Articles de revues : « Efficient Cookstoves »

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Soomro, Hira, Syed Feroz Shah, Wasayo Sanam Sahito, Mohammad Aslam Uqaili, Laveet Kumar, Jonathan Daniel Nixon et Khanji Harijan. « Assessment of Sustainable Biomass Energy Technologies in Pakistan Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process ». Sustainability 14, n^o 18 (10 septembre 2022) : 11388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811388.

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Pakistan is not merely confronting the energy crisis but also dealing with the scarcity of economical technologies for the utilization of energy resources. From the basic resources, renewable energy is one of the considerable resources. Due to environmental issues related to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollution in Pakistan, the other energy resources are constricted. In rural areas, biomass resources are a fundamental need for domestic purposes. The prominent reason for environmental degradation and deforestation is due to ineffective use of such resources. Biomass resources for heating and cooking purposes are abundantly available in rural areas of Pakistan. In this context, this study helps us select the applicable cookstove technologies for the Sindh province for the proper utilization of biomass resources. The AHP (analytical hierarchy process) was used as the central methodology for the cookstove ranking. Concerning its improvement, four main criteria corresponding to 12 sub-criteria were considered for the selection of three cookstove technologies, i.e., traditional cookstoves (TCS), efficient cookstoves (ECS), and biogas cookstoves (BCS). The final decision of the AHP framework exposed the ECS technology as the advantageous technology, followed by the BCS and TCS, respectively. To analyze the results, a sensitivity analysis of the major results has also been carried out, and under the final ranking matrix, the ECS alternative got the highest weightage, nearly 36.56%, based on the developed model.

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Maré, Marcel, et Harold J. Annegarn. « The Use of Willingness to Pay in Determining Customer Preferences for Improved Flame-Based Cookstove Features in Two South African Study Areas ». Social Marketing Quarterly 23, n^o 4 (3 octobre 2017) : 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500417732773.

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The continued large-scale use of inefficient flame-based cookstoves directly influences human development levels globally, including in South Africa. It has been demonstrated that the adoption and sustained use of safe, inexpensive, and improved stove designs by households could lead to a significant reduction in household air pollution. From an examination of descriptions of previous improved cookstove dissemination programs, it becomes apparent that a focus on customer preferences was absent in many of the unsuccessful projects. This article investigates the customer preferences for improved flame-based cookstove features in two South African study areas using a willingness-to-pay survey methodology. A key finding indicates that the use of safety awareness campaigns could significantly shift demand for inefficient (kerosene powered) cookstoves to efficient and safer liquefied petroleum gas stoves. Furthermore, a preference for larger stoves (allowing for cooking in two pots simultaneously) was found. The availability of credit did not seem to influence purchasing behavior. The article suggests that the inclusion of safety awareness demonstrations in combination with other appropriate stove features (i.e., fuel types, sizes, durability, and payment options) represents a necessary companion to other strategies for the successful dissemination of improved flame-based stoves in the South African marketplace. This also has implication for large-scale stove interventions advocated by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and the World Bank.

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Mazorra, Javier, Renata Da Costa Barreto, Paula Ferreira dos Santos, María Suárez Bonet, Candela De la Sota, Guilherme Checco, Fabio Almeida et Luís Tadeu Assad. « Overview of the use of clean cookstoves in the Brazilian semiarid region ». Sustentabilidade em Debate 10, n^o 2 (31 août 2019) : 54–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n2.2019.22159.

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Wood cookstoves are common in the Brazilian semiarid region. Most families use traditional versions,which have a series of social, environmental and health-related impacts. “Improved cookstoves” referto cleaner and more efficient cookstoves. These include adaptations that improve energy efficiency and reduce indoor air pollution, bringing benefits such as the reduction of firewood consumptionfor cooking, reduction of the emission of polluting gases originating from firewood burning andfewer health impacts, also contributing to forest conservation. Although the improved cookstovessector is still relatively underdeveloped in the Brazilian semiarid region, in recent years interest inthese technological alternatives has increased. In this context, the present study contributes to thecompilation and organization of information referring to the use of improved cookstoves in the Braziliansemiarid region.

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Jan, Inayatullah, et Heman Das Lohano. « Uptake of energy efficient cookstoves in Pakistan ». Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 137 (mars 2021) : 110466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110466.

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Francis Okafor, Izuchukwu. « Energy Efficient Biomass Cookstoves : Performance Evaluation, Quality Assurance and Certification ». Science Journal of Energy Engineering 7, n^o 4 (2019) : 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20190704.11.

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Darlami, Hari Bahadur, Bhakta Bahadur Ale et Govind Raj Pokharel. « Experimental Analysis of Thermal Efficiency of Mud Improved Cookstove With Variation of Different Parameters and Economic Analysis ». Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, n^o 3 (16 octobre 2020) : 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32228.

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Most of the rural people of Nepal use fuelwood for cooking and space heating in residential sector. Government of Nepal has announced to make Nepal as a smokeless country by replacing traditional cookstoves. Two pot mud improved cookstove is one of the most promoted cookstoves in the context of Nepal. There is a need to study the effects of different parameters on mud improved cookstove for its better performance. The objective of this work is to study the effect of variation of different parameters on two pot mud ICS and identify parameters for its better performance. Power test of cookstove, specially focusing on thermal efficiency, has been performed by changing different parameters. Effect of varying fuel feeding rate, chimney height, opening area of air fuel inlet, inlet area of interconnecting tunnel, combustion chamber height, grate height and insulating material on thermal efficiency have been studied individually. Then cookstove has been developed by different best combinations such as a) geometrical parameters b) use of grate and insulations in best geometrical parameters and formation of channel on the opening. Thermal efficiency of modified cookstove increased from 18% to 25.6%; i.e. the increment of 7.60%. Economic analysis of different thermal efficiencies cookstove has been performed.

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Levine, David I., Theresa Beltramo, Garrick Blalock, Carolyn Cotterman et Andrew M. Simons. « What Impedes Efficient Adoption of Products ? Evidence from Randomized Sales Offers for Fuel-Efficient Cookstoves in Uganda ». Journal of the European Economic Association 16, n^o 6 (13 janvier 2018) : 1850–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvx051.

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Sutar, Kailasnath, Hitesh Karkoti, Jahan Zeb Khan, Mujahid Momin et Himanshu Rohaj. « Laboratory and Field Performance of Two In-House Developed Metal Biomass Cookstoves ». Advanced Engineering Forum 46 (28 juin 2022) : 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-z83f87.

