efficiency of logistics transactions, but its energy consumption problem is particularly prominent. The study of intelligent measurement and monitoring of carbon emissions in smart logistics is of great value to reduce energy consumption, reduce carbon emissions in buildings, and improve the environment. In this paper, by comparing and analyzing the accounting standards of carbon emissions and their calculation methods, the carbon emission factor method is selected as the method to study the carbon emissions of the smart logistics process in this paper. The working principle of each key storage technology in the smart logistics process is analyzed to find out the equipment factors affecting the carbon emission of each storage technology in the smart logistics process, and the carbon emission calculation model of each key storage technology is established separately by using the carbon emission factor method. Meanwhile, according to the development history of energy consumption assessment, the assessment process of different stages from logistics storage energy consumption assessment to smart logistics energy consumption assessment is analyzed, and based on this, a carbon emission energy consumption assessment framework based on 5G shared smart logistics is constructed. This paper applies the supply chain idea to define the smart logistics supply chain, constructs a conceptual model of the smart logistics supply chain considering carbon emissions, and at the same time combines the characteristics of the smart logistics supply chain to analyze the correlation between the carbon emissions of the smart logistics supply chain and the related social, environmental, and economic systems.
12
P, Nielsen. « Real Time Emissions Monitoring : The Foundation of a Blockchain Enabled Carbon Economy ». Petroleum & ; Petrochemical Engineering Journal 5, no 2 (2021) : 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000265.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With 49% of the world’s GDP under net zero goals, the global community is changing in how it treats emissions and carbon releases, with shareholders, stakeholders and investors demanding transparency on current performance and strategies to reduce or offset emissions. High frequency, reliable data empowers an organisation to strategically optimise and track emissions to reach committed goals from the asset level to the board room and across direct, indirect and supply chain sources (Scope 1, 2 and 3). A carbon footprinting solution, which provides a holistic view of total greenhouse gas emissions, requires a combination of carbon accounting, control system integration, emissions monitoring and greenhouse gas reporting software, to deliver an automated, reliable and verifiable real-time emissions/carbon reporting solution. This solution is also critical in providing managed data which can be utilised in the carbon economy and when combined with a Blockchain platform, results in a holistic data transfer chain for emissions reporting which is secure, transparent and trusted throughout industry and government. The role of comprehensive, connected environmental monitoring will be explored in the role of effective emissions offset and carbon trading economies with Blockchain supported technologies being presented as an enabling aspect of the overall solution. Smart contracts embedded within a Blockchain solution could automate trading mechanisms however require quality emissions monitoring data as a foundation for successful implementation. The role of quality emissions monitoring and governance in this process will be presented together with implications for industry and government for the carbon economy.
13
Zhou, Shangli, Hengjing He, Leping Zhang, Wei Zhao et Fei Wang. « A Data-Driven Method to Monitor Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Coal-Fired Power Plants ». Energies 16, no 4 (7 février 2023) : 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041646.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Reducing CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants is an urgent global issue. Effective and precise monitoring of CO2 emissions is a prerequisite for optimizing electricity production processes and achieving such reductions. To obtain the high temporal resolution emissions status of power plants, a lot of research has been done. Currently, typical solutions are utilizing Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) to measure CO2 emissions. However, these methods are too expensive and complicated because they require the installation of a large number of devices and require periodic maintenance to obtain accurate measurements. According to this limitation, this paper attempts to provide a novel data-driven method using net power generation to achieve near-real-time monitoring. First, we study the key elements of CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) in depth and design a regression and physical variable model-based emission simulator. We then present Emission Estimation Network (EEN), a heterogeneous network-based deep learning model, to estimate CO2 emissions from CFPPs in near-real-time. We use artificial data generated by the simulator to train it and apply a few real-world datasets to complete the adaptation. The experimental results show that our proposal is a competitive approach that not only has accurate measurements but is also easy to implement.
14
Zhang, Jian, Yue Wen Zhang, An Cheng Liu et Peng Zhang. « The Study of Carbon Emissions Monitoring System for Inland River Ships ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (février 2014) : 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.64.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In order to study the carbon emission characteristics of inland ships, a carbon emission monitoring system is designed. By real-time monitoring of oil consumption and the method of tree of decision in ship discharge, it achieves the monitor of carbon emission. The recursive least square method and Wilcoxon symbols average rank test are used to improve the precision of the carbon emissions monitoring. Finally, through carbon testing experiment, it demonstrates the feasibility of the carbon emission monitoring system, and finds that the main factor affecting the accuracy of the system is carbon oxidation rate.
15
Belov, M. L., Ya E. Drachennikova et V. A. Gorodnichev. « Laser Remote Sensing Method of Carbon Monoxide Emissions Detection ». Radio Engineering, no 3 (21 juin 2020) : 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36027/rdeng.0320.0000170.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Monitoring of atmospheric gas pollution is one of the most important environmental target. Laser methods are the most effective for remote operational monitoring of atmospheric pollution.One of the most important air pollutants is carbon monoxide.The article analyzes the possibility of laser remote sensing method of carbon monoxide emissions detection in atmosphere.The information parameter measured by the remote sensing laser gas analyzer was assessed for absorption band of carbon monoxide near 2,3 μm.The information parameter that can be used for monitoring monoxide emissions is the ratio of the power of laser signals at the wavelengths 4295 cm-1 and 4370 cm-1.Results of calculations of the information parameter for different sizes of emissions (from 1 m to 100 m) and different content of carbon monoxide in the emission (from 0.01 % to 10 %) were showed.Comparing the information parameter R with its background value shows that carbon monoxide emissions can be monitored.Mathematical modeling was performed for quantitative estimation the reliability of detecting carbon monoxide emissions.The probability of correctly emission detecting (emission detecting when there is one) and the probability of false alarms (emission detecting when there is none) were calculated.Mathematical modelling shows that a laser gas analyzer allows us to detect the carbon monoxide emissions with correct detection probability not less 0,845 and false alarm probability no more 0,243 for carbon monoxide emissions with gas concentration not less 0,1 % and dimension of emissions cloud not less 10 m. For carbon monoxide emissions with gas concentration not less 1 % and dimension of emissions cloud not less 5 m a laser gas analyzer allows us to detect the carbon monoxide emissions with correct detection probability not less 0,999 and false alarm probability no more 0,001.
