Thèses sur le sujet « Emissions de polluants atmosphériques »
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Brocard, Delphine. « Emissions atmosphériques des combustions domestiques : étude des processus et détermination des sources à l'échelle régionale et globale en Afrique ». Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30296.
Texte intégralJoumard, Robert. « Emissions réelles de polluants du trafic automobile en France ». Chambéry, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CHAMA001.
Texte intégralPiot, Christine. « Polluants atmosphériques organiques particulaires en Rhône-Alpes : caractérisation chimique et sources d'émissions ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661284.
Texte intégralTaront, Solenne. « Interactions entre épithélium bronchique et cellules dendritiques : implication de molécules membranaires ». Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00373159.
Texte intégralLe but de ce travail est d'étudier le dialogue entre l'épithélium bronchique et les DC dans un contexte d'exposition au polluant et/ou aux PAMP en se focalisant sur le rôle des molécules membranaires dans ces interactions, en particulier ICAM-1, les protéines de jonctions intercellulaires (PJI) et les SR.
Le kpOmpA, une protéine membranaire de Klebsiella pneumoniae, active les macrophages et les DC, et possède des propriétés immunomodulatrices. Notre but était d'étudier les interactions entre CEB et DC dans le contexte de l'exposition à un PAMP et les conséquences sur la réponse LcT. Nos résultats montrent que après inhalation de kpOmpA, l'épithélium bronchique participe au déclenchement de la réponse immune innée par le recrutement de précurseurs de DC myéloïdes par un mécanisme dépendant d'ICAM-1. Ces DC favorisent l'induction d'une réponse Th2. Cette étude démontre la participation active des CEB au développement de la réaction immunitaire en facilitant la transition entre l'immunité innée et acquise.
Au niveau intestinal, la capture des bactéries au niveau de la lumière intestinale par les DC implique l'expression de protéines de jonctions intercellulaires, permettant aux DC d'insinuer des pseudopodes entre les cellules épithéliales afin de capturer l'antigène sans rompre l'intégrité de la barrière épithéliale. Dans ce contexte, nous supposons que l'ouverture des jonctions intercellulaires de l'épithélium pourrait également permettre la capture de l'antigène dans la lumière bronchique et influer sur les fonctions des DC et. Nos résultats montrent que les DC expriment les protéines de jonctions adhérentes E-Cadhérine et β-Caténine et les protéines de jonctions serrées Occludine et ZO-1 à l'état basal. Les ligands de TLR modulent l'expression de ces protéines au niveau des ARNm et des protéines. Nous avons montré pour la première fois que la E-Cadhérine jouait un rôle clé dans la maturation des DC lors de l'établissement des jonctions intercellulaires entre CEB et DC.
Concernant les SR, les ligands de TLR modulent l'expression des SR au niveau des ARNm et des protéines contrairement aux DEP qui n'ont que peu d'effet. Associées aux ligands de TLR, les DEP modulent l'action des ligands des TLR sur l'expression des SR. Le prétraitement avec de l'ovalbumine maleylée et du dextran sulfate (agonistes des SR) bloque uniquement les effets d'une faible dose de DEP (1µg/ml) sur la maturation des DC et la sécretion de cytokines. En revanche, les ligands de SR n'ont pas d' effet sur la maturation ou encore la production d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène lorsque les DC sont exposées à une dose plus importante de DEP (10µg/ml). Ces données suggèrent la participation des SR au cours de la rèponse des DC aux DEP.
Ces données suggèrent l'importance des molécules d'adhésion comme l'ICAM-1 ou les PJI et des SR dans la réponse des cellules dendritiques de la muqueuse bronchique aux PAMP et aux DEP. De plus, ils confirment les interactions existantes entre ces deux types de stimuli
Guillaume, Bruno. « Les aérosols : émissions, formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires, transport longue distance, zoom sur les aérosols carbonés en Europe ». Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30260.
Texte intégralSurchamp, Alexia. « Emissions potentielles de polluants organiques persistants à partir du milieu urbain et par les activités de traitement des déchets : impact sur la qualité de l'air au voisinage des sources ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066010.
Texte intégralThe objective was to characterize the indirect emissions of SVOCs (PCB, HCB, PeCB, PAHs, phthalates and PBDE) on potentially contaminated environments by their uses (underground railway zones, traffic roads) and waste treatment sites (wastewater treatment plants, elimination, vehicle destruction sites). Measuring networks including "large volume" active air samplers, passive samplers and environmental bio-accumulators have been used to acquire data in the vicinity of potential sources. The results reveal an ubiquity of all the measured compounds in the air, where their presence in the gas phase prevails. The air contamination of the study sites shows a common ranking (phthalates> PAHs> HCB> PeCB> PCBs> PBDEs), where air contamination in summer is more important, confirming the relative importance of diffuse emissions by passive volatilization The results from passive sensors demonstrate the value of this complementary tool for the realization of large spatio-temporal scale study. The interpretation of environmental state from air, soil, atmospheric deposition and plant bio-accumulators analyzes indicates that the contamination remains mostly equivalent to urban area.. The results reveal that diffuse emissions of non-halogenated SVOCs (phthalates and PAHs) by passive volatilization, represent an environmental and health challenge where that could exceed those of past POPs (PCBs, PBDE, ...)
Karoui, Ahmed. « Effets cardiovasculaires de polluants atmosphériques d'origine automobile : Etude par inhalation chez le rat de l'effet du NO2 seul et en mélange dans des gaz d'échappement de moteur Diesel ». Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR135/document.
Texte intégralAir pollution from car traffic is a major health issue and is recognized as an importantrisk factor for cardiovascular disease. The contribution of the particulate phase of Diesel engine emissions to these health effects has been well established. However, studies on the gas phase are few in number, while the evolution of the depollution systems allowing a reduction of the Diesel particles, led to an increase in pollutants of the gas phases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) a major and toxic pollutant. consequently, the general objective of this work was to evaluate the attributable part of the gaseous phase, and more specifically NO2, in the cardiovascular effects induced by Diesel emissions representative of the current fleet. In a first step, a comparative study was conducted in the Wistar rat exposed by inhalation to NO2 alone or to Diesel emissions, producing NO2, and taken upstream and downstream of a particulate filter (PF). In order to understand the mechanisms of action involved, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress were evaluated, in parallel with cardiacfunction measurements after a single exposure (a single exposure of 3 h) and after repeated exposure (3 h / day, 5 days / week for 3 weeks). Second, a more specific study on the effects of NO2 on vascular function and its possible consequences in a hypertension model was carried out using two experimental models: a physiological model (Wistar rat) and a model of hypertension (SHR). Evaluation of the vascular function was performed by an ex vivo approach from isolated coronary arteries following single and repeated exposures in the Wistar rat and only after a single exposure in the SHR. For the latter, repeated exposures were also performed to explore mitochondrial function. Our results show that single exposure to emissions upstream and downstream of PF induces a slight alteration of cardiac function, which is more important at 5 ppm NO2 but reversible. After three weeks of repeated exposure, cardiac dysfunction persists as ventricular diameters remain high the day after the last exposure, both after exposures to upstream and downstream Diesel emissions and to NO2. Cardiac dysfunction is accompanied by an alteration in the vasorelaxation of the arteries exposed to NO2. In parallel with these alterations, weobserved mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly during NO2 exposures independently of myocardial or systemic oxidative stress. Exposure to NO2 aggravates pre-existingmitochondrial dysfunction during hypertension, suggesting worsening of cardiovascular function. All these results demonstrate the effect of the gaseous phase, in particular NO2, on the mitochondrial function in the two experimental models, indicating the importance of taking into account the action of the gas phase in the depollution systems to come up
Surchamp, Alexia. « Emissions potentielles de polluants organiques persistants à partir du milieu urbain et par les activités de traitement des déchets : impact sur la qualité de l'air au voisinage des sources ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066010/document.