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Present work reports thermal and emission performance of in-house developed natural and forced draft metal biomass cookstoves. Laboratory as well as field tests are performed on the cookstoves. Experiments are performed on natural draft metal cookstove in laboratory at different air supply hole openings. Decrease in average input power and average thermal efficiency is observed between 3.74-3.43 kW and 31.14-29.45% respectively. Variation in average emission factor for carbon monoxide (CO) is found to be between 3.5-9.9 g/MJd. Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are found to be varying between 1 ppm to 13.5 ppm without any specific trend. Experiments are performed on forced draft metal cookstove in laboratory on two fan speeds. The average input power and average thermal efficiency vary between 3.4-3.0 kW and 36.9-42.5% respectively. Variation in average emission factor for CO is found to be between 1.8-4.5 g/MJd and that of average NOx emissions between 16.8-2.5 ppm.During field tests, amount of fuel consumption and emissions of CO for both the cookstoves is compared with traditional cookstoves used by two families. In case of Family A, there is a saving in fuel consumption by 19% and 40% with natural draft and forced draft metal cookstoves respectively. The corresponding values for Family B are 5 % and 24% respectively. In case of Family A, there is decrease in CO emissions by 89% and 86% with natural draft and forced draft metal cookstoves respectively. The corresponding values for Family B are 76% and 82% respectively.

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Harrell, Stephen, Theresa Beltramo, Garrick Blalock, Juliet Kyayesimira, David I. Levine et Andrew M. Simons. « What is a “meal” ? Comparative methods of auditing carbon offset compliance for fuel-efficient cookstoves ». Ecological Economics 128 (août 2016) : 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.014.

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Darlami, Hari Bahadur. « Performance evaluation of two pot raised mud improved cookstove ». Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education 4, n^o 1 (5 mars 2021) : 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v4i1.34821.

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Biomass cookstove is widely used in the rural areas of Nepal for cooking and space heating. Its thermal and emission performance keeps importance environmentally, economically and socially. Chimney operated two pot raised mud Improved Cookstove (ICS) is one of Nepal’s most promoted cookstoves. The goal of this study is to evaluate the thermal and emission performance. Thermal and emission performance has been obtained by water boiling test and emission parameters have been measured by using Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System (LEMS). The thermal efficiency of cookstove has been improved from 17.99% to 24.7 % i.e. Tier 1 to 2 with the fabrication of appropriate material and accessories. Similarly total emission performance has been found in Tier 1 and fugitive emission performance has been found in Tier 5. Experimental results of thermal efficiency and fugitive emission complied with the performance target of the cookstove.

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Darlami, Hari Bahadur, Bhakta Bahadur Ale et Govind Raj Pokharel. « Socio-Economic Analysis of Two Pot Raised Mud Improved Cookstove in the Context of Nepal ». Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 7, n^o 01 (25 août 2022) : 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v7i01.47332.

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Cost Biomass cookstove is extensively used for cooking and space heating in the rural area of Nepal. Its thermal efficiency and emission performance keeps prominence economically, socially and environmentally. Chimney operated two pot raised mud Improved Cookstove (ICS) is one of the most promoted cookstoves in the context of Nepal. Benefit cost ratio has been found maximum for geometrically optimized best dimension cookstove and minimum for grate and insulation used cookstove in best dimension. Net benefit of cookstove has been increased with the grate and insulation. Marginal abatement cost of best dimension cookstove has been found minimum NPR. 445/tCO2eq and maximum for the cookstove with the use all the accessories NPR 600 tCO2eq. Best dimension cooostove has been found best rank from benefit cost ratio and abatement cost aspect. The goal of this study is to perform socio-economic and environmental analysis of the twopot raised mud ICS for three family members.

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B. Mfundisi, Kelebogile, et Michael K. Commeh. « Clean Cookstove Technology Use for Energy Efficiency in the School System ». Journal of Natural Resources and Development 9 (26 juillet 2019) : 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v9i0.04.

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Globally, clean cookstoves represent the best substitute for open fire biomass stoves in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fuelwood. Prospects to transfer this technology to Botswana are being explored. Our research objectives were to transfer the clean Institutional Cookstove (IC) technology to Okavango Research Institute (ORI), quantify the amount of mopane (Colophospermum mopane) fuelwood it consumes in comparison to the traditional biomass energy system, and analyze its potential to be used as a substitute for the open fire cooking method. The clean IC technology transfer to ORI was successfully completed before testing its energy efficiency and financial viability. It consumed approximately two-thirds less fuelwood than the traditional three stone stove. This presents an opportunity for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from fuelwood consumption in Botswana. This is a critical consideration in an environment where there is limited readily available fuelwood. The use of clean cookstoves allows enhanced carbon sequestration by live mopane woodland resources. A financial viability analysis of implementing the clean IC in primary schools showed that it has the potential to save money spent on fuelwood. Our case study provides essential pertinent results on the energy efficiency of the developed prototype, which forms a basis for further research on the use of clean cookstoves for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from fuelwood consumption in Botswana and the entire Cubango-Okavango River Basin. A comprehensive analysis of cultural barriers to adoption of the technology will be carried out through piloting the construction of the clean cookstove.

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Beltramo, Theresa, Garrick Blalock, David I. Levine et Andrew M. Simons. « Does Peer Use Influence Adoption of Efficient Cookstoves ? Evidence From a Randomized Controlled Trial in Uganda ». Journal of Health Communication 20, sup1 (31 mars 2015) : 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.994244.

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Cuthbert, A. L., et C. M. Dufournaud. « An Econometric Analysis of Fuelwood Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 30, n^o 4 (avril 1998) : 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300721.

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Four models are estimated to examine the consumption of fuelwood in selected countries of Sub-Saharan Africa from 1970 to 1990. Using a two-stage least squares estimation technique, we use the models to analyze the effects of income and price on fuelwood demand. Variables included in the models are income, price, and precipitation with a dummy variable based on level of development. The best model yields an income elasticity of 0.39 and a price elasticity of −0.28, indicating that fuelwood is a superior, normal good. Attending to the mounting concerns about fuelwood depletion in Sub-Saharan Africa, we feel the results provide insights for the formulation of effective energy policies. Specifically, policy measures that simultaneously address household income and fuel price are required. Increasing household income, directly with income supplements or indirectly with the provision of energy-efficient cookstoves, has the potential to decrease fuelwood consumption. Similarly, price reforms that force the price of energy to reflect its real economic cost encourage more efficient consumption.

