Bibliographies thématiques / Elasticitie

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Elasticitie »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Elasticitie"

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Bijmolt, Tammo H. A., Harald J. Van Heerde et Rik G. M. Pieters. « New Empirical Generalizations on the Determinants of Price Elasticity ». Journal of Marketing Research 42, no 2 (mai 2005) : 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.42.2.141.62296.

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The importance of pricing decisions for firms has fueled an extensive stream of research on price elasticities. In an influential meta-analytical study, Tellis (1988) summarized price elasticity research findings until 1986. However, empirical generalizations on price elasticity require modifications because of (1) changes in market characteristics (i.e., characteristics of brands, product categories, and economic conditions) and (2) changes in the research methodology used to assess price elasticities. Therefore, the authors present a meta-analysis of price elasticity with new empirical generalizations on its determinants. Across a set of 1851 price elasticities based on 81 studies, the average price elasticity is −2.62. A salient finding is that over the past four decades, sales elasticities have significantly increased in magnitude, whereas share and choice elasticities have remained fairly constant. The authors find that accommodating price endogeneity has a strong (magnitude-increasing) impact on price elasticities. A striking null result is that accounting for heterogeneity does not affect elasticities significantly. The authors also present an analysis that explains the difference between their findings and Tellis's findings, and they indicate which new price elasticity studies are most desirable.
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Seale, James L., Lisha Zhang et Mohamad R. Traboulsi. « U.S. Import Demand and Supply Response for Fresh Tomatoes, Cantaloupes, Onions, Oranges, and Spinach ». Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 45, no 3 (août 2013) : 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000496x.

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Elasticities of import demand and supply often drive economic models, but few empirical estimates of these elasticities exist for vegetables and fruits. For those that do exist, most are outdated. Because elasticities change over time as income, prices, and market conditions change, outdated elasticity estimates may not be representative of changes in import quantities demanded or in acreages, yield, and quantities supplied. Moreover, import demand elasticities by country of origin for most vegetables and fruits are nonexistent. This article presents research that updates elasticity estimates for each of the selected product categories and includes production and trade implications.
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Zhao, Jinlu, Jiaqi Huang et Fengying Nie. « The Income Elasticities of Food, Calories, and Nutrients in China : A Meta-Analysis ». Nutrients 14, no 22 (8 novembre 2022) : 4711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224711.

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Estimating food- and nutrient-income elasticities is important for making food and nutrition policies to combat malnutrition. There are many studies that have estimated the relationship between income growth and food/nutrient demand in China, but the results are highly heterogeneous. We conducted a meta-analysis in China to systematically review the elasticity of food, calories, and other nutrients to income. We considered a meta-sample using a collection of 64 primary studies covering 1537 food-income elasticities, 153 nutrient-income elasticities, and 147 calorie-income elasticity estimates. There are significant differences in the size of the income elasticities across food and nutrient groups. We found that food- and calorie-income elasticity appear to decline as per capita income increases, except for vitamin and aquatic products. We also found a publication bias for food and calories, and in particular, the study attributes may be important, as they can influence estimates. Given the limited study on nutrient-income elasticity, understanding the impact of income changes on nutrient intake is an important direction worthy of further research.
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Galchynskyi, Leonid. « Estimation of the price elasticity of petroleum products’ consumption in Ukraine ». Equilibrium 15, no 2 (24 juin 2020) : 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.015.

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Research background: The analysts of the petroleum product markets of industrial countries believe that the elasticity of demand varies at different periods, which gave rise to the hypothesis that behavioral and structural factors have changed the consumers’ reaction during the last few decades, with a change in prices of petroleum products. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to study the elasticity of demand and prices in order to identify changes in consumer behavior in the oil market after significant socio-economic shocks and to establish a correlation between changes in elasticity and price volatility, with the Ukrainian petroleum products market as an illustrative example. Methods: Based on the time series of the petroleum product market of Ukraine, static and dynamic models for assessing the demand elasticity were constructed. It was found that the time series of demand for petroleum products is non-stationary but then the time series of the first differences is stationary according to the extended Dickey-Fuller test; further, the fact of co-integration between time series of consumption, income, and prices was established by the Johansson test. This made it possible to construct co-integration dependence, allowing, in turn, the development of models for assessing the elasticity of demand for petroleum products, on the basis of which objective assessments of changes in consumer behavior were established. Analysis of the monthly calculation of petroleum products’ price volatility during the period 2008 to 2018 has showed that the values of volatility increased abnormally in the period between the beginning of 2014 and the middle of 2015. The estimates of price and demand elasticities obtained for the two periods up to the beginning of 2014 and the second half of 2015 differ significantly from the values of the corresponding elasticities between the beginning of 2014 and the middle of 2015. Findings & Value added: Assessments of income elasticities and price elasticities for petroleum products in the Ukrainian market were obtained by three co-integration models, both short and long term, for each of the three previously defined time intervals. In one of them, characterized by a high level of price volatility conditionally referred to as a crisis, the value of elasticities differed markedly from the corresponding values in the other two periods, in particular, -0.383 for price elasticity and 1.068 for a long-term bond. In the other two periods, these were, respectively, 0.543 for price elasticity and 0.274 for long-term pre-crisis elasticity, and -0.470 for price elasticity and 0.235 for long-term post-crisis elasticity. Appropriate elasticity estimates were obtained for both the short-run and the dynamic model, for the same defined intervals. A comparison of these estimates showed the closeness of the values of elasticities for the pre-crisis and post-crisis intervals and a marked difference from the estimates of the elasticities in the crisis interval. Thus, it was found that a significant change in elasticities is accompanied by an increase in price volatility.
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Gallet, Craig Arthur. « GAMBLING DEMAND : A META-ANALYSIS OF THE PRICE ELASTICITY ». Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 9, no 1 (29 mai 2015) : 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v9i1.882.

