Articles de revues : « Economic stabilization – Poland »

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Lane, Timothy D. « Inflation Stabilization and Economic Transformation in Poland : The First Year ». IMF Working Papers 91, n^o 70 (1991) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451849103.001.

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Lane, Timothy D. « Inflation stabilization and economic transformation in Poland : The first year ». Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 36 (juillet 1992) : 105–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(92)90018-e.

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Stanczak, Kazimierz. « Inflation stabilization and economic transformation in Poland : The first year ». Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 36 (juillet 1992) : 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(92)90019-f.

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KUPIEC, EWA, et ANNA WIERZBICKA. « MACROECONOMIC STABILITY IN POLAND OVER A DECADE ». sj-economics scientific journal 25, n^o 2 (30 septembre 2017) : 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v25i2.188.

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The transformation of the Polish economy continues to draw attention to the conditions connected with its economic development, especially the conditions of running a business and the guarantee of macroeconomic stability in this respect. The article attempts to assess the level of macroeconomic stability of the Polish economy in 2004 and 2015, using the five-point macroeconomic stabilization method. The analysis made it possible to notice that during the analyzed period there was a marked improvement in the macroeconomic stability of the country, confirmed by the increase in the PSM index. Moreover, on the basis of the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that in the years to come one can expect a gradual process of macroeconomic stabilization.

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Hunter, Richard J., et Leo V. Ryan. « Reflections in Twenty Years of Political and Economic Change in Poland ». Global Economy Journal 11, n^o 1 (mars 2011) : 1850221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1727.

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This article deals with a discussion of the policy perspectives on the past 20 years of economic change in Poland. The article looks at the range of areas (political and economic systems) subject to transition; the evolutionary nature of the change; and the sequence of change. The article calls upon more than 20 years of research into these areas and questions and discusses the nature of change in the stabilization, liberalization and privatization programs. It concludes by providing insights on lessons that may be learned from reform efforts. The authors conclude that the Polish experience proved conclusively that reducing the budget deficit through the elimination of state subsidies, controlling the money supply, and creating a stabilized rate of exchange and a fully convertible currency can be successful even in a state-controlled, state sector-dominated socialist economy as existed in Poland in 1989-1990. The article further asserts that it is also now apparent that only a radical stabilization-liberalization program is capable of abolishing the massive shortages which became the main characteristics of the failed socialist system. Further, the authors argue that the changes initiated in Poland as a result of the implementation of the Balcerowicz Plan fundamentally changed the mentality of economic activity from state-centered to private-centered. It is this change in the dynamic mentality that may be most important in Poland achieving success over the past 20 years.

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Misztal, Anna, Magdalena Kowalska, Anita Fajczak-Kowalska et Otakar Strunecky. « Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization in the Context of Macroeconomic Stabilization ». Energies 14, n^o 16 (23 août 2021) : 5197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165197.

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Decarbonization is an activity aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change and global warming. Ensuring macroeconomic stabilization is the basis for ecological action. The question is whether macroeconomic stabilization helps companies, institutions and countries act for decarbonization. This article presents research on the impact of components of macroeconomic stabilization on decarbonization and energy efficiency in the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the European Union from 1990 to 2020. We focus on the following countries, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. The contribution to knowledge is using the pentagon of macroeconomic stabilization to assess macroeconomic stabilization’s impact on decarbonization and energy efficiency. According to the correlation coefficients, the Ordinary Least Squares and the Seemingly Unrelated Regression method, there is a statistically significant impact of components of macroeconomics stabilization on decarbonization and energy efficiency. Moreover, our models show a different strength and direction of relationships between the explained and explanatory variables. Research results confirm the necessity to coordinate the macroeconomic with environmental policy. We think that it is essential to use effective tools of economic support (European Union Emissions Trading System, environmental taxes) and greater pressure from European Union institutions on countries that emit harmful substances.

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PEJUNK, KJIMIZ, et OLEKSII KVILINSKIY. « STATE IN STABILIZATION OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NON-SAVING TERRITORIES ». Economic innovations 20, n^o 2(67) (20 juin 2018) : 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.2(67).58-68.

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Topicality. The urgency of the problem of state incentives for the sustainable development of regions on the basis of economic freedom, property, rule of law and democracy is increasing in today's conditions of strengthening the role of such factors as globalization, competitiveness and innovation in the world. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study theoretical, methodological and practical recommendations, which should justify the tools for improving the state incentives for the sustainable development of regions in Ukraine and Poland, taking into account the experience gained from the European Union countries. Research results. Research and practice show that the development and rates of economic growth in the country depend on the efficiency of public institutions. They are one of the most important variables that explain the differences in the rates of economic growth in the groups of developing and transforming countries. It was found that the decentralization of state functions means that it delegates its powers to the structures it establishes, one of which is a region with, inter alia, administrative rights. Therefore, the article provides a comparative analysis of the legal conditions for the sustainable development of the regions in the EU, Poland and Ukraine. It should be noted that both the basis for smart development and inclusive development are important, however, this study focuses on the components of sustainable development, and, therefore, the stimulation of an economy that effectively uses resources, while being environmentally friendly and more competitive. Conclusions. It was found that in all the analyzed countries, the planning documents on the regional level take into account the basic principles of the arrangement, development and land use taking into account historical, economic, ecological, demographic, ethnic and cultural features of the region. Prospects for future research in the field of state incentives for sustainable development of regions are related to the effective structure of the formation of the institutional environment of the state.