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Beltramo, Theresa, Garrick Blalock, David I. Levine et Andrew M. Simons. « The effect of marketing messages and payment over time on willingness to pay for fuel-efficient cookstoves ». Journal of Economic Behavior & ; Organization 118 (octobre 2015) : 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.04.025.

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BLUFFSTONE, RANDALL A. « Reducing degradation of forests in poor countries when permanent solutions elude us : what instruments do we really have ? » Environment and Development Economics 3, n^o 3 (juillet 1998) : 295–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x98000175.

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This paper evaluates policies for addressing forest degradation in developing country hill areas, where agriculture is the major activity and villagers depend on forests for important economic inputs. Population growth, poverty, and open access probably explain most 'overuse' in such areas, but these are very difficult, long-term problems. The paper argues that under such conditions interim demand-side policies should be seriously considered, but the case is also made that the set of feasible instruments is quite small. Focusing on the case of Nepal, two instruments for reducing fuelwood demand – promotion of more efficient, wood-burning cookstoves and policies that reduce the prices of alternative fuels (e.g., through subsidies) – are evaluated. Using a simple analytical model and results from two household surveys conducted in Nepal, it is concluded that promoting improved stoves is a much more efficient and equitable instrument than, for example, subsidizing the major alternative fuel, which is kerosene. The cost of fuelwood saved using improved stoves is predicted to be a very low $2.77 per metric ton.

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Ver Beek, Noah, Elvin Vindel, Matthew Kuperus Heun et Paul E. Brockway. « Quantifying the Environmental Impacts of Cookstove Transitions : A Societal Exergy Analysis Based Model of Energy Consumption and Forest Stocks in Honduras ». Energies 13, n^o 12 (20 juin 2020) : 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123206.

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Unsustainable consumption of biofuels contributes to deforestation and climate change, while household air pollution from burning solid biofuels in homes results in millions of premature deaths globally every year. Honduras, like many low and medium Human Development Index countries, depends on primary solid biofuels for more than 30% of its primary energy supply (as of 2013). We conducted a societal exergy analysis and developed a forest stock model for Honduras for 1971–2013 and used the results to model an energy transition from traditional wood stoves to either improved efficiency wood cookstoves or modern fuel cookstoves (using Electricity or Liquefied petroleum gas) over the period 2013–2050. The exergy analysis and forest model enabled quantification of the environmental tradeoffs between the improved efficiency and fuel switching scenarios. We find that the continued reliance on wood within both the existing and improved wood cookstove scenarios would exhaust forest stocks by 2050, though improved efficiency could reduce national greenhouse gas emissions. Modern fuel cookstoves would reduce household air pollution, emissions, and deforestation. However, the best alternative to successfully reduce household air pollution, GHG emissions, and deforestation is a rapid switch to electric stoves with significant investment in renewable-based electricity.

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Sundberg, Cecilia, Erik Karltun, James K. Gitau, Thomas Kätterer, Geoffrey M. Kimutai, Yahia Mahmoud, Mary Njenga et al. « Biochar from cookstoves reduces greenhouse gas emissions from smallholder farms in Africa ». Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25, n^o 6 (21 juin 2020) : 953–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-020-09920-7.

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Abstract Biochar produced in cookstoves has the potential to contribute to negative carbon emissions through sequestration of biomass carbon while also providing other benefits for sustainable development, including provision of clean renewable energy and increased yields in tropical agriculture. The aim of the reported research was to estimate effects on food production, household energy access and life cycle climate impact from introduction of biochar-producing cookstoves on smallholder farms in Kenya. Participatory research on biochar production and use was undertaken with 150 Kenyan smallholder farming households. Gasifier cookstove functionality, fuel efficiency and emissions were measured, as well as biochar effects on agricultural yields after application to soil. Cookstoves provided benefits through reduced smoke, fuel wood savings and char production, but challenges were found related to labour for fuel preparation, lighting and refilling. On-farm trials with varying rates of biochar inputs, in combination with and without mineral fertilizers, have led to a sustained increase of maize yields following one-time application. The climate impact in a life cycle perspective was considerably lower for the system with cookstove production of biochar and use of biochar in agriculture than for current cooking practices. Climate benefits from biochar production and use are thus possible on smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa, through reduced use of biomass in cooking, reduced emissions of products of incomplete combustion and sequestration of stable biochar carbon in soils. Biochar-producing cookstoves can be implemented as a climate change mitigation method in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Successful implementation will require changes in cooking systems including fuel supply, as well as farming systems, which, in turn, requires an understanding of local socio-cultural conditions, including power relations and gender aspects.

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Gumino, Brian, Nicholas A. Pohlman, Jonathan Barnes et Paul Wever. « Design Features and Performance Evaluation of Natural-Draft, Continuous Operation Gasifier Cookstove ». Clean Technologies 2, n^o 3 (15 juillet 2020) : 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2030017.

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Biomass cookstoves are used as a common source of heating and cooking in developing countries with most improved cookstove design focusing on developing efficiency in thermal conversion of fuels and safer operation than open flame fires. A top-lit-up-draft (TLUD) cookstove utilizes a gasification process similar to pyrolysis where the solid biomass fuels are heated within a oxygen-limited environment and the syngas are burned which reduces carbon content and particulate matter being introduced into the air. The new continuous-operation design is described to have features for: (1) safe addition of solid fuels during combustion of syngas, (2) removal of biochar at the primary air inlet to manage gasification location, and (3) temperature control of the cooksurface through adjustable exhaust paths. The designed cookstove is found to have a diameter to height ratio 0.42-0.47 in order to offer the cleanest burning of the biofuel. The cooking surface is experimentally studied and the thermal gradient is found for compressed wood pellets. Tracking of the coal-bed is studied as a function of time in order to better understand when additional fuel should be added to ensure constant cooking temperature and operation. Numerous exhaust paths explore the cookstove user’s ability to control the temperature contour of the cooksurface.

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Munyao, Carol Munini, Kipkorir K. G. Kiptoo, Christine Odinga et Gelas Muse Simiyu. « Assessment of Improved Biomass Cookstove Technologies and Kitchen Characteristics on Indoor Air Quality and Fuel Consumption in Rural Settings of Western, Kenya ». European Journal of Health Sciences 7, n^o 5 (10 octobre 2022) : 58–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejhs.1228.

