Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Education, labour economics, migration, religion »

Based on the materials of ethno-sociological and ethno demographic studies from the Soviet and post-Soviet times, carried out by Russian and Moldavian scientists, the article presents a dynamic, socio-cultural image of a Gagauz woman. Different aspects of a modern woman’s life are considered: her life values, attitude to labour, education, wealth, marriage and family. The article also raises questions about religion, ethnic identity, language skills, labour migration of Gagauz women, the transformation of gender stereotypes in Gagauz society. Powerful globalization processes, socio-economic and spiritual crisis, a high level of impoverishment among the population, as well as the pandemic, have greatly affected the worldview system of people. In the Gagauz society, which is now at the stage of transitioning from a traditional to a modern type of society, the most important moral values and spiritual and moral orientations of women have embodied traditional as well as innovative features. The dynamics of the Gagauz women’s spiritual world is strongly influenced by social transformations related to international labour migration that has to a great extent changed the habitual gender roles in the Gagauz family, the existing models and stereotypes of men’s and women’s behavior, their statuses and relationships.

Esteve A., C.R. Schwartz, J. van Bavel, I. Permanyer, M. Klesment, J. García-Román. The end of hypergamy: global trends and implications Clark G. Microbes and markets: was the Black Death an economic revolution? Van Mol C. Do employers value international study and internships? A comparative analysis of 31 countries Niedomysl T., U. Ernstson, U. Fransson. The accuracy of migration distance measures Graham C., J.R. Pozuelo. Happiness, stress, and age: how the U curve varies across people and places Lennartz C., R. Arundel, R. Ronald. Younger adults and homeownership in Europe through the global financial crisis Demintseva E., D. Kashnitsky. Contextualizing migrants' strategies of seeking medical care in Russia Kashnitsky I., M. Gunko. Spatial variation of in-migration to Moscow: testing the effect of housing market Oparin D.A. Migration and contemporary Muslim space in Moscow. Contextualizing north caucasian loud dhikr and the religious practices of Central Asian folk mullas Demintseva E. Labour migrants in post-Soviet Moscow: patterns of settlement Schöley J., F. Willekens. Visualizing compositional data on the Lexis surface Migheli M. Size of town, level of education and life satisfaction in Western Europe Shi Y., J.J. Kennedy. delayed registration and identifying the "missing girls" in China Peri-Rotem N. Religion and fertility in Western Europe: trends across cohorts in Britain, France and the Netherlands

The experience of Swiss Confederation in the field of integration of immigrants – one of the most economically developed countries of the world, occupying the leading position in Europe on the rate of foreign population in general demographic structure, – has been examined in the article. Evolution of the notions of “integration”, “social assimilation”, “acculturation” and others has been considered and different scientific approaches of Western researches to these notions have been adduced. Swiss immigration policy for the past decades has been traced and the modern integration policy of the country in the field of integration of foreign citizens into receiving society has been analyzed. A detailed analysis of the Swiss normative and legal framework in the field of migration, asylum and integration has been made also, and active development of migration laws over the last decade has been noted. Swiss migration politics, like in other developed Western countries-recipients of foreign labor, contains both: immigration policy (control over entry and stay of foreigners in the country) and policy of integration towards foreigners subject to integration processes.The process of integration of a foreign citizen into a new socio-economic, political and cultural environment is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon. There is a developed and scientifically grounded system of reception, accommodation and integration of foreigners and asylum seekers in Switzerland, which is based on constitutional values, respect and mutual tolerance. At the core of this system is a general strategy of integration, which constitutes a country’s core policy of integration and covers various areas: law, politics, labour issues, housing, education, culture and religion. In order to implement the policy of integration, in Switzerland there are being developed and implemented federal and cantonal integration programs. Integration processes management is administered through the developed system of state authorities at federal, cantonal and other levels, with active participation of different public organizations, including migrant organizations. Federal Council publishes reports on development of integration policy in the country, Federal Migration Office issues annual reports, numerous scientific researches on the theme are being conducted. At present each canton has its own Integration program, designed in accordance with the Modal cantonal program, that allows to implement different integration models, depending on regional requirements and priorities.

