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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Egypt – Economic history – 15th century »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Egypt – Economic history – 15th century"

Younes, Khaled. « Ṣalāt al-Niṣf min Rajab : A Shīʿī Tradition Preserved on Paper ». Der Islam 99, n^o 2 (6 octobre 2022) : 434–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/islam-2022-0027.

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Abstract Edition and study of P.Vindob. A.Ch. 36616, a literary paper fragment from 3rd/9th-century Egypt. The fragment contains a tradition that depicts ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661) performing a four-rak ʿ a prayer and reciting a special supplication on the 15th of the month of Rajab. The tradition is only known from noncanonical Shīʿī ḥadīth collections. Situating it in a broader historical context, the paper provides a glimpse on the Shīʿī presence in Egypt as well as the sanctity of the month of Rajab in Sunnī and Shīʿī literatures. This tradition, in conclusion, presents an early evidence for the observances of the month of Rajab in general and the middle of the month in particular in the local Shīʿī community in pre-Fatimid Egypt.

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Islahi, Abdul Azim. « Economic and Financial Crises in Fifteenth - Century Egypt : Lessons from the History ». Islamic Economic Studies 21, n^o 2 (novembre 2013) : 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0001559.

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Cuno, Kenneth M. « Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, n^o 4 (novembre 1995) : 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062516.

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During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.

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Bojovic, Bosko. « From a market economy to a government monopoly precious metals of Serbia and Bosnia between Venice and the Ottoman empire (15th-16th century) ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n^o 142 (2013) : 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1342007b.

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The production of precious metals in the Balkans reached its climax in the 15th century. It was exported mostly by Ragusa, basically for the Venice Mint. According to the available documents it can be estimated that the traffic of such metals carried out via Ragusa was between 11060 kg in 1425, and an optimum estimation of 25 tons annually for the first half of the century. The Ottoman occupation of Serbia and Bosnia in the middle of the century marks the end of the exportation of raw materials indispensable to the European monetary economy, which lacked precious metals for mints. The production as well as the coining of the Balkan precious metals took place within the closed circuit of the Ottoman economic autarchy. Notwithstanding all the efforts of the central administration, including a highly developed legislation, and in spite of the development of a big mining centre of Siderokapsia (Eastern Macedonia), the production of precious metals continued to decline in the 15th century. This economic phenomenon led to the financial crash that marked the beginning of the recurring financial and economic crises in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 16th century. The contribution of the precious metals from the Balkans to the European monetary economy at the end of the Middle Ages has not been sufficiently studied by the specialists in economic history, and it has not been taken into account regarding the spectacular decline of the Ottoman economy and power.

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Graovac, Vera. « Populacijski razvoj Zadra ». Geoadria 9, n^o 1 (11 janvier 2017) : 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.129.

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Zadar is one of the cities with longest urban tradition and continuous population in Croatia. This article deals with the number of inhabitants in Zadar throughout the history, particularly from 15th century on, when first censuses were taken. Until the second half of 20th century, the population growth was slow and depended mostly on numerous wars, economic conditions, epidemics and famines that caused massive death and migrations of the population within the city and in its surroundings. It was only after the Second World War that population growth was rapid, due to industrialization and stronger economic development of the town.

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Todd, David. « Beneath Sovereignty : Extraterritoriality and Imperial Internationalism in Nineteenth-Century Egypt ». Law and History Review 36, n^o 1 (février 2018) : 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000530.

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The rise of extraterritoriality in the nineteenth-century has been described as a transitional phase that laid the ground for the construction of territorial sovereignty. Yet in Egypt, where a particularly extensive extraterritorial regime emerged in the mid-century, the expansion of European jurisdiction underneath national sovereignty became entrenched with the creation of international mixed courts in the 1870s. This outcome, the article argues, was the product of a complex compromise between European empires, which upheld different conceptions of extraterritoriality, and the government of Egypt. While Britain refashioned its own extraterritorial judicial system as a means of promoting legal reforms in the Ottoman world, France aggressively pursued the expansion of extraterritorial rights as an instrument of informal domination and economic exploitation. The creation of an international type of jurisdiction, less susceptible to French political pressures but applying a French system of law, proved acceptable to all parties, although it severely constrained Egyptian sovereignty from within, even after Britain took over the reins of government in 1882. Extraterritoriality was not merely a transition, but an original feature of the global legal order, arising out of modern imperialism and imperial rivalry and yet conducive to the forging of new instruments of international law and governance.

