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1
Bornes, Laetitia. « Méthodes et outils systémiques concrets pour faire face à la complexité environnementale et aux effets rebond pendant un processus de design ou de décision ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESAE0064.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le défi du changement climatique et des conséquences de l'activité humaine sur l'environnement est sans aucun doute l'une des questions les plus préoccupantes et les plus urgentes de notre époque. Cependant, les tentatives de résolution de ce problème ont jusqu'à présent été insuffisantes. Pendant des années, les efforts se sont concentrés sur la réduction de l'impact matériel direct des systèmes, en particulier la consommation d'énergie, grâce à l'optimisation des systèmes (Park, 2004 ; Blair, 2020) et au design persuasif dans le domaine de l'interaction homme-machine soutenable (SHCI). Un nombre croissant de chercheurs reconnaissent la complexité de la durabilité, la nécessité d’une forme de sobriété, et en particulier le rôle des effets rebond dans l'affaiblissement de ces efforts. Par exemple, dès 2014, la communauté SHCI a identifié la nécessité d'une approche plus systémique, et certains chercheurs préconisent désormais une approche systémique pour adresser les effets rebond (Bremer, 2023 ; Widdicks, 2023). Pour permettre aux designers et aux décideurs d'identifier, d'anticiper, de comprendre, de prévenir et d'atténuer les effets rebond et autres effets indirects, nous nous appuyons sur des méthodes et des outils systémiques issus de la pensée systémique, de la dynamique des systèmes et du design systémique. En particulier, nous proposons un outil sous forme de cartes pour aider les designers et les décideurs à identifier les futurs effets rebond potentiels qui pourraient résulter d'une décision de design ou d’autres types d’interventions. De plus, nous avons développé une méthodologie de modélisation systémique collective pour permettre à des parties prenantes de représenter et comprendre des effets rebond existants par le biais de la modélisation, et d'élaborer et comparer des stratégies de design par le biais de la simulation. Nous avons développé un prototype d'outil de simulation spécifique, ce qui nous a permis de mieux comprendre les exigences de la modélisation conséquentielle des effets indirects d'un produit ou d'un service au sein d'un système socio-technique. La méthodologie et les outils proposés ont été mis en pratique sur plusieurs cas d'études afin d'évaluer leur utilité et leur utilisabilité, de tirer des conclusions sur la mitigation des effets rebond par le design et d'identifier des pistes pour de futures recherchesThe challenge of climate change and the impact of human activity on the environment is undoubtedly one of the most pressing and urgent issues of our time. However, attempts to solve this problem have so far been inadequate. For years, efforts have focused on reducing the direct material impact of systems, particularly energy consumption, through system optimization (Park, 2004; Blair, 2020) and persuasive design in Sustainable Human-Computer Interaction (SHCI). An increasing number of researchers are acknowledging the complexity of sustainability, the need for a form of sobriety, and in particular the role of rebound effects in undermining these efforts. For instance, since 2014, the SHCI community has identified the necessity for a more systemic approach, and some researchers are now advocating for a systemic approach to addressing rebound effects (Bremer, 2023; Widdicks, 2023). To equip designers and decision-makers to identify, anticipate, understand, prevent, and mitigate rebound effects, we draw on systemic methods and tools from systems thinking, system dynamics, and systemic design. In particular, we propose a card-based tool to help designers and decision-makers identify potential future rebound effects that could result from a design intervention or decision. Furthermore, we have developed a collective systemic modeling methodology to enable stakeholders to represent and understand existing rebound effects through modeling and to build and compare design strategies through simulation. We developed a prototype simulation tool specifically for this purpose, which enabled us to better understand the requirements of consequential modeling of the indirect effects of a product or service within a socio-technical system. The proposed methodology and tools were implemented in a series of case studies to assess their usefulness and usability, reveal insights into the mitigation of rebound effects through design, and identify avenues for future research
2
Mouret, Guillaume. « Étude de la filtration des aérosols nanométriques ». Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL063N/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette étude vise à une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes rencontrés en filtration des aérosols nanométriques, c’est-à-dire inférieurs à 100 nm, neutres et/ou chargés. Pour ce faire, trois différents types de média ont été étudiés : des grilles, en acier et matières synthétiques, des filtres non tissés, en fibres de verre ou polymériques, et des lits granulaires, constitués de billes d’acier ou de zéolithe. Il ressort des résultats expérimentaux obtenus que quel que soit le média testé, l’efficacité de collecte des particules augmente lorsque le diamètre de l’aérosol diminue, et ce jusque 4 nm. Ceci entre en contradiction avec l’approche théorique dite du rebond thermique, développée par Wang et Kasper en 1991, selon laquelle l’efficacité de collecte serait susceptible de diminuer en-dessous de 10 nm. La vérification des calculs de Wang et Kasper permet d’expliquer cette incohérence, et montre, à partir de valeurs plus réalistes de l’énergie d’adhésion particule-fibre, que si le rebond thermique existe, celui-ci ne pourra se manifester qu’en-dessous de 1 nm, au mieux. Ainsi, les perméances expérimentales des différents médias testés ont pu être modélisées en tenant compte des mécanismes de collecte par diffusion et/ou par effets électrostatiques. Une étude originale sur les performances, dans le domaine nanométrique, de filtres en fibres de verre intentionnellement percés complète ce travail. Pour un même média fibreux, la perméance augmente avec le diamètre de perforation réalisée. Par ailleurs, pour une taille de perforation donnée, la perméance devient indépendante du diamètre des particules en-dessous d’une taille limite, fonction de la dimension de la perforation. Il a enfin été mis en évidence que la baisse d’efficacité est d’autant plus importante que la résistance à l’écoulement de l’air du filtre est importante. Un modèle semi-empirique, fondé sur la différenciation du flux d’aérosol traversant la fuite du flux traversant le matelas fibreux résiduel du filtre, permet de bien représenter ces états de faitThis study aims to better understand the mechanisms encountered in nanoparticles aerosol filtration, the particles being charged or not. Three different types of media were studied: stainless steel or synthetics wire screens, unwoven filters in glass or polymer fibres, and at last, granular beds made from steel or zeolite balls. Experimental results show that, whatever the media, collection efficiency increases as the particle diameter decreases down to 4 nm. This point conflicts with the so-called thermal rebound effect developed by Wang and Kasper in 1991, according to which collection efficiency could decrease below 10 nm. The checking of Wang and Kasper’s calculations enables to explain this discrepancy and shows from more probable particle-to-fibre adhesion energy values that if thermal rebound phenomenon exists, it would only be measurable below 1 nm. Then, experimental points can be modelled from both diffusion and electrostatic forces collection mechanisms. An investigation on the filtration behaviour of fibreglass filters in the nanometric domain when intentionally-pierced with calibrated needles completes the above-mentioned works. For a same media, penetration increases as the leak diameter does. On the other hand, for a given hole size, penetration becomes independent of the particle diameter below a critical scale, which is a function of the leak diameter. It was lastly shown that the efficiency of a pierced media decreases all the more that its air flow resistance is higher. A semi-empirical model based on the differentiation between the aerosol flow across the leak and the one through the residual fibrous bed of the filter enables to well represent these points
3
Li, Qing. « Near-wall dynamics of neutrally buoyant particles in a wall-normal flow ». Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0125.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les suspensions rencontrées dans diverses applications d’ingénierie (telles que l’extraction de pétrole brut, l’élaboration d’aliments, de béton ou de produits cosmétiques) peuvent présenter une dynamique riche lorsqu’elles sont soumises à un écoulement dans des géométries complexes. Il est important de savoir prédire la réponse de ces matériaux hétérogène sous écoulement compte tenu des applications. Pour construire des modèles prédictifs, il est indispensable de comprendre les phénomènes à différentes échelles, dans diverses configurations telles que l’écoulement d’une dispersion solide-liquide dans un coude ou dans un canal en forme de T, le mélange de cette dispersion par un agitateur, etc. Les écoulements de suspension normaux à un obstacle ont reçu peu d’attention (le fluide porteur étant liquide). Dans ce contexte, nous avons examiné la dynamique des particules dans l’écoulement de Hiemenz (un écoulement de type couche limite incident à une paroi), à l’aide de simulations numériques. Nous nous sommes concentrés essentiellement sur une ou deux particules de même densité que le fluide, et de taille finie comparée à l’épaisseur de couche limite (les particules ont une inertie finie près de la paroi car elles sont forcées de s’arrêter à la paroi). Nous avons utilisé des simulations numériques directes afin de mesurer le glissement des particules par rapport à l’écoulement local, la force d’interaction de nature hydrodynamique ainsi que la perte d’énergie. Toutes ces quantités ont été déterminées en tant que fonctions uniques du rapport entre la taille des particules et l’épaisseur de la couche limite visqueuse. Les simulations ont mis en évidence que l’approche d’une particule vers la paroi, suivant l’axe de symétrie de l’écoulement, subit une transition d’un régime de ralentissement dominé par les effets visqueux à un régime de type rebond, cette transition prenant place pour une taille de particule O. Nous avons établi un modèle pour la force hydrodynamique exercée sur la particule s’approchant de la paroi et pour le coefficient de restitution en écoulement normal à la paroi. Pour deux particules identiques sur l’axe, certaines séparations conduisent à une collision de particules avant que la particule inférieure (la plus proche de la paroi) ne touche la paroi; l’échange de quantité de mouvement qui en résulte conduit à une vitesse d’impact supérieure à celle d’une particule particule isolée. Les simulations révèlent que la dynamique de la paire inclut un rebond sans contact de la particule inférieure avec la paroi, en raison de la mise à l’abri par la particule supérieure contre la tranée, permettant à la force de pression de dominerTwo-phase suspensions encountered in various engineering applications(like crude oil extraction, elaboration of food, concrete or cosmetics), can exhibit rich dynamics when submitted to flow in complex geometries. Predicting the response of such heterogeneous material under flow is an important issue in view of applications. To build these predictive models, basic understanding of the dif- ferent scales is required for configurations such as pipe flow through an elbow or T-shape section, mixing a solid-liquid dispersion by a rotating impeller, etc. Suspension flows normal to an obstacle have seen limited attention with the carrier fluid being liquid phase. In this context, we examined particle dynamics in the well-known Hiemenz boundary-layer flow, with the aid of numerical simu- lations. We focused essentially on one or two neutrally buoyant particles, which are of finite size compared to the boundary layer thickness (particles have a finite inertia near the wall because they are forced to stop at the wall), and which are located at the symmetry axis of the flow. We used direct numerical simulations in order to measure the particle slip with respect to the local flow, the hydrodynamic force experienced by the particle and the energy loss during solvent-mediated particle-wall interaction. All these quantities were determined as unique functions of the ratio between the particle size and the thickness of the viscous boundary layer. When the particle size is increased, the simulations highlighted a transition of the particle dynamics from viscous damping to rebound, occurring for particle size O(). We established a model for the hydrodynamic force experienced by the incident particle, and for the restitution coefficient in wall-normal flow. For two identical particles on the axis, certain separations lead to particle collision before the lower (closer to wall) particle hits the wall; the resulting momentum exchange leads to larger impact velocity than for one particle. The simulations reveal that dynamics of the colliding pair includes unexpected rebound without contact with the wall for the lower of two particles, due to sheltering by the upper particle from drag allowing the pressure force to dominate
4