Texte intégralThe objective was to characterize the indirect emissions of SVOCs (PCB, HCB, PeCB, PAHs, phthalates and PBDE) on potentially contaminated environments by their uses (underground railway zones, traffic roads) and waste treatment sites (wastewater treatment plants, elimination, vehicle destruction sites). Measuring networks including "large volume" active air samplers, passive samplers and environmental bio-accumulators have been used to acquire data in the vicinity of potential sources. The results reveal an ubiquity of all the measured compounds in the air, where their presence in the gas phase prevails. The air contamination of the study sites shows a common ranking (phthalates> PAHs> HCB> PeCB> PCBs> PBDEs), where air contamination in summer is more important, confirming the relative importance of diffuse emissions by passive volatilization The results from passive sensors demonstrate the value of this complementary tool for the realization of large spatio-temporal scale study. The interpretation of environmental state from air, soil, atmospheric deposition and plant bio-accumulators analyzes indicates that the contamination remains mostly equivalent to urban area.. The results reveal that diffuse emissions of non-halogenated SVOCs (phthalates and PAHs) by passive volatilization, represent an environmental and health challenge where that could exceed those of past POPs (PCBs, PBDE, ...)
Martinet, Simon. « Estimation in-situ des facteurs d’émission des polluants du trafic routier ». Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET006.
Texte intégralUrban air pollution is a major issue for human health and the environment. Road traffic is the main source of pollution in urban areas and contributes significantly to air pollution in these areas despite improvements in pollution control technologies and engines. To measure and improve knowledge of pollutant emissions from road vehicles, different methods exist, each with its own advantages and limitations. For example, measurements on a test bench make it possible to study vehicle emissions according to their technology and with good reproducibility of test conditions. However, this approach remains limited, particularly for the representativeness of vehicle fleet emissions under real operating conditions. The limited knowledge of emissions of unregulated pollutants, such as BTEX, C9-22 alkanes, carbonyl compounds, particulate matter and soot carbon, which have adverse effects on health and the environment and are rarely measured due to the complexity of metrology, is a second area for further study of traffic emissions. The objective of this work is to estimate in-situ emission factors for unregulated pollutants from road traffic, under real vehicle traffic conditions and for fleets whose composition is precisely characterized. For this purpose, the work of this thesis has made it possible to develop and implement methodologies for in-situ measurement, in urban areas, of unregulated pollutant emissions from road traffic, and to estimate emission factors based on measurements made at different sites (open roadside site and confined site). These emission factors are established for unregulated pollutants, and for a precisely defined actual vehicle fleet (detailed knowledge of the composition of the vehicle fleet in use and local traffic conditions). The emission factors thus determined in-situ are compared with those derived from bench measurements in order to verify their consistency and analyse them according to the different measurement sites and the impact of the composition of the fleet on pollutant emissions. Three in-situ measurement campaigns were carried out, two roadside in urban areas (open sites) and one in a tunnel near an urban area (confined site). The concentrations of the targeted pollutants measured at these three sites, as well as the different fleet compositions and traffic conditions identified, were used to estimate emission factors per vehicle or for the entire fleet
Shahla, Roya. « Etude expérimentale et modélisation cinétique de l’oxydation de biocarburants : impact sur les émissions de polluants (carbonylés et hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques) ». Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2043.
Texte intégralThe transport sector is subject to strict regulations aiming at limiting pollutants emissions. Biofuels have received particular attention as alternative fuel or additive to traditional fuels for remedying two issues: the depletion of fossil resources and emissions of certain pollutants. In this work we studied the impact of blending conventional fuels with synthetic or oxygenated biofuels on the emissions of non-regulated pollutants, namely carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on soot. Firstly, the carbonyl compounds emissions were studied using an internal combustion engine. The carbonyls were collected at the exhaust of a diesel engine running with biofuel blends and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Secondly, the impact of blending the conventional fuel with oxygenated biofuels on soot formation and adsorbed PAHs were studied using a flat flame burner under well stabilized conditions. This work was completed by the study of the kinetics of oxidation of three oxygenated additives in a jet-stirred reactor at atmospheric pressure, over the temperature range 530-1280 K and for different equivalence ratios (0.5-4). The concentration profiles of reactants, products and main stable intermediates were obtained by probe sampling and gas analyses including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas phase chromatography. These results were then compared to simulated species concentration profiles obtained using oxidation kinetic models available from the literature
Gallou, Guillaume. « Etude et optimisation de la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) pour le suivi en continu des polluants émis par les sources fixes ». Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10153.
Texte intégralIn the context of the prevention of atmospheric pollution and air quality improvement, measurement of the stationary sources emission appears as a key component to evaluate the concentration of one or many pollutants and also to estimate the annual flows. Analytical techniques of atmospheric pollutants must on principle permit to control the safety concentration limits fixed by order. To that end, laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears to be a good technique. Indeed, this multielementary analysis technique requires no sample preparation, is quantitative, fast (< 1 min), and can be performed at remote distance. The objective of this work, supported by ADEME and run by CEA and INERIS, is to develop and optimise LIBS technique to measure in-situ and in real time metallic pollutants in particulate forms emitted by stationary sources. During this study, two experimental approaches were carried out simultaneously: the first one, realized in CEA, consists to collect micrometric metallic particles generated by ultrasonic nebulizer on filter and then to analyse those filters with adapted LIBS device. In parallel, the second device is realised in INERIS to analyse the same particles by focusing the laser directly (direct analysis) on the flowing aerosol inside an analysis cell. To evaluate correctly the analysis LIBS devices as well as the acquisition and data treatment protocols adapted to aerosols analysis, specific experimental setup of generating and characterising metallic aerosol is designed and implemented. Then, experimental results are optimized and compared. After those developments and tests in laboratory, in-situ measurements are realized in the "Centre Technique des Industries de la Fonderie (CTIF)" in Sèvres. Measurements were performed on melting process to analyse in-situ and in real time concentration of metallic particles emitted during copper melt
Molle, Romain. « Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
Texte intégralThis study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Chen, Ruiwei. « Uncertainty quantification in the simulation of road traffic and associated atmospheric emissions in a metropolitan area ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1029.