16
Chen, Qining, Mrinali Modi, Gary McGaughey, Yosuke Kimura, Elena McDonald-Buller et David T. Allen. « Simulated Methane Emission Detection Capabilities of Continuous Monitoring Networks in an Oil and Gas Production Region ». Atmosphere 13, no 4 (23 mars 2022) : 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040510.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Simulations of the atmospheric dispersion of methane emissions were created for a region containing 26 oil and gas production sites in the Permian Basin in Texas. Virtual methane sensors were placed at 24 of the 26 sites, with at most 1 sensor per site. Continuous and intermittent emissions from each of the 26 oil and gas production sites, over 4 week-long meteorological episodes, representative of winter, spring, summer, and fall meteorology, were simulated. The trade-offs between numbers of sensors and precision of sensors required to reliably detect methane emissions of 1 to 10 kg/h were characterized. A total of 15 sensors, able to detect concentration enhancements of 1 ppm, were capable of identifying emissions at all 26 sites in all 4 week-long meteorological episodes, if emissions were continuous at a rate of 10 kg/h. More sensors or sensors with lower detection thresholds were required if emissions were intermittent or if emission rates were lower. The sensitivity of the required number of sensors to site densities in the region, emission dispersion calculation approaches, meteorological conditions, intermittency of the emissions, and emission rates, were examined. The results consistently indicated that, for the conditions in the Permian Basin, a fixed monitoring network with approximately one continuous monitor per site is likely to be capable of consistently detecting site-level methane emissions in the range of 5–10 kg/h.
17
Panaitescu, Mariana, Fanel-Viorel Panaitescu, Cornel Panait, Octavia Bardasu et Viorica-Ani Merla. « Assessment and risk prevention of air pollution in urban sites ». E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020) : 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018004014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Atmospheric pollution limitation has evolved and evolves continuously, depending on the better knowledge of the harmful effects of the different atmospheric pollutants. The main elements that have led and lead to the continuous revision of the norms are the climatic changes and acid rain associated with atmospheric pollutants. In this context, the paper presents the following aspects: two monitoring regimes aims to evaluate and prevent air pollution in urban areas; was chosen as a monitoring location Constanta city, with strategic points exposed to the risk of pollution. For the monitoring of emissions in these locations, a selfemployed emission analyzer was used. Where there are risk areas, exists a risk analisys with vulnerable locations and values of emissions’s concentrations. There are monitoring CO, CO2, NO2, SO2 emissions and PM2.5 and PM10 in air of urban sites which are exposed to the risk of pollution. Finally, the recorded values are below the maximum permissible limit. The conclusion is that pollution in urban sites can also be a danger to neighboring rural settlements, if there is no strict monitoring thereof.
18
Coles, E. « Up in smoke [emissions monitoring] ». Power Engineer 19, no 3 (2005) : 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:20050309.
Texte intégral
19
Probst, R., F. P. Harris et R. Hauser. « Clinical monitoring using otoacoustic emissions ». British Journal of Audiology 27, no 2 (janvier 1993) : 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03005369309077896.
Texte intégral
20
Bernson, Laurence S., Ethel W. Hopkins, James L. Lloyd, Leonard W. Oberc, Manjini Saminathan, David B. Steele, Michael K. Thompson et Gary L. Wolk. « Process Emissions Monitoring and Control ». AT&T Technical Journal 71, no 2 (4 mars 1992) : 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1992.tb00155.x.
Texte intégral
21
Hill, Tim, et Ray Nassar. « Pixel Size and Revisit Rate Requirements for Monitoring Power Plant CO2 Emissions from Space ». Remote Sensing 11, no 13 (6 juillet 2019) : 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131608.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The observational requirements for space-based quantification of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are of interest to space agencies and related organizations that may contribute to a possible satellite constellation to support emission monitoring in the future. We assess two key observing characteristics for space-based monitoring of CO2 emissions: pixel size and revisit rate, and we introduce a new method utilizing multiple images simultaneously to significantly improve emission estimates. The impact of pixel size ranging from 2–10 km for space-based imaging spectrometers is investigated using plume model simulations, accounting for biases in the observations. Performance of rectangular pixels is compared to square pixels of equal area. The findings confirm the advantage of the smallest pixels in this range and the advantage of square pixels over rectangular pixels. A method of averaging multiple images is introduced and demonstrated to be able to estimate emissions from small sources when the individual images are unable to distinguish the plume. Due to variability in power plant emissions, results from a single overpass cannot be directly extrapolated to annual emissions, the most desired timescale for regulatory purposes. We investigate the number of overpasses required to quantify annual emissions with a given accuracy, based on the mean variability from the 50 highest emitting US power plants. Although the results of this work alone are not sufficient to define the full architecture of a future CO 2 monitoring constellation, when considered along with other studies, they may assist in informing the design of a space-based system to support anthropogenic CO 2 emission monitoring.