Aït-Oudhia, Sihem. « Modélisation pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamique de l'érythropoïétine humaine recombinante : étude préclinique chez le rat normal, et clinique chez le patient cancéreux et anémique ». Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P605.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’érythropoïèse est le processus par lequel les globules rouges (GR) sont produits. L’érythropoïétine (EPO) est une glycoprotéine d’origine rénale régulant l’érythropoïèse. La rHuEPO est une EPO recombinante utilisée dans le traitement des anémies. Dans ce travail, sa pharmacocinétique (PK) et sa pharmacodynamie (PD) après injections répétées ont été investiguées chez le rat normal et le patient cancéreux. Premièrement, l’étude PK/PD de la rHuEPO chez le rat a permis de caractériser sa PK et les effets de tolérance/rebond observés sur les réticulocytes (RET), les GR et l’hémoglobine (HB). Les données expérimentales ont été modélisées par un modèle mathématique basé sur le mécanisme d’élimination par endocytose pour la PK et la durée de vie moyenne des cellules pour la PD. La PK non stationnaire a été captée par une rétro-régulation négative à partir des GR sur la clairance. Ensuite, une méthode mathématique a été développée pour convertir le nombre absolu des RET mesuré par la méthode de cytométrie de flux en temps de maturation pour devenir GR. La durée de vie des RET a été estimée à 1,8 jours en condition d’érythropoïèse de stress. La PK de la rHuEPO a été étudiée chez des patients cancéreux par approche non linéaire à effets mixtes. Plusieurs facteurs comme le poids corporel, l’âge, les RET, l’HB, le nombre de cycles de chimiothérapie reçus et leur composition en platine ont été identifiés comme covariables significatives pour sa clairance. En conclusion, ces travaux illustrent les bénéfices des méthodes de modélisation PK/PD pour décrire et quantifier les mécanismes complexes de la PK de la rHuEPO et ses effets sur l’érythropoïèse physiologique et pathologiqueErythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells (RBC) are produced. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein synthetized in the kidney and regulates erythropoesis. RHuEPO is a recombinant human EPO used in the treatment of anemia. In this work, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of rHuEPO upon repeated intravenous injections were investigated in rats and cancer patients. First, a PK/PD study in rats allowed to characterize rHuEPO non stationary PK and to describe tolerance/rebound phenemona for reticulocytes (RET), RBC, and hemoglobin (HB). The experimental data were fitted by a mathematical model based upon receptor-mediated endocytosis for PK and lifespan-based indirect response model for PD. The non stationary PK was captured by a negative feedback loop from the RBC on the linear clearance. Then, a mathematical approach was developed to convert absolute RET count measured using flow cytometry technique into a maturation time to become mature RBC. This time was 1. 8 days in condition of stress erythropoiesis. The PK of rHuEPO was also studied in anemic cancer patients using a non-linear mixed effects approach, allowing the estimation of typical values and inter-individual variability. Several descriptors such as body weight, age, RET, HB, the total number of received chemotherapies and their platinum-based composition were significant covariates for rHuEPO clearance. In conclusion, the present work illustrates the benefits of utilizing PK/PD modeling techniques to describe and quantify the complex mechanisms of rHuEPO PK and its subsequent effects on erythropoiesis in physiologic and pathological settings
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Adetutu, Morakinyo O. « Three essays on rebound effects ». Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19044.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis investigates three major aspects of energy consumption rebound effects (RE) in three papers. More specifically, the issues addressed are (i) the magnitude of economy-wide rebound effect (ii) the role of energy policy instruments in mitigating it and (iii) its channels of impact. The research begins with the estimation of cross-country economy-wide rebound effects for a panel of 55 countries over the period 1980 to 2010. A two-stage approach is utilized in which energy efficiency is first estimated from a stochastic input distance frontier (SIDF). The estimated energy efficiency is then used in a second stage dynamic panel model to derive short-run and long-run RE for an array of developing and developed countries. The cross-country point estimates indicate substantial RE magnitudes across sampled countries during the period under consideration, although a positive and encouraging finding is the declining RE trend across most of the sampled countries during the study period. The second paper contains an RE benchmark for 19 EU countries, as well as an investigation of the effects of two energy policy instruments (energy taxes and ener-gy R&D) on RE performance over the period 1995 to 2010. The results indicate that RE performance improved over the sample period, reinforcing the results from paper one. In addition, there is also some evidence suggesting that binding market-based instruments such as energy taxes have been more effective in restricting RE than in-direct instruments such as energy R&D during the period under consideration. This is consistent across both estimated model specifications. An important observation from the first essay is the slightly larger average RE across the non-OECD countries. For this reason, the last empirical chapter evaluated the channels through which RE stimulated energy use across productive sectors of major developing/emerging economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia and China. To achieve this, the essay relied on duality theory to decompose changes in energy demand into substitution and output effects through the estimation of a trans-log cost function using data spanning 1995-2009. Findings reveal that energy use elasticities across sampled sectors/countries are dominated by substitution effects. One intriguing result that also emerges from this analysis is the role of economies of scale and factor accumulation, rather than technical progress, in giving rise to eco-nomic growth and energy consumption in these countries during the period under consideration.
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Barry, Justin. « The Solvent Cage Effect : Using Microviscosity to Predict the Recombination Efficiency of Geminate Radicals Formed by the Photolysis of the Mo-Mo Bond of Cpʹ2Mo2(CO)6 ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23713.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Radicals are core reactive species that occur in almost every subfield of chemistry. In particular, solution phase radicals find their way into biochemistry (e.g. vitamin B12), and in polymer chemistry (e.g. radical polymerizations) just to name a few. Yet, given the proliferation of radical chemistry, there are still fundamental aspects of it that are poorly understood.
This dissertation probed factors that influence the solvent cage effect. The solvent cage effect is where two radicals are held in close proximity to one another and prevented from easily escaping (to form free radicals) by a cage of solvent molecules. A convenient metric of the solvent cage effect is the radical recombination efficiency (FcP). Typically, FcP correlates with the bulk viscosity of the solution, however, this parameter only produces qualitative assessments. This dissertation outlines a method to quantitatively predict FcP using the microviscosity. This microviscosity dependence holds for non polar, aromatic, polar, and hydrogen-bonding solvents, along with solutions that contain polymers. Microviscosity is a great metric because it addresses an underlying reason for the solvent cage effect, the strength of the cage.
Not only does the strength of the solvent cage around the radical pair affect FcP, but so does the identity of the radicals themselves. That is, the strength of the solvent cage is one piece to forming a total predictive model. FcP for the Cp'2Mo2(CO)6 dimer also varies with the wavelength of irradiation. Identifying the mechanism by which this wavelength dependence occurs may also provide another factor to include in an overall model of the solvent cage effect. Also, an attempt at synthesizing an asymmetric molybdenum dimer was performed. This asymmetric dimer would allow the study of solvent caged radical pairs that are different from each other.
Predicting the photochemical cage pair recombination efficiency (FcP) is the major topic of this dissertation. However, there is also the collisional cage recombination efficiency (Fcʹ). This is where free radicals come together in what is called a collisional solvent cage pair. A method and values of Fcʹ are detailed later in this dissertation.
This dissertation contains previously published and unpublished co-authored material.
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Горобченко, Денис Володимирович, Денис Владимирович Горобченко et Denys Volodymyrovych Horobchenko. « New technological pattern rebound effect forecasting ». Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31581.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The modern mechanism of natural management and environmental protection can cause delayed reaction of the economy on ecological issues while changing technological pattern in long-run if it is oriented only on current economic structure.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31581
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Ben, Abdallah Khaled. « Le transport routier énergiquement durable : état des lieux, modélisation et aide à la décision publique en Tunisie ». Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0371/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dans le contexte actuel d'urgence environnementale, la consommation de carburant dans le secteur du transport routier, vu son impact négatif sur l'environnement et son rôle socioéconomique, doit évoluer dans une logique de durabilité. Nous initions notre travail de thèse par une approche comparative de 90 pays quant à leur intensité énergétique et leur intensité de CO2 dans le transport routier durant la période 1980-2010. En calculant le coefficient de Theil, nos résultats empiriques mettent en évidence l'existence d'une disparité spatiale et temporelle. En 2010, la Tunisie occupe le 48ème rang et le 38ème rang, respectivement en terme d'efficiences énergétique et environnementale. Elle a une performance énergétique moyenne tout en occupant le 34ème rang selon l'indice général de performance énergétique. Dans une deuxième partie, nous adoptions la démarche de modélisation conceptuelle dont l'objectif est la construction des indicateurs du transport routier énergétique durable. La définition d'un tel indicateur économique est confronté au problème de mesure de la valeur ajoutée réelle de ce secteur du transport. Par l'intermédiaire de l'approche de filtre de Kalman, nous pouvons conclure que la valeur ajoutée de transport informel est d'environ 61% de total de valeur ajoutée de secteur de transport durant la période 1980-2010 en Tunisie. Enfin, nous procédons à une modélisation économétrique des interactions entre les indicateurs de transport routier énergétiquement durable en Tunisie. L'étude de la dynamique des relations causales entre la consommation du carburant dans le transport routier, les émissions de CO2 dus au secteur de transport, la valeur ajoutée réelle de secteur du transport, le prix moyen du carburant, la longueur de l'infrastructure routière et le taux de motorisation se base sur la technique de cointégration de Johansen et le modèle de la Courbe Environnementale de Kuznets (CEK). Les résultats empiriques confirment, d'une part, l'hypothèse de neutralité entre la consommation de carburant et la valeur ajoutée réelle de secteur de transport et, d'autre part, l'hypothèse de CEK stipulant une relation en U-inversée entre les émissions de CO2 et la croissance économique du secteur du transport. Aussi, nous mettons en exergue une relation de causalité unidirectionnelle au sens de Granger allant de prix de carburant vers la consommation du carburant à court terme. Dans ce sens, en utilisant la technique de décomposition de prix, les résultats infirment l'hypothèse d'asymétrie de l'effet de prix sur la consommation de carburant. Avec la prise en compte de facteur technologique, nous estimons l'effet de rebond à l'ordre de 18% à court terme et 51% à long terme. En termes d'implications politiques, ce travail de thèse montre l'importance d'adopter des politiques publiques transversales où la question énergétique du transport routier est résolue en adéquation avec l'offre infrastructurel, la politique de prix de carburant, le droit à la mobilité individuelle et la protection de l'environnement. Une combinaison optimale entre divers instruments fiscal, économique et de régulation parait la meilleure stratégie pour atteindre un tel objectif. Le rôle de la gouvernance énergétique est central pour concevoir et opérationnaliser toute politique de transport routier énergétiquement durableAs global concern about climate increases, road transport energy consumption, given its impact on the environment and its socio-economic role, must evolve to sustainability logic. First, the present work provides an international comparison of the energy intensity and the CO2 intensity in road transport for a group of 90 countries oer the period 1980-2010. Through the calculated Theil coefficient, our empirical findings highlight the existence of spatial and temporal disparities between coustries. In 2010, Tunisia occupies the 48th and the 38th rank respectively in terms of energy and environmental efficiency.Based on a general index of energy performance in the road transport sector, it is deemed to have a medium energy performance by occupying the 34th rank. Secondly, through the adoption of conceptual modeling approach, several indicators for sustainable energy development in road transport sector are constructed. To measure the real transport value added, we used filter Kalman approach. We denote that the informal transport value added is about 61% during the period 1980-2010.Finally, this thesis studies causal mechanisms between indicators for sustainable energy development related to energy consumption from Tunisian road transport sector. The investigation is made using the Johansen cointegration technique and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) approach. It examines the nexus between real transport value added , road transport-related energy consumption, road infrastructure, fuel price, rate of motorization and CO2 emissions from Tunisian transport sector during the same period. Empirical results support the hypothesis of neutrality between energy and income for Tunisian road transport sector, and the hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped EKC for transport CO2 emissions. Also, there is a unidirectional Granger causality running from fuel price to road transport-related energy consumption with no feedback in the short run. In this sense, using price decomposition technique, we refute asymmetric fuel price effect hypothesis. By the introducing of the technological factor, the rebound effect is about 18% in the short run and 51% in the long run. The study shows the importance if enhancing a number of policies for the road transport system through the joint improvement of the fuel price policy, of the road infrastructure policy and of the road vehicles policy. The optimal combination of fiscal, economic and regulatory instruments is the main strategy to achieve these objectives. The energetic governance is necessary in order to maintain sustainable energy road transport
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Murray, Cameron Keith. « New insights into rebound effects : theory and empirical evidence ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/27655/1/Cameron_Murray_Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers.
