Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Ecoreati »

Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development on Upper Citarum River Basin has important role in increasing local economic growth, social equity and environmental quality. It is essential to reduce population pressure on rural resources. A quantitative model on population pressure and its potential for development planning can help to achieve a more holistic regional planning since agricultural development, the creation of employment in the non-agricultural sector and population growth are tied together. By providing local input (resources), agropolitan, training, credit, marketing, ecoretail, ecotourism, bio-energy, bio- industries, and their job & income multiplier effects can be expected to increase value added creating additional income and new employment both on-farm and off-farm as well as non-farm sectors. A model used to develop sustainable agriaquaculture on the following area is agriecobussiness with low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) amongs land use patterns covering ricefield, horticulture, fish capture and aquaculture, drawdown area, agroforestry, husbandry, and farm estate management.

I reati di omessa bonifica e le problematiche connesse alla loro configurabilità. I reati di omessa bonifica tra profili di responsabilità individuale e responsabilità collettiva. L’omessa bonifica e le nuove norme premiali: verso un nuovo diritto penale ripristinatorio.

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The Uruguayan savanna ecoregion has been affected by land use changes, particularly livestock production and monocultures, such as soybean. As consequence, the habitat quality and the avian assemblages in the region are also being affected, and if we are to protect this habitat and its bird species, studies that generate information that can be used for conservation interventions in the region are essential. We sampled bird species in semi-natural grassland and soybean sites with grassland patches, in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay, between 2010 and 2012. In two chapters we evaluated (1) the differences in species richness, density and composition of the avian assemblage in semi-natural grasslands and soybean fields, and (2) the patterns of habitat use by grassland birds, through assessment of species richness and abundance. In the first chapter, we found that soybean fields have the lower species richness. Moreover, species considered as grassland specialists had the greatest value of density in semi-natural grassland sites, and species that are common and habitat generalists were more abundant in the soybean fields. Turning to species composition, our results demonstrated that the types of land use were clearly separated. Among the species recorded, five are classified as threatened or near-threatened according to global and/or regional red lists: Rhea americana, Athene cunicularia and Xolmis dominicanus were recorded in both soya and semi-natural grassland sites, whereas Cistothorus platensis and Xanthopsar flavus were recorded only in semi-natural grassland sites. In the second chapter we analyzed the habitat use of grassland birds by establishing a buffer of 100 meters in each of the 160 points sampled. We calculated the percentage of each land use type in each buffer and found that most of the grassland s bird species analyzed occurred preferentially in sites with large percentage of natural grasslands and/or wet grasslands, and none of them used the soybean fields preferentially. Moreover, more than 60% of the records occurred in the buffers composed by over 90% of natural grassland, and the same pattern was found for the total number of individuals of all bird species. Based on our results, we can conclude that the natural grassland sites are important for the maintenance of the avian assemblage in the region. For the conservation of the grasslands in the region, some important measures are needed, such as 1) control on agricultural management practices (e.g. maintain patches of grasslands in the soybean fields), and 2) development of policies combining agriculture production and conservation of biodiversity.
A ecoregi?o da Savana Uruguaia vem sendo constantemente alterada, principalmente quanto ao uso do solo para implanta??o de pastagens e agricultura intensiva. Consequentemente, a qualidade dos habitats e as popula??es de aves tamb?m s?o afetadas. Estudos que gerem informa??es sobre como a densidade das esp?cies varia em ambientes alterados, e que possam proporcionar a??es de conserva??o das ?reas naturais s?o necess?rios. Entre 2010 e 2012 amostramos as esp?cies de aves, atrav?s de pontos de contagem, em ?reas de campos semi-naturais e de cultivos de soja com manchas de campos, no Rio Grande do Sul e no Uruguai. Avaliamos, em dois cap?tulos, (1) as diferen?as na riqueza, densidade e composi??o das assembleias de aves nestes dois tipos de uso do solo e (2) os padr?es de uso do habitat pelas aves campestres atrav?s da avalia??o da riqueza e abund?ncia das mesmas nestes diferentes ambientes. Com refer?ncia ao primeiro cap?tulo, os cultivos de soja apresentaram menor riqueza de esp?cies do que os campos semi-naturais. O mesmo ocorreu com a densidade das esp?cies, sendo que esp?cies consideradas mais especialistas apresentaram os maiores valores de densidade em ?reas de campo semi-natural e esp?cies mais comuns e generalistas foram abundantes na soja. Quanto ? composi??o de esp?cies, os tipos de uso do solo foram claramente separados. Cinco das esp?cies registradas s?o consideradas amea?adas ou quase amea?adas global e/ou regionalmente - Rhea americana, Athene cunicularia e Xolmis dominicanus foram registradas tanto nas ?reas de soja quanto nas de campos semi-naturais, j? Cistothorus platensis e Xanthopsar flavus foram registradas apenas nos campos semi-naturais). Quanto ao segundo cap?tulo, estabelecemos um buffer de 100 metros para cada um dos 160 pontos amostrados, e calculamos a porcentagem de cada tipo de uso do solo nos tamp?es, em cada ponto. Dentre as esp?cies de aves campestres analisadas, a maioria delas ocorreu preferencialmente em campos naturais e/ou campos naturais ?midos, e nenhuma usou primeiramente as ?reas de soja. Al?m disso, mais de 60% dos registros de ocorr?ncia e do n?mero total de indiv?duos destas aves foram registrados nos buffers compostos por mais de 90% de campo natural. A partir destes resultados, conclu?mos o qu?o importantes s?o as ?reas de campo natural para a manuten??o da assembleia de aves. Para a conserva??o dessas esp?cies, por?m, s?o necess?rias algumas medidas importantes dentre as quais podemos destacar: 1) pr?ticas de manejo (por exemplo, a manuten??o de manchas de campo entre os cultivos de soja) e 2) pol?ticas que aliem a produ??o da agricultura e a conserva??o da biodiversidade. Al?m disso, ? importante entender a resposta das diferentes esp?cies de aves frente ?s altera??es do habitat que est?o acontecendo na regi?o.