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Many studies have examined the demand for gambling, providing roughly 200 estimates of the price elasticity associated with horse racing, casino gaming, and the lottery. Treating these price elasticities as observations of the dependent variable in a meta-regression model, several features of the literature are found to influence the price responsiveness of gambling. For instance, the price elasticity of casino gambling is lowest in absolute value, while the price elasticities of horse racing and the lottery are of similar value. Also, not only are there regional differences in the price elasticity of gambling, but other model features, such as the functional form of gambling demand, are found to influence the price elasticities.
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Hao, MingJie, Angus S. Macdonald, Pradip Tapadar et R. Guy Thomas. « INSURANCE LOSS COVERAGE UNDER RESTRICTED RISK CLASSIFICATION : THE CASE OF ISO-ELASTIC DEMAND ». ASTIN Bulletin 46, no 2 (16 février 2016) : 265–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2016.6.

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AbstractThis paper investigates equilibrium in an insurance market where risk classification is restricted. Insurance demand is characterised by an iso-elastic function with a single elasticity parameter. We characterise the equilibrium by three quantities: equilibrium premium; level of adverse selection (in the economist's sense); and “loss coverage”, defined as the expected population losses compensated by insurance. We consider both equal elasticities for high and low risk-groups, and then different elasticities. In the equal elasticities case, adverse selection is always higher under pooling than under risk-differentiated premiums, while loss coverage first increases and then decreases with demand elasticity. We argue that loss coverage represents the efficacy of insurance for the whole population; and therefore that if demand elasticity is sufficiently low, adverse selection is not always a bad thing.
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Parker, Philip M. « Price Elasticity Dynamics over the Adoption Life Cycle ». Journal of Marketing Research 29, no 3 (août 1992) : 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379202900306.

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Little empirical research has been conducted to test the dynamic behavior of elasticities over the product life cycle. Competing specifications of price elasticity dynamics are examined to test the prevailing hypothesis that elasticities increase over the adoption life cycle or diffusion process. Though not supporting the hypothesis, the empirical results suggest that certain factors, including the degree to which a product is a necessity and faces competitive substitutes, affect elasticity dynamics.
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Bacchi, Miriam Rumenos Piedade, et Humberto Francisco Silva Spolador. « Income-elasticity of poultry meat consumption in metropolitan areas of Brazil ». Scientia Agricola 59, no 3 (septembre 2002) : 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162002000300007.

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Studies on the meat market behavior may result in interesting parameters for the market and public policy agents. The definition of the income-elasticity of poultry consumption enables the elaboration of prospective analysis on the potential demand of this product. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to estimate the income-elasticities of poultry consumption. Data from the 1995-96 and 1987-88 Consumer Expenditure Survey, published by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), were used in the analysis. The elasticities were obtained by fitting a three-segment polygonal curve relating the logarithm of the per capita poultry meat consumption as a function of the per capita family income. Generalized Least Squares method was used for the econometric model fitting. The elasticities were obtained considering the total, carcasses and selected individual poultry parts consumption. Average income elasticity of the total consumption enables the classification of poultry meat as a normal product. The observed average income elasticities showed that breast and thighs are superior products. In the last period, a negative elasticity was observed for carcasses.
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Latta, Gregory S., et Darius M. Adams. « An econometric analysis of output supply and input demand in the Canadian softwood lumber industry ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no 9 (1 septembre 2000) : 1419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-069.

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Few studies have examined the own-price elasticity of Canadian softwood lumber supply or output-adjusted factor demand elasticities over the past two decades, despite the utility of these measures in understanding producer response to tariffs, to market shifts (such as the decline in U.S. public harvest), and to changes in domestic forest policies. The present analysis employs a normalized, restricted quadratic profit function approach to estimate lumber supply and Marshallian factor demand elasticities for three Canadian regions. Results indicate that the lumber supply elasticity in the British Columbia coast region may be twice as large as that in the interior or eastern regions. Comparison of Hicksian factor demand elasticities with earlier studies suggests that the own price elasticity of labor demand may be two or more times larger than that for wood. Results also indicate differential time trends in Marshallian lumber output and wood demand elasticities across regions, rising in the British Columbia coast and falling elsewhere over the past two decades. Morishima elasticities of substitution from the present and past studies indicate that the wood for labor factor intensity is more sensitive to changes in labor price than is the labor for wood intensity to changes in wood price.
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McQueen, James RG, et Karen Potter-Witter. « The sawmill industry of the Lake States : a study of productivity, technological change, and factor demand ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no 10 (1 octobre 2006) : 2633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-144.