This work extends the rebound effect literature in three important ways, (1) it incorporates the potential for variation of rebound effects with household income level, (2) it enables the isolation of direct and indirect effects for cases of energy efficient technology adoption, and examines the relationship between these two component effects, and (3) it expands the scope of rebound effect analysis to include government taxes and subsidies.
MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect
Using a case study approach it is found that the rebound effect from household consumption pattern changes targeted at electricity is between 5 and 10%. For consumption pattern changes with reduced vehicle fuel use, the rebound effect is in the order of 20 to 30%. Higher income households in general are found to have a lower total rebound effect; however the indirect effect becomes relatively more significant at higher household income levels. In the win-lose case of domestic photovoltaic electricity generation, it is demonstrated that negative rebound effects can occur, which can potentially amplify the environmental benefits of this action.
The rebound effect from a carbon tax, which occurs due to the re-spending of raised revenues, was found to be in the range of 11-32%. Taxes and transfers between households of different income levels also have environmental implications. For example, a more progressive tax structure, with increased low income welfare payments is likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies aimed at encouraging environmentally friendly consumption habits are also subject to rebound effects, as they constitute a substitution of government expenditure for household expenditure. For policy makers, these findings point to the need to incorporate rebound effects in the environmental policy evaluation process.’
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Murray, Cameron Keith. « New insights into rebound effects : theory and empirical evidence ». Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/27655/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers.
This work extends the rebound effect literature in three important ways, (1) it incorporates the potential for variation of rebound effects with household income level, (2) it enables the isolation of direct and indirect effects for cases of energy efficient technology adoption, and examines the relationship between these two component effects, and (3) it expands the scope of rebound effect analysis to include government taxes and subsidies.
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Using a case study approach it is found that the rebound effect from household consumption pattern changes targeted at electricity is between 5 and 10%. For consumption pattern changes with reduced vehicle fuel use, the rebound effect is in the order of 20 to 30%. Higher income households in general are found to have a lower total rebound effect; however the indirect effect becomes relatively more significant at higher household income levels. In the win-lose case of domestic photovoltaic electricity generation, it is demonstrated that negative rebound effects can occur, which can potentially amplify the environmental benefits of this action.
The rebound effect from a carbon tax, which occurs due to the re-spending of raised revenues, was found to be in the range of 11-32%. Taxes and transfers between households of different income levels also have environmental implications. For example, a more progressive tax structure, with increased low income welfare payments is likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies aimed at encouraging environmentally friendly consumption habits are also subject to rebound effects, as they constitute a substitution of government expenditure for household expenditure. For policy makers, these findings point to the need to incorporate rebound effects in the environmental policy evaluation process.’
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Wallenborn, Grégoire. « L’efficience énergétique et les effets rebonds :déficiences théoriques et paradoxes pratiques ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216731.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les mesures d’efficience énergétique sont généralement promues pour combattre le changement climatique, assurer la sécurité énergétique, augmenter la compétitivité et en raison de leur bon retour sur investissement. Toutefois, si l’efficience énergétique des différents secteurs de la société (industrie, bâtiments, transports, appareils, etc.) s’améliore, la consommation d’énergie ne cesse également d’augmenter. Ce constat contrariant peut être partiellement expliqué par ce qu’on appelle l’« effet rebond ». Cet effet est traditionnellement défini comme le changement de comportement d’un utilisateur suite à l’amélioration de l’efficience énergétique de telle sorte que sa consommation d’énergie est supérieure à ce qui est prévu par un modèle d’ingénieur. L’amplitude de cet effet, particulièrement au niveau macro-économique, est toutefois controversée. De même, il n’y a pas d’accord sur la classification des effets rebonds. Cette thèse part de l’hypothèse que les controverses sur les effets rebonds proviennent du fait qu’ils peuvent se produire à différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales, et que diverses disciplines capturent certains mécanismes car elles cadrent différemment leurs objets d’étude. Je montre que les mécanismes des effets rebonds peuvent être décrits comme la combinaison de deux efficiences. Premièrement, l’efficience énergétique mesure un rapport de production/consommation d’un individu (une machine ou un être vivant, par exemple). Deuxièmement, l’efficience temporelle mesure la vitesse à laquelle les activités de production/consommation sont menées (par une entité ou un ensemble d’entités). Lorsque les corps sont liés entre eux, notamment par des échanges de matière et d’énergie, une amélioration de l’efficience énergétique implique une augmentation de l’efficience temporelle. Cette augmentation n’est pas immédiate, mais elle est d’autant plus rapide que les corps ont à leur disposition des infrastructures qui permettent d’accéder à l’énergie. La combinaison des deux efficiences s’observe dans quatre cadres disciplinaires :écologie, technologie, économie néo-classique, sociologie des pratiques. En écologie, les deux efficiences procurent des avantages évolutifs, et sont appelés principes de la « production minimale d’entropie » et « puissance maximale ». Le développement technologique nous montre comment les deux efficiences se renforcent mutuellement via des réseaux de distribution et autres infrastructures. En économie néo-classique, l’efficience énergétique répond à la maximisation d’une fonction mal identifiée (profit ou utilité). En sociologie des pratiques, l’efficience temporelle joue un rôle majeur dans la multiplication des tâches déléguées à des machines — qui existent grâce à l’amélioration de leur efficience énergétique. En conclusion, ce n’est pas uniquement l’efficience énergétique qui est responsable des effets rebonds, mais sa combinaison avec l’efficience temporelle. Les effets rebonds dépendent de l’intensité des couplages colatéraux entre les machines et les corps. Habituellement ce couplage est estimé petit (il est totalement absent dans le cadre néo-classique). On peut pourtant contester cette hypothèse dans la mesure où ce couplage crée et multiplie les activités humaines. La part de la consommation exosomatique en comparaison à la consommation endosomatique montre l’ampleur de ce couplage. Pour limiter les effets rebonds, il convient de déconnecter les deux efficiences et les relations qui les renforcent.Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Safarzynska, Karolina. « Modeling the rebound effect in two manufacturing industries ». Elsevier, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3610/1/Safarzynska_Modelling_rebound_effect_final.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The rebound effect refers to the phenomenon that energy savings from improvements in energy efficiency are lower than expected due to unintended second-order effects. Grasping specific mechanisms related to the rebound effect requires a good understanding of interactions between heterogonous agents on multiple markets. Otherwise, policies aimed at reducing energy use may render counter-expected and unforeseen consequences. In this paper, we propose a formal model, where technological change results from interactions on two markets: between consumers and producers in the market for final goods, and heterogeneous power plants in the electricity market. The analysis provides insights to the role of technological change, supply-demand coevolution, and status-driven consumption in explaining the rebound effect. The model is employed to compare effectiveness of economic policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions associated with production of consumer goods, namely: a tax on electricity and "nuclear obligations" to produce ten percent of electricity from nuclear energy. (author's abstract)
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Reitan, Fredrik Aadne. « The Rebound Effect : A Simulation Model of Telecommuting ». Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for telematikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25887.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis aims to highlight the relationship between telecommuting and the rebound effect with respect to greenhouse gas emissions. This was done by gathering and analyzing the latest research from various fields that could provide information about telecommuting and the rebound effect. By surveying these fields, an informative and well-documented framework for modeling telecommuting and the rebound effect was made possible. The simulation model simulated the adoption of telecommuting in Los Angeles over 30 years. The rebound effect of telecommuting was found to be 27.4%.
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Konan, N'Dri Arthur. « Modélisation numérique stochastique des rebonds de particules sur parois rugueuses ». Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7656/1/konan.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les interactions particules-paroi constituent un important mécanisme partiellement compris dans le cadre des écoulements turbulents diphasiques confinés et à inclusions dispersées. Pour les particules inertielles dont le mouvement est fortement influencé par les rebonds avec la paroi, la bonne prise en compte de ces interactions est cruciale pour une prédiction correcte des propriétés statistiques de l'écoulement. Une première étape à la compréhension des interactions particules/paroi a été de considérer des parois lisses. Cette hypothèse a permis non seulement l'élaboration de base de données de référence, mais aussi la mise en exergue des mécanismes intervenant au cours de ces rebonds et a conduit au développement de modèles eulériens pour les parois lisses (Sakiz & Simonin, 1999). Des investigations expérimentales récentes (Kussin & Sommerfeld, 2004 ; Benson et al., 2005) en canal montrent d'importantes modifications des propriétés statistiques de la phase dispersée d'un écoulement turbulent gaz-particules en raison de la rugosité des parois. Pour modéliser les collisions de particules avec une paroi rugueuse, le mécanisme de "Shadow Effect" proposé par Sommerfeld & Huber (1999), est le modèle lagrangien le plus satisfaisant en comparaison avec l'expérience. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, sa mise à contribution pour la dérivation de conditions aux limites eulériennes à la paroi s'est heurtée à un problème de fermeture lié aux très grands nombres de particules rasantes après le rebond, générées par ce modèle. Des simulations LES/DPS à bas nombre de Reynolds réalisées en canal, dans lesquelles l'effet de la rugosité des parois sur les particules est simulé à l'aide du "Shadow Effect Model" ont par ailleurs confirmé, à travers les fonctions de distribution des angles de rebonds des particules, cet aspect inattendu de ce modèle de paroi rugueuse. En outre l'interpretation des résultats des simulations, en s'appuyant sur l'approche aux moments (Simonin, 1996), a permis demieux appréhender et de proposer des mécanismes responsables des modifications des premiers moments de la phase dispersée. Pour palier les insuffisances du "Shadow Effect Model", nous avons développé un modèle lagrangien "Rough-Wall Multi-Collisions Model", basé sur une description stochastique de l'interaction particule/paroi rugueuse et intègre dans sa formulation des effets de rebonds multiples. Le modèle est d'abord validé par comparaison à des simulations LES/DPS en canal avec des rebonds multiples déterministes des particules sur les parois rugueuses géométriques du canal. Il est ensuite évalué dans le cadre de la simulation de l'étude expérimentale de Sommerfeld & Kussin (2004) en canal, à l'aide de simulations LES/DPS à grand nombre de Reynolds de la phase gazeuse. Le "Rough-Wall Multi-Collisions Model" est au final employé pour dériver des conditions aux limites eulériennes aux parois.