Purpose Households suffering from poverty often rely on parental migration and/or paid child labour for survival. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of parental migration on paid child labour and human capital formation in a dynamic context, explicitly taking the effects of parental migration on child’s school and home education into account. Design/methodology/approach The author utilises a mathematical method. In particular, an overlapping-generations model is built, with agents who have a two-period life. The amount of paid child labour is determined as a solution of the utility maximisation problem. Findings Contrary to intuition, parental migration possibilities do not necessarily reduce paid child labour. In addition, parental migration possibilities do not necessarily raise human capital. Moreover, a trade-off might exist between alleviating paid child labour and raising human capital under parental migration possibilities. Research limitations/implications Migration possibilities are given exogenously evenly among potential migrants by the foreign country. However, in general, they depend on potential migrants’ human capital so that migration possibilities differ across agents. Practical implications Migration is usually considered effective in alleviating poverty. However, since it does not necessarily reduce paid child labour and raise human capital, migration should be regulated in some cases as a means to escape from poverty. Originality/value This paper deals with parental migration and paid child labour in an identical dynamic model. This paper assumes that human capital is built not only by school education but also home education, the amount of which changes with the duration of parental migration.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how parental migration due to poverty affects a child’s education and human capital formation through changes in the child’s supply of unpaid labour. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a small open overlapping generations model where the parent migrates for the family’s subsistence and that the child has to give up a part of education to do the housework during the parent’s absence. Findings – The paper finds that given the level of the human capital, reducing the child’s burden of housework and promoting parental migration to high-wage countries do not necessarily raise the amount of child’s education. The paper also finds a possible underdevelopment trap in the dynamic context. Originality/value – Unlike previous studies on child labour, this paper focuses on unpaid labour, whose share is actually larger than that of paid labour. Even if paid labour is available, children cannot re-allocate their time from doing the housework to the market work; so the author cannot disregard this observation. Investigation into the dynamics of human capital formation under such child labour is new.

Extensive archival documentation related to Lithuania and Lithuanians is kept in Russia, and not only in St. Petersburg or Moscow. Archival cases of Lithuanians containing high numbers of ego-documents, are dispersed throughout the vast territory, and are especially numerous in the Siberian memory institutions. Thanks to the project Lithuanian Sibiriada, copies of documents brought from Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk can be found in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives. By using the analysis of documents and the method of classification, this article tries to systematize the information about the relevant materials found in the state archives of Siberia and to determine their typology. The studied documentation covering the period between 1773 and 1923 was found to belong to such areas of public life as politics, economics, science, education, culture, religion, administration, law, statistics, labor, and migration. These are documents (ranging from drafts and copies to official originals) produced by Lithuanians themselves, scribes, state officials not only in Siberia, but also in Lithuania, St. Petersburg or other parts of the Russian Empire. By type, among the discovered documents, there are decrees and manifests, deportation sentences, appointment letters, certificates, sheets, decisions, court records, lists, metrics, reports, reviews, statistics, financial documents. In terms of ego-documents, letters, requests, complaints, explanations, and wills can be found. With such texts, people sought to report, ask, defend themselves or those close to them, or bequeath property. The government created documents with the purpose of informing, registering, taxing, deporting, liberating, accommodating, employing, accumulating data; (not) issuing permits, allowances, salaries. Photos were taken for the mass media, identification, or inspection. Siberian documents touch on such topics as the uprisings, the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, attempts of Russification, exiles and prisoners, police surveillance, deaths, liberation, return to the social group, employment, marriage, obtaining a passport, business, resettlement, return to Lithuania. Documentary testimonies are available about free Lithuanians in Siberia: workers and farmers, students and teachers, businesspeople and craftsmen, doctors and priests, officials and various specialists, war refugees and repatriates. The addressees of the letters were the governors’ offices, directorates, courts, various institutions, officials, private people. The study showed that, between 1773 and 1923, Siberian documents about Lithuanians most frequently concern the deported persons (political, criminal), their data and applications. Yet, there are also archival cases significant for the history of Lithuania about the Lithuanian colonies, various specialists, famous personalities, businesspeople, about events in Lithuania itself.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine which factors are important in determining the post-migration education among rural-urban migrants in Indonesia. Second, to investigate whether investing in post-migration education in the cities improves the labour market performances of rural-urban migrants. The labour market performances are measured by the occupational (work) statuses and earnings (wages) at destination. Design/methodology/approach The determinants of post-migration education are estimated using a binary probit and ordinary least square, while a multinomial logit model and a two-step procedure of Lee’s selection-biased correction based on the multinomial logit are used to examine the effects of post-migration education on the labour market performances of migrants measured by occupational status and by wages. The main source of the data used in this study is the Rural-Urban Migration in China and Indonesia (RUMiCI) 2009-2011 survey conducted in the four largest recent migrant destination cities in Indonesia including Tangerang, Medan, Samarinda, and Makassar. Findings Post-migration education contributes significantly to the labour market performance in terms of work status and wages, compared to pre-migration education. In terms of work status, migrants with more post-migration education are more likely to be employed in the formal sector compared to migrants with less or no post-migration education. Relating to earnings, migrants with more post-migration education also tend to be paid more than those migrants with less or no post-migration education. Originality/value The role of post-migration education in the case of rural-urban migration particularly in developing countries is a relatively neglected area of research. One possible reason is because of the lack of data for rural-urban migration particularly in the case of developing countries. This study is taking advantage by using a new data set from RUMiCI focusing specifically on the rural-urban migrants in the four largest recent migrant destination cities in Indonesia including Tangerang, Medan, Samarinda, and Makassar.