Texte intégralThis work focuses on the uncertainty quantification in the modeling of road traffic emissions in a metropolitan area. The first step is to estimate the time-dependent traffic flow at street-resolution for a full agglomeration area, using a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model. Then, a metamodel is built for the DTA model set up for the agglomeration, in order to reduce the computational cost of the DTA simulation. Then the road traffic emissions of atmospheric pollutants are estimated at street resolution, based on a modeling chain that couples the DTA metamodel with an emission factor model. This modeling chain is then used to conduct a global sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential inputs in computed traffic flows, speeds and emissions. At last, the uncertainty quantification is carried out based on ensemble simulations using Monte Carlo approach. The ensemble is evaluated with observations in order to check and optimize its reliability
Molle, Romain. « Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
Texte intégralThis study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Prud'homme, Julie. « Estimation et analyse spatiales des émissions de polluants de transports individualisés : évaluation des performances environnementales d'un Transport à la Demande ». Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00992326.
Texte intégralGuedidi, Insaf. « Global value chains and deep trade agreements ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA01E026.
Texte intégralIn recent years, the phenomenon of producing “Made in the World” goods has increased dramatically, leading to a progressive economic transformation of the way we understand production processes (Antràs 2020). The present thesis considers a variety of research questions: Do maritime connectivity and border procedures affect the same way trade in final goods and trade in intermediate inputs? How important it is to adopt internet to Global Value Chains (GVCs) participation? What is the impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) on international trade and, specifically, on GVC trade? How does GVC participation affect air pollution and what is the importance of environmental provisions in trade agreements when analyzing the environmental implications of GVCs? This thesis aims to define and analyze two drivers (in chapter 2) and two consequences (in chapters 3 and 4) of participation in GVCs. Chapter 2 examines the effect of trade facilitation on trade, more particularly on Global Production Networks (GPNs). It shows that maritime connectivity matters for trade under GPNs. In particular, exporting intermediate goods is highly encouraged by more efficient maritime routes which connect various participants of GPNs. Furthermore, shipping goods without delays, low costs, and simpler procedures are key elements of participation in GPNs. In addition, Chapter 2 analyses the impact of the internet on GVCs in Africa. It investigates the effect of internet adoption on forward participation and backward participation in GVCs at the country level and the firm level. Results show that internet use and internet infrastructure are important for Africa in terms of forward GVC participation. The chapter argues that African countries and firms need to improve internet infrastructure to make the best of integration into GVCs. High integration levels in GVCs can change the way we interpret REER response on gross exports and GVC trade in Tunisia. Thus, chapter 3 shows the importance of calculating a new measure of REER based on the sectoral value-added terms to account for the rising importance of GVCs. Results show that REER effects on GVC trade differ from its impact on traditional trade. It is found that foreign value-added (FVA) share in gross exports dampens the response of REER to exports. Moreover, accounting for sectoral heterogeneity is important to determine trade competitiveness because Tunisian sectors take part in GVCs at different levels. Chapter 4 focuses on the relationship between air pollutant emissions, environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements, and GVCs. Examining the effects of participation in GVCs on environmental quality, chapter 4 found an inverted U-shaped relation between the level of participation in GVCs and air pollutant emissions. The chapter proves that signing more trade agreements with environmental laws reduces pollution. However, including environmental provisions in trade agreements does not guarantee environmental quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
Chen, Ruiwei. « Uncertainty quantification in the simulation of road traffic and associated atmospheric emissions in a metropolitan area ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1029/document.
Texte intégralThis work focuses on the uncertainty quantification in the modeling of road traffic emissions in a metropolitan area. The first step is to estimate the time-dependent traffic flow at street-resolution for a full agglomeration area, using a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model. Then, a metamodel is built for the DTA model set up for the agglomeration, in order to reduce the computational cost of the DTA simulation. Then the road traffic emissions of atmospheric pollutants are estimated at street resolution, based on a modeling chain that couples the DTA metamodel with an emission factor model. This modeling chain is then used to conduct a global sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential inputs in computed traffic flows, speeds and emissions. At last, the uncertainty quantification is carried out based on ensemble simulations using Monte Carlo approach. The ensemble is evaluated with observations in order to check and optimize its reliability
Breuil, Jean-Martial. « Modélisation économique des émissions de polluants atmosphériques ». Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOE010.
Texte intégralThis thesis deals with the use of input-output models in the calculation of atmospheric pollutant emissions. In the first part, devoted to the state of the art of medling, the thesis provides (chapter 1) some technical data related to atmospheric pollution. Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted to an examination of the main economic models of emissions : ernergy - economy - environment, input-output. The second part describes the building of an atmospheric pollutant emissions model drawing attention to the establishment of the data bank : calculating, problems of correspondance between existing data bases. Chapter 4 leads on to the elaboration and calculation of a "elaxed" matrix of emissions (emission content) i. E. Quantities of pollutants emitted by industries at the time of intermediate consumption. Chapter 5 is devoted to the analysis of the matrices by a technico-economic method. This offers an opportunity to test the forecasting capability of an industry coefficient of emission. Chapter 6 consists of a projection for 2010 and an application of the technicoeconomic method defined in the previous chapter, in order to analyse variations between 1990-2010
Vacher, Damien. « Detection, en temps réel, d'éléments métalliques présents dans les rejets atmosphériques industriels par torche à plasma à couplage inductif ». Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF21330.
Texte intégralSaleh, Yara. « Etude de la pathogénicité pulmonaire des polluants atmosphériques nanoparticulaires ». Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S014.