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A translog variable cost function of the sawmill industry in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin was estimated using pooled time-series data for the period 1963–1996 with inputs labour, materials, and capital. The estimated model imposed Hicks-neutral technical change and allowed for nonconstant returns to scale as well as nonunitary elasticities of substitution amongst the inputs. Results for the Allen–Uzawa partial elasticity of substitution and the Morishima elasticity of substitution indicate that the three inputs were inelastic substitutes. The own-price elasticities of demand and the cross-price elasticities were all inelastic. The industry exhibits increasing returns to scale and positive technical change. Total factor productivity was increasing by 0.69%/year over the study period.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Elasticitie"

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Mlčkovský, Petr. « Estimace determinant poptávky po příměstské vlakové dopravě v České republice ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124983.

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This thesis analyzes railway demand and its determinants in the context of regional railway passenger transport in the Czech Republic and Prague suburban railway system. Special attention is devoted to examining the impact of new trains on the demand for the selected route of Jizerskohorské Railway. In particular models, I utilize as estimation procedure and difference-in-differences estimator. Panel data analysis found, in line with other published studies, short-run inelastic nature of demand. In order to increase revenue to railway operator, one must distinguish between a group of dependent and discretionary riders whose elasticity is different. Effect of buying new trains can be substantial, especially on less frequented routes with a greater proportion of private car holders.
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Abidi, Sonia. « Matériaux composites à haute tenue thermique : influence de la micro-nanostructure sur les transferts moléculaires, électroniques et thermiques ». Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0019/document.

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Les matériaux de protection incendie sont largement utilisés pour assurer la sécurité des usagers des infrastructures. Les normes de protection incendie évoluant régulièrement, les matériaux doivent être de plus en plus performants. Ceux-ci sont généralement des mortiers constitués d’oxydes réfractaires et isolants. L’objectif de ce travail est de mettre au point un composite coupe-feu 4 h applicable par projection mais également de déterminer ses propriétés thermiques et mécaniques.Dans une première partie, cette étude reprend les différentes étapes de l’élaboration d’un matériau de protection incendie, après la présentation de la démarche qui a guidé l’élaboration de nos matériaux, nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement à la composition chimique de la matrice ainsi que celle du ciment. Leurs propriétés thermiques et mécaniques ont été passées en revue.Les matières premières nécessaires à l’élaboration d’un mortier ont ensuite été sélectionnées. L’évolution, respectivement de la conductivité thermique, de la diffusivité, de la porosité, de la chaleur spécifique et des propriétés mécaniques des mortiers choisis en fonction de la nature et de la quantité de charges incorporées à la matrice a été étudiée. Une description des divers modèles analytiques et numériques permettant la représentation de la conductivité thermique et du module d’Young des matériaux a permis de développer un modèle capable de prédire le comportement thermique et mécanique des composites en fonction de la nature et de quantité de charges ajoutées.Dans une seconde partie, la cinétique de la réaction d’hydratation du plâtre afin de maîtriser les temps de prise et pour faciliter la production des projetés dans la chaîne industrielle a été étudiée. L’influence sur la cinétique d’hydratation, de la composition chimique du plâtre, de sa granulométrie et de l’ajout d’adjuvants couramment utilisés dans l’industrie plâtrière, a également été traitée.10A l’issue de cette étude, deux formulations de composites projetables ont été mises au point
Fire protection materials are widely used to ensure the safety of users of the infrastructure. Standards of fire protection regularly operating, the materials must be more efficient. These are generally composed of refractory mortar and insulating oxides. The objective of this work is to develop a firewall composite 4 h applied by projecting but also to determine the thermal and mechanical properties.In the first part, this study describes the various stages of the development of a fire protection material, after the presentation of the approach that has guided the development of our materials, we are interested especially in the chemical composition of the matrix and that of the cement. Their thermal and mechanical properties have been reviewed.The raw materials for the preparation of mortar were selected. The evolution respectively of thermal conductivity, diffusivity, porosity, specific heat and the mechanical properties of mortars chosen according to the nature and amount of the fillers incorporated in the matrix has been studied. A description of the various analytical and numerical models for the representation of the thermal conductivity and Young's modulus of the materials led to the development of a model able to predict the thermal and mechanical behavior of composites based on the nature and amount of charges added.In a second part, the kinetics of the hydration reaction of gypsum to control setting time and to facilitate the production of the composite in the industrial chain was studied. The influence on the kinetics of hydration, of the chemical composition of the gypsum, particle size distribution and the addition of adjuvant commonly used in the plaster industry, has also been treated.At the end of this study, two formulations of composites applied by projection were developed
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Pimienta, Lucas. « Effet des Fluides et des Fréquences sur les propriétés élastiques des grès et carbonates ». Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0002/document.