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Allen, Robert C. « American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History ». Journal of Economic History 74, n^o 2 (16 mai 2014) : 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.

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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.

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Islami, Islam. « Political history of modern Egypt ». ILIRIA International Review 6, n^o 1 (27 juillet 2016) : 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v6i1.231.

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Under the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was granted some autonomy because as long as taxes were paid, the Ottomans were content to let the Egyptians administer them. Nevertheless, the 17th and 18th centuries were ones of economic decline for Egypt.In 1798, the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt and defeated the Egyptians on land at the battle of the Pyramids, but he was utterly defeated at sea by the British navy, which made him abandon his army and leave Egypt. Subsequently, British and Ottoman forces defeated the French army and forced them to surrender.In particular after the last quarter of 19 century, in Egypt began colonizing activities by Western European countries, while the reaction to such events occurred within “the Egyptian national movement.”With its history of five thousand years, Egypt is considered as the first modern state of the Arab world. Ottoman military representative Mehmet Ali Pasha takes a special place through his contribution to this process. He is seen as a statesman who carried important reforms, which can be compared even with the ones of Tanzimat. He managed to build Egypt as an independent state from the Ottoman Empire, standing on its own power.Gamal Abdel Nasser was the one who established the Republic of Egypt and ended the monarchy rule in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution in 1952. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades, by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.

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Dekker, Rudolf. « Labour Conflicts and Working-Class Culture in Early Modern Holland ». International Review of Social History 35, n^o 3 (décembre 1990) : 377–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000010051.

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SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from the ancien régime to the modern era which may be discerned in the labour movements of countries like France and England, cannot be found in Holland.

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Ilyin, Ilya. « National Consciousness as a Factor of the Socio-Economic Development of Russia in the 17th — 19th Centuries ». ISTORIYA 12, n^o 6 (104) (2021) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016038-0.

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Capitalist relations in Russia emerged and developed in the 17th — 19th centuries. These relations were superimposed on the specific features of the public consensus that was achieved in 16th century and predetermined the particularities of the national socio-economic model. The origins of this model goes back to the religious and ethical discourse of the 15th century, as well as to the understanding of the foundations and nature of Russian statehood of the 15th — 16th centuries. All these features led to the formation of certain attributes of national consciousness and had a significant impact on the nature of socio-economic institutions. The humanistic values of the Russian Middle Ages had arisen out of Orthodoxy. The collective humanism of the state and its religious and ethical mission gave a minor role to the development of individualistic principles, which, on the contrary, were of great significance in Western Europe. This article shows a set of historical and spiritual factors that have played an important role in the formation of specific national consciousness characteristics. The authors make an attempt to analyze the influence of such factors on the nature of the national socio-economic model and its development in Russia in the 16th — 19th centuries. The article proposes an original concept according to which, in the course of the historical development of Russia, the most important economic categories (property, wealth, labor, capital, economic activity) obtained not only an economic, but also a kind of ethical interpretation, that is, they can be considered both as economic concepts and as cultural and moral phenomena. The methods of identifying historical and spiritual dominant factors that influenced the formation of the Russian socio-economic model give new opportunities to study national peculiarities. These methods allow clarifying the historical and cultural institutional potential for creating an effective economic policy in Russia and other countries.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Egypt – Economic history – 15th century"

Stavrou, Athanasia. « Socio-economic conditions in 14th and 15th century Thessalonike : a new approach ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1630/.

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The thesis deals with the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the city of Thessalonikê in the 14th and 15th centuries. One of the main aims is to address certain methodological issues linked to the period of transition from the Byzantine to the Ottoman Empire. In this effort, we have employed as an analytical tool the economic theory of New Institutional Economics, which lays significant importance in the study of the institutional framework of societies. The main strands of the thesis are two: firstly, the exploration of the ideological concerns, internal conflicts and response of the Thessalonian society to the changing political environment until the final subjection of the city to the Ottoman Turks in 1430. Secondly, the behaviour of the Thessalonian elite in terms of social and economic practice through an examination of its relationship with the Athonite monasteries and the Late Byzantine state. Our ultimate goal is to shed light on the way provincial elite of Thessalonikê adapted to the political and economic conditions that prevailed in the Late Byzantine period.