Texte intégralBackground: Air pollution is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. Among air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is a major health risk factor, through the development of pulmonary diseases. The toxicity of PM depends on their chemical composition and size which increases their mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties and determine their penetration and retention in the respiratory tract. Fine particles (FP <2,5μm) and ultrafine particles (UFP <0,1μm) can thus reach the deepest airways where their purification will be carried out slowly by macrophage clearance. Compared to FP, less is known about the toxicological impact of UFP.Methods: We first compared the impact of prolonged exposure to PF and PUF collected on the same urban-industrial site on the respiratory health in mice. After physicochemical characterization of the particles (granulometry, surface composition, elementary composition, PAH), BALB/c mice were intranasally exposed to increasing single doses of PF or PUF (10, 50 or 100 μg) and subchronically for 1 month or 3 months, to 3 doses of 10 μg of particles per week. Mice were then sacrificed, bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed and different samples (blood, lungs, liver, femurs) were taken for toxicological analyses.Results: The elemental chemical composition of FP and UFP did not show any major differences but highlights their industrial origin due to their high content of metals. On the other hand, a slightly higher PAH content was detected in FP compared to PUF. For all experimental conditions, no in vivo genotoxic and / or mutagenic effects were detected (comet, micronucleus, Pig-A negative tests). However, the study of the cellularity of BAL, the quantification of cytokine gene expression and histological analysis of lung tissue suggest the occurrence of chronic inflammation in exposed mice lungs. More extended lesioned areas were, however, observed in the UFP-exposed mice. Transcriptomic analyses have shown, on the one hand, that the number of deregulated genes increases with the dose and the time of exposure, and on the other hand that this number is much higher in mice exposed to UFP compared to those exposed to FP. The identification of the main signalling pathways most5significantly impacted confirms that UFP induce greater and earlier lung tissue response than PF. Concerning the epigenetic analyses, deregulation of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and gene expression of some miRNAs was more pronounced in PUF-exposed mice. The ongoing functional analysis of miRNAs specifically deregulated by PUFs, or commonly deregulated by PUFs and PFs, should allow the identification of their target mRNAs.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that UFP have greater impact on the respiratory system than FPs which would allow the identification of new biomarkers of tissue damage. The information resulting from this project can be transmitted to the different organizations in charge of air pollutants and their effects on health, to the concerned authorities and to the industries in order to contribute to make better decisions regarding the reduction of emissions of particulate pollutants of greatest concern. They will thus help to update the current regulations in order to include UFP and limit their emissions
Bigourd, Damien. « Etude et détection de polluants atmosphériques dans le domaine THz ». Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00120948.
Texte intégralpartie du spectre électromagnétique est encore peu exploitée et a souvent été qualifiée de "gap spectral" en raison des nombreuses difficultés à émettre ce rayonnement à des puissances exploitables. Deux spectromètres dans la gamme THz ont été développés et exploités. Le premier, basé sur la spectroscopie résolue en temps, utilise des impulsions THz et permet d'obtenir un spectre de quelques GHz à 1,2 THz en quelques minutes avec une résolution de l'ordre du GHz. Le second est un spectromètre continu basé sur le photomélange avec
une extension spectrale de 3 THz et une pureté spectrale de 5 MHz. Après des descriptions analytiques et des caractérisations expérimentales des dispositifs, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude, à la surveillance et à la détection des polluants atmosphériques dans l'infrarouge lointain en exploitant les deux instruments pour l'analyse de la fumée de cigarette qui représente un excellent exemple de milieu hostile. Cette étude révèle la présence d'acide cyanhydrique (HCN), de monoxyde de carbone (CO), et de formaldéhyde (H2CO). Les concentrations de ces espèces ont été déduites des formes de raies puis confirmées et comparées à des
mesures par méthodes chimiques. La partie fondamentale de ce travail est d'étudier la réponse d'un gaz suite à une excitation subpicoseconde : les signaux de précession libre dans le sulfure de carbonyle (OCS) qui consiste en une série d'impulsions transitoires. Un modèle théorique permet d'interpréter classiquement ces impulsions réémises. La décroissance quasi exponentielle des impulsions transitoires est liée à la largeur de raie des transitions de rotation et les informations d'anharmonicité sont observées sur les formes de ces
impulsions qui sont principalement dues à la propagation, à la dispersion et à la distorsion centrifuge.
Goger, Thierry. « Unindicateur d'impact environnemental global des polluants atmosphériques émis par les transports ». Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0099/these.pdf.
Texte intégralWe intend to build a global environmental impact indicator of air pollution to assess transport infrastructures, technologies or flows. This indicator tries to be simple and transparent to facilitate its use in decision-making. The intention is for the indicator to be like the Global Warming Potential (GWP), which establishes a relationship between the emission of six greenhouse gases and the average temperature increase of the Earth. The indicator therefore allows estimating the global environmental impact of transport-generated air pollution, while simultaneously conserving the value of the environmental impact of each type of air pollution and the emission assessment. This work is based on an environmental impact typology, a set of indicators, and aggregation architecture of atmospheric pollution. The typology is established as a function of the specific and homogenous characteristics of each type of pollution in terms of pollutants, impact mechanisms, targets and environmental impacts. To ensure exhaustiveness and non-redundancy, 10 types of air pollution impact are proposed: greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, direct ecotoxicity (this type of pollution excludes greenhouse effects on nature, ozone depletion, eutrophication, acidification and photochemical pollution), eutrophication, acidification, photochemical pollution, restricted direct health effects (not taking into account welfare, and excluding the effects on health of the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acidification and photochemical pollution), sensitive pollution (annoyance caused by odours and fumes), and degradation of common and historical man-made heritage. Indicators similar to GWP can be identified in the literature for each type of atmospheric pollution, except for the degradation of common and historical man-made heritage, for which none indicator have been suggested. However, these indicators do not seem to have achieved wide scientific consensus, except for GWP, which may make it necessary to continue research in this field. Aggregating the different indicators is proposed by using an architecture composed of two structures that aggregate types of air pollution. One is based on the target affected, whereas the second has three dimensions, i. E. Targets, space and time. This architecture allows also the indicator’s users to establish a hierarchy of concerns for each type of atmospheric pollution. The indicator makes thus it possible to give a global value to impact of air pollutants, taking into account scientific assessment and social perception
Idoughi, Ramzi. « Caractérisation de polluants atmosphériques à haute résolution spatiale par télédétection optique ». Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0013/document.
Texte intégralThe air pollution is a very important issue for industrialized society, both in terms of health (respiratory diseases, allergies,. . . ) and in terms of climate change (global warming and greenhouse gas emissions). Anthropogenic sources, especially industrial, emit into the atmosphere gases and aerosols, which play an important role in atmospheric exchanges. However emissions remain poorly estimated as most of existing space sensors have a limited spectral range as well as a too low spatial resolution. The use of the new hyperspectral airborne image sensors in the infrared range opens the way to new development to improve the plume characterization. In our work, we developed a new method for detecting and characterizing gas plumes. It is based on an accurate non linear formalism of cloud gas radiative impact. This method was validated using synthetic scenes of industrial area, and airborne acquisitions obtained by a hyperspectral thermal infrared sensor
Acharid, Abdelhaq. « Coadsorption du carbofuran et du plomb à l'interface eau/air : Relation avec les mécanismes de passage des polluants non volatils vers l'atmosphère : Modélisation théorique du comportement à la surface ». Brest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BRES2020.