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La sismique et la sismologie sont des moyens puissants pour comprendre la croûte terrestre.Ces deux méthodes reposent notamment sur une compréhension approfondie de la propagation des ondes sismiques dans des milieux sédimentaires saturés en fluides.Ce travail a pour but de comprendre les effets statique et dynamique du fluide sur la réponse élastique de roches clastiques saturées.Deux points spécifiques de l'interaction fluide-roche sont étudiées: (i) l'intéraction physico-chimique, le « shear weakening », affectant la réponse élastique de la roche; et (ii) l'interaction mécanique, le « frequency effect », induisant une dépendance des propriétés élastiques à la fréquence de mesure.Deux types de roches sont étudiés: les grès et les calcaires.Ces échantillons de roche sont sélectionnés pour leurs propriétés isotropes et leur forte concentration en un minéral dominant: le quartz pour les grès et la calcite pour les carbonates.Le phénomène de « shear weakening » est d’abord étudié pour de très faibles saturations en eau afin de tester l’effet de l'adsorption.Aucun affaiblissement n’est mesuré dans les carbonates, au contraire un affaiblissement élastique global est observé dans certains grès : Les modules de cisaillement et d’incompressibilité sont également affectés.L'effet ne semble pas provenir d'une différence intrinsèque entre les minéraux de quartz et de calcite, mais d’une différence microstructurale entre roches. Un modèle micromécanique est développé, montrant que les deux paramètres clef sont le caractère granulaire et le degré de cimentation de la roche.Le même résultat est obtenu pour les compressibilités mesurées lors des saturations totales en eau.Ces deux études montrent que l'adsorption est la cause du « shear weakening », et implique un affaiblissement élastique global dans les roches granulaires peu cimentées (gréseuses et probablement carbonatées).L'effet de fréquence est étudié dans des grès de Fontainebleau et de Berea. Deux méthodes sont étudiées, toutes deux basées sur le principe de "stress-strain" (i.e. contrainte-déformation): l'oscillation "isotrope" (de la pression de confinement) et "déviatorique" (de la contrainte déviatorique).Ces deux modes d'oscillations sont tout d’abord calibrés à l’aide de plusieurs standards (e.g. aluminium, verre, gypse, plexiglass).Les échantillons de roche, saturés par des fluides de différentes viscosités, sont ensuite mesurés avec ces deux modes d'oscillation.Pour le premier mode d'oscillation, dit "isotrope", ce travail a permis de (i) mettre en évidence trois régimes élastiques distincts;et (ii) mesurer à la fois la conséquence (i.e. dispersion et atténuation du module d'incompressibilité) et la cause (i.e. écoulement fluide global) de la transition en fréquence entre état drainé et état non-drainé.Pour le second mode d'oscillation, dit "déviatorique", le module de Young et le coefficient de Poisson sont mesurés sur une gamme de fréquence apparente de [10-3;105] Hz.Pour un échantillon de grès de Fontainebleau, les deux transitions élastiques sont observées. Les mesures sont cohérentes avec les théories existantes.Un modèle 1D, prenant en compte les conditions de bord du système, est finalement développé. Ce modèle donne des résultats cohérents, et explique l'effet du volume mort sur les propriétés mesurées dans le cas d'une oscillation « isotrope »
Seismics or Seismology are powerful tools to investigate Earth's crust. However, both rely on seismic waves that travelled through fluid-saturated sedimentary layers. This work, mainly experimental, aims at understanding the static and dynamic effects of the saturating fluid on the elastic response of clastic rocks.In this framework, two specific studies are emphasized:(i) the rock-fluid physico-chemical interaction, often addressed as the "shear weakening" effect, thought to affect the rock overall elastic response; and (ii) the rock-fluid mechanical interaction, addressed as "frequency effect", thought to induce a dependence of elastic properties to the measuring frequency.Two main rock types are investigated: Sandstone and Limestone. All rock samples are chosen to be isotropic and composed of a dominant mineral content, i.e. quartz for sandstone and calcite for limestone
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Coux, Martin. « Matériaux texturés activables ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLET004.

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Nous nous intéressons dans ces travaux de thèse à l’activation de matériaux superhydrophobes, c’est à dire dont on change les propriétés par un paramètre extérieur.En fabricant des matériaux texturés mous, nous montrons qu’il est possible de modifier de manière contrôlée et réversible les propriétés de mouillage statiques et dynamiques des surfaces superhydrophobes (faible adhésion de l’eau, rebonds de gouttes). La mollesse permet de d’activer les substrats en les étirant, ou en les défléchissant par des impacts de gouttes.Nous mettons également en mouvement des substrats très faiblement mouillés par l’eau.Lorsqu’une goutte est déposée sur une telle surface fortement accélérée, le liquide prend une forme inattendue que nous décrivons et caractérisons.Nous montrons enfin qu’un corps superhydrophobe profilé franchissant une interface eau-air entraîne un film d’air d’épaisseur supérieure à la taille des textures le décorant
We are interested in active superhydrophobic materials, whose wetting properties can be tuned with an external parameter.We fabricate soft textured materials and show that the static and dynamic wetting properties of the superhydrophobic materials (such as low liquid-solid adhesion and water-repellency) can be modified either by stretching the substrates or by deflecting them with droplets.We also put into motion superhydrophobic substrates.When deposited on a strongly accelerated non-wetting surface, droplets take unusual and beautiful shapes that we describe and characterize.We finally show that a superhydrophobic streamlined body drags a layer of air when crossing a water/air interface. The thickness of this layer is higher than the height of hydrophobic textures
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PATRICIO, PEDRO. « Instabilites geometriques en elasticite ». Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077121.