22
Waldo, Sarah, Jake J. Beaulieu, William Barnett, D. Adam Balz, Michael J. Vanni, Tanner Williamson et John T. Walker. « Temporal trends in methane emissions from a small eutrophic reservoir : the key role of a spring burst ». Biogeosciences 18, no 19 (30 septembre 2021) : 5291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5291-2021.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. Waters impounded behind dams (i.e., reservoirs) are important sources of greenhouses gases (GHGs), especially methane (CH4), but emission estimates are not well constrained due to high spatial and temporal variability, limitations in monitoring methods to characterize hot spot and hot moment emissions, and the limited number of studies that investigate diurnal, seasonal, and interannual patterns in emissions. In this study, we investigate the temporal patterns and biophysical drivers of CH4 emissions from Acton Lake, a small eutrophic reservoir, using a combination of methods: eddy covariance monitoring, continuous warm-season ebullition measurements, spatial emission surveys, and measurements of key drivers of CH4 production and emission. We used an artificial neural network to gap fill the eddy covariance time series and to explore the relative importance of biophysical drivers on the interannual timescale. We combined spatial and temporal monitoring information to estimate annual whole-reservoir emissions. Acton Lake had cumulative areal emission rates of 45.6 ± 8.3 and 51.4 ± 4.3 g CH4 m−2 in 2017 and 2018, respectively, or 109 ± 14 and 123 ± 10 Mg CH4 in 2017 and 2018 across the whole 2.4 km2 area of the lake. The main difference between years was a period of elevated emissions lasting less than 2 weeks in the spring of 2018, which contributed 17 % of the annual emissions in the shallow region of the reservoir. The spring burst coincided with a phytoplankton bloom, which was likely driven by favorable precipitation and temperature conditions in 2018 compared to 2017. Combining spatially extensive measurements with temporally continuous monitoring enabled us to quantify aspects of the spatial and temporal variability in CH4 emission. We found that the relationships between CH4 emissions and sediment temperature depended on location within the reservoir, and we observed a clear spatiotemporal offset in maximum CH4 emissions as a function of reservoir depth. These findings suggest a strong spatial pattern in CH4 biogeochemistry within this relatively small (2.4 km2) reservoir. In addressing the need for a better understanding of GHG emissions from reservoirs, there is a trade-off in intensive measurements of one water body vs. short-term and/or spatially limited measurements in many water bodies. The insights from multi-year, continuous, spatially extensive studies like this one can be used to inform both the study design and emission upscaling from spatially or temporally limited results, specifically the importance of trophic status and intra-reservoir variability in assumptions about upscaling CH4 emissions.
23
Haszpra, László, Zoltán Barcza, Zita Ferenczi, Roland Hollós, Anikó Kern et Natascha Kljun. « Real-world wintertime CO, N2O, and CO2 emissions of a central European village ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no 17 (1 septembre 2022) : 5019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. Although small rural settlements are only minor individual sources of greenhouse gases and air pollution, their high overall occurrence can significantly contribute to the total emissions of a region or country. Emissions from a rural lifestyle may be remarkably different than those of urban and industrialized regions, but nevertheless they have hardly been studied so far. Here, flux measurements at a tall-tower eddy covariance monitoring site and the footprint model FFP are used to determine the real-world wintertime CO, N2O, and CO2 emissions of a small village in western Hungary. The recorded emission densities, dominantly resulting from residential heating, are 3.5, 0.043, and 72 µg m−2 s−1 for CO, N2O, and CO2, respectively. While the measured CO and CO2 emissions are comparable to those calculated using the assumed energy consumption and applying the according emission factors, the nitrous oxide emissions exceed the expected value by a magnitude. This may indicate that the nitrous oxide emissions are significantly underestimated in the emission inventories, and modifications in the methodology of emission calculations are necessary. Using a three-dimensional forward transport model, we further show that, in contrast to the flux measurements, the concentration measurements at the regional background monitoring site are only insignificantly influenced by the emissions of the nearby village.
24
Iqbal, Muhammad Yousaf, Tie Wang, Guoxing Li, Senxiang Li, Guicheng Hu, Tiantian Yang, Fengshou Gu et Mohammed Al-Nehari. « Development and Validation of a Vibration-Based Virtual Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring NOx Emissions of a Diesel Engine ». Machines 10, no 7 (21 juillet 2022) : 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10070594.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With a strong legal basis and regulatory authority, cost-effective transient emission sensors that reflect real-driving emissions are key factors for accomplishing environmental requirements. It is difficult for the existing NOx emission monitoring techniques to achieve a balance between accuracy and timeliness. Fundamentally, in-cylinder combustion is the thermodynamic cause of NOx emissions and the main excitation source for engine vibration and noise emissions. A novel vibration-based virtual NOx sensor is developed based on these critical relationships for real-time NOx monitoring. First, the correlation between vibration and NOx emission was characterized in-depth. Then, a technique of constructing two-dimensional filters for vibration signals is proposed to extract combustion-related information. A principal component regression (PCR) model for NOx prediction was established based on the reconstructed in-cylinder pressure. Finally, the virtual NOx sensor is tested and validated on a single-cylinder diesel engine bench. The virtual NOx sensor is proven to meet the accuracy requirement of vehicle emission monitoring for both steady-state and transient conditions and has a better frequency response compared to the emission measurement system.
25
Mainson, M., C. Ong, M. Myers et A. Spiers. « Mobile autonomous methane monitoring stations for emission measurement ». APPEA Journal 61, no 2 (2021) : 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20148.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Natural gas has been forecast to continue grow up to 30% for the next 40 years and will remain as a key energy source. Alongside this projected growth, both the government and the industry have committed to reduce emission reductions. A critical focus is fugitive emissions, which are related to leaks or unintended losses of methane from sources such as hydrocarbon production, processing, transport, storage, transmission and distribution. The need for measuring and monitoring these emissions has been recognised in significant environmental inquiries related to the gas industry, such as the Northern Territory Fracking Inquiry (Pepper et al. 2018) and required in section D of the NT Code of Practice. This study describes an autonomous emission monitoring station developed to address the challenge of characterising temporally varying fugitive methane emissions. It has been designed specifically to tolerate the Australian outback’s extreme climateswhile providing laboratory-grade measurements in real-time at locations where there will be no access to grid power and standard telecommunications. Preliminary results demonstrating the continuous real-time measurements of methane and ethane concentrations of temporally varying phenomena will be presented. Specifically, the detection of methane and ethane concentrations and temporal changes related to bushfire progress will be shown.