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Purpose: This study investigated the impact of increased levels of indoor air pollution (IAP) caused due to biomass burning using different technologies in the rural households of Western, Kenya. A comparative assessment of the impact of traditional cookstoves (TCS) and improved cookstoves (ICS) coupled with the characteristics of kitchen was conducted to estimate the PM2.5 and CO concentrations in the micro-environments of kitchen and living area of the households. Methodology: The study incorporated both extensive and intensive real-time indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring during the two cooking sessions of the day. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in this study and the total target population was 383; where 204 households were selected as the sample size for HH survey and 56 households were selected for indoor air pollution monitoring. Influence of the different types of kitchen characteristics; enclosed, semi-enclosed and open was also comprehensively analyzed to measure its impact on the IAQ. Both UCB-PATS instrument and CO loggers were launched in kitchens for 24 hours. The Kitchen Performance Test (KPT) was applied to demonstrate the effectiveness of stove interventions on household fuel consumption. The pollutant concentrations were reported in terms of 24-h, 1-h peak cooking and long-term time scales. Data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Multiple regression analysis was undertaken to evaluate the association between pollutant concentration and kitchen characteristics and to determine a set of variables that best predict the pollutants. Units of analysis included means, standard deviations, minimum values, median values and maximum values and IQR. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (r) were used to assess the relationship between mean daily kitchen CO concentrations and kitchen PM2.5 concentrations in order to determine whether all kitchen PM2.5 concentrations were as a result of biomass combustion or there were other microenvironment PM2.5 sources. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the quantified fuel use from different stoves and further multiple tests of mean separation were done according to Tukey’s test of significance at p < 0.05. Findings: The results of the study highlighted that households with improved cookstoves that included the Cheprocket and mud rocket stoves consumed 1.5 kg/day (95% CI: 1.3, 5.8) and 1.3 kg/day (95% CI: 1.2, 5.9) less fuel than households with three-stone stoves respectively. The multiple regression models indicated that well ventilated kitchens (β = 2.556, SE = 1.646, p = .036) using ICS, with cemented floors (β = -.091, SE = .026, p = .001) using Chepkube stove and higher number of windows (β = -4.475, SE = 2.841, p = .031) using Cheprocket stove; (β = -.446, SE = .042, p = .030) using rocket stove; (β = -.045, SE = .010, p = .000) using Chepkube stove were associated with lower kitchen PM2.5 concentrations. The study concludes that usage of ICS coupled with efficient designing of the kitchen can improve the overall IAQ of the household along with immense health benefits. Recommendation: Overall, the study emphasized the need of more user education for improved stoves users for behavioural change to reduce PM and CO kitchen concentrations and exposure.

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Carvalho, Ricardo Luís, Pooja Yadav, Natxo García-López, Robert Lindgren, Gert Nyberg, Rocio Diaz-Chavez, Venkata Krishna Kumar Upadhyayula, Christoffer Boman et Dimitris Athanassiadis. « Environmental Sustainability of Bioenergy Strategies in Western Kenya to Address Household Air Pollution ». Energies 13, n^o 3 (7 février 2020) : 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030719.

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Over 640 million people in Africa are expected to rely on solid-fuels for cooking by 2040. In Western Kenya, cooking inefficiently persists as a major cause of burden of disease due to household air pollution. Efficient biomass cooking is a local-based renewable energy solution to address this issue. The Life-Cycle Assessment tool Simapro 8.5 is applied for analyzing the environmental impact of four biomass cooking strategies for the Kisumu County, with analysis based on a previous energy modelling study, and literature and background data from the Ecoinvent and Agrifootprint databases applied to the region. A Business-As-Usual scenario (BAU) considers the trends in energy use until 2035. Transition scenarios to Improved Cookstoves (ICS), Pellet-fired Gasifier Stoves (PGS) and Biogas Stoves (BGS) consider the transition to wood-logs, biomass pellets and biogas, respectively. An Integrated (INT) scenario evaluates a mix of the ICS, PGS and BGS. In the BGS, the available biomass waste is sufficient to be upcycled and fulfill cooking demands by 2035. This scenario has the lowest impact on all impact categories analyzed followed by the PGS and INT. Further work should address a detailed socio-economic analysis of the analyzed scenarios.

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Gitau, James K., Cecilia Sundberg, Ruth Mendum, Jane Mutune et Mary Njenga. « Use of Biochar-Producing Gasifier Cookstove Improves Energy Use Efficiency and Indoor Air Quality in Rural Households ». Energies 12, n^o 22 (11 novembre 2019) : 4285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224285.

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Biomass fuels dominate the household energy mix in sub-Saharan Africa. Much of it is used inefficiently in poorly ventilated kitchens resulting in indoor air pollution and consumption of large amounts of wood fuel. Micro-gasification cookstoves can improve fuel use efficiency and reduce indoor air pollution while producing char as a by-product. This study monitored real-time concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and amount of firewood used when households were cooking dinner. Twenty-five households used the gasifier cookstove to cook and five repeated the same test with three-stone open fire on a different date. With the gasifier, the average corresponding dinner time CO, CO2, and PM2.5 concentrations were reduced by 57%, 41%, and 79% respectively compared to three-stone open fire. The gasifier had average biomass-to-char conversion efficiency of 16.6%. If the produced char is used as fuel, households could save 32% of fuel compared to use of three-stone open fire and 18% when char is used as biochar, for instance. Adoption of the gasifier can help to reduce the need for firewood collection, hence reducing impacts on the environment while saving on the amount of time and money spent on cooking fuel.

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Kong'ani, Lilian N. S., Cohen Ang'u et Nzioka John Muthama. « Adoption of improved cookstoves in the peri-urban areas of Nairobi : Case of Magina area, Kiambu county, Kenya ». Journal of Sustainability, Environment and Peace 1, n^o 1 (4 février 2019) : 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53537/jsep.2019.02.004.