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Kostecka-Jurczyk, Daria, Katarzyna Marak et Mirosław Struś. « Economic Conditions for the Development of Energy Cooperatives in Poland ». Energies 15, n^o 18 (19 septembre 2022) : 6831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186831.

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One of the important areas of the energy transformation is the citizens involvement in the energy production process. This is a prerequisite for maintaining the security of supply and price stabilization. In order for all citizens to have equal opportunities to use green energy, regardless of financial and housing opportunities, energy cooperatives are established in many countries. In Poland, the first renewable energy cooperatives emerged in 2021 but, unfortunately, their role in the energy transformation process will be rather limited in the near future. This is mainly due to the numerous legal, economic and social barriers that hinder their creation. This article adopts the hypothesis that there are too many barriers in Poland that discourage the creation of energy cooperatives or other forms of collective prosumption. The main obstacle is the limitations of installed power, coerced by the poor condition of the network infrastructure. The aim of the article is to answer the question of whether, given the current legal and economic conditions, a large-scale development of energy cooperatives is possible in Poland, or will the existing barriers make this development limited and not contribute to the country’s energy transformation? To answer this question, primary and secondary sources were used. Primary research relied on interviews in all cooperatives operating in Poland. Based on the literature on the subject, reference was made to the experiences of other EU countries. The research shows that there are strong economic, legal and mental barriers to the development of cooperatives in Poland. Overcoming them requires changes in the law, in the energy policy including decentralization of the energy market and increased public confidence in collective forms of prosumption.

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Makhovka, Viktoriia, et Olha Nesterenko. « Characteristics of international business development between ukraine and poland ». ЕКОНОМІКА І РЕГІОН Науковий вісник, n^o 2(73) (23 septembre 2019) : 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/eir.2019.2(73).1623.

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The essence of international business, its active development and expansion, that influence the integration of economic systems and intensification of business relations between countries, are considered. The attention is paid to the international market of the European Union, first of all to Polish-Ukrainian cooperation due to the modern development of international business. The importance of the development of trade and business between Ukraine and Poland is determined, taking into account close relations in the field of economy, politics, culture and historical connections. The legal framework between Ukraine and Poland is substantiated, which ensures the proper development of bilateral cooperation at the level of strategic partnership and emphasizes the presence of an active dialogue between countries. The main agreements between Ukraine and the European Union, which influence the economic cooperation between Ukraine and Poland, are considered, taking into account Polish membership in the EU. The implementation of special projects by the European Union to support the development of Polish-Ukrainian cooperation is determined. The increase of the intensity of economic exchange between Ukraine and Poland, the active development of trade and investment in various spheres of business and the growth of economic indicators are determined. The peculiarities of the development of the small business sector and its influence on the stabilization of socio-economic processes between European countries are substantiated, emphasizing Poland's experience in development of the small business as a driving force on the way to economic integration. The main aspects and characteristics of international business between Poland and Ukraine are determined and the main differences in doing business in these countries are revealed, emphasizing the perspectives of development.

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Rugina, Anghel N. « How to Realize an “Economic Miracle” in a Socialist Country : A Stabilization Plan for Poland ». International Journal of Social Economics 19, n^o 7/8/9 (juillet 1992) : 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000000494.

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Kamińska, Katarzyna. « Systemic transformation in Poland and Eastern Germany : two versions of the Social Market Economy ? » Ekonomia i Prawo 20, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2021.015.

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Motivation: The process of systemic transformation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland and Eastern Germany, which began in the early 1990s, can be described as a unique event in the entire economic history of the world. Therefore, in a situation where it was necessary to decide on the model and pace of stabilization, it was difficult to refer to the experience of other countries. The 30 years that have passed since the beginning of the systemic transformation in Poland and East Germany have been a convenient time to assess the course of the transformation process, the changes that have taken place in these economies, and describe the economic models that have shaped them. The reason for this lies in the importance of this subject and the consequences which the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland and East Germany, continue to face. Parts of this paper were written as part of Statutory Research at the College of World Economy of the Warsaw School of Economics in 2020, 30 years after the system transformation: lessons and current challenges for the economy in Germany and Poland. Aim: The article aims to compare the course and consequences of the systemic transformation in Poland and East Germany, highlight subconsciousness and differences, and determine to what extent the shape of the economic system meets the assumptions of the Social Market Economy. Results: The primary added value of the article is a comparative analysis of the Polish and East German systemic transformation from the perspective of 30 years from its beginning, its successes and failures and a reference to the assumptions of the social market economy, as well as an attempt to answer the question about the contemporary characteristics of both economies.