26
Miller, Scot M., et Anna M. Michalak. « Constraining sector-specific CO<sub>2</sub> ; and CH<sub>4</sub> ; emissions in the US ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no 6 (24 mars 2017) : 3963–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3963-2017.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. This review paper explores recent efforts to estimate state- and national-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from individual anthropogenic source sectors in the US. Nearly all state and national climate change regulations in the US target specific source sectors, and detailed monitoring of individual sectors presents a greater challenge than monitoring total emissions. We particularly focus on opportunities to synthesize disparate types of information on emissions, including emission inventory data and atmospheric greenhouse gas data.We find that inventory estimates of sector-specific CO2 emissions are sufficiently accurate for policy evaluation at the national scale but that uncertainties increase at state and local levels. CH4 emission inventories are highly uncertain for all source sectors at all spatial scales, in part because of the complex, spatially variable relationships between economic activity and CH4 emissions. In contrast to inventory estimates, top-down estimates use measurements of atmospheric mixing ratios to infer emissions at the surface; thus far, these efforts have had some success identifying urban CO2 emissions and have successfully identified sector-specific CH4 emissions in several opportunistic cases. We also describe a number of forward-looking opportunities that would aid efforts to estimate sector-specific emissions: fully combine existing top-down datasets, expand intensive aircraft measurement campaigns and measurements of secondary tracers, and improve the economic and demographic data (e.g., activity data) that drive emission inventories. These steps would better synthesize inventory and top-down data to support sector-specific emission reduction policies.
27
Ponomarev, E. I., K. Yu Litvintsev, T. V. Ponomareva, E. G. Shvetsov et N. D. Yakimov. « Satellite monitoring of the wildfire in Siberia and fire emissions estimation ». Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa 17, no 6 (2020) : 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21046/2070-7401-2020-17-6-45-50.
Texte intégral
28
Janssens-Maenhout, G., B. Pinty, M. Dowell, H. Zunker, E. Andersson, G. Balsamo, J. L. Bézy et al. « Toward an Operational Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions Monitoring and Verification Support Capacity ». Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no 8 (1 août 2020) : E1439—E1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0017.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Under the Paris Agreement (PA), progress of emission reduction efforts is tracked on the basis of regular updates to national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, referred to as bottom-up estimates. However, only top-down atmospheric measurements can provide observation-based evidence of emission trends. Today, there is no internationally agreed, operational capacity to monitor anthropogenic GHG emission trends using atmospheric measurements to complement national bottom-up inventories. The European Commission (EC), the European Space Agency, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and international experts are joining forces to develop such an operational capacity for monitoring anthropogenic CO2 emissions as a new CO2 service under the EC’s Copernicus program. Design studies have been used to translate identified needs into defined requirements and functionalities of this anthropogenic CO2 emissions Monitoring and Verification Support (CO2MVS) capacity. It adopts a holistic view and includes components such as atmospheric spaceborne and in situ measurements, bottom-up CO2 emission maps, improved modeling of the carbon cycle, an operational data-assimilation system integrating top-down and bottom-up information, and a policy-relevant decision support tool. The CO2MVS capacity with operational capabilities by 2026 is expected to visualize regular updates of global CO2 emissions, likely at 0.05° x 0.05°. This will complement the PA’s enhanced transparency framework, providing actionable information on anthropogenic CO2 emissions that are the main driver of climate change. This information will be available to all stakeholders, including governments and citizens, allowing them to reflect on trends and effectiveness of reduction measures. The new EC gave the green light to pass the CO2MVS from exploratory to implementing phase.
29
Chen, Xiaochun, Jianhui Li, Min Jia, Shaobo Chen, Shangxuan Zhang, Xin Bo, Xue Feng et Guangxia Dong. « High Spatial Resolution Emission Inventory of Air Pollutants and Carbon in China’s Independent Coking Industry ». Atmosphere 14, no 2 (9 février 2023) : 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020348.
Texte intégralRésumé :
China is the largest producer and exporter of coke globally, which means that it is very important to understand the characteristics of air pollutants and carbon emissions from China’s independent coking industry. This study was the first to establish a bottom-up inventory of the air pollutants and carbon emissions of China’s independent coking industry during 2001–2018 based on continuous emission monitoring system online monitoring data and unit-based corporate information. Based on the developed emission inventory, four scenarios were established to analyze potential emissions reduction of air pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO2) in future. The emissions of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) decreased by 62.11%, 63.41%, 72.85%, 63.41% and 63.41%, respectively. CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions increased by 355.51%, 355.51%, 355.51% and 99.74%, respectively. In 2018, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, BC, OC, CO, VOCs and CO2 emissions were, respectively. 45.20, 16.91, 63.84, 117.71, 5.07, 5.92, 554.91, 1026.58 Gg, and 176.88 Tg. Shanxi province made the greatest contributions to the total emissions of air pollutants and CO2 from this industry by 25.01%. The emission source that contributed most to PM2.5 (SO2 and NOX) emissions was coke pushing (quenching and the coke oven chimney respectively) in 2018. Under the ULE scenario (2018–2035), PM2.5 and SO2 emissions will reduce by more than 30%. Under the PCP scenario, PM2.5 and SO2 emissions will reduce by more than 55%. Under the CBP scenario, CO2 emissions will peak at 197.99 Tg in 2025 and decrease to 70% of the peak in 2035. The results showed the emission characteristics of air pollutants and CO2, future emission with several scenarios and cooperative reduction potential in China’s independent coking industry, which provides scientific support for the development of pollution control strategies.
30
Tsai, Tracy R., Kendrick Du et Bill Stavropoulos. « New system for detecting, mapping, monitoring, quantifying and reporting fugitive gas emissions ». APPEA Journal 57, no 2 (2017) : 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16098.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Coal seam gas (CSG) is an abundant energy source that’s been portrayed as having a lower Greenhouse Gas footprint than coal, but there have been concerns that fugitive emissions may be larger than estimated. Fugitive emissions associated with CSG development are engineered release points (valves and vents etc.) and unintentional equipment leaks. Various gas detection technologies are utilised across the industry that are effective at detecting large emissions sources in close proximity, but they are difficult to scale up to the large size needed for the CSG industry. We’ll present a summary of a trial utilising a new mobile methane detection and emission quantification system: the Picarro EQ (Emissions Quantification). After driving this instrument around CSG infrastructure, Picarro’s cloud-based analytics generate a map of methane measurements and emissions with wind indicators pointing to likely sources. Since all measurements are on a secure cloud-based service, any authorised operator can log into it to run reports and analytics. This system has been used to make measurements in the Barnett Shale, United States. We present results and demonstrate its usage within an operational CSG area to quantify and identify emissions from CSG infrastructure.