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Cette these est consacree a quelques problemes d'elasticite des corps de basse dimension : les barres, les plaques et les coques, les membranes ou films. Apres une presentation de la theorie des barres due a kirchhoff, nous examinons la deformation d'un arche elastique encastre soumis a une force appliquee en son centre. Etudie experimentalement par a. B. Pippard, le comportement de l'arche peut passer par plusieurs types d'instabilite, donnant lieu a un diagramme de phase tres riche selon la distance et l'angle des extremites encastrees. Nous montrons que ce probleme fortement non lineaire est bien decrit par le modele simple de kirchhoff (dit : l'elastica). Les resultats numeriques et les resultats experimentaux coincident sans aucun parametre ajustable. Nous decrivons ensuite la theorie elastique des coques faiblement deformees. A travers l'exemple des vibrations d'une calotte spherique nous discutons l'importance des deux effets de flexion et d'extension. Apres avoir presente la theorie de foppl-von karman, nous proposons une methode numerique permettant de surmonter les difficultes de resolution des equations non lineaires qui decrivent le comportement elastique des plaques, dans le regime des flexions fortes. La deuxieme partie de la these est dediee aux films smectiques. Dans leur phase liquide, le comportement des films smectiques est purement capillaire. Nous montrons que la construction d'une famille de surfaces minimales isometriques peut alors nous conduire a une famille de surfaces aussi isospectrales. Le probleme de la stabilite des surfaces minimales est ensuite considere. En particulier, nous regardons l'instabilite de la famille heltocat. Quand le film smectique acquiert une certaine elasticite (phase cristalline), nous predisons une variation du spectre de vibrations dominee par la courbure de gauss. Des projets directement lies aux resultats obtenus sont egalement presentes.
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DUPORT, CHRISTOPHE. « Elasticite et croissance cristalline ». Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10080.

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Le developpement technologique de la croissance heteroepitaxiale par jets moleculaires a engendre un regain d'interet pour les effets de l'elasticite, lors de la croissance d'un cristal. Apres avoir etabli les energies d'interactions elastiques entre defauts a la surface d'un cristal cubique dans le cadre de l'elasticite continue, nous avons etudie la stabilite thermodynamique de la surface d'un cristal soumis a une contrainte non-hydrostatique au dessus de sa temperature de transition rugueuse (instabilite de grinfeld), mais aussi en dessous de cette temperature: il apparait alors une barriere energetique d'activation a franchir. Les aspects cinetiques de la croissance ont ete pris en compte dans le cas d'une surface vicinale et l'etude de la stabilite lineaire de la croissance de cette surface vis a vis de la mise en paquets de marches a permis d'obtenir le diagramme de phase de stabilite de la croissance par avancement des marches en fonction du flux d'atomes et de la temperature a angle de coupe donne
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Brandels, August, et Sonia Holm. « Vilka faktorer påverkar efterfrågan på kollektivtrafiken i Stockholm ? » Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-39911.

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Researchers have concluded that a well-developed public transport system is mandatory for sustainable growth; economic, social and environmental. This study discusses demand elasticities on public transport which is an important aspect for deciding public policies. This subject has been studied in several countries and cities since the 80s, but the findings from the studies show that the elasticity varies, and no general conclusion can be drawn. Since there is no general model, we need separate studies for each area of interest. In this study we concentrate on Stockholm county. The independent variables that have been analyzed are: price of travel pass, average income, and gasoline prices. By using these variables, price- income- and cross price elasticity of demand have been estimated. There are two different dependent variables, both the number of boardings and the number of travel passes sold. A log-linear function regression analysis is used to originate the different elasticities for each independent variable. The result shows that the price elasticity on the number of boardings is -0,348, which is nearly inelastic and matches what earlier studies have concluded. Though, the price elasticity for number of boardings is negative, the price elasticity for travel passes sold is positive which makes the result harder to interpret. The income elasticity for numbers of travel passes sold is +67 and for commuter train it is +54. For tram it is the complete opposite of -57 which shows a contradiction between the two different ways of travelling. The high coefficients also show that the income elasticity is very elastic in comparison to the other originated elasticities in this study. The cross elasticity of demand for the total number of boardings and gasoline price has a value of +0,08. Similar to price elasticity, the cross-price elasticity is nearly inelastic and follows the results from previous studies.
Forskare har kommit fram till att en väl utvecklad kollektivtrafik är obligatorisk för en hållbar tillväxt, såväl ekonomisk, social och miljömässig. Den här studien studerar efterfrågeelasticiteter på kollektivtrafik, vilket är viktigt att ha i beräkning för att kunna föra effektiv transportpolitik. Ämnet har studerats i flera länder sedan 80-talet, men de framtagna elasticiteterna varierar mellan studierna och ingen generell efterfrågeelasticitet kan härledas. Då det inte finns en generell modell behövs områdesspecifika studier som förklarar kollektivtrafiken. I den här studien ligger fokus på Stockholms län. De oberoende variablerna som har analyserats för efterfrågan är: priset på månadskort, medelinkomst och bensinpris 95-oktan. På så sätt mäts pris-, inkomst- och korspriselasticitet. Två olika beroende variabler för efterfrågan analyseras, vilka är antal påstigningar och antal sålda månadskort. Antal påstigningar mäts både totalt och per färdmedel, vilka är tunnelbana, buss, pendeltåg och lokalbana. En log-linjär regression används där koefficienterna direkt kan översättas till elasticiteter för varje oberoende variabel. Resultatet visar att priselasticiteten på antal påstigningar för kollektivtrafiken är -0,348 vilket är nära oelastiskt och går väl i linje med tidigare studier. Priselasticiteten för antal sålda månadskort är däremot positiv, vilket gör priselasticiteten svår att tolka. Inkomstelasticiteten för antalet sålda månadskort och pendeltåg är +67 och + 54 men för lokalbana är den -57, vilket visar en tydlig skillnad för mellan de två färdsätten. Resultatet visar också att inkomstelasticiteten är väldigt elastisk. Korspriselasticiteten på totala påstigningar har ett värde på +0,08. Vilket, likt priselasticiteten, också är närmast oelastiskt och går i linje med tidigare forskning.
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Vilimovský, Petr. « PROHIBICE DROG V PODMÍNKÁCH VZÁJEMNÉ SUBSTITUCE NÁVYKOVÝCH LÁTEK V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76254.