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Misztal, Anna. « Sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises in the socio-economic context. The case of Poland and Germany ». Optimum. Economic Studies, n^o 2(108) (2022) : 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.02.108.05.

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Purpose – The article aims to assess the impact of contemporary external socio-economic deter-minants, including globalization, eco-innovation, social development, and macroeconomic stabilization, on the sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises in Poland and Germany from 2008 to 2020. Research method – This paper is empirical. The survey covers the manufacturing enterprises in Poland and Germany. The first part discusses the conceptual background related to the sustainable deve-lopment of enterprises in a socio-economic context. The empirical part includes the methodology and results of the study. To determine the relationship between socio-economic factors and sustainable development, the author uses the Least Square Method (OLS) and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). Results – The research results show a statistically significant relationship between the variables. Socio-economic indicators are vital determinants of the sustainable development of manufacturing enter-prises. The models show that the impact of individual exogenous determinants is different in Poland and Germany. Originality/value/implications/recommendations – The statistical assessment of the socio-economic impact on enterprises’ sustainable development is relatively poorly understood. The issue is new, contem-porary and requires further analysis. The exogenous socio-economic factors are important for enter-prises sustainable development. It is important to launch macroeconomic efforts to implement sustain-able development goals. The results show a different impact of socio-economic indicators on the sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises, which may indicate that the enterprise develop-ment depends on many factors that are different in analysed countries.

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Shevchuk, Victor, et Roman Kopych. « Exchange Rate Volatility, Currency Misalignment, and Risk of Recession in the Central and Eastern European Countries ». Risks 9, n^o 5 (1 mai 2021) : 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9050082.

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This study is aimed at estimation of the exchange rate volatility and its impact on the business cycle fluctuations in four central and eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania). Exchange rate volatility is estimated with the EGARCH(1,1) model. It is found that exchange rate volatility is affected by the components of the Index of Economic Freedom from the Heritage Foundation, besides inflation and crisis developments. The empirical results using GMM estimation technique and comprehensive robustness checks suggest that exchange rate volatility reduces the risk of recession in the Czech Republic while the opposite effect is found for Hungary and Romania, with a neutrality for Poland. These findings continue to hold after controlling for the fiscal and monetary policy indicators. There is evidence that the RER undervaluation prevents sliding into a recession on a credible basis in Poland only, with a neutral stance for other countries. Except in Romania, higher levels of economic freedom is associated with worsening of the cyclical position of output. Among other results, stabilization policies in the recession imply fiscal tightening for the Czech Republic and Romania, higher money supply for the Czech Republic and Poland, and lower central bank reference rate for Hungary.

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Zarycki, Tomasz. « Crises of the communist and neoliberal orders 30 years later : A structural comparison between 1975 and 2019 Poland ». Social Science Information 59, n^o 3 (septembre 2020) : 484–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018420951668.

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This article proposes to look at the current moment in the recent history of the so-called Central-European countries, with Poland as a critical case study, through a structural comparison with an earlier historical cycle, that is one of the first three decades of the communist rule in the region. Thus, I propose to compare the social and economic situation in Poland of circa 1975 with that of 2019, so 30 years after the establishment of a new given political order (30 years after 1945 and 1989 respectively). The paper will offer a general overview of the trajectory of Poland in the post-war era, based primarily on the perspective of the world-system theory and that of the critical sociology of elites, one which will also point to the essential structural contexts of the post-communist dynamics of society. This paper will be based on a basic observation: even if both the 1970s and late 2010s can be considered as periods of relative political stabilization and economic growth for the region as such, and Poland in particular, these countries are, at the same time, subjected to a considerable and even increasing economic dependence on the Western core. In the conclusions, it is argued that the proposed comparative approach, taking into account both an earlier historical cycle and the broader structural dependency of the region, may allow to cast a new light on the nature of current dynamics in Polish politics as well as on the possible future trajectories of the country.

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Witkowska, Janina. « Intra-EU Capital Movements : Ten Years Of Poland’s Experiences As An EU Member In The Global Context ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, n^o 3 (25 septembre 2015) : 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0019.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the consequences of the establishment of free movement of capital between Poland and the other EU Member States, from the perspective of ten years of Poland’s EU membership. Special attention is paid to the role of intra-EU foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into the Polish economy. The widening of the European Union (EU) in 2004 spurred massive and serious legal and economic adjustment processes in the new EU Member States. The free movement of capital is one part of the socalled ‘four freedoms’ within the single European market, and needed to be established in the relations between the EU-15 and new EU Member States. The new EU Member States were granted a relatively short period of time to make those adjustments. However, the establishment of the free movement of capital between Poland and the rest of the EU did not cause disturbances in its economy. In fact it stabilized some spheres of its economic and social life. The intra-EU FDI inflows may be seen as having facilitated the restructuring processes in the Polish economy. The role of foreign investors in employment and foreign trade is decisive for the stabilization of Poland’s economic situation. The involvement of foreign investors in innovation processes, although growing, has not radically changed Poland’s position in this field. According to the EU innovativeness rankings, Poland belongs to the rank of modest innovators.