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Concerted efforts have been made to enable communication and adoption of improved cookstoves by diverse development organizations in Kenya. However, their adoption remains low. This study sought to examine levels of adoption and use of improved cookstoves in Magina, Kiambu County and determine factors affecting their adoption and use. Results demonstrate that 93% of the households received the cookstoves from developmental programmes, among these 50% were making use of them but only 14% of the 50% had fully adopted them as main cookstoves. Efficiency and suitability, socio-cultural practices, economic capacity, limited capacity to appreciate the improved cookstoves concept and governance considerations were the cited limiting factors to adoption and use. There is need for an enabling policy and strategies to implement the bottom-up approach in the design and implementation of improved cookstoves to facilitate the upscaling of the adoption and use of improved cookstoves to conserve the forests in the country for sustainable development.

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Jagger, Pamela, Joseph Pedit, Ashley Bittner, Laura Hamrick, Tione Phwandapwhanda et Charles Jumbe. « Fuel efficiency and air pollutant concentrations of wood-burning improved cookstoves in Malawi : Implications for scaling-up cookstove programs ». Energy for Sustainable Development 41 (décembre 2017) : 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.08.007.

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Akter Lucky, Rahima, et Ijaz Hossain. « Efficiency study of Bangladeshi cookstoves with an emphasis on gas cookstoves ». Energy 26, n^o 3 (mars 2001) : 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(00)00066-9.

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Sandeep Kore, Kailasnath Sutar et Akash Waghmare. « Development of a Natural Draft Metal Biomass Cookstove for Community Kitchen ». Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 102, n^o 2 (27 février 2023) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.102.2.120.

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Present work reports details of the design, fabrication, and laboratory testing of a natural draft metal biomass cookstove for a community kitchen. Heat transfer and fluid flow considerations along with experimental data available in the literature are used for the design of the community cookstove. The summation of pressure drop in different sections of the cookstove is compared with the outside pressure drop for the system using buoyancy considerations. The cookstove is fabricated as per the dimensions finalized during the design stage. Laboratory testing of the cookstove is conducted according to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) protocol. The tests are conducted under different conditions of main air hole closing viz. 0%, 25%, 75% and 100%. Each test is replicated thrice and an analysis of data is performed using a student’s t-test. The efficiency of cookstove is found to be about 42% i.e., well above the BIS limit of 25% for natural draft metal cookstove. The effect of insulation on the outer body of cookstove is studied experimentally. It is found that the efficiency enhances by about 5.3% due to insulation. The authors found that provision of primary and secondary air holes play a very important role in the performance of the cookstove. When 100% main air holes are closed, the average efficiency of the cookstove is found to be poor (27.3%) due to no supply of secondary air to the combustion chamber of the cookstove.

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Faria, Niswatun, Kuntum Khoiro Ummatin, Mochammad Annas Junianto et Tedy Eko Budiharso. « Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and TRIZ in Briquette Cookstove Design and Simulation ». Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 12, n^o 2 (15 août 2021) : 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2021.012.02.12.

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Poor cookstove design can harm the user's health and environment. This research aims to obtain an efficient cookstove design, environmentally friendly and operated easily. The cookstove design process using a combination of QFD and TRIZ. QFD able to capture customer needs through a questionnaire and interview. The data collected then processed to build a House of Quality (HoQ), one of the tools in QFD. QFD results in the design parameter of the briquette cookstove, which is incorporated in the concept design. The TRIZ method is utilized to understand the problem that might occur in the concept design and focus on solving the root causes. The next step is a detailed design where the dimensions, combustion chamber capacity, and supporting features are explained. The combination of QFD and TRIZ result in a briquette cookstove concept design which is easy to clean and operate. The combustion system is Top-lit Up-Draft (TLUD). The burning chamber has two air inlets, namely primary and secondary. The primary air inlet supplies the air from the bottom of the burning chamber, partially burns the briquette, and produces flue gas. The secondary air inlet is in the shape of an oval to supply air in the burning chamber's upper part to burn the flue gas completely. A complete combustion process will increase combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. A computational simulation shows the velocity distribution inside the burning chamber.

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Huang, Yaoxian, Nadine Unger, Trude Storelvmo, Kandice Harper, Yiqi Zheng et Chris Heyes. « Global radiative effects of solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, n^o 8 (18 avril 2018) : 5219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5219-2018.

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Abstract. We apply the NCAR CAM5-Chem global aerosol-climate model to quantify the net global radiative effects of black and organic carbon aerosols from global and Indian solid fuel cookstove emissions for the year 2010. Our assessment accounts for the direct radiative effects, changes to cloud albedo and lifetime (aerosol indirect effect, AIE), impacts on clouds via the vertical temperature profile (semi-direct effect, SDE) and changes in the surface albedo of snow and ice (surface albedo effect). In addition, we provide the first estimate of household solid fuel black carbon emission effects on ice clouds. Anthropogenic emissions are from the IIASA GAINS ECLIPSE V5a inventory. A global dataset of black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) measurements from surface sites and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from AERONET is used to evaluate the model skill. Compared with observations, the model successfully reproduces the spatial patterns of atmospheric BC and OA concentrations, and agrees with measurements to within a factor of 2. Globally, the simulated AOD agrees well with observations, with a normalized mean bias close to zero. However, the model tends to underestimate AOD over India and China by ∼ 19 ± 4 % but overestimate it over Africa by ∼ 25 ± 11 % (± represents modeled temporal standard deviations for n = 5 run years). Without BC serving as ice nuclei (IN), global and Indian solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions have net global cooling radiative effects of −141 ± 4 mW m−2 and −12 ± 4 mW m−2, respectively (± represents modeled temporal standard deviations for n = 5 run years). The net radiative impacts are dominated by the AIE and SDE mechanisms, which originate from enhanced cloud condensation nuclei concentrations for the formation of liquid and mixed-phase clouds, and a suppression of convective transport of water vapor from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere that in turn leads to reduced ice cloud formation. When BC is allowed to behave as a source of IN, the net global radiative impacts of the global and Indian solid fuel cookstove emissions range from −275 to +154 mW m−2 and −33 to +24 mW m−2, with globally averaged values of −59 ± 215 and 0.3 ± 29 mW m−2, respectively. Here, the uncertainty range is based on sensitivity simulations that alter the maximum freezing efficiency of BC across a plausible range: 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1. BC–ice cloud interactions lead to substantial increases in high cloud (< 500 hPa) fractions. Thus, the net sign of the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols from solid fuel cookstoves on global climate (warming or cooling) remains ambiguous until improved constraints on BC interactions with mixed-phase and ice clouds are available.