Texte intégralThe weak solubility of carbofuran allows adsorption at the air/water interface. Carbofuran-rich layers are then able to induce the coadsorption of metallic salts such as lead nitrate or chloride. Pollutant-rich surfaces may then form aerosols through the mechanism of bubbling and pollute atmospher with non-volatile species. This phenomenon was quantitatively studied through surface tension measurements under concentration conditions close to the environmental ones. These so-obtained data have been modelled in two ways. First model uses the statistical description of ionic adsorption by Onsager and Samaras and allows to evidence a strongly negative Gibbs' excess for water. 'Me second one is a quantum ab initio description which give some information on the water-air interface structure
Dhahak, Amal. « Modélisation chimique détaillée de la combustion de la biomasse dans les appareils de chauffage domestique en vue de réduire leurs émissions polluantes ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0017.
Texte intégralThis thesis aims to understand and model the chemical mechanisms of biomass combustion in domestic heating appliances to reduce polluting emissions. For this purpose, a global model of combustion has been developed. This model considers both detailed chemical kinetics and heat transfer. The first part of this work consisted of developing a kinetic model to represent the devolatilization of biomass as well as the secondary gas phase combustion reactions of the species emitted during primary pyrolysis. According to the used kinetic model of pyrolysis, the biomass is characterized as a mixture of three so-called reference constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. To know the limitations of the studied model, it has been tested on several cases of primary pyrolysis. A model of secondary pyrolysis and combustion was added to the model representing primary pyrolysis. This secondary model is composed of oxidation mechanisms for products formed by pyrolysis, such as hydroxyacetaldehyde, furan and its derivatives, furfural, anisole, guaiacol ... This secondary model, as well as the new global model developed BioPOx (Biomass Pyrolysis and Oxidation) have been tested on a large number of experimental results. In a second part, the kinetic model considering both the primary pyrolysis and the thermal cracking of the emitted gaseous species, is coupled to a simplified model of heat transfer to model the combustion of a log of wood in a stove represented by a network of ideal chemical reactors. The global model, coupling the kinetic and thermal parts, reproduces experimental results on gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, NO) obtained in a wood stove
Goger, T. « Un indicateur d'impact environnemental global des polluants atmosphériques émis par les transports ». Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545101.
Texte intégralDupuit, Estelle. « L'analyse de polluants gazeux par spectrophotométrie UV moyennement résolutive ». Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11021.
Texte intégralPourtau, Nathalie. « Réponse du promoteur de Tnt1A à une pollution ozonée chez le tabac et la tomate ». Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU1016.
Texte intégralThe aim of this study was to develop a new biomarker in order to evaluate the impact of three criteria atmospheric pollutants, ozone, formaldehyde and benzene, on plants. To do so, we planned to measure the activation level of the Tnt1A retrotransposon promoter in plants submitted to these pollutants. The tobacco Tnt1A retrotransposon is one of the few active plant retrotransposons and is known to be transcriptionally activated by various biotic and abiotic stresses in its natural host, tobacco, and in heterologous species. So, experiments were performed with the goal to determine whether the Tnt1A promoter could also be activated in tobacco and tomato by representative atmospheric pollutants such as ozone, formaldehyde and benzene. In practice, plants were grown and exposed to pollutants in open top chambers (OTC), foliar material was subsequently harvested and Tnt1A promoter activation level measured by using the LTR-Gus construction, a chimeric gene composed of the ß-glucuronidase reporter gene placed under the control of regulatory and promotory regions of Tnt1A. Results shown that the atmospheric pollutants tested could activate the Tnt1A promoter in transgenic tomatoes but not in tobaccos. The Tnt1A promoter appeared to be highly sensitive to ozone, moderately sensitive to formaldehyde and quite insensitive to benzene. The Tnt1A promoter activation upon ozone stresses (chronic and acute) is positively correlated with ozone load, occurs early and is independent from the development stage. Moreover, results demonstrate that the response of the Tnt1A promoter is conditioned by climatic factors, activation phases occurring under climatic conditions suitable for ozone entrance in foliar tissues, i. E. A temperature below 25ʿC, a daily period of sunshine not exceeding 5 hours and a relative humidity above 70%. On the basis of this study, the promoter of Tnt1A could be considered as a useful biomarker to monitor the impact of ozone on plants even if its use is subjected to legislation constraints linked to experimentations on transgenic plants
Helli, Omar. « Multicapteurs de gaz pour la conception d'un nez électronique de surveillance de la pollution atmosphérique : application à la detection de NO2 et H2S dans une atmosphère humide chargée de CO2 ». Metz, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2003/Helli.Omar.SMZ0303.pdf.
Texte intégralGenies, Camille. « Génotoxicité des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques en melanges, une classe majeure de polluants atmosphériques ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV053/document.
Texte intégralPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) represent a family of ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants produced upon incomplete combustion and thus present in polluted atmosphere of the cities, in cigarette smoke and in certain industries. Exposure to HAP can cause lung, skin and bladder cancers. For this reason, some PAHs are suspected or recognized carcinogenic to humans, especially Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), through their ability at inducing the formation of DNA damage after metabolization. In spite of the systematic emission of PAHs in mixtures, the majority of the studies was interested in the genotoxic effect of pure PAH and mainly B[a]P. In order to provide mechanistic data on the genotoxicity and the mode of action of PAH mixtures, we designed an in vitro study using cell lines representative of lungs (A549), bladder (T24) and liver (HepG2). DNA damage was investigated through the quantification of adducts by HPLC-MS/MS and of oxidative damage by the Comet assay. In addition, the metabolism was studied by analyzing genes induction by RT-qPCR and enzymatic activities of phase I CYP540 (EROD) and phase II (GST). First, the use of B[a] P, as a reference compound showed a quasi-total absence of metabolization and genotoxicity for T24. In contrast, the formation of DNA adducts formation and the induction of metabolization was highlighted for A549, with a bell-shaped dose-response curve similar to those observed in other lungs models. Then we extended this approach to 12 priority PAH and analyzed their metabolization and the possible formation of adducts focusing on the pulmonary cell line A549. The combination of these HAP to B[a]P in binary mixtures or in complex mixtures representative to environmental exposures led to a strong inhibition in adducts formation induced by B[a]P without outbreak of adducts from other PAH. In addition, we observed, in the case of complex mixtures, a good correlation between the EROD activity and the formation of adducts in DNA, while phase I genes were always overexpressed after exposure to mixtures when compared to pure B[a]P. The mechanisms involved in the inhibition of DNA adducts remain to be elucidated but PAHs metabolization represents a key step in the mixtures genotoxicity through inhibition or competition of CYP resulting in an inhibition of EROD activity. It is thus clear that the study of the HAP in an individual way is not sufficient to understand the genotoxicity of complex mixtures. The TEF Approach, usually used to asses the risk related to PAH mixtures exposure, relies on toxic effects additivity and ignores metabolic interactions between the various PAH. The improvement of this prediction tool is essential and involves necessarily the study of the underlying mechanisms which connect mixtures composition, their metabolization and their genotoxicity
Yang, Chun. « Développement d'un spectromètre térahertz haute résolution : application à la caractérisation de polluants atmosphériques ». Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0283.