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Tomaszewski, P. « THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE AS AN ELEMENT OF A STABILIZATION SYSTEM IN EASTERN AND MIDDLE EUROPE. BETWEEN THE POLITICAL CONCEPTION ITSELF AND THE POLITICAL PRACTICE ». Actual Problems of International Relations, n^o 140 (2019) : 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2019.140.1.28-35.

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The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate the conception of the cooperation in Eastern-Middle Europe which took into effect with the considerable participation of Poland, with the conception in question being referred to as “Three Seas Initiative”. The said Initiative aims at expanding the infrastructural, economic, energy-related as well as scientific and cultural cooperation among 12 states. The development of the abovementioned initiative seems to be vitally important for Ukraine as well as for the countries that are neighbors of the EU in terms of provisioning of their political and economic independence. Moreover, the strengthening of bilateral cooperation within the ranks of this initiative inevitably increases chances for the admission of Ukraine to the EU. The further cooperation “Three Seas Initiative” shall be considered the connecting link between the states and be regarded as a key direction for the political efforts of a respected governmental bodies of participating counties. Key words: Three Seas Initiative, energy sector, digital communication, Middle-Eastern Europe, geopolitics Poland.

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Matiichuk, Liubomyr P. « Stabilization of Transformation Processes in the Energy Security Measurement System of Ukraine ». Business Inform 8, n^o 535 (2022) : 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-8-127-134.

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Radical transformations of the Ukrainian energy system also caused changes in energy policy. However, the interpreted provisions did not provide for extraordinary differences regarding the modification of energy measures in terms of individual regions. These actions subsequently caused the institutional transformation of fuel, gas, and electric power measures on the way to economic liberalization. Energy policy combines legal, organizational, financial and economic regulation in the country's national policy context. Implementation of innovative technological improvements in the FEC allows for: modernization of the energy system; improvement of infrastructure; integrating advanced foreign practices into one's own system; application of innovations following the EU legislation; introduction of hydrogen technologies and the transition to clean energy. Creation of reserves to avoid the shortage of energy resources: formation of the legislation of Ukraine regarding the reservation of oil and gas storages; creation of an Eastern European gas and oil center (hub) in Ukraine; formation of a system of increasing price competition on European markets through reservation. Assimilation of experience and formation of established norms of behavior on energy saving includes: improvement of normative and legal aspects of the regulation of economic activity by business entities; technical improvement of production processes; application of systematic monitoring and energy audit; achieving the effect of scale during the production and consumption of energy resources. The energy efficiency of the use of resources in view of their diversity and the use of FEC allows for: reliability and continuity of energy supply; pricing; normative and legal instruments of regulation; projects related to the implementation of efficient energy use; measures to preserve the environment. Diversification in the application of RES in energy segments provides for: diversifying the ties with the countries of the energy society; resuming the cooperation with Poland through the ?winouj?cie LNG terminal in the context of gas and energy; activating the transit of energy resources through Slovakia, Moldova, and Romania. The function of the energy system following EU legislation and modern global challenges consists in: implementation of the priorities of the Green Deal; transition to clean energy; application of hydrogen energy; establishing the infrastructure for the use of RES.

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MIERZEJEWSKI, MATEUSZ. « MACROECONOMIC STABILITY OD POLAND AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN 2007 – 2017 ». sj-economics scientific journal 28, n^o 1 (30 mars 2018) : 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v28i1.153.

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The article presents the analysis of macroeconomic stability of Poland using the Pentagon of macroeconomic stabilization and the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) indicators. The results of the analysis showed that in 2007-2014 Poland maintained the status of a macroeconomic stable economy, however, the changes resulting from the impact of the global financial crisis of the beginning of the 21st century were noted as well as the weakening of some values related to the stability of the country in later periods. It is worth remembering that when analyzing all kinds of macroeconomic indicators, one should not approach them with too much optimism. This is due to many factors - including from the delays of the captured variables in the analysis tools used. For some economic phenomena may occur in a rapid manner even in the most stable economy, which means that macroeconomic stability may be difficult to precisely determine.

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Klóska, Rafał, Elżbieta Ociepa-Kicińska, Rafał Czyżycki et Piotr Szklarz. « Regional Development in Poland in Taxonomic Terms ». Sustainability 12, n^o 11 (11 juin 2020) : 4780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114780.