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Kipouros, Paraskevas. « Energy efficiency and the rebound effect in developing countries ». Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847026/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis investigates relative aggregate energy efficiency for a panel of 39 developing countries using two stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approaches over the period 1989 to 2008. The first adopts an energy demand function (EDF) approach and the second an input distance function (IDF) approach. The EDF approach attempts to estimate a measure of the ’true’ aggregate energy efficiency across the panel of countries over the investigated time. Estimates of the ’true’ energy efficiency from this approach approximates the economically efficient use of energy, thus capturing both technical and allocative efficiency. The results from the analysis confirm that energy intensity should not be considered as a de facto standard indicator of energy efficiency. While, by controlling for a range of socio-economic factors, the measurements of energy efficiency obtained by the analysis are deemed more appropriate and hence it is argued that this analysis should be undertaken to avoid potentially misleading advice to policy makers. The energy efficiency results from this first approach are also used to estimate potential reductions in CO2 emissions that might be achieved if countries were to move towards the estimated efficient frontier. Using IDF and two-stage dynamic panel data approach both relative energy efficiency and the so-called rebound effect (RE) for each country in the panel is estimated. Benefits from better technologies evoke behavioural responses by economic agents that can cause that the full benefit of the technological energy efficiency improvements can not be realised. Hence, failing to consider the magnitude of the RE may undermine the emissions reductions designed by policy makers. Especially in the case of developing countries, these effects are expected to be higher because of the unmet energy demand. This is, as far as is known, the first attempt to model energy demand and energy efficiency in a panel of developing countries using both approaches. Moreover, the results from such analysis is arguably particularly relevant in a world dominated by environmental concerns, especially in the aftermath of the Paris agreement in December 2015. the thesis concludes by comparing the different methodologies adopted and the policy messages that come from the analysis.
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Rød-Knudsen, Line. « Sustainable Smart House Technology Business Models : An Assessment of Rebound Effects ». Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Telematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10896.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Smart House Technologies have in earlier research been put forward as an effective measure to reduce CO2-emissions. A rebound effect is defined as the change in energy demand caused by changes in consumer behavior. This behavior occurs when energy efficient technology such as Smart House Technology is introduced. Energy efficient technology has been found to stimulate increased usage through the appearance of new services and usage areas. This leads to an increase in overall energy demand, causing a take-back in energy efficiency called a rebound effect. This thesis has conducted an analysis on potential rebound effects from Smart House Technologies. The analysis is based on a constructed case study and interviews with users. This research shows that people tend to react positively to feedback on energy consumption. By incorporating this into business models wanted rebound effects towards increased environmental awareness by the users can be enhanced. Another finding was that measures should be taken by Smart House Technology providers to prevent direct cost-savings to reach the users and cause unwanted rebound effects from wealth maximization. The results have been discussed at micro- and macro-economic levels. A suggestion for a sustainable business model at the micro-level is presented. The suggested business model is an environmentally friendly bonus point scheme. The scheme can be utilized to capture the free cash from energy savings achieved with Smart House Technology. Customer relationships, partner networks and revenue models were identified as the three elements in Osterwalder's business model ontology that considerably influence rebound effects arising from the use of Smart House Technologies.
17
Sorrell, Steve. « Analysing controversies in energy policy : assessing the evidence for rebound effects and global oil depletion ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/11544.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis is submitted as a PhD by Publication. Part A provides an overview of the thesis and summarises its context, research questions, methodological approach and key findings. Part B is a collection of nine, first-named academic papers. The thesis addresses two highly complex and controversial questions within energy policy, namely the nature and magnitude of ‘rebound effects’ from energy efficiency improvements and the extent and rate of depletion of global oil resources. Both of these questions are critically important to the development of a sustainable energy system and both are the subject of long-standing and highly polarised disputes. The thesis adapts, develops and applies a common methodology for reviewing the evidence on these questions, supplements this with original primary research and syntheses the results in a way that improves understanding and provides new insights. The thesis includes four papers examining different aspects of rebound effects and four examining different aspects of global oil depletion. Given the complexity of the chosen topics, the papers cover a wide range of questions, issues and approaches. Collectively the papers: clarify relevant definitional and conceptual issues; evaluate competing methodological and analytical techniques; appraise the methodological quality of empirical studies; identify levels of uncertainty and potential sources of bias; develop simple mathematical models; conduct statistical analyses of primary data; compare and evaluate the results of modelling studies; and synthesise results from multiple research areas to provide novel insights into poorly understood phenomena. A ninth paper evaluates the strengths and limitations of systematic review techniques when applied to complex, policy-relevant questions such as these. The thesis draws two main conclusions. First, rebound effects are frequently large and can substantially reduce the energy and carbon savings achieved from improved energy efficiency. Second, there is a significant risk that the global production of conventional oil will enter sustained decline before 2020. These conclusions run counter to conventional wisdom and have significant implications for public policy. The thesis also shows how the methodology of systematic reviews can be adapted and modified to make a valuable contribution to energy and climate policy research.
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Meurisse, Bénédicte. « Politiques économiques publiques pour limiter les émissions de CO2 liées à l’usage des véhicules particuliers ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100137/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette thèse porte sur les instruments de politique publique permettant de réduire les émissions de CO2 liées à l’usage des véhicules particuliers. La mise en place de ces instruments est légitime et nécessaire compte tenu de la contribution de ces véhicules au changement climatique (17% des émissions de CO2 en France en 2010). Dans le cadre d’une modélisation théorique en équilibre partiel et statique du marché automobile, les travaux considèrent deux leviers de réduction d’émissions : l’amélioration de la performance énergétique des véhicules et la diminution des distances parcourues. Dans un premier Chapitre consacré à l’analyse côté offre du système automobile, la question de recherche est de déterminer si, d’une part, une coopération entre acteurs de la filière automobile conduit à la production de véhicules plus économes en carburant qu’en l’absence de coopération, et d’autre part, si cette coopération est un substitut ou non à l’intervention publique. L’impact de la demande de véhicules économes en carburant sur les décisions d’investissement et de coopération des producteurs est démontré, ce qui justifie la mise en place d'outils de politique publique stimulant la demande. Aussi, le deuxième Chapitre est consacré à l’analyse de la demande de véhicules et de kilomètres. L’accent est mis sur l’interdépendance entre ces deux demandes, qui est à l’origine du phénomène bien connu d’effet rebond. Il est question d’étudier l’impact de cet effet rebond sur l’efficacité des taxes différenciées à l’achat et des taxes à l’usage des véhicules. Enfin, l’ambition du dernier Chapitre est tenir compte des effets de ces instruments sur l’utilité des ménages et le profit pour la filière automobile. L’objectif plus large est de déterminer si les décideurs publiques sont à mêmes de lutter contre les émissions de CO2 des véhicules tout en augmentant le bien-être de la population et la croissance économiqueThis Thesis analyses public economic policies enabling to reduce CO2 emissions from car use. Implementing these tools is legitimate and necessary because of the high contribution of passenger vehicles to climate change (17% of CO2 emissions in France in 2010). Within a partial and static equilibrium model of the car market, the present research considers two distinct levers to cut CO2 emissions from car use: the improvements of passenger vehicles energy-efficiency, and a reduction in miles driven. In the first Chapter dedicated to an analysis of the supply-side of the automotive system, the research question consists in investigating on the one hand whether a cooperation among actors of the automotive sector leads to the production of vehicles that are less fuel-consuming than without the cooperation; and on the other hand whether this cooperation could be a substitute to a policy intervention. The impact of the demand for low fuel-consuming vehicles on the producers’ decision to invest and to cooperate is demonstrated; this justifies the implementation of policy tools stimulating demand. Hence, the second Chapter is dedicated to an analysis of the demand for vehicles and kilometres. Emphasis is placed on the interdependency between car choice and car use, which is at the root of the well-known phenomenon of rebound effect. The aim is to study the impact of that rebound effect on the efficiency of differentiated car purchase taxes and car use taxes. Lastly, the ambition of the last Chapter is to take the impacts of the latter pricing tools on households’ utility and automotive sector’s profit into account. More generally, the purpose is to investigate whether public decision-makers are able to mitigate CO2 emissions from car use while improving households’ well-being and economic growth
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Warmington-Lundström, Jon. « Reviewing environmental rebound effects from peer-to-peer boat sharing in Finland ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387911.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The world crucially needs to reduce the level of emissions being released in the environment in order to combat climate change. With the global population increasing and economies continuing to grow, the circular economy has been heralded by many as the potential solution to economic prosperity whilst also reducing primary resource use and emissions. However, the existence of environmental rebound effect has the potential to severely limit the emission reductions of the circular economy by increasing consumption elsewhere. This paper focuses on the definition of economic rebound effect and on its impact on a peer-to-peer boat sharing platform in Finland. A survey completed by users of the platform allowed for the quantitative analysis of environmental rebound effect experienced by the users and also provide insight into the consumption behaviour that created the most negative consequences. Rebound was experienced by almost all users with almost a third of users experiencing a backfire in which their overall emissions increased as a result of consumption made possible by the economic benefits of shared access. Primary production and the substitution of air travel for the leasing of a boat created large reductions in emissions, however, this was counteracted by increases in personal use and increased air travel by others. This real-life study of environmental rebound effect shows both its existence and impact on the peer-to-peer sharing of boats in Finland.
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Murdock, Matthew Keith. « Effect of Temperature on Microparticle Rebound Characteristics at Constant Impact Velocity ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/24822.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Many gas turbine engines operate in harsh environments where the engine can
ingest solid particles. Particles can accelerate the deterioration of an engine and reduce
the engine’s service life. Understanding particle interactions with the materials used in
gas turbines, at representative engine conditions, can improve the design and
development of turbomachinery operating in particle laden environments. Coefficient of
Restitution (COR) is a measure of the particle/wall interactions and is used to study
erosion and deposition. This study presents data taken using the Virginia Tech
Aerothermal Rig. Arizona Road Dust (ARD) of 20-40 μm is injected into a flow field
to measure the effects of temperature and velocity on particle rebound from a polished
high temperature material coupon. The high temperature coupon was tested at different
temperatures of ambient (300K), 873K, 1073K, 1173 K, 1223 K, 1273 K, and 1323 K
while the velocity of the flow field was held constant at 28 m/s or 70 m/s. The
impingement angle of the coupon was varied from 30° to 80° for each temperature tested.