Texte intégralThe work undertaken in this thesis is to develop a wide-band continuous-wave terahertz spectrometer able to cover 100% of the region extending from 0. 3 to 3. 3 THz. Two extended cavity laser diodes have been frequency stabilized, one to a saturated absorption feature of Rubidium and one to a low contrast Fabry-Perot etalon. This solution yielded a spectral purity of 2 MHz for a 10 ms gate time and an absolute frequency accuracy of 100 MHz. The collisional broadening coefficients of hydrogen cyanide with oxygen and nitrogen were measured. The resulting air-broadening coefficients have been included in the latest version of the HITRAN database. Subsequently a frequency metrology system was developed using a frequency comb and demonstrated an improved source spectral purity evaluated to be 200 kHz for a sweep time of 1 s. The estimated accuracy of absolute frequency is 100 kHz. The measurement of the frequencies of carbonyl sulfide has shown an improvement in the rotational molecular parameters. Several novel photomixer devices fabricated by the IEMN were also characterized in this work with encouraging results. Particularly the novel vertical design combined with a horn antenna showed excellent performance especially at high frequencies
Jouen, Samuel. « Corrosion du cuivre, du nickel et de l'étain au contact de polluants atmosphériques ». Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES070.
Texte intégralThis study gives on the one hand, an overall view of the copper, nickel and tin corrosion exposed in various outdoor atmospheres, on the other hand, some considerations on the setting of the technical device allowing normalised indoor corrosion tests with four pollutant gas (SO₂, NO₂, H₂S et Cl₂). A multi-analytical approach was chosen to characterise the corrosion products, combining physical and chemical techniques, that give qualitative and quantitative informations. Corrosion of copper is uniform and the corrosion layer consists of a complex mixture rich in copper (I) oxide and copper sulfates. With the nickel, we are able to show a pitting corrosion mechanism, in which there is formation of nickel sulfates and nickel chlorines corrosion products in the pit and a nickel carbonate all around. Tin corrosion is heterogeneous with formation of clusters composed of several corrosion products, in which an amorphous stannic hydrated oxide is the main phase. Atmospheric precipitations have an essential impact on the copper corrosion rate, and more again on the nickel one. Ozone concentration in air appears also as an essential parameter, which must be taken into account to understand the corrosion mechanism. As part of the accelerated corrosion test in laboratory, we have shown a catalytic effect of the stainless steel exposure chamber, on the chemical reactions between gas. The effect of the concentration ratio H₂S/Cl₂ in copper, nickel and tin corrosion have been also studied
Ionescu, Anda. « Contribution à la compréhension de la dispersion des polluants atmosphériques en zone urbaine ». Paris 12, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA120059.
Texte intégralBarros, de Oliveira Diogo Miguel. « Identification of the main sources and geographical origins of PM10 in the northern part of France ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10007/document.
Texte intégralAirborne particles have significant economical, health and environmental impacts at a global scale. Mitigating their emissions to improve ambient air quality demands a deep knowledge on their sources, which can be determined by investigating their chemical composition. The present thesis aims at identifying major PM10 sources and geographical origins at 5 sampling sites (3 urban background, 1 traffic and 1 remote) representative of Northern France, which is frequently submitted to exceedances of limit values as defined by European Directives. The first step of this study included a comprehensive chemical characterization of PM10 filter samples collected every third day at the 5 sites. Organic matter and ammonium nitrate were confirmed as the main PM10 species in the investigated area with some differences according to the site type. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to identify and quantify the contributions of primary sources as well as secondary processes impacting each sampling site. Large contributions of secondary aerosols (mainly grouped as nitrate-, sulfate- and oxalate-rich aerosols) were obtained at all sites, as well as significant traffic and biomass burning. The use of specific tracers like MSA and polyols also proved to be useful to identify marine and continental biogenic aerosols, respectively. Statistical trajectory-based model was applied to PMF outputs to calculate Concentration Field maps and locate emission sources of marine particles, namely fresh and aged sea salts (primarily from the Atlantic Ocean) and marine biogenic aerosols (mainly from the North Sea), as well as continental contributions of nitrate-and sulfate-rich secondary particles
KAMIONKA, Marc. « Développement de systèmes multicapteurs et multivariables pour la mesure en continu de polluants atmosphériques ». Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010218.
Texte intégralNous avons mis au point un banc de mesure automatisé capable de générer les concentrations appropriées de gaz avec un taux d'humidité contrôlé. Il permet d'effectuer l'acquisition en continu de quatre dispositifs (mono ou multicapteurs) en cycles de température.
Nous avons suivi l'évolution des performances de différents capteurs élaborés par sérigraphie au cours du temps. Au terme de ces expériences, nous avons montré l'intérêt de l'utilisation de certains de ces capteurs pour deux composantes majeures de pollution : l'ozone et les hydrocarbures. Lors de ce travail, les effets capacitifs et les effets d'électrode ne se sont pas révélés être des paramètres utiles pour notre application. Néanmoins, les montées en température sont porteuses d'informations supplémentaires.
Ainsi, deux systèmes multicapteurs ont été réalisés. L'un associe trois capteurs indépendants et l'autre consiste en trois couches déposées sur un même substrat chauffant. Ces trois couches sont initialement identiques (dioxyde d'étain) mais deux sont recouvertes d'une couche mince, de platine pour l'un et de silice pour l'autre. De plus, un système constitué de trois capteurs commerciaux fonctionnant en isotherme a aussi été testé. Pour chacun des systèmes étudiés, nous avons construit des modèles de comportement à l'aide d'un algorithme dit de « Réseaux de Neurones ». Alors que les modèles réalisés à l'aide de mélanges gazeux synthétiques se sont révélés inutilisables pour des mesures en pollution réelle, il a été montré qu'un modèle étalonné directement avec de l'air prélevé en milieu urbain se révèle efficace pour la mesure des concentrations en ozone et en hydrocarbures. La portabilité de ces modèles entre différents multicapteurs de même type a été prouvée, mais leur durée de vie s'est avérée limitée à une dizaine de jours.
Kamionka, Marc. « Développement de systèmes multicapteurs et multivariables pour la mesure en continu de polluants atmosphériques ». Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EMSE0010.