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Troadec, Cécile. « Roma crescit. Une histoire économique et sociale de Rome au XVe siècle ». Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040202.

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Cette thèse porte sur les transformations de l’économie et de la société romaines au cours d’un long XVe siècle (1398-1527). La croissance économique de Rome est provoquée et entretenue par le retour de la papauté après la parenthèse du Schisme. À partir du milieu du XVe siècle, les rythmes de l’économie romaine s’accélèrent : l’afflux de capitaux provenant des marchands-banquiers toscans, mais aussi réinvestis de l’économie rurale dans l’économie urbaine, créent de nouvelles conditions de production et de nouveaux modes de consommation. La réactivation du statut de capitale s’accompagne d’une demande croissante, en particulier en produits de luxe. L’enjeu de cette recherche est de comprendre et d’analyser comment la société romaine, les familles et les individus qui la composent, se sont adaptés à cette nouvelle conjoncture, parfois encore incertaine. Plus largement, il s’agit d’étudier l’adaptation des comportements et des pratiques socio-économiques à la croissance démographique et économique. Les thématiques abordées couvrent un spectre très large, depuis l’économie rurale du casale jusqu’au marché immobilier, du cadre macro-économique à travers l’approvisionnement urbain et les importations jusqu’à la micro-histoire des artisans, bouchers, poissonniers. L’un des axes de la thèse porte sur les phénomènes de mobilité sociale qui affectent aussi bien les milieux populaires que la noblesse citadine. Enfin, cette thèse replace Rome dans un contexte plus large, celui des villes d’Italie, soulignant ses spécificités ou sa conformité avec les modèles d’Italie septentrionale ou méridionale
This PhD aims at improving our understanding of the deep transformations that affect both Roman economy and society during the 15th century (1398-1527). The economic revival displayed by the Quattrocento’s Rome turns out to be sustained and increased by the return of the papal Court in Rome by the end of the 14th century. From the second half of the 15th century indeed, Roman economy’s pace changes, financial resources are flooding from the country to the city also as from Tuscan merchant-bankers, creating new conditions of production and new patterns of consumption. The renewed status of capital city leads to an ever-increasing demand, especially in luxury products. What’s at stake is to analyse and enlighten how the Roman society managed to adapt itself and to respond to a changing situation and to an impressive demographic and economic growth. The six chapters of this book cover a wide scale, from the rural economy of the casale up to the real estate market ; from the macroeconomic frame through the question of urban supply and imports up to the microstoria of craftsmen, butchers, fishmongers. This PhD also deals with the process of social mobility which concern the urban nobility as well as the craftsmen. Finally, this research replaces Rome in the wider context of the Italian urban world, by trying to underline its specificities or its conformity to the models of northern and southern Italy

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APELLANIZ, RUIZ DE GALARRETA Francisco Javier. « Pouvoir et finance en méditerranée pré-moderne : le deuxième Etat Mamelouk et le commerce des épices ». Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6593.

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Defence date: 25 September 2006
Examining board: Prof. Anthony Molho (IUE, Directeur) ; Prof. Jean-Claude Garcin (Université d'Aix-Marseille I) ; Prof. Mercè Viladrich (Universitat de Barcelona) ; Prof. Diogo Curto (IUE)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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Livres sur le sujet "Egypt – Economic history – 15th century"

Women in nineteenth-century Egypt. Cairo, Egypt : American University in Cairo Press, 1986.

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Women in nineteenth-century Egypt. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] : Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. New York : Harper & Row, 1985.

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Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1992.

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Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. New York : Perennial Library, 1985.

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Cordes, Albrecht, et Margrit Schulte Beerbühl. Dealing with economic failure : Between norm and practice (15th to 21st century). New York : Peter Lang, 2016.

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Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi. Women and men in late eighteenth-century Egypt. Austin : University of Texas Press, 1995.

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El Ghonemy, Mohamad Riad, 1924-, dir. Egypt in the twenty first century : Challenges for development. New York, NY : RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.

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Trade, reputation, and child labor in twentieth-century Egypt. New York, N.Y : Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

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Defterology revisited : Studies on 15th and 16th century Ottoman society. Istanbul : Isis Press, 2008.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Egypt – Economic history – 15th century"

Toledano, Ehud R. « Social and economic change in the “long nineteenth century” ». Dans The Cambridge History of Egypt, 252–84. Cambridge University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521472111.012.