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Regional development is a complex economic category and a commonly used term today, yet it is vaguely defined and, therefore, interpreted implicitly and understood intuitively. From a statistical point of view, this concept, on account of its imprecision and ambiguity, is a kind of multidimensional characteristic which may be measured, though not conclusively. Due to the lack of a universal set of diagnostic variables adopted in taxonomic analyses, the quantitative approach to the examined research area, which is in most cases presented descriptively, poses the main problem. The objectives of the article are to rank the provinces of Poland in terms of regional development in the years 2006–2018 and to assess the similarity of results over time. The research study is based on linear ordering methods within the scope of multidimensional statistical analysis. The results of the conducted analyses allowed us to rank the provinces of Poland in terms of regional development in the years 2006–2018 and to assess the similarity of the results over time. The results of the analysis indicate a clear stabilization of high ranked positions during the examined period, last places are generally taken by the same regions. This situation may indicate an increase or at least strengthening of the disproportions between the most and least developed regions in Poland. Theoretical considerations presented in the article as well as the empirical results of our own research may provoke more detailed discussion on the subject.

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Kim, Kyung-Mi. « The Strategies and Policies for Consolidation of the Liberal Democracy in Poland since 2005 : Focusing on the Governments of PiS and PO ». East and West Studies 34, n^o 2 (30 juin 2022) : 93–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.29274/ews.2022.34.2.93.

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This paper analyzes the consolidation of liberal democracy in Poland after 2005 based on the system transition stage theory. The nine indicators are selected for it: the guarantee of basic rights, the separation of powers, the government changes by elections, the existence of non-official power groups, the stabilization of the political party system, the operation of the market, the guarantee of private property rights, economic development, the development of civil society, the spread of democratic political culture, and a fair free media. Since PiS took power in 2015, the independence of the judiciary has been greatly threatened through reforms to the constitutional order. The basic rights guaranteed in the constitution were also limited by the enactment and revision of the Police Act, the Anti-Terrorism Act, and the Assembly Act. The changes of government through elections have been successfully implemented since the system transition in 1989, but the party system has not been stabilized due to the merger and division between parties. Almost all economic indicators in the economic sphere show that Poland has succeeded in its transition to the market economy system. Polish civil society has gradually increased its power. PiS is increasing its control over the media through the amendments of related laws. Overall, during the PiS rule, the consolidation of liberal democracy is regressing.

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Yurdatapan, MA, Arda. « An Introduction to Polish-Turkish Relations in the Context of European Security ». Kwartalnik "Bellona" 707, n^o 4 (3 mars 2022) : 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7899.

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This article is an introduction to the analysis of bilateral relationship between Poland and Turkey, with particular focus on its influence on Europe’s security. Since this relationships is not an isolated one, we have to take into consideration the main actors having a geopolitical interest in the region between the Baltics and the Black Sea as well as the Middle East and their potential to influence on Polish-Turkish relations to their own benefit. It seems that a geopolitical relationship between Poland and Turkey has the potential to influence the relations of other actors in order to favor peaceful stabilization and increase security in the region. However, one has to take into account the reactions of current partners of both states, since the consequences of a strategic Polish-Turkish alliance would be manyfold for nations in closer as well as wider geopolitical context. Such political factors as geographical barriers, cultural and religious differences, conflicting interests of other regional players or unexpected socio-political developments might serve as disruptive tools against which both, Poland and Turkey, would have to counteract actively and systematically. The benefits of the Polish-Turkish alliance – not only for Poland and Turkey, but for the entire region – seem to significantly outweigh its potential disadvantages. The increased security in the region is a major stabilizing factor that paves the way for a long-term sustainable socio-economic progress in all Europe.

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Madrak-Grochowska, Małgorzata. « The triangle of impossibility versus possible modifications of the Polish exchange rate regime during the preparations for the Euro currency’s adoption ». Equilibrium 3, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2009) : 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2009.018.

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The main objective of this paper is to analyze whether and how the Polish exchange rate regime should be modified before Zloty’s adoption to European Rate Mechanism II (ERM II). Possible solutions (it means: currency board, managed floating and adjustable peg) are presented as different nodes of the triangle of impossibility. The conducted research leads to the conclusion that neither currency board nor dirty floating can provide appropriate base for the calculation of the Zloty/Euro central rate. It seems the temporary introduction of adjustable peg, which allows to adjust Polish exchange rate regime to the rules of ERM II in gradual way would be the best solution. Moreover, this option provides The National Bank of Poland with the ability to intervene with the currency market in order to achieve economic stabilization. However, adjustable peg is a good solution for our country as long as both monetary and fiscal authorities cooperate and unify their policy regarding entering the ERM II. Only then can Poland meet all of the convergence criteria.

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Kiryluk-Dryjska, Ewa, et Agnieszka Baer-Nawrocka. « Regional Differences in Benefits from the EU Common Agricultural Policy in Poland and Their Policy Implications ». Agriculture 11, n^o 4 (27 mars 2021) : 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040288.