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Mabonga, Fiona, Tara K. Beattie, Kondwani Luwe, Tracy Morse, Caitlin Hope et Iain J. Beverland. « Exposure to Air Pollution in Rural Malawi : Impact of Cooking Methods on Blood Pressure and Peak Expiratory Flow ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 14 (20 juillet 2021) : 7680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147680.

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We made static and personal PM2.5 measurements with a miniature monitor (RTI MicroPEM) to characterise the exposure of women cooking with wood and charcoal in indoor and outdoor locations in rural Malawi, together with measurements of blood pressure and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Mean PM2.5 concentrations of 1338 and 31 µg/m3 were observed 1 m from cookstove locations during cooking with wood and charcoal, respectively. Similarly, mean personal PM2.5 exposures of 706 and 94 µg/m3 were observed during cooking with wood and charcoal, respectively. Personal exposures to PM2.5 in indoor locations were 3.3 and 1.7 times greater than exposures observed in equivalent outdoor locations for wood and charcoal, respectively. Prior to the measured exposure, six out of eight participants had PEFR observations below 80% of their expected (age and height) standardised PEFR. We observed reductions in PEFR for participants cooking with wood in indoor locations. Five out of eight participants reported breathing difficulties, coughing, and eye irritation when cooking with wood but reported that symptoms were less severe when cooking with charcoal. In conclusion, we observed that exposure to PM2.5 was substantially reduced by cooking outdoor with charcoal. As both wood and charcoal fuels are associated with negative environmental and health impacts, the adoption of high-efficiency cookstoves and less polluting sources of energy will be highly beneficial. Cooking outside whenever possible, and minimising the time spent in close proximity to stoves, may be simple interventions that could reduce the risks of exacerbation and progression of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Malawi.

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Parajuli, Ayush, Saurabh Agrawal, Janak Kumar Tharu, Anil Kumar Kamat, Ajay Kumar Jha et Hari Bahadur Darlami. « A simplified model for understanding the performance of two-pot enclosed mud cookstoves ». Clean Energy 3, n^o 4 (6 octobre 2019) : 288–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkz020.

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Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model for a two-pot enclosed mud cookstove. A new model has been developed combining transient heat transfer, combustion chemistry and fluid flow. The model can be used for variation of the operation and design parameters. The model predicts performance parameters such as efficiency, boiling time, excess air ratio (EAR), transient wall, flame and char temperature. For an input power of 5.1 kW, the estimated overall efficiency, EAR and boiling time were 17.1%, 1.97 and 43 minutes, respectively. The model outcome is compared with experimental results. Further, 10 parameters are varied and their impact on cookstove performance is analysed. The optimum dimension for the door opening, combustion-chamber height and wall thickness are suggested. Therefore, this study can serve as an effective tool for cookstove design.

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Zin, Nurul Aisyah Mohd, et Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman. « Operating Characteristics of Gasifier Cookstove Using Different Biomass Materials ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (septembre 2013) : 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.516.

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Biomass energy technology such as gasifier is increasingly receiving attention as a promising renewable energy source because of the ever rising costs of fossils fuels especially diesel and kerosene. Gaseous products of gasifier based cookstove are relatively clean and environmental friendly than direct combustion cookstove. The objective of this workwas to characterize the basic operating properties of a gasifier-based biomass cookstove using different types of biomass fuels. The main characteristics evaluated were the efficiencyof the stove. The biomass considered were oil palm fronds, dry leaves and pressed sugarcane. The efficiency of the stove was tested using water boiling tests.Other characteristics such as its ignition duration and the time required to boil 2.5 kg of water were also observed. The performance of each fuel was studied by analyzing the parameters involved during water boiling tests. It was found that oil palm frond has the highest thermal efficiency among all the fuels tested.

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Petro, Lucia M., Revocatus Machunda, Siza Tumbo et Thomas Kivevele. « Theoretical and Experimental Performance Analysis of a Novel Domestic Biogas Burner ». Journal of Energy 2020 (16 septembre 2020) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8813254.

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The inefficient indoor burning of fuelwood on traditional cookstoves generates pollutants, primarily carbon monoxide and many other human health-damaging emissions. It is from this risk that it is necessary to have an immediate shift to alternative cleaner fuel sources. Biogas, which is among the biofuels from biomass, is one of the resources that play a considerable part in a more diverse and sustainable global energy mix. For domestic purposes in rural areas of Tanzania, biogas provides a better option that can supplement the use of fossil fuels such as wood, charcoal, and kerosene, which is nonrenewable. However, the low efficiency experienced in the locally made biogas burners hinders the large-scale use of biogas among the population in the country. With the locally made burners, the users of biogas for the domestic application face problems including heat loss and high gas consumption which affects the whole cooking process. It is against this backdrop that the current study objectives incline on designing and improving the efficiency of the locally manufactured burners to achieve the uniform flow of fuel in the mixing chamber, which will result to the consistent heat distribution around the cooking pot. The optimization of the burner was done by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) through varying the number of flame portholes and air holes as well as the size of the jet before fabrication. The increased efficiency of the burner has also contributed by the addition of the fuel distributor. The results showed that the optimum hole diameter of the jet was 2.5 mm and that of the manifold was 100 mm. The currently developed biogas burner was tested and compared with the other two locally made burners. The water boiling test (WBT) on these three burners showed that the developed burner has a thermal efficiency of 67.01% against 54.61% and 58.82% of the Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology (CARMATEC) and Simgas, respectively. Additionally, the fuel consumption of the developed burner was 736 g/L as compared to 920 g/L for CARMARTEC and 833 g/L for that of Simgas. The developed burner and its corresponding cookstove are both environmentally friendly and economical for household utilization in Tanzania and other developing countries.

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MCCRACKEN, J., et K. SMITH. « Emissions and efficiency of improved woodburning cookstoves in Highland Gatemala ». Environment International 24, n^o 7 (octobre 1998) : 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(98)00062-2.

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Makonese, Tafadzwa, et Christopher M. S. Bradnum. « Public participation in technological innovation : The case of the Tshulu stove development programme ». Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, n^o 1 (23 mars 2017) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i1a1379.