The results show an increase in deposition as the temperature approaches the melting
temperature of sand. The results have also been compared to previously published
literature.Master of Science
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Suffolk, Christine. « Rebound and spillover effects : occupant behaviour after energy efficiency improvements are carried out ». Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/92990/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This empirical research explores secondary behavioural effects after energy efficiency improvements are carried out in residential properties. Three field studies were carried out to provide an original contribution to knowledge about rebound effects, behavioural spillover and the psychological constructs that may contribute to changes in behaviour after energy efficiency improvements are carried out in real-life settings. In the first two studies, residents in economically deprived communities in Wales who had energy efficiency improvements under the Arbed scheme were invited to complete a self-reported questionnaire about their behaviours, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and self-identity. The Arbed scheme was set up by the Welsh Government to provide home energy efficiency and renewable microgeneration measures for low-income and fuel-poor households in Wales. Residents from nearby communities served as a control for these studies. The first study was cross-sectional and explored whether there were any associations between energy efficiency measures and other energy-related measures. The second study was a longitudinal study and the occupants filled in the questionnaire both before and after the energy efficiency measures were installed. This study particularly explored whether the energy efficiency measures would lead to changes in other energy related behaviours. The results from both studies found no evidence of changes in other energy-related behaviours, suggesting positive spillover did not occur, but changes were found in some of the measured psychological constructs. Self-reported environmental identity increased for the energy efficiency improvement group after the measures were installed. For the third study, utility meter readings and indoor air temperatures were taken for a sub-sample of the occupants both before and after the energy efficiency measures were installed. There were few differences found between the two groups for indoor air temperature, but the energy efficiency improvement group was found to use less energy after the measures were installed. The actual energy saved for the energy efficiency improvement group was however lower than predicted and a rebound effect of 54% was calculated. This research is one of the few field studies in this area. The findings from the three studies suggest that after energy efficiency improvements are installed, the occupants may take back some, if not a considerable amount, of the potential energy savings to improve their thermal comfort. The findings also provide an indication that psychological mechanisms may change after energy efficiency measures are installed.
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Hayakawa, Yoshikazu, Yosuke Kobayashi, Yuki Ogawa et Akira Nakashima. « Modeling of Rebound Phenomenon of a Rigid Ball with Friction and Elastic Effects ». IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14464.
Texte intégral
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Dahlgren, Maja. « Breaking the silos : Bridging the resource nexus in the textile industry when adapting to Zero Liquid Discharge ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295909.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The concept of resource nexus is an acknowledgement of the interconnections between the uses of natural resources. This research will further the work done on the resource nexus by examining the multiple effects of measures taken in the Indian textile industry to lower the costs incurred due to the implementation of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). ZLD combines a variety of technologies to cease the discharge of untreated water from production processes to the surrounding area. The paper will, based on surveys answered by an IKEA supplier and four of IKEA’s sub-suppliers of textile in India, present a multiple case study of possible multiple effects of projects undertaken to lower the increased cost of manufacturing with ZLD. Building on the multiple case study, and marrying it with the knowledge of the multiple benefits of energy efficiency improvements, the Value Added Water (VAW) tool, and the rebound effect, this paper constructs and offers a Multiple Effects Framework (MEF) for measures taken in factories as a response to the increased cost of manufacturing with ZLD. The framework handles both quantifiable and non-quantifiable multiple effects of measures taken, such as changes in resource use (water, energy, chemicals, materials), productivity and work environment. The MEF aggregates a more comprehensive picture of the overall effects of measures taken to adapt to the increased costs associated with ZLD in the textile supply chain, and can to a certain extent be applied to other factories facing a future mandate for ZLD. When changed accordingly, the framework can also be applied to other situations and industries as a decision-making and evaluation tool. In order to deepen the understanding of customer expectations and future trends, interviews were made with IKEA co-workers and a consultant involved with the factories investigated. Lessons learnt by IKEA and the consultant regarding ZLD implementation and the resource nexus are presented for internalization by factories, customers and authorities.
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Nakashima, Akira, Yosuke Kobayashi, Yuki Ogawa et Yoshikazu Hayakawa. « Modeling of rebound phenomenon between ball and racket rubber with spinning effect ». IEEE, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13954.
Texte intégral
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Wilkinson, Ryan John Paul. « Effect of glucose on the suppression and post-suppression rebound of stereotypes ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6213.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The suppression of unwanted thoughts is an effortful process. An ironic effect of this process is that the unwanted thoughts can become hyper-accessibility after a period of their suppression, known as “post-suppression rebound”. In the present study the impact of providing energy (through a glucose drink) on post-suppression rebound was investigated. One hundred and twenty participants participated in the main study, and another 30 participants served as a baseline group. Half of the participants in the main study were given a drink containing glucose and the other half was given a placebo drink containing an artificial sweetener. All participants wrote a passage about a “day in the life” of a gay male, with half the participants directed to avoid using stereotypes. A subsequent lexical decision task measured activation of stereotypes. Finally, a measure of prejudice was given to account for individual differences. Neither the direction to avoid using stereotypes nor the glucose resulted in lower stereotypicality of the “day in life” passages. Furthermore, response times during the lexical decision task did not differ between any of the main conditions or the baseline condition. However, the combination of both glucose and directed suppression did result in more positive passages, suggesting that the combination assists in reducing negative stereotype usage. Results are discussed in terms of stereotype usage and suppression and prejudice level.
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Kalakkad, Jayaraman Suganth Kumar. « Computation of economic rebound effect in different sectors of the U.S. economy ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46068.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references.
Economic rebound effect is the phenomenon in which price reduction in products and services, induced by energy efficiency increase will cause more consumption leading to an "eat away" of the potential decreases in energy usage. Several researchers have expressed their views on the existence of the effect and the related consequences of such an effect in the micro economic scale. It is recognized that the microeconomic rebound effect will depend on how the price of a good will vary when an efficiency increase is brought about and also on how the quantity consumed may vary when the price changes by a certain amount. A mathematical formulation for this effect is then developed and the two parameters required are found separately for two relevant sectors of the economy. In the first case, the rebound effect is evaluated for the US Aluminum production sector taking into consideration both primary and secondary production. Several models for determining the price elasticity of demand are developed and the share of energy cost in total costs is also found in order to estimate the rebound. The values indicate very low rebound effect in the aluminum industry. A similar trial is conducted for system wide U.S air travel and the rebound estimates are arrived at. Low to moderate take back is observed in this case due to the increased price elasticity unlike the aluminum case where a very low price elasticity of demand pulled down rebound values. In the final sections of the report, discussions including the future trends in rebound effect in the wake of the higher fuel prices and low cost product introduction etc are made. A qualitative description of the macroeconomic rebound effect is also made and conclusions regarding the presence and significance of this effect are drawn. In summarizing it is inferred that even if the rebound effect is statistically significant, it cannot be big enough to completely mask the gains in efficiency improvement. Hence efficiency improvement is inferred as a definite method to decrease energy usage despite the fact that it has its own effectiveness limit set by the rebound.
by Suganth Kumar Kalakkad Jayaraman.
S.M.
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Degui, Claudine. « Effets rebonds à l' arrêt de la prise de bêta-bloquants : étude chez le volontaire sain ». Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF11038.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L' arrêt brutal d' un médicament peut avoir pour conséquence, un rebond de la maladie pour laquelle il était prescrit ou un véritable syndrome de sevrage, dont les caractéristiques cliniques sont équivalentes à celles d' un délirium tremens. En ce qui concerne les bêta-bloquants, des phénomènes dits de rebond ont été signalés par de nombreux auteurs dont les constatations sont souvent contradictoires. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié les effets sur la fréquence cardiaque de volontaires sains et jeunes, de quatre bêta-bloquants, lors de leur interruption. Ainsi, par électrocardiographie selon la méthode Holter, nous avons pu observer un rebond de cardio-accélération pour le pindolol, ainsi que pour l' acébutolol seulement en phase nocturne. Par contre, aucun phénomène rebond n' est retrouvé avec le sotalol ni avec le cartéolol. Aucune explication satisfaisante d' ordre pharmacodynamique n' a pu être donnée dans cette différence entre les effets des bêta-bloquants adrénergiques.
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Hayakawa, Yoshikazu, Akira Nakashima et Junko Nonomura. « Analysis of Effects of Rebounds and Aerodynamics for Trajectory of Table Tennis Ball ». IEEE, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14449.
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Kirsch, Scott Lawrence 1967. « The California rebound effect : An analysis of California's redistributive role in interstate migration ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291427.
Texte intégralRésumé :
California has historically been the primary geographic focus of westward migration in the United States. Trends of the 1960 and 1970s indicate that California's role in interstate migration is changing to that of a redistributor of population. In net terms, California is attracting in-migrants from the traditional core region of the Northeast and Midwest, and distributing population throughout the peripheral West. The emergence and development of these trends from 1935 to 1980 are analyzed through the demographic effectiveness of migration, a singly-constrained gravity model, and reverse gravity model mapping of relative interstate distances from California. International and historical interstate migration to California are also reviewed, as well as recent data on interstate migration during the 1980s. The phenomenon of California's redistributive role in interstate migration is discussed in relation to spatial shifts in economic and social functions, the role of search space, and a changing geographic ideal.
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Delimont, Jacob M. « Experimental Investigation of Temperature Effects on Microparticle Sand Rebound Characteristics at Gas Turbine Representative Conditions ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47805.
Texte intégralRésumé :
When a gas turbine operates in a particle laden environment, such as a desert, small solid particles are ingested into the engine. The ingested sand particles can cause damage to engine components and reduce the service life of the engine. Particle ingestion causes the erosion of metal blades and vanes, and, if the firing temperature is hot enough, deposition of molten particles in the hot sections of the engine. Both deposition and erosion phenomena can severely reduce overall engine performance. The Coefficient of Restitution (COR) is a measure of the particle-wall interaction, and has been widely used to quantify particle rebound characteristics in past particle impact studies. This work investigates the effects of temperature on sand particle impact characteristics by measuring the COR and other deposition related impact parameters.
The first study presented as part of the dissertation contains a description of a novel method used to measure COR using a Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) method. This is combined with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow field to allow for an accurate determination of the particle impact velocity. The methodology described in this paper allows for measurement of the COR in a wide range of test conditions in a relatively simple manner. The COR data for two different sizes of Arizona Road Dust (ARD) and one size of glass beads are presented in this paper. Target material was stainless steel 304 and the impact angle was varied from 25 to 85 degrees.
The second study details the first quantification of the COR of san particles at elevated temperatures. Temperatures used in this study were 533 K, 866 K, and 1073 K. In this study the mass flow rate through the experimental setup was fixed. This meant that velocity and temperature were coupled. Target material for this study was stainless steel 304 and the impact angle was varied from 30° to 80°. The COR was found to decrease substantially at the temperatures and velocity increased. It was determined that the decrease in COR was almost certainly caused by the increase in velocity, and not the decrease in temperature.
The third study contains COR results at elevated temperatures. Significant improvements from the method used to calculate COR in the first paper are described. The particle used for these tests was an ARD sand of 20-40 μm size. Target materials used were stainless steel 304 and Hastelloy X. The particles impinged on the target coupon at a velocity of 28m/s. Tests were performed at three different temperatures, 300 K (ambient), 873 K, and 1073 K to simulate temperatures seen in gas turbine cooling flows. The angle of impingement of the bulk flow sand on the coupon was varied between 30° and 80°. A substantial decrease in COR was discovered at the elevated temperatures of this experiment. Hastelloy X exhibited a much larger decrease in COR than does stainless steel 304. The results were compared to previously published literature.
The final study also used the ARD size of 20-40 μm. The target material was a nickel alloy Hastelloy X. Experiments for this study were performed at a constant velocity of 70m/s. Various temperatures ranging from 1073 K up to and including 1323 K were studied. Particle angle of impact was varied between 30° and 80°. Significant deposition was observed and quantified at the highest two temperatures. The COR of the ARD sand at the highest temperatures was found not to change despite the occurrence of deposition. At elevated temperatures, many of the particles are not molten due to sand's non-homogenous and crystalline nature. These particles rebound from the target with little if any change in COR.Ph. D.