31
García Plaza, Eustaquio, Pedro Jose Núñez López et A. R. Martin. « Evaluation of On-Line Signals for Roundness Monitoring ». Advanced Materials Research 498 (avril 2012) : 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.498.85.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The cutting forces, mechanical vibration and acoustic emission signals obtained using dynamometer, accelerometer, and acoustic emissions sensors have been extensively used to monitor several aspects of the cutting processes in automated machining operations. This study assesses the significance of these on-line signals for the real-time monitoring and diagnosis of the roundness error in automated cylindrical turning processes. The system developed is based on predictive models obtained by regression techniques employing the orthogonal components of the cutting forces, mechanical vibration and acoustic emissions, and combines all three types of sensors into one system. This monitoring system enables the on-line monitoring and diagnosis of roundness error by registering, visualizing, and characterizing the signals obtained during the machining process.
32
Panainte Lehadus, Mirela, Valentin Nedeff, Narcis Barsan, Andrei Victor Sandu, Emilian Mosnegutu, Claudia Tomozei, Oana Irimia, Gabriela Andrioai et Ion Sandu. « Monitoring the Particulate Matter (PM10) Emissions from Bacau City Termo-Energetic Industry ». Revista de Chimie 70, no 8 (15 septembre 2019) : 2869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.8.7446.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems with short, medium and long-term effects. Substances emitted into the atmosphere (CO2, SO2, NOx, PM10) contribute to the amplification of the effects of climate change, acidification, air quality deterioration. The most important sources of PM10 emissions come from commercial, institutional and household sectors, industrial processes, road transport and agriculture. In order to protect the atmosphere and improve air quality, are needed measures of control at pollutant emissions. Early pollution reduction actions have led to a significant decrease of PM10 emissions especially from the production and distribution of energy, combustion processes and road transport has significantly diminished. Improving air quality requires continuous monitoring of emissions and, in particular emissions of particulate matter/ PM10. The paper presents the results of the monitoring activity of particulate matter/ PM10 from the thermo-energetic industry. The results of the monitoring include the particulate matter/ PM10 values in the range (68.083 mg/Nm3 - 93.166 mg/Nm3), values that do not exceed the emission limit values.
33
Gašparovič, Dominik, Marián Výžinkár, Jozef Žarnovský et Jan Blata. « Turbine Modification of Nuovo Pignone Gas Turbine ». Acta Technologica Agriculturae 20, no 3 (1 septembre 2017) : 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ata-2017-0015.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This paper deals with the environmental aspects of combustor modification on Nuovo Pignone gas turbines. The mentioned company is engaged in the transport of natural gas to the Slovak Republic and further to other European markets. Legislation considering emissions is getting stricter every year. Original Nuovo Pignone gas turbines would not be able to meet the required emission limits for NOx and COr determined by legislation. Therefore, the company decided to modify seven gas turbines. Due to this reason, the combustion sections had to be replaced with a dry low emission system. These modifications were aimed at improvement of impacts of temperature on the emissions of NOx, since the NOx emissions are defined as thermal (there is an increase in emissions with the increase in temperature). Emissions were monitored continuously by an emission monitoring system (these data are continuously sent to the Office of Environment) and manually by a HORIBA PG-250 analyser. Gas delivery point is located in the flue pipeline, and data was processed by means of PC after reaching this point. The results lead us to conclusion that modification was an efficient and good solution in terms of economy, because this solution reduced emissions (from 300 mg·m−3 to 50 mg·m−3) and contributed to meeting of the stricter emission limits (from 370 mg·m−3 to 100 mg·m−3). Monitoring of the impacts of growing performance of equipment on emissions represents a possibility for further development of science in this field.
34
Liu, Chun Mei, Xiao Hua Wang et Mao Sheng Duan. « Research on MRV Establishing in Future Emissions Trading Scheme in China - Based on Analysis on MRV of Overseas Representative Ets ». Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (mai 2012) : 2641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2641.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper focused on the monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) establish in China’s future emissions trading scheme (ETs) through the experience from overseas MRV of emissions trading scheme. First, introduced what is ETs and theory of emissions trading scheme. Then, analyzed the key elements in ETs and the effect of MRV in establishing ETs. Third, using comparison analysis summarized the general requirements from MRV of EU ETS, JVETS and RGGI. Finally, summarized the experiences in the aspects: identification of boundary, emission resource, monitoring methodologies, reporting and verification. And proposed some suggestions for MRV establishing in China’s future ETs.
35
Weng, Jiancheng, Quan Liang, Guoliang Qiao, Zhihong Chen et Jian Rong. « Taxi fuel consumption and emissions estimation model based on the reconstruction of driving trajectory ». Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no 7 (juillet 2017) : 168781401770870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017708708.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Monitoring operating vehicles’ fuel consumption and emissions is necessity for evaluating fuel saving and emissions reduction. Taxis are one of the key objects needed energy consumption monitoring in passenger transport system. However, the traditional data collection methods for vehicle fuel consumption and emissions had high cost and inconvenient maintenance. This study aims at proposing an approach to estimate taxi fuel consumption and emissions based on the global position system (GPS) trajectory data. The bench test experiment was first conducted with three different driving cycles: cruising, acceleration and deceleration, and the composite driving cycle including these two. Then, models to calculate fuel consumption and emission based on the driving trajectory reconstruction were proposed. Therefore, the taxis’ fuel consumption and emissions could be got through GPS trajectory data corresponding to these three driving cycles. The model accuracy were verified that fuel consumption (92%) and CO2 emission (95%) fit the measurements much better than CO, NOx, and HC emission models (60%–70%). Furthermore, taking fuel consumption per 100 km as dependent variable, the relative errors between the model’s outputs and field measurements were 1.9% in urban areas and 11.2% in comprehensive operating conditions (i.e. both urban and suburb areas).