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AbstractThe design of products for developing communities often excludes the end-users in the decision making process. The study aims to investigate public participation and engagement in the design and development of the Tshulu woodstove. Results of this research point to the need for improved communication between citizens and technical experts, as well as for narrowing the gap between the designer and the user by encouraging meaningful engagement and inclusion. Bottom-up approaches ensure sustained participation of the public, in turn increasing a sense of ownership in the product. These results have implications for energy policy and improved cookstove programmes for developing communities. Keywords: co-design; energy efficiency; energy policy; improved cookstove

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Ding, Hong Yan, Jia Xin Liu, Yi Xiang Zhang, Ren Jie Dong et Chang Le Pang. « Key Factors of Thermal Efficiency Test Protocols for Household Biomass Cookstoves ». Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (août 2013) : 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.268.

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In this paper, three typical test methods for thermal efficiency of biomass stoves were discussed. The effect factors such as operation process, test ending time, pot sizes, amount of water on the thermal efficiency of domestic biomass cookstoves were studied. The results show that the test ending time and the amount of water used have major impacts on thermal efficiency. The amount of water is in positive correlation with the thermal efficiency of the stove (R=0.92) when the heat needed for the selected amount of water is less than actual power output of stoves. The thermal efficiency is more controllable and accurate when the test ending time is 2 °C lower than the boiling point and the amount of water is selected according to the actual power output of stoves.

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Wilson, D. L., D. R. Talancon, R. L. Winslow, X. Linares et A. J. Gadgil. « Avoided emissions of a fuel-efficient biomass cookstove dwarf embodied emissions ». Development Engineering 1 (juin 2016) : 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.deveng.2016.01.001.

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Quist, Cameron M., Matthew R. Jones et Randy S. Lewis. « Estimation of transient thermal efficiency of a biomass cookstove ». Energy for Sustainable Development 33 (août 2016) : 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.06.004.

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Stanistreet, Debbi, Eunice Phillip, Nitya Kumar, Rachel Anderson de Cuevas, Megan Davis, Jessica Langevin, Vincent Jumbe, Aisling Walsh, Sarah Jewitt et Mike Clifford. « Which Biomass Stove(s) Capable of Reducing Household Air Pollution Are Available to the Poorest Communities Globally ? » International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 17 (1 septembre 2021) : 9226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179226.

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Globally, household and ambient air pollution (HAAP) leads to approximately seven million premature deaths per year. One of the main sources of household air pollution (HAP) is the traditional stove. So-called improved cookstoves (ICS) do not reduce emissions to levels that benefit health, but the poorest communities are unlikely to have access to cleaner cooking in the medium term. Therefore, ICS are being promoted as an intermediate step. This paper summarises the current evidence on the ICS available to the global poorest, utilising data from the Clean Cookstoves Catalog and systematic review evidence from the field. The cheapest stoves offer little reduction in HAP. Only one ICS, available at US$5 or less, (the canarumwe) minimally reduced pollutants based on ISO testing standards and no studies included in the systematic reviews reported tested this stove in the field. We recommend field testing all ICS as standard, and clear information on stove characteristics, sustainability, safety, emissions efficiency, in-field performance, affordability, availability in different settings, and the ability of the stove to meet community cooking needs. In addition, ICS should be promoted alongside a suite of measures, including improved ventilation and facilities to dry wood, to further reduce the pollutant levels.

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Berkouwer, Susanna B., et Joshua T. Dean. « Credit, Attention, and Externalities in the Adoption of Energy Efficient Technologies by Low-Income Households ». American Economic Review 112, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2022) : 3291–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210766.

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We study an energy efficient charcoal cookstove in an experiment with 1,000 households in Nairobi. We estimate a 39 percent reduction in charcoal spending, which matches engineering estimates, generating a 295 percent annual return. Despite fuel savings of $237 over the stove’s two-year lifespan—and $295 in emissions reductions—households are only willing to pay $12. Drawing attention to energy savings does not increase demand. However, a loan more than doubles willingness to pay: credit constraints prevent adoption of privately optimal technologies. Energy efficient technologies could drive sustainable development by slowing greenhouse emissions while saving households money. (JEL D12, D91, G51, O12, O13, O32, Q54)

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Abanda, F. H., M. B. Manjia, E. Cole et B. Mempouo. « The Potential of Efficient Improved Mud-Brick Cookstove in Cameroon : An Exploratory Study ». Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 4, n^o 1 (24 janvier 2015) : 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v4i1.6715.

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Quist, Cameron M., Rory B. Jones, Matthew R. Jones et Randy S. Lewis. « Uncertainty analysis and design guidelines of biomass cookstove thermal efficiency studies ». Energy for Sustainable Development 34 (octobre 2016) : 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.07.001.

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Powanga, Luka, et Irene Giner-Reichl. « China’s Contribution to the African Power Sector : Policy Implications for African Countries ». Journal of Energy 2019 (14 février 2019) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7013594.

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China has over the past thirty years experienced unprecedented economic growth averaging over 10% per year (“China GDP Annual Growth Rate ∣ 1989-2018 ∣ Data ∣ Chart ∣ Calendar” n.d.). For this reason, the relationship between China and Africa is often characterized as a case of China colonizing Africa to own natural resources and their associated infrastructure to feed its industrialization. Despite this postulation, Africa sees the cooperation as based on mutual interests in areas such as energy. The two regions could leverage their cooperation with the help of the international community to significantly advance access to electricity in Africa by improving energy efficiency, deploying cookstove programs to reduce health hazards and deaths from smoke inhalation, diversifying energy portfolio, and creating power pools that countries experiencing hiccups in their systems could tap into to meet their electricity needs. The two regions could also formulate energy policies to support these programs. Additionally, the energy infrastructure in Africa is still in infancy presenting an excellent opportunity to utilize emerging technologies and new power systems that are more efficient, resilient, and clean.

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Panwar, N. L. « Design and performance evaluation of energy efficient biomass gasifier based cookstove on multi fuels ». Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 14, n^o 7 (8 août 2009) : 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-009-9187-4.

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Johnson, Michael A., Charity R. Garland, Kirstie Jagoe, Rufus Edwards, Joseph Ndemere, Cheryl Weyant, Ashwin Patel et al. « In-Home Emissions Performance of Cookstoves in Asia and Africa ». Atmosphere 10, n^o 5 (24 mai 2019) : 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050290.