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Although the beneficial impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the stabilization on farming income is undisputable, the distribution of benefits derived from the CAP between operators and regions gives rise to some controversy. The objective of this paper was to estimate regional differences in the benefits derived from the Common Agricultural Policy in Poland based on the partial equilibrium model of the European Union (EU) agricultural sector with simulated interventions. The expectations of farmers from different regions of Poland were represented as a non-cooperative game to define vectors of change in the agricultural policy. The theory of moves was applied to set the game between different groups of farmers. Our results demonstrate that both the 1st and the 2nd pillars of the CAP were more profitable to farmers from regions with a more advantageous agrarian structure and a higher agricultural potential compared to their peers from the regions with a fragmented agriculture. However, considering long-term development objectives of the Polish agriculture, the theory of moves outcome argues against compensating for these differences by increasing redistributive payments to farmers in less favorable regions. To prevent widening of regional differences and ensure the social and economic development of rural areas in regions with less favorable agrarian structures where agriculture is currently unable to compete, it would be critical to enhance conditions for alternative types of economic activities.

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Jezierska-Thöle, Aleksandra, Marta Gwiaździńska-Goraj et Małgorzata Dudzińska. « Environmental, Social, and Economic Aspects of the Green Economy in Polish Rural Areas—A Spatial Analysis ». Energies 15, n^o 9 (3 mai 2022) : 3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093332.

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The global climate, ecological, and energy crisis has increased the interest in the green economy (GE) concept that aims to resolve environmental problems while promoting economic growth, social stabilization, and creating favorable conditions for sustainable economic growth. The implementation of GE solutions requires an assessment system for evaluating the extent to which business operations are consistent with GE principles. In this study, the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of the quality of life were identified, and agricultural factors were considered to determine the progress in the implementation of GE principles. The correlation between the success of GE implementation and the utilization of environmental funding provided by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was analyzed. A composite GE index composed of 19 variables was developed for this purpose with the use of Hellwig’s taxonomic measure of development. The strength of the correlation between GE implementation and the utilization of green payments under the CAP was evaluated by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Polish rural areas were analyzed at the level of Local Administrative Units (LAU). The study revealed spatial variations in GE development, and it demonstrated that local projects financed from EU funds had a positive impact on the environment. However, the utilization of EU support schemes differs considerably across Polish regions. The analysis revealed that agri-environmental-climate measures (spending per ha) were most strongly correlated with the economic dimension of the quality of life. Southern Poland and suburban areas differed considerably from Eastern Poland where green payments were less effective in promoting GE development. The results of this study are useful for planning, land management, and the development of socioeconomic development strategies at the municipal, regional, and local level.

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Gibb, R. A., et W. Z. Michalak. « Foreign Debt in the New East-Central Europe : A Threat to European Integration ? » Environment and Planning C : Government and Policy 11, n^o 1 (mars 1993) : 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110069.

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East-Central Europe (Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia—ECE) is one of the least known parts of the world in English-language geography. In spite of its proximity to Western Europe and the European Community (EC) it has received a very modest amount of attention from English-speaking geographers compared with that from German-speaking and French-speaking colleagues. Studies of political and economic geography of the ECE are also hampered by the lack of appropriate methodology and theory. Some of the most important issues involved lie in the economic sphere of transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. In the current paper, an attempt is made to survey and evaluate the size and character of existing debt stocks owed to the West by ECE and then to assess their likely impact on the political and economic geography of Europe and the EC. It is concluded that the international financial community is making it politically difficult for the countries in the region to persist with their structural reforms and stabilization policies. The future political and economic geography of ECE and EC depends, to a large extent, on the ability of the Western financial system to respond to the long-term needs of the region.

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Fraczek, Piotr, et Mateusz Kaczmarski. « The social assistance system in Poland and its financing in 2015-2018 as a factor of the stabilization of the socio-economic policy of the state in turbulent conditions ». VUZF Review 6, n^o 2 (29 juin 2021) : 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.21.2.22.

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Most developed countries in the world strive to provide their citizens with adequate living conditions and ensure a high level of social security. This security system also includes social assistance, which is the last level of state policy in supporting its citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Apart from fulfilling a protective role, the social welfare system also plays a stabilizing role in the socio-economic policy of the state. Problems related to the social system and financial resources allocated to their functioning from the state budget are the subject of many scientific publications around the world. Meanwhile, in Poland, there are few scientific publications on the effectiveness and financing of expenditure for social purposes, including the social assistance system. Identifying the level of financial resources allocated to the social assistance system may be the first step to rationalizing the system of financial transfers from the state budget. The article aims is to identify the level of budgetary expenditure allocated in Poland in 2015-2018 to the social assistance system. The analyzes carried out indicate that in the period 2015-2018, budget expenditure on the social assistance system and supporting families increased. In 2018, these expenses accounted for as much as 12.7% of the total state budget expenditure. There is a noticeable tendency consisting of reducing financial resources allocated to social assistance while increasing budgetary transfers directed to families with children - government's "Family 500+" program.

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Szyszko, Magdalena, et Mariusz Próchniak. « Is Central Banks’ Effectiveness Related to their Transparency ? A Case of European Economies ». Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 18, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2018) : 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2018-0023.