36
Jiang, Linhui, Yan Xia, Lu Wang, Xue Chen, Jianjie Ye, Tangyan Hou, Liqiang Wang et al. « Hyperfine-resolution mapping of on-road vehicle emissions with comprehensive traffic monitoring and an intelligent transportation system ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no 22 (23 novembre 2021) : 16985–7002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16985-2021.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. Urban on-road vehicle emissions affect air quality and human health locally and globally. Given uneven sources, they typically exhibit distinct spatial heterogeneity, varying sharply over short distances (10 m–1 km). However, all-around observational constraints on the emission sources are limited in much of the world. Consequently, traditional emission inventories lack the spatial resolution that can characterize the on-road vehicle emission hotspots. Here we establish a bottom-up approach to reveal a unique pattern of urban on-road vehicle emissions at a spatial resolution 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than current emission inventories. We interconnect all-around traffic monitoring (including traffic fluxes, vehicle-specific categories, and speeds) via an intelligent transportation system (ITS) over Xiaoshan District in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. This enables us to calculate single-vehicle-specific emissions over each fine-scale (10 m–1 km) road segment. Thus, the most hyperfine emission dataset of its type is achieved, and on-road emission hotspots appear. The resulting map shows that the hourly average on-road vehicle emissions of CO, NOx, HC, and PM2.5 are 74.01, 40.35, 8.13, and 1.68 kg, respectively. More importantly, widespread and persistent emission hotspots emerged. They are of significantly sharp small-scale variability, up to 8–15 times within individual hotspots, attributable to distinct traffic fluxes, road conditions, and vehicle categories. On this basis, we investigate the effectiveness of routine traffic control strategies on on-road vehicle emission mitigation. Our results have important implications for how the strategies should be designed and optimized. Integrating our traffic-monitoring-based approach with urban air quality measurements, we could address major data gaps between urban air pollutant emissions and concentrations.
37
Hao, Lijun, Hang Yin, Junfang Wang, Lanju Li, Wenhui Lu, Haohao Wang, Yunshan Ge et Åke Sjödin. « A multi-pronged approach to strengthen diesel vehicle emission monitoring ». Environmental Science : Advances 1, no 1 (2022) : 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1va00020a.
Texte intégralRésumé :
China is constructing an vehicle emission monitoring system, aimed at combining remote OBD, periodic inspections, remote sensing and roadside checks. In this study, the exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles were investigated and analysed.
38
Oliveira, Matheus Dias, Fernanda Campos Sousa, Jairo Osorio Saraz, Arele Arlindo Calderano, Ilda Fátima Ferreira Tinôco et Antônio Policarpo Souza Carneiro. « Ammonia Emission in Poultry Facilities : A Review for Tropical Climate Areas ». Atmosphere 12, no 9 (25 août 2021) : 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091091.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Brazil is the largest broiler meat exporter in the world. This important economic activity generates income in different branches of the production chain. However, the decomposition of residues incorporated in the poultry litter generates several gases, among them ammonia. When emitted from the litter to the air, ammonia can cause several damages to animals and man, in addition to being able to convert into a greenhouse gas. Thus, the aim of this article was to carry out a review of the ammonia emission factors in the production of broilers, the methodologies for measuring, and the inventories of emissions already carried out in several countries. The main chemical processes for generating ammonia in poultry litter have been introduced and some practices that can contribute to the reduction of ammonia emissions have been provided. The PMU, Portable Monitoring Unit, and the SMDAE, Saraz Method for Determination of Ammonia Emissions, with the required adaptations, are methodologies that can be used to quantify the ammonia emissions in hybrid facilities with a natural and artificial ventilation system. An ammonia emission inventory can contribute to the control and monitoring of pollutant emissions and is an important step towards adopting emission reductions. However, quantifying the uncertainties about ammonia emission inventories is still a challenge to be overcome.
39
Shi, Bing, Zheng Hua Ma, Jian Ming Jiang et Suo Lin Duan. « Research on Continuous Emission Monitoring System in Thermal Power Plant ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (septembre 2013) : 1117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.1117.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The system aims to collect reliable emission data in real time, provide the operator with real-time emission parameters, and guide the optimization of unit operation and control of pollutants in flue gas emissions. One kind of continuous emission monitoring system is designed based on PROFIBUS-DP protocol in power plant, the architecture of system is presented and the principle is described in detail.
40
Vojtisek-Lom, Michal, Alessandro A. Zardini, Martin Pechout, Lubos Dittrich, Fausto Forni, François Montigny, Massimo Carriero, Barouch Giechaskiel et Giorgio Martini. « A miniature Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) for real-driving monitoring of motorcycles ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no 11 (4 novembre 2020) : 5827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5827-2020.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. We present an exploratory study carried out with a new miniature portable emission measurement system (Mini-PEMS) specifically designed at the Technical University of Liberec (CZ) for applications on two-wheeler vehicles owing to its reduced size (45cm×30×20cm) and weight (≈15 kg). It measures the exhaust gas concentrations of hydrocarbons and carbon mono- and dioxide with a nondispersive infrared method and nitrogen mono- and dioxides and oxygen using an electrochemical cell. In addition, the instrument acquires the engine speed, manifold absolute pressure, inlet and exhaust gas temperature, geo-localization, and vehicle speed. The exhaust mass flow rate is calculated from engine and emission data. The Mini-PEMS was validated on three two-wheelers (one moped and two motorcycles) against laboratory-grade instrumentation in the Vehicle Emissions Laboratory of the European Commission in terms of measured concentrations, exhaust flow, fuel consumption, and mass emission of pollutants. The mean absolute deviations of gas concentrations were 8 % for HC, 8 % for CO, 13 % for NOx, and 2 % for CO2, while the mass emissions (which include the exhaust flow determination uncertainty) were 7 % for HC, 7 % for CO, 9 % for NOx, and 5 % for CO2. An agreement of 2 % was achieved between the fuel consumption measured in the laboratory and calculated by the Mini-PEMS. As an application, the instrument was tested on board the vehicles during on-road trips. The emissions measured on the road were consistent among repeated runs, with differences between laboratory and on-road tests much larger than those between the Mini-PEMS and laboratory. We found similar or larger HC and NOx real-driving emissions and larger CO emissions from motorcycles and smaller ones for the moped. Considering its size and weight, the Mini-PEMS proved to be an efficient tool for vehicle monitoring, research and development and could be tested for in-service monitoring applications related to carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions. A tentative approach to characterize particulate mass and particle number was presented and compared to the existing filter method and nonvolatile particle number protocol.