Texte intégralThe aim of this work is to measure atmospheric pollutants concentrations thanks to low cost devices. For that, we use that is a metallic semiconductor. We tested sensors based on tin dioxide with carbon monoxide (0-20 ppm), a mixture of hydrocarbons (0-10 ppm, ozone (0-500 ppb) nitrogen dioxide (0-500 ppb) and their mixtures. Association of several of these sensors in multisensor array could be a solution to selectivity problem of this type of sensor. We showed the interest in using these sensors for two major pollution components : ozone and hydrocarbons. With an appropriate choice of sensors and measuring parameters. Consecutively with preceding work, several multisensors arrays were carried out. For each studied system, we built behaviour models using method of the Neural Networks. It was shown that a model calibrated directly with urban air appears very effective in the quantitative ozone ad hydrocarbon determination
Audebrand, Michel. « Etude des polluants particulaires de l'atmosphère par spectroscopie de vibration et de leur rétention par l'appareil respiratoire ». Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10503.
Texte intégralVuong, Minh Duc. « Dépollution et désodorisation de l'air par photocatalyse assistée par adsorption sur charbon actif en réacteur à flux frontal continu et séquencé ». Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S069.
Texte intégralFaced with the demand of limiting the energy consumption, indoor air recycling has become an important matter. But the negative side of air recycling, pollutant accumulation and risk of inter contamination, requires an air treatment. Among available process for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), one pairing adsorption onto activated carbon and UV photocatalysis is proposed. We focus on the unknown aspect of this process, the combined influence of temperature and humidity. Our objectives are: to apprehend the treatment during operational changes and fluctuations of conditions; and to optimize a simulation program which can assist the conception phase of an industrial treatment unit
Lamallem, Mohamed. « Mesure de polluants atmosphériques dans la région de Fès (Maroc) : étude de matériaux à base d'or, de cérium et de titane pour une remédiation catalytique des COV ». Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0222.
Texte intégralAs all the developing countries, Morocco also undergoes the unwanted effects of the atmospheric pollution caused essentially by the industrial activities and the transport. So, to be able to identify and quantify pollutants present in the urban air of Fez city, air sampling and punctual analyses of the ambient air were made. This was realized by using specific cartridges for every type disired pollutant and cartridges of “TENAX” and “DNPH” type. Whose contents where then analyzed by chromatographic techniques. These analyses allowed us to establish a first approach of the nature of pollutants and to estimate their content in the ambient air of the urban zone of Fez. This study allowed in particular to bring to light level of VOCs emitted mainly by transport. In the aim to reduce the emission of these pollutants in the atmosphere, a catalytic solution using materials containing gold would be possible and completely innovative. So, with the aim of combining the physico-chemical and catalytic properties of the gold, cerium and titanium, catalysts on base of these three elements were synthetized by various methods. All these solids so prepared were characterized by various techniques (BET, GTA-DTA, XRD, PER, DR / UV-Vis, H2-TPR et FTIR) to identify the nature active spices. Finally, the efficiency of these catalytic materials was studied in the propene total oxidation reaction. In the term of this study, it was shown that a good interaction between the support (Ce-Ti-O) and gold nanoparticlles under metallic shape was necessary to obtain successful catalysts in the reaction of total oxidation of the propene
Chen, Cheng. « Retrieving global sources of aerosol emissions from satellite observations ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R001/document.
Texte intégralUnderstanding of the role that atmospheric aerosol play in the Earth-atmosphere system is limited by uncertainties in aerosol distribution, composition and sources. Thus, accurate chemical transport model simulation systems are crucial needed to analyse and predict atmospheric aerosols and their impacts on climate change and environment. Satellite observations have ability to provide an extensive spatial coverage and accurate aerosol products, however, are constrained by clear-sky condition, global coverage orbit cycle and information content. One of the most promising approaches is to reduce model uncertainty by improving the aerosol emission fields (i.e., model input) by means of inverse modeling relying on satellite observations as a constrain. In this study, we designed a method of simultaneous retrievals of desert dust, black carbon and organic carbon aerosol emission sources using aerosol data obtained from GRASP algorithm applied to POLDER/PARASOL satellite observations, and relying on the GEOS-Chem inverse modeling framework. Then, a satellite-based global aerosol emission database (2006-2011) has been developed. This aerosol emission database has been further evaluated by utilization in GEOS-Chem and GEOS-5/GOCART models. The model posterior simulation of aerosol properties employing the retrieved emissions shows a better agreement than the model prior simulation; it is true for not only fitted PARASOL products, but also for completely independent measurements from ground-based AERONET and satellites aerosol products (e.g., MODIS, MISR, OMI). The results suggest that the satellite-based aerosol emission database improves overall global aerosol modeling
Matei, Ghimbeu Camelia. « Elaboration et caractérisation de couches mince d'oxydes métalliques pour la détection de gaz polluants atmosphériques ». Thesis, Metz, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007METZ050S/document.
Texte intégralThe demand of simple, small, low cost and performing gas sensors for the detection of pollutant gases is of great interest taking into consideration the health and environmental problems. For this purpose we decided to develop thin films of metal oxide semiconductors which present a good affinity to many pollutant gases, but, which, however present a problem of cross-sensitivity and, additionally, which must work at elevated temperatures. These thin films (SnO2, Cu-doped SnO2, WO3, In2O3, Sn-doped In2O3 and ZnO) have been deposited on Pt- partially coated alumina using a novel innovative technique, i.e., Electrostatic Spray Deposition allowing easy deposition parameter (temperature, flow rate, time etc.) variation. Homogeneous, nano-structured films with desired porous morphology have been obtained as revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy techniques. The microstructure studied using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, X-ray Diffraction respectively Raman spectroscopy methods showed that we have successfully obtained the desired crystallinity and a good purity of the films for gas sensor use. The sensing performance of the films to different oxidizing and reducing pollutant gases (H2S, SO2 and NO2) has been yet evaluated. From all the studied films, the 1% Cu-doped SnO2 ones proves to be the most sensitive for the detection of H2S at low operating temperatures and furthermore present no cross-sensitivity for the two other gases. WO3 films presents the highest sensitivity to NO2 at 150°C compared with all the other composition films, but unfortunately the NO2 response interferes with the H2S response. To avoid this ambiguity, we can use ZnO films, which present a very high sensitivity to NO2 compared to SO2 and H2S response. Additionally, all the films were almost insensitive to SO2. On the base of these results we can propose the conception of a competitive miniaturized sensor array dedicated to detect and to quantify a H2S/NO2 mixture
Cherin, Nicolas. « Caractérisation des sources de polluants atmosphériques et de leurs dépôts sur les bassins versants urbains ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1057/document.