Over the years, demands for education have become progressively more insistent, more persuasive and complex. The kind of education given impinges on society in a variety of ways to meet an ever-widening range of needs. This research is to examine the effect of rural-urban migration on education and economic development with reference to Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo State. The man and specific motives are to find out the causes of rural-urban migration how it affects the students’ performance and aimed at examining its effect on productivity level of Ibarapa East Local Government Area. The instrument used for collecting the data is the questionnaire. Hypotheses were formulated, whereas simple percentage methods were used to analyze the data. The finding shows that there are the different impacts of rural-urban migration on education and development of Ibarapa East Local Government causes short fall of the labour force, short of qualified and low productivity especially in the agricultural sector. Rural-urban migration contributes to the high rate of unemployment. It increases the number of juvenile delinquencies crimes and other social vices in the society, and it has effect on the educational development of the study area. Based on all the findings, recommendation was made that the government should provide social and infrastructural facilities such as good road network, regular supply of electricity and so on for rural dwellers. And also with the various youth programs, it could be possible to reduce rural-urban migration, most especially when the young ones are exposed to sustainable livelihood activities that they could embark upon.

PurposeThe increasing rate at which individuals, especially, females in Ghana are seeking higher education calls for an estimation of the returns to schooling and education in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs the Mincer equation to a representative cross-sectional micro-data from Ghana using OLS and instrumental variable (IV) methodologies. The paper uses spouse's education as instruments in the IV estimation.FindingsReturn to schooling was found to be higher for females than males, likewise, membership of an old student associations and location of the household. Returns to education increases as the level of education rises whilst the rate of returns initially increases but fall as labour market experience rises. The study also found that the rates of return to education were higher for Christian, followed by Muslim and believers of other lesser-known religion in Ghana.Research limitations/implicationsReturn to schooling was found to be higher for females than males. Likewise, individuals who are members of an old student association and are in urban areas were found to have a higher return to schooling than individuals who are not members of an old student association and are in rural areas. Returns to education increases as the level of education rises whilst the rate of returns initially increases but fall as labour market experience rises. The study also found that the rates of return to education were higher for Christian, followed by Muslim and believers of other lesser-known religion in Ghana.Practical implicationsWage determination process is different for males and females, across religion and residency. The higher returns to schooling for females imply education is a good investment for women and girls and should be a development priority.Social implicationsThe higher returns to schooling for females imply an investment in girl's education should be a development priority.Originality/valueThe paper extends the existing literature by focussing on the role of religion, old student's association (alma mater) and gender on the differential earning returns to schooling.