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Abstract This article presents a novel transparency measure and examines forward-looking transparency of six European central banks. It aims at evaluating whether the higher degree of transparency is related to better economic stabilization expressed in terms of output and inflation gap minimization. The methods used are based on data and a statistical analysis. To extract the cyclical component of time series, the Hodrick-Prescott filter is employed. The research covers the Czech National Bank, the National Bank of Hungary, the National Bank of Poland, the National Bank of Romania, the Bank of England, and the Sveriges Riksbank during 1997–2016. Firstly, we develop an index of forward-looking transparency that focuses on signalling intentions by the central banks. It is one of the main contributions of our article. Secondly, we compare transparency in the field of signaling intentions within our sample, which is another aspect of originality of this study. The results indicate that the Czech National Bank and the central banks of developed economies outperform the other central banks from our sample in terms of openness. Finally, under some caveats, we relate the degree of transparency to the levels and volatility of output and inflation gaps. We find the existence of the relationship between the central banks’ transparency and their effectiveness mainly for Czech Republic and the UK, but also, although to a lesser extent, for Poland and Romania.

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Shemakhina, I. « SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF POST-SOCIALIST COUNTRIES : CONTRADICTORY TRENDS AND CHALLENGES OF THE PRESENT ». Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, n^o 218 (2022) : 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2022/218-1/7.

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The article analyses the social and economic development of 14 post-socialist countries from 2001 to 2020. By assessing their clustering, a conclusion was made about the contradictory combination of two evolution tendencies of these countries: simultaneous deployment of processes of divergence, asymmetry of their social and economic development and deployment of convergence processes, and formation of separate clusters of the specified countries. In particular, the European Union member states, such as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, formed a separate cluster in 2020, characterized by the highest GDP per capita in the group, the share of expenditure on education and the highest level of the spending on health care in GDP. A separate cluster was formed by Ukraine and Moldova, potential EU candidate countries. The place of Ukraine among the considered countries in the period 2001-2020 and in modern conditions was analyzed. It was concluded that the indicators of socio-economic development of Ukraine demonstrate cyclical dynamics under the influence of global factors and shocks, taking into account the turning point events for the whole world in 2022. It was noted that new world order is currently developing. There are new initiatives and concepts within the EU, which provide great opportunities for Ukraine for European integration. In this context, the institutional factors of convergent and divergent development of post-socialist countries, which will be aimed at resolving the existing military and political conflicts, settlement of global imbalances, stabilization of world economic development, have an essential role.

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Kłysik-Uryszek, Agnieszka. « Equity Investments vs. Debt Investments – What Drives OFDI in Polish Industry ». Przedsiebiorczosc i Zarzadzanie 16, n^o 1 (1 mars 2015) : 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eam-2015-0005.

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AbstractPolish economy witnessed enormous changes over the past 25 years. Systematic economic growth, increasing market openness, legal stabilization and integration with EU have substantially improved Poland’s global competitive position. That is reflected, among others, in intensified flows of long-term capital in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI). What is worth stressing, the last decade (regardless the economic crisis) brought a significant rise of investments made by Polish companies abroad (Outward FDI). It should be mentioned however, that the FDI flows are usually analyzed (in both theoretical and empirical literature) as if they consist only of equity investments, when in fact they consist also of intracompany loans. As the latter may not be driven by the same factors as equity flows, the real structure of FDI flows should be taken into consideration while evaluating the investment potential of companies. The paper examines selected issues concerning international expansion of Polish companies in the form of foreign direct investment. It provides theoretical background of the problem, explores the reasons for expansion and presents the structure of foreign direct investment by Polish industrial companies in the period 2003-2012 with regard to the equity and debt components of the flows. The study is based on the data provided by the National Bank of Poland (NBP).

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Bogacz, Wojciech, Marcin Lemanowicz, Andrzej Gierczycki et Anna Mielańczyk. « Flocculation of flotation tailings using thermosensitive polymers ». Chemical and Process Engineering 38, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2017) : 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2017-0029.

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Abstract The key feature of thermosensitive polymers is the reversible transition between the hydrophilic and hydrophopic forms depending on the temperature. Although the main research efforts are focused on their application in different kinds of drug delivery systems, this phenomenon also allows one to precisely control the stability of solid-liquid dispersions. In this paper research on the application of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers in processing of minerals is presented. In the experiments tailings from flotation plant of one of the coal mines of Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa S.A. (Poland) were used. A laser particle sizer Fritsch Analysette 22 was used in order to determine the Particle Size Distribution (PSD). It was proved that there are some substantial issues associated with the application of thermosensitive polymers in industrial practice which may exclude them from the common application. High salinity of suspension altered the value of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST). Moreover, the co-polymers used in research proved to be efficient flocculating agents without any temperature rise. Finally, the dosage needed to achieve steric stabilization of suspension was greatly beyond economic justification.

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Malle, Silvana. « Stabilization and Privatization in Poland. An Economic Evaluation of the Shock Therapy Program, Kazimierz Z. Poznanski, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1993. vi + 269 pp., index, $89.00. » Journal of Comparative Economics 20, n^o 3 (juin 1995) : 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1995.1020.