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Dick, Jasper. « An investigation of carbon footprint reductions achievable in Cape Town social housing considering rebound effects ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11984.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Various life cycle studies have shown that solar water heaters (SWHs) have short greenhouse gas emission payback periods. Thus, it is believed that replacing electric geysers with SWHs will reduce a household’s carbon footprint. It is also believed that living in a well-located area close to jobs, schools, shops and public transport will reduce a household’s carbon footprint through reducing fuel consumption via private/public transport. These conclusions, however, do not take the rebound effect into account, where money saved from spending less on electricity or transport, is spent eventually, either on more electricity and transport, or on other goods and services with an associated carbon footprint.
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Hammond, David. « Closed-loop supply chain equilibrium, legislation and the rebound effect : a variational inequality approach ». Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.478914.
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Thomas, Brinda Ann. « Energy Efficiency and Rebound Effects in the United States : Implications for Renewables Investment and Emissions Abatement ». Research Showcase @ CMU, 2012. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/139.
Texte intégralRésumé :
By lowering the energy required to provide a service, energy efficiency can help society consume less energy, emit less CO2e and other air pollutants, while maintaining quality of life. In this work, I examine a key benefit of energy efficiency, reducing renewables investment costs, and a side-effect, expanding energy service demand, also known as the rebound effect.
First, I assess the economics of an energy efficiency intervention, using dedicated direct current (DC) circuits to operate lighting in commercial buildings. I find that using DC circuits in grid-connected PV-powered LED lighting systems can lower the total unsubsidized capital costs by 4% to 21% and levelized annual costs by 2% to 21% compared to AC grid-connected PV LEDs providing the same level of lighting service. I also explore the barriers and limitations of DC circuits in commercial buildings.
Second, I examine the rebound effect from residential energy efficiency investments through a model in which households re-spend energy expenditure savings from an efficiency investment on more of the energy service (direct rebound) or on other goods and services (indirect rebound). Using U.S. household expenditure data and environmentally-extended input-output analysis, I find indirect rebound effects in CO2e emissions of 5-15%, depending on the fuel saved and assuming a 10% direct rebound.
Third, I examine the variation in the indirect rebound from electricity efficiency across U.S. states due to differences in electric grid mix, fuel prices, household income, and spending patterns. I find that the CO2e direct and indirect rebound effects vary across states between 6-40%, when including full supply chain emissions, and between 4-30% when including only combustion and electricity emissions.
I conclude that energy efficiency can provide significant benefits for reducing energy expenditures, CO2e and other pollutants, and renewables investment costs under policy mandates, even after accounting for the rebound effect. While the CO2e rebound effect is currently modest in the U.S., there are some exceptions that may be relevant for energy efficiency policy assessments. In addition, more data collection and measurements of direct rebound effects are needed, especially in developing countries where the demand for energy services has not fully been met.
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Echaniz, Oriol Costa. « What is the role of sustainable consumption in the smart sustainable cites’ projects across Europe ? » Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147855.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Current projections indicate that by 2050, two in every three people will live in urban areas, and that cities will accommodate 3 billion people during this period. Cities are consuming three-quarters of the world's energy and causing three-quarters of global pollution. To reduce these impacts, new technologies have been considered in the development of smart sustainable cities, but technology has not always favoured the idea of sustainable consumption. To address this issue, we have aimed to focus on identifying the role of sustainable consumption within implementations of smart cities’ projects across Europe. We have selected a set of smart city projects in 76 cities in Europe from CONCERTO initiatives, Mapping Smart Cities in Europe, Energy Study for the Stockholm Region and Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City Areas and classified them according to: smart governance, smart mobility, smart living, smart environment, smart citizens and smart economy. Furthermore, we established a number of categories for the classification of the evaluated projects based on their relevance to sustainable consumption, and considered several solutions for the integration of sustainable consumption in smart sustainable cities. The results show that in 18.9% of the projects, sustainable consumption is not relevant at all. The second classification shows the percentage of the remaining categories where sustainable consumption is relevant; 8.3% consider sustainable consumption as relevant even though it was not implemented in the project. These cities aim to achieve a higher level of sustainable consumption, which is expected to be included in future projects. If they keep themselves in this category, their behavioural consumption patterns will not change and the impact of citizens on the cities will remain the same. The majority of the projects, 54.2%, implemented technology to reduce consumption but if the projects do not coincide with the behaviour of citizens, a big rebound effect will occur. 37.5% of the projects consider relevant sustainable consumption to its full potential and this can change citizen’s behaviour. In conclusion, sustainable consumption is relevant in most of the projects analysed, with new technologies available to help energy savings and reduction of our consumption. However, if there is a lack of smart consumption from the citizens, the technologies available might not be sufficient and consumption could increase. One quarter of the analysed smart cities projects still do not consider the consumption behaviour of the citizens. This can be changed through campaigns and explanations targeting the population on how to manage and reduce energy and resource consumption. To reduce the negative impact of the cities’ growth, projects considering smart sustainable cities need to integrate sustainable consumption policies that account for citizens' behaviour.
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Le, Goff Anne. « Figures d'impact : tunnels, vases, spirales et bambous ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489654.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Nous étudions expérimentalement différentes figures d'impacts de solides sur des liquides. Dans un premier temps, nous lançons à grande vitesse une bille dans un bain. Nous mesurons sa décélération et en déduisons la force exercée par le fluide sur la bille. Nous montrons ainsi qu'une mousse fortement cisaillée se comporte comme un fluide visqueux. Lors de ces impacts violents, de l'air est entraîné dans le bain par le projectile. Il se forme alors au sein du liquide une cavité que nous caractérisons : elle prend la forme d'un tunnel dans la mousse, d'un vase dans une huile visqueuse, et d'une spirale dans l'eau si la bille tourne sur elle-même au moment de l'impact. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à des impacts à plus faible vitesse, en remplaçant le bain par un film liquide : film de savon ou film visqueux étendu sur un plan. Les forces capillaires deviennent alors comparables à l'inertie des projectiles. On montre alors qu'une bille venant frapper un film peut rester piégée dans le liquide. Une mousse, qui contient de nombreux films liquides, peut ainsi freiner puis capturer des solides par capillarité.
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Ceolotto, Stefano <1992>. « The Rebound Effect. From Classic Economic Theory to Behavioural Economics : an Experiment on Hyperbolic Discounting ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8596.
Texte intégralRésumé :
It is a common opinion that improving the efficiency of an energy source will result in a proportional reduction of energy consumption, however this may not be the case, and efficiency gains could lead to a less than proportional decrease in consumption, or even to a net increase. This phenomenon is known with the name of rebound effect (with the case of an increase in energy consumption called ‘backfire’ or ‘boomerang’), and it was analysed for the first time by the English economists William Stanley Jevons, whom, in his 460–page work The Coal Question, showed how the passage from Newcomen’s to Watt’s engine augmented consumption of coal despite the efficiency improvement. This somewhat counterintuitive effect has, then, become to be known as the ’Jevons’ Paradox’. In more recent years the argument has been further analysed by many other authors, especially Daniel J. Khazzoom and Leonard Brookes, from whom it took the name of ‘Khazzoom-Brookes postulate’.
This study provides a review of the literature, presenting a theoretical analysis of the ‘rebound’ effect, based on price elasticity and energy demand elasticity, and some of the main empirical evidences. But also to integrate it with the behavioural side, to see if this phenomenon is affected by some kind of bounded rationality or behavioural fallacies of the consumers, and more specifically to hyperbolic discounting issues.
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Lilliehorn, Mattias. « Energieffektiviseringar ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv : Strategier för att kanalisera rekyleffekter mot miljöförbättrande åtgärder inom företagsvärlden ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53322.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Energieffektiviseringar är ett verktyg för att minska energianvändningen och de miljöbelastningar den ger upphov till, men de miljömässiga vinsterna av effektiviseringar äts i många fall upp av s.k. rekyleffekter (RE). Den här studien handlar om hur dessa rekyleffekter kan förebyggas vilket skapar möjligheter för mer miljömässigt hållbara energieffektiviseringar. Arbetet första frågeställning syftade till att ge svar på om direkta RE uppstått i samband med energieffektiviseringar som gällde belysning inom företag. Om inga direkta RE av betydelse uppstått innebär det att de besparingar som gjorts blivit tillgängliga för investeringar i andra typer av konsumtion av varor och tjänster. Dessa varor och tjänster är i sin tur miljöbelastande, vilket ger upphov till s.k. indirekta RE. Arbetets andra frågeställning syftade därför till att ge svar på vad som skulle motivera företag att satsa dessa resurser på miljöförbättrande åtgärder för att dämpa dessa indirekta RE. Beräkningen av direkt RE gjordes med en "före- och efteranalys" av energianvändningen i samband med energieffektiviseringen. För att isolera vad som var direkt RE samlades också data in kring faktorer som påverkar energianvändningen som förändringar av upplyst golvyta och ljusstyrka samt installation av belysningsstyrning. För att besvara arbetets andra frågeställning gjordes en web-enkät. Studien kom att omfatta sex företag inom tillverkningsindustrin och detaljhandeln. Resultatet av beräkningen av direkt RE visar på resultat mellan 4,7 % till -72,2 % vilket innebär att ekonomiska besparingar gjorts. Resultatet visade att besparingarna i första hand användes till att förbättra företagens resultat och produktion. Företagen såg inga hinder i att investera dessa resurser i miljöförbättrande åtgärder, men dessa investeringar gjordes sällan. Faktorer med starka drivkrafter för att motivera sådana investeringar identifierades som lösningar med potential att stärkta företagens varumärke, med en tydlig koppling till företagens verksamhetsområde och miljöpolicy. Möjligheten till att få råd och utbildning för att förbättra företagens miljöprestanda var också en stark drivkraft.Improving energy efficiency is a way to reduce energy use and the environmental strain the latter can cause, but the environmental gains of such measures are in many cases diminished by rebound effects (RE). This study is an examination of how these RE can be prevented, thereby creating opportunities for more environmentally sustainable energy efficiency improvements. The first part of this study was aimed at determining if direct RE have emerged in parallel with increased energy efficiency efforts of indoor lighting within corporations. If no direct RE of significance could be measured, the cost savings that have occurred would then be available for investment in other types of goods and services. These goods and services, in turn represent a strain on the environment, giving rise to so-called indirect RE. The second part of this study was therefore aimed at determining what would motivate corporations to invest these cost savings in environmental improvement measures to lower those indirect RE. The calculation of direct RE was done with a “before-after” analysis of energy use in connection with energy efficiency improvement. In order to isolate the direct RE, data was also gathered about factors that effect energy use, such as changes in illuminated floor area and luminosity as well as installations of automated lighting control systems. A web survey was used for the second part of this analysis. Six companies within the manufacturing and retail industries participated in this study. The calculation of direct RE yielded a result between 4.7% to -72.2%, which showed that cost savings had been made. The results also indicated that the savings were primarily used to increase the companies’ profit margins and production. The companies did not see any obstacles to invest these resources in environmental improvement measures, but these investments were rarely made. The factors identified as strong motivators for such investments were solutions with the potential to improve the companies’ brand, with a clear connection to their trade and environmental policy. The possibility to get guidance and education on how to improve environmental performance was also a strong motivator.