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LANE, PAUL, et DOUGLAS JOHNSON. « The Archaeology and History of Slavery in South Sudan in the Nineteenth Century ». Dans The Frontiers of the Ottoman World. British Academy, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264423.003.0026.

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This chapter presents a synopsis of the historical evidence concerning the expansion of slavery and the trade in ivory during the Turco-Egyptian era in the Sudan between 1820 and 1881, and a description of the results of recent and very preliminary archaeological investigations at three sites associated with this trade around the town of Rumbek in Lakes State, South Sudan. The chapter begins with a brief review of the establishment of Ottoman rule in Egypt, before moving on to consider the broader geopolitical forces that gave rise to the decision by the Egyptian Khedive, Mehmed Ali, to invade Sinnar, Kordofan and adjacent areas of northern Sudan. It then discusses the economic consequences and legal changes following the establishment of Turco-Egyptian rule that helped create the conditions for the expansion of slaving expeditions into southern Sudan and the establishment of a series of fortified camps or zaribas in these areas.

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Casson, Catherine, Mark Casson, John S. Lee et Katie Phillips. « Legacy : Cambridge in the 14th and 15th Centuries ». Dans Compassionate Capitalism, 317–40. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529209259.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 connects the book to work on the subsequent history of Cambridge, including that on the development of the University. It considers the extent to which trends identified in the Hundred Rolls continued into the fourteenth century. Cambridge adjusted to the decline in its agricultural trade after the Black Death by developing its service sector, linked to university education. The role of family dynasties remained significant, but the period was characterised by the growth of three key institutions – the borough corporation, the guilds, and the colleges. College property holdings increased, driven by increasing student numbers, and the colleges gradually obtained rights to the meadows adjoining the river to the west of the town. The foundation of King’s College transformed the street plan in the west of Cambridge, obliterating many ancient streets and buildings, but providing new economic opportunities to supply the academic community.

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Dawisha, Adeed. « 1967 and After : The Twilight of Arab Nationalism ». Dans Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691169156.003.0010.

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This chapter examines Arab nationalism after the Six Day War of June 1967, which was a seminal event in Arab contemporary history. What the Six Day War did was to irretrievably rob Arab nationalism of the crucial element of unification. While Arabs—in whatever state they lived—continued to recognize their membership in the cultural space called “the Arab world,” a recognition shared by rulers and subjects alike, they no longer truly believed in the viability of organic political unity. The Six Day War had also cost Egypt dearly in life and material. Moreover, beyond these horrendous losses, the war was responsible for many domestic and economic maladies.

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Ershov, Bogdan, et Natalia Muhina. « Factors of Political Development of Russia From the 10th to the 18th Centuries ». Dans Political, Economic, and Social Factors Affecting the Development of Russian Statehood, 1–20. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9985-2.ch001.

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The chapter deals with the formation and development of Russian statehood from the 10th to the 18th centuries. It was at this time that domestic statehood was formed in very peculiar conditions. The following factors greatly influenced the specifics of Russian statehood: peasant, national, geopolitical, modernization. Throughout its history, Russia has gone through five major periods of state development: the Old Russian state, Muscovy, the Russian Empire, the Soviet state, and the Russian Federation. The process of Russian statehood was birthed in the ancient Russian state, which arose in the middle of the 9th century with its center in Kiev and existed until the middle of the 15th century. This period was marked by the approval of the basic principles of statehood in Russia, the merging of its northern and southern centers, and the growth of the military-political and international influence of the state.

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Hidasi, Judit. « Social and Cultural Aspects in Taiwan’s Economic Development with Special Focus on the Education System and Gender Equality ». Dans OBIC book series, 185–202. Budapest Business School, University of Applied Sciences, Oriental Business and Innovation Center (OBIC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29180/9786156342393_7.

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Taiwan (officially known as the Republic of China, ROC) as one of Asia’s Four Little Dragons (Wong, 2003) has gained economic strength by the end of the 20th century and became an important regional player. Its democratic achievements and economic prosperity have won recognition internationally (Mahbubani, 2011). Amidst the significant changes and reordering of economic powerhouses in terms of world geopolitics, academics and researchers have constantly made efforts to understand the main factors driving economic growth in countries the world over. As part of this process, Taiwan has also gained international attention and experts hope to learn from the Taiwan experience. Taiwan’s history in brief: mostly independent existence until the 15th century followed by episodic, periodic, and extended periods of rule by mainland Chinese dynasties, interrupted by the presence of Portuguese explorers, Spanish settlers, Dutch colonizers, and Japanese colonial rule (1895-1945) until it reached its present status, and the country has been operating with a democratically elected government since 1996.