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This paper presents results from eight field studies in Asia and Africa on the emissions performance of 16 stove/fuel combinations measured during normal cooking events in homes. Characterizing real-world emissions performance is important for understanding the climate and health implications of technologies being promoted as alternatives to displace baseline cooking stoves and fuels. Almost all of the stove interventions were measured to have substantial reductions in PM2.5 and CO emissions compared to their respective baseline technologies (reductions of 24–87% and 25–80%, for PM2.5 and CO emission rates, respectively), though comparison with performance guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) suggests that further improvement for biomass stoves would help realize more health benefits. The emissions of LPG stoves were generally below the WHO interim PM2.5 emissions target (1.75 mg/min) though it was not clear how close they were to the most aspirational ISO (0.2 mg/min) or WHO (0.23 mg/min) targets as our limit of detection was 1.1 mg/min. Elemental and organic carbon emission factors and elemental-to-total carbon ratios (medians ranging from 0.11 to 0.42) were in line with previously reported field-based estimates for similar stove/fuel combinations. Two of the better performing forced draft stoves used with pellets—the Oorja (median ET/TC = 0.12) and Eco-Chula (median ET/TC = 0.42)—were at opposite ends of the range, indicating that important differences in combustion conditions can arise even between similar stove/fuel combinations. Field-based tests of stove performance also provide important feedback for laboratory test protocols. Comparison of these results to previously published water boiling test data from the laboratory reinforce the trend that stove performance is generally better during controlled laboratory conditions, with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) being consistently lower in the field for respective stove/fuel categories. New testing approaches, which operate stoves through a broader range of conditions, indicate potential for better MCE agreement than previous versions of water boiling tests. This improved agreement suggests that stove performance estimates from a new ISO laboratory testing protocol, including testing stoves across low, medium, and high firepower, may provide more representative estimates of real-world performance than previously used tests. More representative results from standardized laboratory testing should help push stove designs toward better real-world performance as well as provide a better indication of how the tested technologies will perform for the user.

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Pal, R. C., et I. H. Rehman. « Efficient cookstove technology for improving the kitchen environment and livelihood for women in rural India ». International Journal of Ambient Energy 29, n^o 3 (juillet 2008) : 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2008.9675069.

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Burleson, Grace, Daniel Caplan, Catherine Mays, Nicholas Moses, Tala Navab-Daneshmand, Kendra Sharp et Nordica MacCarty. « Computational Modeling and Empirical Analysis of a Biomass-Powered Drinking Water Pasteurization Technology ». Energies 13, n^o 4 (19 février 2020) : 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040936.

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While filtration, chlorination, and UV drinking water treatments are commonplace, globally an estimated 1.2 billion people continue to boil their drinking water over inefficient biomass fires instead because it allows them to use available resources paired with a time-tested and trusted method. Although boiling water is culturally well-established, there is vast potential to improve human health, environmental impact, and efficiency by leveraging the fact that a significant reduction in pathogenic microorganisms occurs at temperatures well below boiling through a process known as pasteurization. This paper presents the evaluation of a community-scale, biomass-powered, flow-through water pasteurization system that was designed to heat water to the temperature required for pasteurization to occur before recuperating heat while cooling treated water down to a safe-to-handle temperature. The system is then compared to other common thermal treatment methods including batch-boiling over open fires and improved cookstoves. Results from computational modeling and empirical analysis show that the water pasteurizer significantly increases the overall water treatment capacity (from 7.9 to 411 L/h, adjusted for one hour of treatment via household boiling and operation of the water pasteurizer at steady-state, respectively) and uses far less biomass fuel (from 22 to 5.5 g/L, adjusted for treatment of 1 L of water via household boiling and operation of the water pasteurizer at steady-state, respectively). Notable comparisons to the batch-boiling of water over institutional-sized traditional and improved cookstoves are also demonstrated. Further, the results of fecal indicator reduction through the system (8 log and 6 log reduction of E. coli and bacteriophage MS2, respectively) suggest compliance with US-EPA (6 log and 4 log reduction of E. coli and bacteriophage MS2, respectively) and WHO requirements (effluent concentrations below the detection limit, specified as <1 E. coli CFU/100 mL and <10 bacteriophage MS2 PFU/mL) for the reduction in and effluent concentration of E. coli and bacteriophage for water treatment processes. It is recommended that engineers continue to explore the use of heat transfer and microorganism reduction theory to design technologies that increase the capacity and efficiency for thermal water purification that uses locally-available biomass resources.

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Suhartono, Suharto, Nurlaila Agustina et Hanna Hafidaturrohmah. « Field testing and evaluation of a domestic biomass cookstove in rural small household industry ». E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018) : 02034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702034.

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This work presents the performance parameters of a solid biomass cookstove for household industrial application to meet the parameters required by the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (SNI 7926: 2013). The biomass stove design was tested using corncob, coconut shell and wood chips as biomass fuel. Thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency, specific fuel consumption, emission of CO and particulate emissions were evaluated. The combustion temperature, visual flame, combustion air requirement as well as economic evaluation were also studied as additional performance parameters. The average specific fuel consumption rate, Sc of the stove was found 0.57 kg/h. The using amount of biomass variety on this stove could produce the maximum thermal power, Pth of 24,75 kWth and the average combustion efficiency, ηc and the thermal efficiency, ηth of 98.2% and 27%, respectively. The flame temperature of 722-947°C was achieved at equivalence ratio, ф=0.61-0.89. The average CO and particulate production, PM2.5 on this biomass stove were 39.97g/kg and 0.9 g/kg, respectively. The difference of profit margin compared to liquid petroleum gas (LPG) utilization as fuel was about IDR 2,000/kg fish. All these parameters are met to SNI 7926:2013 and corncobs seem the most appropriate biomass fuel on the consideration of this test results.

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Mekonnen, Bassazin Ayalew. « Thermal efficiency improvement and emission reduction potential by adopting improved biomass cookstoves for sauce-cooking process in rural Ethiopia ». Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 38 (octobre 2022) : 102315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102315.

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Obeng, George, Ebenezer Mensah, George Ashiagbor, Owusu Boahen et Daniel Sweeney. « Watching the Smoke Rise Up : Thermal Efficiency, Pollutant Emissions and Global Warming Impact of Three Biomass Cookstoves in Ghana ». Energies 10, n^o 5 (6 mai 2017) : 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10050641.

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Tryner, Jessica, Bryan D. Willson et Anthony J. Marchese. « The effects of fuel type and stove design on emissions and efficiency of natural-draft semi-gasifier biomass cookstoves ». Energy for Sustainable Development 23 (décembre 2014) : 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2014.07.009.

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