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Yu, Xuewei. « Interconnections between regional industrial structure and energy consumption patterns ». Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53853.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The human society exerts its influence on the ecosystem through economic activities. While the robustness of an economy manifests through its industrial structure, human impact on nature is well represented by an economy's energy consumption patterns. Therefore, evaluating the industrial structure and unraveling its interconnection with energy consumption is crucial for achieving sustainable development.
In this dissertation, I address the topic from several perspectives. First, I start with an exploratory analysis on the industrial structure itself, developing an easy measure, revealed comparative dependence (RCD), to compare regional dependence on sectors. Building on the RCD measure, I indirectly evaluate the economic resilience of U.S. states by quantifying their economic diversity. Second, I bring the measure for industrial structure into context with energy consumption patterns. RCD is used to characterize sector interactions, which are then used to explain the historical trend of regional energy consumption. I find that while the expansion of low energy intensity sectors does reduce energy use, these sectors' level of interaction with other sectors also plays a key role in determining energy use. As a third step, I investigate how regional structure affects an economy's response towards energy efficiency improvements, i.e., the economy-wide rebound effect. My regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model proves that production-side energy efficiency improvement induces moderate rebound effects, while feeding back into the industrial structure by changing sectoral production scale in different directions. I also identify sectors being able to trigger different levels of energy saving and energy rebound, and explore the mechanism for their impact propagation throughout the industrial structure.
This study establishes the linkage between regional industrial structure and energy consumption from different perspectives. From the scientific perspective, it improves the fundamental understanding of how industrial structure and energy consumption are intricately connected to each other. From the policy perspective, it informs policy makers of the importance of considering sector interaction when designing energy policies, as well as the effectiveness of efficiency measures in achieving energy conservation.
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Weiss, Philipp. « Simple Question, Complex Answer : Pathways Towards a 50% Decrease in Building Energy Use ». Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-217191.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Addressing building energy use is a pressing issue for building sector decisionmakers across Europe. In Sweden, some regions have adopted a target of reducingenergy use in buildings by 50% until 2050. However, building codes currently donot support as ambitious objectives as these, and novel approaches to addressingenergy use in buildings from a regional perspective are called for. The purpose ofthis licentiate thesis was to provide a deeper understanding of most relevant issueswith regard to energy use in buildings from a broad perspective and to suggestpathways towards reaching the long-term savings objective. Current trends inbuilding sector structure and energy use point to detached houses constructed before1981 playing a key role in the energy transition, especially in the rural areas ofSweden. In the Swedish county of Dalarna, which was used as a study area in thisthesis, these houses account for almost 70% of the residential heating demand.Building energy simulations of eight sample houses from county show that there isconsiderable techno-economic potential for energy savings in these houses, but notquite enough to reach the 50% savings objective. Two case studies from ruralSweden show that savings well beyond 50% are achievable, both when access tocapital and use of high technology are granted and when they are not. However, on abroader scale both direct and indirect rebound effects will have to be expected,which calls for more refined approaches to energy savings. Furthermore, researchhas shown that the techno-economic potential is in fact never realised, not even inthe most well-designed intervention programmes, due to the inherent complexity ofhuman behaviour with respect to energy use. This is not taken account of in neithercurrent nor previous Swedish energy use legislation. Therefore an approach thatconsiders the technical prerequisites, economic aspects and the perspective of themany home owners, based on Community-Based Social Marketing methodology, issuggested as a way forward towards reaching the energy savings target.
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Parrado, Moscoso Ramiro Fernando <1971>. « Climate change policies and endogenous technical change in a general equilibrium modelling framework : trade spillovers, knowledge stocks and rebound effects ». Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1169.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This work is structured into three chapters, each one exploring the effectiveness of climate policies considering the formulation of endogenous technical change (ETC) from different perspectives. Including ETC in a computable general equilibrium model allows combining important feedback mechanisms that may affect the final outcome of a climate policy. The first chapter considers ETC specifically as biased-technical change in the form of trade-embodied international technology spillovers, restricted to imports of machinery and equipment. The second chapter improves the representation of ETC by building sector-specific stocks of knowledge, which accumulate thanks to investments in R&D. The third chapter focuses on the rebound effect by means of the improved ETC model described in the previous chapter.Diviso in tre capitoli, questo lavoro esplora l’effettività delle politiche climatiche in relazione al tema del progresso tecnico endogeno (ETC), sotto varie prospettive. L’inclusione dell’ETC in un modello di equilibrio economico generale consente la combinazione di importanti meccanismi di feedback in grado di incidere sul risultato finale di una politica climatica. Il primo capitolo elabora il progresso tecnico nella forma di spillovers tecnologici derivanti dal commercio internazionale di macchinari e di capitale. Il secondo capitolo presenta una più completa rappresentazione dell’ETC introducendo nel modello degli stock di conoscenza specifici per ogni settore, accumulabili tramite investimenti in ricerca e sviluppo. Il terzo capitolo, partendo dal modello ETC sviluppato nel capitolo precedente, si concentra sui cosiddetti effetti di rebound.
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Hawkes, Amanda Rose. « The Effects of the ReBound Diathermy Unit, Megapulse II Shortwave Diathermy Unit and Moist Hot Packs on Tissue Temperature Increase of the Triceps Surae Muscle Group ». BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2767.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Context: Clinicians use a number of superficial and deep heating modalities, including pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD) and moist hot packs, in the clinical setting. Recently, a continuous diathermy unit called ReBound was introduced into the clinical setting. Its effectiveness as a heating modality is unknown. Objective: To compare the effects of PSWD, moist hot packs and the ReBound unit on tissue temperature in the triceps surae muscle. Design: A 3 x 27 factorial cross-over design with repeated measures. Setting: University research laboratory. Subjects: Twelve healthy college-aged volunteers (4 men, 8 women; age = 22.2 ± 2.25; calf subcutaneous fat thickness = .72 cm ± .19 cm). Interventions: On three different days separated by at least 48 hours, one of three modality treatments (PSWD, moist hot packs or ReBound unit) selected using a Latin-square was applied to the triceps surae muscle of each participant for 30 minutes. After the 30 minute treatment, the modality was removed and temperature decay was recorded for 20 minutes. Main Outcome Measures: Medial triceps surae intramuscular tissue temperature at 1 cm and 3 cm deep was measured using implantable thermocouples inserted horizontally into the muscle. Measurements were taken every 5 minutes during the 30 minute treatment and every minute during the 20 minute temperature decay for a total of 50 minutes. A 3 x 27 mixed model analysis of variance blocking by subject was used to assess the effects of treatments and time, and their interaction on the tissue temperature at 1 cm and 3 cm depths. Results: A significant treatment by time interaction main effect was found for tissue temperature increase at each depth, 1 cm (F52, 572 =14.66, p < .0001) and 3 cm (F52, 572 = 17.86, p < .0001). Post-hoc measures revealed that tissue temperature significantly increased with the PSWD over the ReBound unit and moist hot packs at 1 cm and 3 cm depths. There was no significant difference between the ReBound unit and moist hot packs throughout the treatment and temperature decay. The greatest mean tissue temperature increase from baseline was observed with the PSWD unit at 1 cm (5.96°C ± 2.04°C) and at 3 cm (4.32°C ± 1.79°C). There was no statistical difference between the increases observed with the ReBound (1 cm: 3.69°C ± 1.50; 3 cm: 2.31°C ± .87) and moist hot packs (1 cm: 2.82°C ± .90; 3 cm: 1.56°C ± 1.00). Conclusions: During a 30 minute treatment, PSWD was the most effective at increasing intramuscular tissue temperature of the triceps surae muscle group. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of moist hot packs and the ReBound continuous diathermy unit in increasing intramuscular tissue temperature.
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Dahmén, Viktor, Martin Holgersson, Aron Larsson et Joel Norman. « How bright does the sun shine over Storvreta IK ? : Mapping the energy use of a local Swedish sports club ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295100.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 2011 Storvreta IK installed two solar collector systems in order to reduce the club’s electricity demand for domestic hot water. However, electricity use from 2012 to 2015 shows that the expected reduction in the electricity demand has not occurred. This project investigates the solar collector systems and the heat demand of Storvreta IK’s buildings in order to explain the “failure” in electricity savings. The results of the simulations show that the heat production of the solar collectors is lower than Storvreta IK’s expectations. This could be explained by that the domestic hot water is not used as much as Storvreta IK thought and the system is therefore over-dimensioned for their need. The rebound effect could be another reason to why the electricity saving is lower than expected.
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Pellegatti, Cesar Henrique Goncalves. « Avaliação espaço-temporal da precipitação no perfil da Baixada Santista - Vertentes Ocêanicas-Rebordo Interiorano da escarpa da Serra do Mar - SP ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-16102007-115022/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A influência orográfica desempenhada pela Serra do Mar é um dos mais característicos fenômenos climáticos do Estado de São Paulo. A configuração do obstáculo e a atuação dos sistemas atmosféricos são responsáveis por totais de precipitação que se encontram entre os mais elevados do território brasileiro. Contudo, a análise isolada dos controles climáticos mostra-se insuficiente para a caracterização do fenômeno da intensificação das precipitações orográficas nesta área, sendo que tal análise só pode ser feita através da relação entre os controles estáticos como o posicionamento das vertentes da escarpa da Serra do Mar, e os dinâmicos, os sistemas atmosféricos frontais. A análise de uma série de eventos de precipitação distribuídos pelas estações do ano e pela intensidade e duração, mostra a influência da orografia ao promover totais de precipitação muito superiores nos postos situados na zona de baixada, nas vertentes oceânicas e no alto da serra do que naqueles situados em direção ao interior, menos expostos aos ventos úmidos do oceano.The orographic influency performed by Serra do Mar is one of the most characteristics climatics phenomena from São Paulo State.The configuration of the obstacle and the atmospherics systems atuation are responsable for the total rainfall which has been found more elevated in brazilian territory. Although, the isolated analysis of the climatic controls show itself not enough for the characterization of the intensification phenomena by the orographics rainfalls on this area, such analysis only can be done through the relation among the statics controls, or this means, the position of the Serra do Mar, and the dynamics, atmospherics systems which acting differently in the brazilian territory during the seasons of the year. The analysis of the selected events by the criterion of the seasons of the year and the criterion of intensity and duration are showed in a unquestionable way the formation of the elevated rainfall in areas exposed by wet winds from the ocean like in the Baixada Santista and in the higher slopes than in areas situated in direction to São Paulo State contryside which are composed by areas of rain shadow.
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Rebolo, Bruno Alexander. « The effect of molecular weight on the absorption enhancing properties of n-trimethyl chitosan chloride / Bruno Alexander Rebolo ». Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2035.