Texte intégralPas de résumés
Avila, Galarza Alfredo. « Diffusion des polluants atmosphériques dans une zone à topographie complexe : validation d'un modèle à l'aide des mesures d'Airparif ». Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120069.
Texte intégralArreguy, André. « Traitement d'effluents gazeux par biofiltration : Application à l'hydrogène sulfuré ». Pau, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PAUU3005.
Texte intégralCoelho, Carlos Manuel. « Pollution atmosphérique intérieure : campagne de mesures dans six logements occupés par des personnes âgées, relation entre qualité de l'air et symptômes déclarés ». Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA132023.
Texte intégralThe objective was to analyse the indoor air quality in dwellings occupied by old people and to correlate pollutants with life habits and health statement. A sociological survey on 96 elderly people living in social housing was firstly undertaken in order to determine risk factors responsible of poor health. Then measurements of several pollutants were carried out in six typical dwellings. Results were analyzed at the light of activities and reported symptoms. Besides discomfort due to CO2 accumulation, several pollutants with levels near or over guidelines were identified in particular particulate matter under 1 um, airborne microbiological counts and permanent TVOC levels. Dust was at the origin of cough, eyes and throat irritations and flows of the nose, fungi and bacteria seems to be responsible of skin irritations, digestive disorders, sneezes and rhinitis. However, most of symptoms appeared after 10 hours of exposure time for people of all ages
Benesse, Marc. « Filtration sur médias fibreux tissés en traitement d'air : Contribution à l'étude de la capture des particules ». Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2014.
Texte intégralIn order to develop an adsorption/filtration combined system for air treatment, this study proposes to characterise and model the filtration properties of an activated carbon fabric (ACF) usually used in COV treatment by adsorption. After the conception and the experimental validation of the setup, the characterisation of filter properties for solid particulate matter (PM10) capture shows the advantage to use multi layers of ACF to increase filter efficiency. Moreover, a model is elaborated to predict the global collection efficiency of woven fibrous medium in stationary filtration regime. Finally, a numerical model of flow through a woven fibrous medium associated with forces balance equation acting on particles is used to calculate the particles trajectories. This study helps to identify particles capture mechanisms in action and to localise clogging areas on the fabric
Payet, Sandra. « Analyse de l'oxy-combustion en régime dilué par simulation des grandes échelles de la turbulence ». Rouen, INSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ISAM0006.
Texte intégralIosif, Ana-Maria. « Modélisation physico-chimique de la filière classique de production d'acier pour l'analyse de l'Inventaire du Cycle de Vie ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL074N.
Texte intégralThis work was devoted to a new methodological framework, which combines the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method and the process simulation software (Aspen Plus), in order to improve the quality of data used for carrying out the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of the classical steelmaking route. The new approach adopted in the present work, is to carry out the inventory of the defined system via simplified physical-chemical models. Using Aspen Plus software, we have developed simplified physical-chemical models for each of the subsystem defined by the boundaries of the classical steelmaking route: coking plant, sintering plant, blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace and hot rolling. The modelling strategy was based on physical and chemical considerations and on the experimental observations made on an industrial and/or a pilot scale for each subsystem.The models allow for calculation of the principal pollutants evolved by the system such as CO2, CO, NO, SO2, COV, HCl, H2S, dust, heavy metals and solid waste. The models validation was made by comparing the calculated results with experimental data given by the industrial sites. Furthermore, the maturity of the models was tested through simulations using data coming from the "benchmark" data base defined in the frame of ULCOS project (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking).Through the models simulation, it was proved that this methodological framework assures the total control of mass and heat balances of the system which is difficult to achieve when using only data from industry and/or literature. However, the fact that the emissions calculated within the models are based on physical-chemical considerations gives a strong credibility to the life cycle inventory
Delair, Laurent. « Caractérisation de sources plasmas dédiées à la simulation de rentrées atmosphériques et au traitement de polluants : arc soufflé basse pression et décharge de polluants ». Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES052.
Texte intégralThis work deals with the experimental study of two plasma sources : an original plasma torch (two anodic arc roots) which generates a low pressure nitrogen arcjet, and an atmospheric pressure gliding arc. The thermodynamic characteristics of the nitrogen plasma – densities and temperatures – are deduced from emission spectroscopy analysis, from its creation zone to its expansion zone. Mach number measurements are carried out at the torch exit. The study of the arc(s dynamic behaviour highlights an acoustic resonance frequency inside the arc chamber. The analysis of the gliding arc with emission spectroscopy reveals its non-equilibrium state and some abnormal ionic line broadenings in its creation zone due to plasma turbulence phenomena. Simultaneous high speed acquisitions of electrical signals and light intensity confirm its classical dynamical behaviour : ignition, lengthening, extinction. They also show the impulse behaviour of the arc column as it moves between the electrodes
Morisseau, Kevin. « Traitement combiné de polluants atmosphériques par filtration et adsorption pour limiter leur transfert dans l'habitat urbain ». Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMNA0292/document.
Texte intégralThe development of low energy buildings, which are more and more hermetic, leads to the necessity of indoor air renewal with mechanical ventilation system. However, the concentration of pollutants in urban environments increases continually, which promotes the pollutant transfer from the outdoor to the indoor air. This PhD thesis consists in the study of processes for the combined purification of the main urban outdoor air pollutants coming in individual dwellings through the ventilation systems.Out of a state of the art of the air pollutants, the ventilation systems and the treatment processes, filtration with fibrous media and adsorption were the two processes chosen to treat the urban air characterized by PM₁₀, PM₂ ₅, microbialaerosol, BTEX and NOₓ. A methodology was setup to select, through the different studied materials and with some performance criterion, the most suitable treatment solution i.e. a combined-F7 filter with glass fiber and granular activated carbon. A daily heating strategy of the combined-F7 filter at 70°C for 1h30 was proposed to partially regenerate the adsorbent in order to improve its lifetime and to limit the microbial growth on the filter, inparticular by desiccation.An experimental campaign in controlled conditions with multi-pollutant generation permitted to quantify the performances of the combined-F7 filter. The thermal treatment permitted to maintain the adsorption efficiency of the toluene at 40% and to limit the microbial proliferation. Competitions within pollutants were observed, in particular an increase of the filtration efficiency of PM₁₀ with the presence of PM₂ ₅ by promoting the cake filtration stage. Moreover the mix toluene/NO₂ leads to a decrease of the NO₂ adsorption in favor of the toluene.Finally, an experimental campaign in realistic conditions was conducted for 3 months in particular to study the performances of the thermal treatment. Concentration levels of the pollutants in the suburban area of the study were low. The thermal treatment applied to the combined-F7 filter, with the operating conditions studied and after 3month of follow-up, permitted to significantly limit the fungal growth on the filter but it did not permit to improve significantly the VOC and NOₓ adsorption