In these difficult, pressing and uncertain times, migration and mobility in Asia have been incorporated into the projects of state institutions, media and a range of civil society actors. These agendas engender and shape debates that include belonging and exclusion; social mobility and inequality; conflict, violence and persecution; economic growth and labor market outcomes; state regulation, governance and governmentality; as well as diversity and innovation. Where migratory flows and mobility are advancing significant economic, social, political, environmental and ethical concerns, it becomes imperative for us to rethink and unpack these core concepts in creative and multidisciplinary ways. To do so, we assemble a group of scholars from disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and geography who work on a variety of topics related to migration studies, sensory scholarship, anthropology of documents, religion, knowledge mobilities, citizenship, and education. Various case studies to be featured in this special issue include Timor Leste, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India, and Taiwan. Collectively the authors critically consider the centrality of both human and non-human actors in constituting the different types, degree, and scales of migration and mobility. The articles in this collection engage with how people, objects, things, deities, discourses, and knowledge move across the different and multiple pathways that constitute everyday life in Asia, the shared regional focus of our various research projects. The collection further elicits the connectivities (or entanglements) and comparisons evinced in our individual research, and collectively, with the goal of critically revisiting and reworking our conceptual toolkits and methodologies.

La tesi è composta da tre capitoli indipendenti la cui caratteristica comune è il fatto di essere tre articoli di labour economics applicata. La mia ricerca è caratterizzata da un approcio interdisciplinare. In quanto segue analizzo problemi di economia classica mettendoli in relazione con altre discipline quali la socioogia, la psicologia e la pedagogia. Le research questions sono state ispirate da problemi attuali come l’immigrazione, la religione, la disoccupazione e l’aumento dell’età in cui le donne hanno il loro primo figlio. Il primo capitolo "Does unemployment challenge religious affiliation? Evidence from European countries", è un lavoro in collaborazione con il mio tutor, il Prof. Luca Nunziata. In questo articolo sfruttiamo l’aumento nel livello di disoccupazione che è seguito alla recente crisi economica per studiare l’effetto della disoccupazione sul livello di religiosità in diversi paesi Europei. I risultati indicano che l’aumento nel tasso di disoccupazione è stato associato ad un aumento della religiosità in regioni a maggioranza Cattolica, mentre le regioni a maggioranza Protestante sono andate incontro ad una diminuzione del livello di religiosità della propria popolazione. Il secondo capitolo, "The transferability of skills across borders: The case of immigrants and self employment," è un articolo, di cui sono l’unica autrice, che studia l’esperienza degli immigrati che lavorano negli Stati Uniti come lavoratori autonomi e si focalizza su due aspetti principali. Prima di tutto l’articolo esplora le differenze che esistono tra le attività condotte dagli immigrati e dai nativi per vedere se le lo status di migrante pone dei limiti alle occupazioni che possono essere svolte dai non nativi. Come secondo aspetto, l’articolo studia l’importanza delle esperienze passate come lavoratori autonomi nel paese di origine nel predirre lo status occupazionale dei migranti nel nuovo paese. L’analisi mette in luce che le esperienze degli immigrati sono solitamente diverse da quelle dei native, ma quel che è ancor più rilevante nel definire il tipo di attività condotta da un individuo è il gruppo etnico di appartenenza. Nella seconda parte dell’articolo, riscontraimo che le precedenti esperienze come incorporated self employed nel paese di origine hanno un effetto positivo sulla probabilità di essere in una posizione simile anche dopo essersi trasferiti negli Stati Uniti. Al contrario, non ci sono segnali che esperienze come unincorporated self employed nel paese di origine influenzino la probabilità di essere imprenditori nel nuovo paese (nè incorporated nè unincorporated). Infine, il terzo capitolo, "The effects of late motherhood on children school achievement: Evidence from the NCDS", è ancora una volta un articolo di cui sono l’unica autrice e si focalizza sugli effetti di avere una madre in età avanzata sugli outcomes scolastici dei figli. Ricorrendo all’utilizzo di variabili dummy che indicano se il bambino sia nato da una madre che era al di sopra o al di sotto dei 38 anni al momento del parto, stimiano prima dei modelli OLS e successivamente applichiamo la metodologia PSM per corroborare i nostri risultati. Dall’analisi si risontra che i figli maschi nati da madri in età avanzata hanno uno svantaggio al momento dell’entrata a scuola che si manifesta in punteggi più bassi nei test di lettura e aritmetica condotti all’età di 7 anni. Ci sono lievi segnali che questi risultati mediocri potrebbero persistere anche a 11 anni, ma questi sono dovuti in modo esclusivo allo svantaggio iniziale che non è ancora stato completamente recuperato. In linea con questa ipotesi, all’età di 16 anni non troviamo alcuna differenza tra i risulatati scolastici dei bambini nati da madri più o meno giovani.