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This thesis analyzes regulation, prescription and prohibition of drugs in condition of their mutual substitution with other addictive substances in the Czech Republic; thesis investigates prices' and cross-prices' elasticities of substances and their markets. Comparison is made between regulated legal markets of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes, non-prohibitively regulated markets of pharmaceuticals and prohibited markets of illegal drugs. The thesis concludes that the demand for drugs is not price elastic. The demand for drugs is price inelastic but not perfectly price inelastic, as can be deduced based on the concept of A Theory of Rational Addiction developed by Gary S. Becker. The price of drugs, therefore, to some extent affects consumption. This opens the room to influence demand through pricing mechanism. The thesis also verifies The Theory of Economic Regulation developed by George J. Stigler and confirms that due to some substitution relationships between addictive substances it is possible speculate about the interests of producers of alcoholic beverages, cigarettes and pharmaceuticals for prohibition of drugs. Interests of producers of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes confirm their mutually complementary linkages.
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Táboříková, Helena. « Regulace, kultura a cenová opatření a jejich vliv na poptávku po alkoholu ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165532.

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My thesis is aiming to answer the question what are the impacts of alcohol regulative legislation (especially the excise tax) on demand for it. The theoretical part presents various opinions and conclusions regarding the regulatory measures (apart from others Stigler, 1975) and the impact of alcohol price change on the demand for it (Becker, 1988 and his successors). Further on, individual regulatory measures, their development in time and basic reasoning for introducing of the measures are introduced in the work. In its analytical part, the thesis deals with comparison of states with different alcohol consumption levels and with different regulatory measures in effect; the work thus divides the EU-countries to groups of different traditions and level of control (the Global Alcohol Policy Report by WHO is used as a source of information in this regard). The data available for the selected countries are then subject to research regarding statistical relevance of the excise tax - consumption relation. The paper thus answers a question of alcohol demand elasticity and also the question of the differences in the consumption attributes in various cultural and regulatory conditions. As a source of the relevant information, analytical parts of OECD, WHO and CSU (Czech Statistical Office) databases are used in the paper.
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Lawrence, Denis Anthony. « Export supply and import demand elasticities ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27368.

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The aim of this thesis is to extend the empirical research which has been undertaken using the GNP function approach to measuring export supply and import demand responsiveness. Exports and imports are divided into several components and detailed sets of elasticities produced. In the second part o£ the thesis imperfect adjustment is allowed for in the GNP function model. The GNP function framework treats imports as an input to the domestic technology while exports are an output. The aggregate technology can then be represented by a restricted profit function facilitating the derivation of net output supply elasticities. In this study the aggregate net outputs are exports, imports, labour and domestic sales supply. Capital is treated as a fixed input. Time-series of input-output data for Canada are used covering the period 1961 to 1980. In the first model estimated, four export and four import components are included by the use of aggregator functions and a two-stage estimation process. The recently developed Symmetric Generalised McFadden functional form which permits imposition of the correct curvature conditions while retaining flexibility is used at both the aggregator and GNP function levels. The aggregate export own-price supply elasticity was found to be 1.67 in 1970 while the aggregate import own-price demand elasticity was -1.62. Increases in the prices of both imports and labour were found to decrease the supply of exports while exports were found to be complementary to the output of domestic sales supply. The demand for labour was found to be more elastic than in earlier studies and a general trend towards increasing price responsiveness in the Canadian economy was observed. The own-price elasticities for the four export and four import components were stable and of reasonable magnitude. All the export and import components were found to be complementary. To remove the assumption of separability, modelling was extended to two larger disaggregated Generalised McFadden GNP function models containing four export (import) components, aggregate imports (exports), labour and domestic sales as net outputs. Using this procedure more substitution between the export and import components was found. A planning price model whereby the producers' notional price adjusts gradually to actual price changes indicated that imperfect adjustment is particularly important in the traded goods sector. Exports fully adjusted to price changes only over an extended period. Finally, an adjustment costs model was estimated which indicated that the main effect of allowing for imperfect adjustment was on input use. Differences between long-run and short-run export supply and import demand responsiveness were relatively small. Considerable substitutability between labour and capital in the long-run was observed and since labour was also variable in the short-run this produced overshooting of labour demand. An increase in export prices thus caused a large short-run increase in labour demand but in the long-run the capital stock was increased and substituted for much of the short-run labour increase.
Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
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Livres sur le sujet "Elasticitie"

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Ciarlet, Philippe G. Mathematical Elasticity : Three-Dimensional Elasticity. Philadelphia, PA : Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976786.

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Konrad, Aglaia. Elasticity. Rotterdam : NAi Publishers, 2001.

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Barber, J. R. Elasticity. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2454-6.

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Barber, J. R. Elasticity. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3809-8.