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Allibe, Benoit. « Modélisation des consommations d'énergie du secteur résidentiel français : amélioration du réalisme comportemental et scénarios volontaristes ». Phd thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872403.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La modélisation prospective des consommations d'énergie du secteur résidentiel est essentiellement réalisée à l'aide de deux types de modèles : ingénieur et économiques. Les premiers ont l'avantage de pouvoir décrire en détail l'infrastructure énergétique mais manquent de réalisme concernant les comportements des ménages face à des variations du contexte économique. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont permis d'intégrer des élèments de réalisme comportemental dans les modèles d'ingénieur utilisés pour le calcul des consommations de chauffage des logements. Les résultats obtenus ont mis en relief l'élasticité de la consommation de chauffage des ménages vis-à-vis de nombreuses variables dont la performance énergétique, permettant ainsi de quantifier le phénomène d'effet rebond direct à l'échelle nationale. La deuxième partie des travaux a porté sur la modélisation technico-économique de l'achat d'équipement par les ménages. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de quantifier l'importance des barrières à l'efficacité énergétique et de reconstituer l'hétérogénéité du marché de la rénovation thermique des logements. Ces élèments ont été implémentés dans un modèle de prospective énergétique (BEUS) développé pendant la thèse. Les résultats obtenus avec ce modèle montrent que l'introduction de réalisme comportemental dans les simulations rend très difficile l'atteinte des objectifs nationaux de réduction des consommations énergétiques et émissions carbonnées. Enfin cette thèse propose une discussion autour des tarifs progressifs de l'énergie et de leur équivalent fiscal - le bonus-malus à la consommation d'énergie - à partir des résultats issus du modèle BEUSLong term modelling of residential energy consumption is most often realised by two kinds of models : engineering and economic. The former have the ability to precisely depict the energy demand infrastructure in a technical way but generally lack a necessary level of realism concerning households' behaviours when facing changes of economical context. The research undertaken during this thesis explains how elements of behavioural realism have been implemented in an engineering model of housing space heating consumption in order to combine both technical explicitness and behavioural realism. Results highlight the elasticity of space heating consumption with respect to a number of variables including technical performance, allowing the estimation of the rebound effect phenomenon at a national scale. The second part of the research is dedicated to the techno-economic modelling of households' energy efficient equipment investments. The results obtained from the model enabled the quantification of energy efficiency barriers concerning the main types of housing refurbishment and heating systems. Other results depict how market heterogeneity can be introduced in techno-economic models. These elements were implemented into a prospective model (BEUS), wich was developed during the thesis. Simulation results show that the increase of behavioural realism of engineering models makes it even more difficult to reach mid- and long-term national energy and climate policies targets. Finally, a discussion is proposed on the topic of energy tier-pricing and its fiscal equivalent - a bonus-malus on energy consumption - based on BEUS results
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Kennedy, Sharyn. « Suppressing stereotypes of the poor : rebound effects can be positive (as well as negative) : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Auckland ». Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Suppressing unwanted stereotypes ironically leads suppressors to think and behave in a more stereotypical manner than controls. Suppression studies typically test for rebound with target groups that perceivers may feel entitled to stereotype (e.g., skinheads) or that are associated with negative stereotypes (e.g., African Americans). In contrast, stereotypes of the aid-related poor are expected to contain ambivalent content: a mix of both positive and negative stereotypic information. Since this content may affect perceivers’ cognitive processes of stereotype activation, application, suppression and rebound, it was expected that stereotype rebound effects (e.g., judgments and behaviours) for the aid-related poor would differ from those reported for previously tested target groups. Stereotype rebound effects for this target group might occur as: a) positive responses, such as approach behaviour or positive judgments, b) occur as negative responses, such as avoidance behaviour or negative judgments, or c) not be evidenced in suppressors’ responses. Four experiments were designed to explore the effects of stereotype suppression, and to examine stereotype rebound effects in perceivers who suppressed (i.e., were asked not to think stereotypically) their stereotypes of the aid-related poor. In the first experiment (N = 29), there was no evidence of stereotype suppression in suppressors’ essays about a poor African youth. In the second experiment (N = 24) however, suppressors sat significantly closer than controls to the alleged seat of an African student (a reverse rebound effect). In the third experiment (N = 35), suppressors again showed evidence of approach behaviour when interacting with African poor individuals, and demonstrated avoidance behaviour when interacting with African wealthy individuals. Experiment 4 (N = 70) used implicit measures of stereotyping; participants were asked to name the ink colour of stereotypic and nonstereotypic trait words presented immediately following two category primes. Suppressors tended to be faster than controls to name the colour of positive trait words and slower than controls to name the colour of negative trait words that were stereotypic of the African poor target group. This difference in response times implies that, for suppressors only, the salient stereotype features being primed were positive rather than negative; thus eliciting a positive rebound effect. Stereotype rebound effects may therefore not always be evidenced by higher levels of negative or prejudiced responding in suppressors, but can also appear as positive evaluations and approach behaviours. Findings from this research (i.e., stereotype rebound effects can be either positive or negative) have important implications for those viewers of aid advertisements who suppress unwanted stereotypes, especially as rebound effects for the aid-related poor are associated with unconscious behavioural and cognitive responses.
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Lindgren, Eva. « Samhällsförändring på väg : Perspektiv på den svenska bilismens utveckling mellan 1950 och 2007 ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33469.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this thesis is to give a perspective on the development of the Swedish automobility between 1950 and 2007. New knowledge on automobility’s role for economic historical development will be achieved by studying the interaction between the diffusion of the private car on the national and the regional level, and the households’ preferences and the government’s regulations of car ownership. The first paper, Two Sides of the Same Coin?, compares car diffusion in Norway and Sweden to find explanations for the national and regional patterns. We ask whether the slower diffusion in Norway can be explained with national differences in income, institutions, infrastructure and population settlements; or if regional differences in income and population density have affected the outcome? Our conclusion is that car diffusion in Norway and Sweden displays two sides of the same coin; the national levels converged, but the process did not follow the same regional pattern. Regional differences in income and population density have in general been a significant explanation for car density in Sweden, but not in Norway. The second paper, Driving from the Centre to the Periphery?, examines whether the diffusion of private cars followed the over-all socio-economic and geographical changes in Sweden from 1960 to 1975. In particular, it studies if ownership per capita followed changes in income or changes in population density (urbanisation). The analysis is based on unique Swedish parish-scale census material that includes all private car owners for the years 1960, 1970 and 1975. Our conclusion is that income levels were more important than other explanations for the diffusion of private cars in Sweden between 1960 and 1975. The third paper, ‘En ledande och samordnande funktion’, contributes with new knowledge on how the Swedish government has organised traffic safety in certain ways since the 1950s. The emphasis is on the establishment and closing down of the National Road Safety Office (TSV) and how the changing forms of organisations before, during and after TSV have been reflected in the road plans from 1958, 1970 and 1990. Our conclusion is that the motives for both establishment and closing down of the TSV were the same; to create a more efficient organisation regarding traffic safety. These changes have been reflected in the road plans where an increased control over the infrastructure can be recognised, especially during the last two decades. The fourth paper, A Dark Side of Car Ownership, examines whether improved technical performance with respect to fuel consumption have been counterbalanced through increasing engine power and weight, how such properties are valued by the consumers, and in what way political instruments have affected this development. The analysis is based on historical data covering all car models within the 50 percentiles of new registrations. Our conclusion is that a vehicle purchase rebound effect can be identified since the fuel consumption has decreased over time, while the engine effect has increased. Also, the Swedish car fleet has developed in a setting of political instruments and regulations working in favour of larger and more fuel consuming cars.
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Alfredsson, Eva. « Green consumption energy use and carbon dioxide emission ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-80.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this thesis is to explore the quantitative potential to reduce energy requirements and CO2 emissions through changed patterns of consumption, given unchanged levels of consumption expenditure. The thesis question is analysed using a systems analysis approach which in this case means that life cycle assessment data on energy requirements and CO2 emissions related to household consumption are combined with a financial and behavioural analysis to make sure that the budget constraint is kept and that both the first and second order effects of adopting a green consumption pattern are analysed. The budget constraints are kept using a general linear model. By using marginal propensities to spend to direct the reallocation of saved or deficit money calculated utility is maintained as far as possible. Further, investigations explore the impact of individual household demographic characteristics and geographic context on household consumption patterns, energy requirements and CO2 emissions. The key result of this thesis is that changed household behaviour, choosing “green“ products and energy efficient technology will not make a big difference. What can be achieved in the short time perspective by adopting an almost completely green consumption pattern and energy efficient technology is a reduction of energy requirements by around 8% and CO2 emissions by around 13%. With a longer time perspective and further technological change that provides additional possibilities to move consumption patterns in a greener direction, the effect on energy requirements and CO2 emissions is still fairly small. By 2020, the potential to reduce energy requirements is around 13% and CO2 emissions around 25%. In the most extreme scenario (2050), the scope for reducing energy requirements is 17% and for CO2 emissions 30%. All these reductions will be outpaced by growth in income almost as soon as they are implemented. Of policy relevance the results reveal that very limited impact can be expected by a policy relying on greener consumption patterns, whether adopted voluntarily or as a result of incentives such as tax changes. Such a policy cannot achieve more than a small and temporary reduction to growth in energy requirements and CO2 emissions. It is also shown that, prescribing specific consumption patterns as a means of reducing energy requirements and CO2 emissions has to be done with care. This is illustrated by one of the experiments in which adopting a partly green consumption pattern, a green diet, in fact increased total energy requirements and CO2 emissions. This, and the results of all the other experiments show the importance of applying a systems approach. It demonstrates that life cycle data alone are irrelevant for assessing the total effects of adopting green consumption patterns. Further research on the potential to reduce energy requirements and CO2 emissions thus primarily needs to better capture system wide effects rather than to improve on, and fine tune the measurement of the energy requirements and CO2 emissions related to individual products.
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St, Jean David Bryan. « A Guideline for Establishing Local Energy-Efficiency Programs in Virginia ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36443.
Texte intégralRésumé :
From a big picture perspective, investing in energy efficiency in the existing stock of residential buildings in the United States brings unquestioned economic, employment and environmental benefits. The aggregation of energy and dollar savings from millions of small improvements in efficiency adds up to enormous regional and national savings. By employing cost-effective investments in building efficiency, we could reduce the cumulative energy use of Americaâ s housing stock by twenty-eight percent, save Americans $41 billion annually, abate 360 megatons of CO-2 (Choi Granade, et.al., 2009), and meet fifty percent or more of the expected electric load growth by 2025 (EPA, 2008). In Virginia alone investing in the efficiency of our existing stock of buildings could save the commonwealthâ s residents $2.2 billion annually by 2025 (ACEEE, 2008). But from the perspective of the individual property owner the potential benefits of investing in energy efficiency, although just as real, are either less obvious or have impediments to their attainment. Understanding and overcoming these micro-impediments to energy investing is essential to realizing the macro-benefits of energy efficiency. Consequently, any successful local energy program must tailor its efforts to address the barriers to investing in efficiency at the level of the individual consumer.
This thesis, through an analysis of existing and emerging residential energy programs, along with a review of the behavioral and economic literature on the subject, aims to point out the micro-impediments to achieving macro-reductions in energy use. Becoming familiar with these obstructions on the level of the individual consumer is the first necessary step in producing model guidelines for a successful whole house local energy efficiency program. Although the basic tenets of these guidelines could be used as the basis for any locally organized energy program in the U.S., they are specifically tailored in this thesis for the Commonwealth of Virginia.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Ghalwash, Tarek. « Income, Energy Taxation, and the Environment : An Econometric analysis ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Economics, Umeå universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-749.
Texte intégral