This dissertation is made up by three self-contained chapters whose common feature is the fact that they are essays in applied labour economics. My research is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach. In what follows I investigate classical economic issues putting them in connection with other disciplines, such as sociology, psychology and pedagogy. The research questions have been inspired by pressing contemporary issues such as migration, religion, advancing maternal age and unemployment. The first chapter, "Does unemployment challenge religious affiliation? Evidence from European countries", is a joint work with my supervisor Prof. Luca Nunziata. In this paper we exploit the increase in the unemployment rate that has followed the recent financial crisis in order to assess the effect of unemployment on the level of religiosity in European countries. The results indicate that the increase in unemployment has been associated with an increase in religiosity in predominantly Catholic regions, while predominantly Protestant regions have suffered a decrease in the level of religiosity among their population. The second chapter, "The transferability of skills across borders: The case of immigrants and self employment," is a single-authored paper that investigates the self employment experience of immigrants in the United States, focusing on two main aspects. First, we explore the differences between the activities performed by immigrant and native self employed in order to assess whether the status of immigrant poses some limitations to the range of occupations carried out by non-native individuals. As a second aspect, the paper investigates the importance of past experience as self employed in the home country in predicting the labour market position of individuals after migration. The analysis points out that the self employment experiences of immigrants are usually different from those of natives, but what is even more important in defining the kind of activity performed by individuals is their ethnicity. In the second part of the paper we find that previous experiences as incorporated entrepreneurs in the home country increase the probability of being in a similar position after migration to the United States. Contrarily there are no evidence that previous experiences as non incorporated self employed increase the probability of being self employed in the foreign market (neither incorporated nor unincorporated). Finally, the third chapter, "The effects of late motherhood on children school achievement: Evidence from the NCDS", is again a single-authored paper that focuses on the effects of advanced maternal age at delivery on children school outcomes. Resorting to dummy variables that identify children born to mothers that were below and above 38 years old at delivery, we perform OLS first and hence PSM. What we find is that boys born to older mothers have a disadvantage at school entry that is reflected in lower scores in the reading and arithmetic tests performed at 7 years old. There are mild evidence suggesting that the worse outcomes could persist at age 11, but these are driven by the initial disadvantage that has not been completely recovered by this age. In line with this fading effect hypothesis, we find no statistically significant coefficients when we compare the school performances of children born to younger and older mothers at age 16.

What happens to a community when the majority of young people move away for education? In Nubri, an ethnic Tibetan enclave in the highlands of Nepal, educational migration (the sending of children to distant institutions for schooling) has become a key component of a family management strategy that is driven by the prospect of social and economic rewards but that entails risk, uncertainty, and unforeseen consequences. The authors draw on ethnographic, demographic, and historical research to document how long-standing religious connections shape contemporary migrations and how population growth disparities open new schooling opportunities for Buddhist highlanders. They examine parents’ motives for sacrificing household labor in favor or sending children to distant schools and monasteries, a trend encapsulated in the oft-repeated phrase “better a pen in hand than a rope across the forehead.” The book concludes by investigating dilemmas associated with educational migration, including intergenerational skirmishes over marriage and household succession, threats to the family-based care system for the elderly, and a decline in the level of agricultural production needed to support local religious activities. From a Trickle to a Torrent chronicles a convergence of demographic and social processes that have led a Himalayan society to the brink of irreversible change.