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Elasticity. Rotterdam : NAi Publishers, 2002.

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Barber, J. R. Elasticity. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15214-6.

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Barber, J. R. Elasticity. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.

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Elasticity. 3e éd. Dordrecht : Springer, 2010.

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Elasticity. 2e éd. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Marquez, Jaime. Estimating Trade Elasticities. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3536-9.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Elasticitie"

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Berck, Peter, et Knut Sydsæter. « Elasticities. Elasticities of substitution ». Dans Economists’ Mathematical Manual, 17–20. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02678-6_4.

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Berck, Peter, et Knut Sydsæter. « Elasticities. Elasticities of substitution ». Dans Economists’ Mathematical Manual, 17–20. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11597-8_4.

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Sydsæter, Knut, Arne Strøm et Peter Berck. « Elasticities. Elasticities of substitution ». Dans Economists’ Mathematical Manual, 31–34. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03995-3_5.

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Sydsæter, Knut, Arne Strøm et Peter Berck. « Elasticities. Elasticities of substitution ». Dans Economists’ Mathematical Manual, 35–38. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28518-2_5.

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Kolmar, Martin, et Magnus Hoffmann. « Elasticities ». Dans Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 221–42. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62662-8_13.

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Kolmar, Martin, et Magnus Hoffmann. « Elasticities ». Dans Workbook for Principles of Microeconomics, 287–308. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87728-6_16.

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Peren, Franz W. « Elasticities ». Dans Math for Business and Economics, 421–37. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63249-9_12.

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Križanič, France, Vasja Kolšek et Žan Jan Oplotnik. « Benefits of Concluding the Trade Agreement between the EU and Australia ». Dans Contemporary Issues in International Economics, 69–91. Institute for Local Self-Government Maribor, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/2021.9.4.

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Australia is a developed country with higher GDP per capita than Slovenia. In this context, it is of great interest to Slovenian exporters. Slovenian export to this market is growing, while imports lags behind. The price elasticity of Slovenian exports of goods to Australia is 0.9, while the income elasticity is 4.6. The price and income elasticities of goods from Australia are higher than the corresponding elasticities of Slovenian exports. Despite the higher price elasticity of Australian goods imported by Slovenia, according to the price elasticity of Slovenian exports to the Australian market, even with the same mutual price reduction the Slovenian surplus continues to rise as a result of its initial high level. Slovenian exports are also at risk of losing their potential position on the Australian market due to the intensive integration of Australia into trade partnerships with developed Pacific economies, particularly Japan and South Korea. The effect of these agreements on Slovenian exports has been growing over recent years.
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« Biology, Management, and Protection of North American Sturgeon ». Dans Biology, Management, and Protection of North American Sturgeon, sous la direction de Mart R. Gross, Joe Repka, Cory T. Robertson, David H. Secor et Webster Van Winkle. American Fisheries Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569360.ch2.

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Abstract.— We use elasticity analyses for three sturgeon species, the shortnose sturgeon <em>Acipenser brevirostrum</em>, Atlantic sturgeon <em>A. oxyrinchus</em>, and white sturgeon <em>A. transmontanus</em>, to calculate the potential to increase population growth rate, λ, by improving survival and fecundity. Elasticity analysis is a means of assessing changes to λ resulting from conservation initiatives. The elasticity of λ to survival has a characteristic profile that includes a plateau of high elasticity values across the young of the year and the juvenile ages. However, survival elasticity falls at maturity and declines rapidly with increasing adult age. Changes to fecundity have relatively little impact; the total of the fecundity elasticities over all ages is equal to the single young-of-the-year survival elasticity. Even though the young-of-the-year survival elasticity is equal to that of any other juvenile age, the overall opportunity for affecting λ; is strongest in the young-of-the-year age-class because of its exceptional potential for increase to survival. The juvenile and adult stages have roughly equal total survival elasticities. These findings are particularly relevant in understanding the contributions of hatcheries, harvest regulations and habitat restoration as strategies for sturgeon conservation. Hatcheries are focused on the young of the year, the demographically most sensitive component of sturgeon life histories, and thus have the potential to make significant increases to λ if the genetic, evolutionary and ecological impacts of hatcheries can be controlled. Harvest, even at low levels, can have a significant negative impact on λ when it affects multiple age classes. Managers can use elasticity analysis to calculate the total impact of harvest and to mathematically evaluate the trade-off in exploiting young versus older individuals. Habitat restoration strategies, usually assessed in terms of survivals of the age classes impacted, would also benefit from using elasticity analysis to interpret their contributions to l. If restoration efforts target the survival of age classes with high elasticities, significant population growth may be achieved.
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Özçelik, Seda Ekmen. « Evaluation of Firm Performances in Emerging Markets ». Dans Handbook of Research on Increasing the Competitiveness of SMEs, 329–54. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9425-3.ch015.

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This chapter provides basic understanding of firm performance in emerging markets by focusing on labor productivity and total factor productivity. In the study, labor productivity is measured in terms of average value added per worker. Total factor productivity is obtained from estimations of Cobb-Douglas production function where value added is a function of labor and capital. Data is obtained from the firm-level Enterprise Surveys by the World Bank. According to the results, differences in average labor productivities are significant among the sectors within each emerging region. Also, the value of factor elasticities changes across sectors as well as across regions. Moreover, the elasticity of capital is lower than the elasticity of labor for all sectors in regions. It implies that labor plays a more significant role and the firms are operating in a more labor-intensive production process in emerging markets.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Elasticitie"

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Goyal, Prateesh, Akshay Narayan, Frank Cangialosi, Deepti Raghavan, Srinivas Narayana, Mohammad Alizadeh et Hari Balakrishnan. « Elasticity Detection ». Dans ANRW '18 : Applied Networking Research Workshop. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3232755.3232772.