41
Kim, Hyun Cheol, Changhan Bae, Minah Bae, Okgil Kim, Byeong-Uk Kim, Chul Yoo, Jinsoo Park et al. « Space-Borne Monitoring of NOx Emissions from Cement Kilns in South Korea ». Atmosphere 11, no 8 (18 août 2020) : 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080881.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the South Korean cement industry are investigated with remote-sensing measurements, surface observations, and in situ aircraft measurements. In the Yeongwol, Danyang, and Jecheon regions of central South Korea, six closely located cement factories produce 31 million tons of cement annually. Their impact on the regional environment has been a public-policy issue, but their pollutants have not been continuously monitored nor have emissions inventories been fully verified. Using a newly developed downscaling technique, remote-sensing analyses show that Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 column densities over the cement kilns have more than twice the modeled concentrations, indicating that the kilns are one of the most dominant NOx emission point sources in South Korea. Observed NOx emissions are stronger in the spring, suggesting that these sources play an important role in the formation of surface ozone and secondary particulate matter. These emissions also slightly increased in recent years, even while most major South Korean cities posted a declining trend in NOx emissions. Photochemical models (during May to July 2015) demonstrate that emissions from the South Korean cement industry have significant environmental impacts, both on surface ozone (up to approximately 4 ppb) and PM2.5 (up to approximately 2 µg/m3).
42
Hilton, M., A. H. Lettington et C. W. Wilson. « Gas Turbine Exhaust Emissions Monitoring Using Nonintrusive Infrared Spectroscopy ». Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no 3 (1 juillet 1998) : 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818175.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Infrared (IR) spectra of the exhaust emissions from a static gas turbine engine have been studied using Fourier Transform (FT) spectroscopic techniques. Passive detection of the infrared emission from remote (range ∼ 3 m) hot exhaust gases was obtained nonintrusively using a high spectral resolution (0.25 cm−1) FTIR spectrometer. Remote gas temperatures were determined from their emission spectra using the total radiant flux method or by analysis of rotational line structure. The HITRAN database of atmospheric species was used to model the emission from gas mixtures at the relevant temperatures. The spatial distribution of molecular species across a section transverse to the exhaust plume ∼10 cm downstream of the jet pipe nozzle was studied using a tomographic reconstruction procedure. Spectra of the infrared emission from the plume were taken along a number of transverse lines of sight from the centerline of the engine outwards. A mathematical matrix inversion technique was applied to reconstruct the molecular concentrations of CO and CO2 in concentric regions about the centerline. Quantitative measurement of the molecular species concentrations determined nonintrusively were compared with results from conventional extractive sampling techniques.
43
Cao, Wenchao, Su Liu, Zhi Qu, He Song, Wei Qin, Jingheng Guo, Qing Chen, Shan Lin et Jingguo Wang. « Contribution and Driving Mechanism of N2O Emission Bursts in a Chinese Vegetable Greenhouse after Manure Application and Irrigation ». Sustainability 11, no 6 (18 mars 2019) : 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061624.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Solar greenhouse vegetable fields have been found to be hotspots of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in China, mainly due to excessive manure application and irrigation. Pulses of N2O emissions have been commonly reported by field monitoring works conducted in greenhouse fields, though their significance regarding total N2O emissions and the driving mechanism behind them remain poorly understood. N2O fluxes were monitored in situ using a static opaque chamber method in a typical greenhouse vegetable field. Then, laboratory incubations were conducted under different soil moisture and manure application gradients to monitor nitrous oxide emissions and related soil properties, using a robotized incubation system. Field monitoring showed that the occurrence of clear N2O emission bursts closely followed fertilization and irrigation events, accounting for 76.7% of the annual N2O efflux. The soil N2O flux increased exponentially with the water-filled pore space (WFPS), causing extremely high N2O emissions when the WFPS was higher than 60%. During the lab incubation, emission bursts led to N2O peaks within 40 h, synchronously changing with the transit soil NO2−. An integrated analysis of the variations in the gas emission and soil properties indicated that the denitrification of transit NO2− accumulation was the major explanation for N2O emission bursts in the greenhouse filed. Nitrous oxide emission bursts constituted the major portion of the N2O emissions in the Chinese greenhouse soils. Nitrite (NO2−) denitrification triggered by fertilization and irrigation was responsible for these N2O emission pulses. Our results clarified the significance and biogeochemical mechanisms of N2O burst emissions; this knowledge could help us to devise and enact sounder N2O mitigation measures, which would be conducive to sustainable development in vegetable greenhouse fields.