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Parry, Jonathan. « Britain, Egypt, and Syria in the Heyday of Mehmet Ali ». Dans Promised Lands, 144–73. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181899.003.0006.

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This chapter tracks the governance of Mehmet Ali in Egypt for over a quarter of a century before he invaded Syria in 1831–32. In Egypt, there was a lot of positive British engagement with Mehmet Ali, who seemed both a necessary and a beneficial figure. The chapter argues that it was less flamboyant than the French courting of him, but it achieved three essential British aims. First was safe travel through the country, which was crucial in reaching India—and in exploring Egyptian history. The second was a political influence: Mehmet Ali was the strongest military leader in the Ottoman Empire and a key figure in resolving the Greek crisis. The third was an economic gain for well-placed individuals. By the 1830s, there were a lot of British “Mehmetists.” Ultimately, the chapter examines a vigorous debate about Mehmet Ali's regime. It follows how the debate came to turn on whether Mehmet Ali's statist regime was suited to a potentially European space like Syria, or just to “African” Egypt.

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Obladen, Michael. « Pap, gruel, and panada ». Dans Oxford Textbook of the Newborn, sous la direction de Michael Obladen, 233–40. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0033.

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This chapter collects information on artificial infant feeding published before 1860, the date when commercial formula became available. There is extensive artefactual evidence from thousands of feeding vessels since the Bronze Age. Literature on the use of animal milk for infant feeding begins with Soranus in the 2nd century c.e. Literature evidence from the very first printed books in the 15th century proves that physicians, surgeons, midwives, and the laity were aware of the opportunities and risks of artificial infant feeding. Most 17th- to 19th-century books on infant care contained detailed recipes for one or several of the following infant foods: pap, a semi-solid food made of flour or breadcrumbs cooked in water with or without milk; gruel, a thin porridge resulting from boiling cereal in water or milk; and panada, a preparation of various cereals or bread cooked in broth. During the 18th century, the published opinion on artificial feeding evolved from health concern to moral ideology. This view ignored the social and economic pressures which forced many mothers to forego or shorten breastfeeding. Bottle feeding was common practice throughout history.

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Easton-Calabria, Evan. « Introduction : Why Refugee Self-Reliance ? » Dans Refugees, Self-Reliance, Development, 1–24. Bristol University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47674/9781529219111.001.

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The first chapter is available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND license. Evan Easton-Calabria’s critical history of refugee self-reliance assistance brings new dimensions to refugee and international development studies. The promotion of refugee self-reliance is evident today, yet its history remains largely unexplored, with good practices and longstanding issues often missed. Through archival and contemporary evidence, this book documents a century of little-known efforts to foster refugee self-reliance, including the economic, political, and social motives driving this assistance. With five case studies from Greece, Tanzania, Pakistan, Uganda, and Egypt, the book tracks refugee self-reliance as a malleable concept used to pursue ulterior interests. It reshapes understandings of refugee self-reliance and delivers important messages for contemporary policy making.

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Harris, Ron. « The Organization of India-to-Rome Trade ». Dans Roman Law and Economics, 163–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787204.003.0007.

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Not much is known about the organization of the trade between Egypt and India in Roman times. Roman law is obviously well documented in surviving texts of various sorts. Trade practices in the Indian Ocean routes are sporadically known from surviving manuscripts. Actual organizational documents are practically unavailable with the rare exception of the Muziris Papyrus. The Papyrus, dated from the mid-second century CE, known also as the Vienna Papyrus, was first published in 1985. It deals with the finance and organization of trade on the route between Alexandria and Muziris in India. It adds a new dimension to our knowledge of the organizational practices of Eurasia trade in antiquity and is in fact the best source available up until the era of the Cairo Geniza, almost a millennium later. There is an ongoing debate about its nature in the papyrology literature. I will provide my own analysis of the papyrus based on legal history, economic analysis of law, and institutional economics theory. I will evaluate its nature as a loan or agency contract, as a standard form template, and as a forerunner of the sea loan and the commenda.

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