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Chilipirea, Cristian, Alexandru Constantin, Dan Popa, Octavian Crintea et Ciprian Dobre. « Cloud Elasticity ». Dans PODC '16 : ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2962564.2962570.

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Melchert, O., S. Willms, I. Babushkin, B. Roth, G. Steinmeyer, U. Morgner et A. Demircan. « Soliton elasticity ». Dans CLEO : QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C. : OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2019.ff1d.4.

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Goyal, Prateesh, Akshay Narayan, Frank Cangialosi, Srinivas Narayana, Mohammad Alizadeh et Hari Balakrishnan. « Elasticity detection ». Dans SIGCOMM '22 : ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3544216.3544221.

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Mera-Gómez, Carlos, Rami Bahsoon, Rajkumar Buyya et Escuela Superior Politécnica. « Elasticity debt ». Dans UCC '16 : 9th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2996890.2996904.

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Payan, Cedric, Vincent Garnier, Joseph Moysan et Paul A. Johnson. « Determination of nonlinear elastic constants and stress monitoring in concrete by coda waves analysis ». Dans XIII International Conference on Nonlinear Elasticity in Materials. ASA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3008569.

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Solodov, Igor, Daniel Döring et Gerd Busse. « Air-coupled vibrometry for measurements in classical and nonclassical nonlinear acoustics ». Dans XIV International Conference on Nonlinear Elasticity in Materials. ASA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3218846.

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Hosseini, Seyed Mahmoud, et M. H. Abolbashari. « Time history analysis of displacement and stress fields in thick hollow cylinders subjected to impact loading using analytical method ». Dans XIV International Conference on Nonlinear Elasticity in Materials. ASA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3220174.

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Kodjo, Apedovi, Patrice Rivard, Frederic Cohen-Tenoudji et Jean Louis Gallias. « Evaluation of damages due to alkali-silica reaction with nonlinear acoustics techniques ». Dans XIV International Conference on Nonlinear Elasticity in Materials. ASA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3220803.

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Vejvodova, Sarka, Zdenek Prevorovsky et Serge Dos Santos. « Nonlinear Time Reversal Tomography of Structural Defects ». Dans XIII International Conference on Nonlinear Elasticity in Materials. ASA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3231998.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Elasticitie"

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Cohen, B., J. Holte et P. Werbos. Demand analysis system elasticities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juin 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6118025.

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Borovička, Jaroslav, Lars Hansen et Jose Scheinkman. Shock Elasticities and Impulse Responses. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, mai 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20104.

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Ravallion, Martin. Growth Elasticities of Poverty Reduction. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, août 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30401.

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Slemrod, Joel. Are Estimated Tax Elasticities Really Just Tax Evasion Elasticities ? The Case of Charitable Contributions. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, octobre 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2733.

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Hendren, Nathaniel. The Policy Elasticity. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, juin 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19177.

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Mikayilov, Jeyhun, Ryan Alyamani, Abdulelah Darandary, Muhammad Javid, Fakhri Hasanov, Saleh T. AlTurki et Rey B. Arnaiz. Modeling and Forecasting Industrial Electricity Demand for Saudi Arabia : Uncovering Regional Characteristics. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp19.

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The objective of this study is to investigate Saudi Arabia’s industrial electricity consumption at the regional level. We apply structural time series modeling to annual data over the period of 1990 to 2019. In addition to estimating the size and significance of the price and income elasticities for regional industrial electricity demand, this study projects regional industrial electricity demand up to 2030. This is done using estimated equations and assuming different future values for price and income. The results show that the long-run income and price elasticities of industrial electricity demand vary across regions. The underlying energy demand trend analysis indicates some efficiency improvements in industrial electricity consumption patterns in all regions.
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Mikayilov, Jeyhun, Ryan Alyamani, Abdulelah Darandary, Muhammad Javid et Fakhri Hasanov. Modeling and Forecasting Industrial Electricity Demand for Saudi Arabia : Uncovering Regional Characteristics. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp22.

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The objective of this study is to investigate Saudi Arabia’s industrial electricity consumption at the regional level. We apply structural time series modeling to annual data over the period of 1990 to 2019. In addition to estimating the size and significance of the price and income elasticities for regional industrial electricity demand, this study projects regional industrial electricity demand up to 2030. This is done using estimated equations and assuming different future values for price and income. The results show that the long-run income and price elasticities of industrial electricity demand vary across regions. The underlying energy demand trend analysis indicates some efficiency improvements in industrial electricity consumption patterns in all regions.
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Monte, Ferdinando, Stephen Redding et Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. Commuting, Migration and Local Employment Elasticities. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, novembre 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21706.

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Slaughter, Matthew. International Trade and Labor-Demand Elasticities. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, novembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6262.

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Johnson, Robert, et Andreas Moxnes. GVCs and Trade Elasticities with Multistage Production. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, juin 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26018.

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