44
Lee, Jae-Ung, Won-Ju Lee, Eun-Seok Jeong, Jung-Ho Noh, Jong-Sung Kim et Ji-Woong Lee. « Algorithm for Monitoring Emissions Based on Actual Speed of Ships Participating in the Korean Vessel Speed Reduction Program ». Energies 15, no 24 (16 décembre 2022) : 9555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249555.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The vessel speed reduction program (VSRP) was first introduced in the Port of Los Angeles in 2001 to improve air quality. In this study, an algorithm was developed to calculate ship emissions with a bottom-up approach based on ship activity using automatic identification system (AIS) data. The target vessel applied to the emission calculation was a vessel participating in Korea’s VSRP. Factors considered for the calculation of emissions were ship type, speed, gross tonnage, engine power, load, sulfur content of fuel, and fuel consumption rate by engine age. The algorithm is designed to calculate the reduction amount by VSRP by simultaneously calculating the emission amount of the actual speed and the emission amount of the cruise speed when not participating in VSRP. The emission results of ships that participated in the VSRP in 2020 revealed that their speed was reduced by 47% and carbon dioxide emissions by 71.9%. These results were verified through comparison with the fuel consumption report of the container fleet presented by the International Maritime Organization. Our findings can be used to monitor the air pollutant emissions of ships entering major ports in Korea and to develop policies envisaged at reducing the production and effect of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Moreover, we recommend that this model be replicated in other countries for monitoring ship-induced emissions.
45
Sheng, Jichuan, Weihai Zhou et Alex de Sherbinin. « Uncertainty in Estimates, Incentives, and Emission Reductions in REDD+ Projects ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no 7 (21 juillet 2018) : 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071544.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The accurate monitoring and measurement of emission reductions is a critical step in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+). However, the existence of uncertainty in emission reduction estimates affects the performance of REDD+ projects. We assert that incentive could be a valuable policy tool for reducing monitoring errors and transaction costs. Using Stackelberg models and simulation research, this paper examines the effects of uncertainty and incentive on performance and stakeholder benefits of REDD+ projects. Finally, the uncertainties in REDD+ projects are further discussed, and equilibrium errors, emission reductions, and stakeholder benefits in different scenarios are compared. The results show that errors do affect the measured value of carbon emissions and compensation payments. However, incentive for investors can reduce monitoring errors and improve the performance of REDD+ projects. Therefore, in the future, incentive should be provided to investors rather than landholders.
46
Wu, Rui, Honglei Xu, Jie Liu, Xiaowen Yang, Xiaoyu Tan, Weiwei Gong et Jing Lin. « Layout Methods of Monitoring Stations for Diesel Freight Trucks Emission Supervision Using Highway Traffic Survey Data—— Taking Shanxi Province as an Example ». E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020) : 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014502026.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The in-use diesel trucks have high use intensity, high mobility, and frequent excessive emissions, which have become one of the important air pollution sources. The Action Plan for Tackling the Challenges of Diesel Truck Pollution Control issued by the Chinese government requires the establishment of a national monitoring network for transport-related air pollution and the use of various means to monitor diesel truck emissions. This study briefly summarized the requirements for diesel truck emission monitoring and supervision. Relying on the highway network traffic survey data, a method for identifying the main route of regional highway freight transportation was proposed. Then referring to the experience of highway air quality monitoring networks at home and abroad, the article proposed layout methods for roadside air quality monitoring stations, vehicle remote sensing monitoring stations, and road inspection stations, which fills the gap in domestic methods. At last, a demonstration study on the layout plan for the in-use diesel truck emissions monitoring stations in Shanxi Province was carried out. Taking Shanxi’s main highway freight corridors as the key supervision area, this article screened out 44 roadside air quality monitoring stations, 24 vehicle remote sensing monitoring stations, and 15 road inspection stations.
47
Liu, Leilei, Xu Guo, Jian Ding et Hongliang Wang. « Methodological Study on Voluntary Greenhouse Gases Reduction for Shore Power System ». E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019) : 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Voluntary emission reduction of greenhouse gases is conducive to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fostering a carbon trading market. Voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction methodologies can be used to determine project baselines, demonstrate additionality, calculate emission reductions, and develop monitoring plans. Marine fossil fuel combustion is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions in port. Through the implementation of marine shore power system, it is possible to replace fuel consumption with electricity and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions during berthing. Through the analysis and study on shore power system, the methodology of voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction for shore power system is formed, which is conducive to promoting the participation in carbon emissions trading and promoting the promotion and use of shore power system.
48
Kee, Keh-Kim, Yun Seng Lim, Jianhui Wong et Kein Huat Chua. « Impact of nonintrusive load monitoring on CO2 emissions in Malaysia ». Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no 4 (1 août 2021) : 1803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i4.2979.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) based energy efficiency can conserve electricity by creating awareness with the behaviour change and shrinking CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the lack of effective models and strategies is problematic for policymakers to forecast quantitatively CO2 emissions. This paper aims to study the impact of NILM on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Firstly, the predictive models were established based on Malaysia open data from 1996 to 2018. After that, scenario simulations were conducted to predict CO2 emissions and NILM impact on environmental degradation in 2019-2030. The results revealed that a 12% reduction in electricity consumption due to NILM could contribute to a 10.2% shrinkage of the total CO2 emissions. The result also statistically confirmed Malaysia to achieve a 45% reduction of CO2 intensity in 2030. With NILM, the carbon reduction can be further enhanced to 60.2%. The outcomes provide valuable references and supporting evidence for policymakers in planning effective carbon emission control policies and energy efficiency measures. The work can be extended by developing a decision support system and user interfaces access via the cloud.
49
Fridell, Erik, Martin Ferm et Anders Ekberg. « Emissions of particulate matters from railways – Emission factors and condition monitoring ». Transportation Research Part D : Transport and Environment 15, no 4 (juin 2010) : 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2010.02.006.
Texte intégral
50
Voznyak, Orest, Yuriy Yurkevych, Oleksandr Dovbush, Olena Savchenko et Mariana Kasynets. « MONITORING THE STATE OF THE AIR ENVIRONMENT IN THE LVIV REGION ». Theory and Building Practice 2022, no 1 (20 juin 2022) : 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2022.01.049.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents the results of monitoring the state of the air environment of Lviv region in 2020. The main sources of pollution are identified and statistical data on emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are given. The aim of the work is to analyze the state of the environment, natural resources of Lviv region, trends in their changes and environmental measures. Volumes of pollutant emissions from stationary sources of air pollution from enterprises, institutions and organizations of Lviv region were determined by conducting an inventory of stationary sources of pollutant emissions into the air, types and volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by stationary sources, equipment facilities of the region.