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Garwol, Katarzyna. « Value of Health, Life, Freedom and Economic Stabilization at the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland : According to Students of the University of Rzeszów ». Zeszyty Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II 65, n^o 1 (30 mars 2022) : 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/znkul.12955.

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W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaki był stosunek studentów Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego do wartości zdrowia, życia, wolności i stabilizacji ekonomicznej w czasie ograniczeń w poruszaniu się i utrzymywaniu kontaktów społecznych wprowadzonych w początkach pandemii koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2. Na wstępie opisano charakterystykę pandemii koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2 i wywołanej przez niego choroby COVID-19. Następnie przedstawiono selektywny przegląd polskich badań dotyczących społecznych aspektów pandemii prowadzonych w jej początkach, od marca do maja 2020 roku. W kolejnej części przestawiono wyniki badań własnych, które podzielono na te, które dotyczą postrzegania obecnej sytuacji przez respondentów oraz ich przewidywań na przyszłość. Celem artykułu był przegląd wyników badań zastanych oraz poznanie opinii studentów w kwestii zadanej problematyki

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Løvdal, Droogenbroeck, Eroglu, Kaniszewski, Agati, Verheul et Skipnes. « Valorization of Tomato Surplus and Waste Fractions : A Case Study Using Norway, Belgium, Poland, and Turkey as Examples ». Foods 8, n^o 7 (27 juin 2019) : 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8070229.

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There is a large potential in Europe for valorization in the vegetable food supply chain. For example, there is occasionally overproduction of tomatoes for fresh consumption, and a fraction of the production is unsuited for fresh consumption sale (unacceptable color, shape, maturity, lesions, etc.). In countries where the facilities and infrastructure for tomato processing is lacking, these tomatoes are normally destroyed, used as landfilling or animal feed, and represent an economic loss for producers and negative environmental impact. Likewise, there is also a potential in the tomato processing industry to valorize side streams and reduce waste. The present paper provides an overview of tomato production in Europe and the strategies employed for processing and valorization of tomato side streams and waste fractions. Special emphasis is put on the four tomato-producing countries Norway, Belgium, Poland, and Turkey. These countries are very different regards for example their climatic preconditions for tomato production and volumes produced, and represent the extremes among European tomato producing countries. Postharvest treatments and applications for optimized harvest time and improved storage for premium raw material quality are discussed, as well as novel, sustainable processing technologies for minimum waste and side stream valorization. Preservation and enrichment of lycopene, the primary health promoting agent and sales argument, is reviewed in detail. The European volume of tomato postharvest wastage is estimated at >3 million metric tons per year. Together, the optimization of harvesting time and preprocessing storage conditions and sustainable food processing technologies, coupled with stabilization and valorization of processing by-products and side streams, can significantly contribute to the valorization of this underutilized biomass.

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Patlachuk, Vasyl. « Comparative analysis of quantitative indicators of Polish Constitutions ». Legal Ukraine, n^o 10 (27 novembre 2020) : 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-10(214)-6.

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The process of development of Polish constitutionalism is considered in the work. The first legal act, which had the features of the Constitution were the Articles of King Henry of Valois. The reason for preparing this document was the need to conclude an agreement between the heir to the French throne and the Polish nobility, who wanted to preserve their rights and freedoms. The content of this document was influenced by the Great Charter of Freedoms «Magna Garta» of 1215, which reflected the mechanism of limiting state power through the establishment of material and procedural requirements for its implementation. In order to conduct a comparative analysis of the Constitutions adopted in Poland, the method of quantitative indicators proposed by O. L. Kopylenko and B. V. Kindyuk was used, which calculated the number of signs in different articles, chapters, sections, parts of regulations. According to this methodology, the Articles focused on the work of the Seimas – 17%, military issues – 6.7%, the judiciary – 5.6%. In jurisprudence, it is common to distinguish four main stages of the formation of constitutionalism: I generation – the end of the XVIII century. — the beginning of the XIX century; II generation — the period after the First World War; III generation — the stage after the end of the Second World War; Generation IV – the time after the collapse of the USSR. Based on this classification, the Polish Constitutions belong to the first generation: the Constitution of May 3, 1791; Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw of 1807; Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815. The Constitutions of the first generation include: the Constitution of May 3, 1791; Constitution of 1807; Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815. The constitutions of the second generation were adopted in the period after the end of the First World War, they reflected the processes of democratization of social and democratic life of countries and enshrined a significant amount of socio-economic human rights. Based on this classification, this group includes: the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic of 1919; Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1921; Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1935. The constitutions of the third generation were adopted in the period after the end of the Second World War, and their content reflected the doctrine of the liberal model. Formally, this group included the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic of 1952, but it was adopted during the Soviet occupation and introduced the Stalinist model of constitutional relations in the country. Generations of the IV generation were adopted after the collapse of the Soviet empire and reflected a new stage of state formation. In Poland, such a constitutional act was the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which was to ensure the transition from a socialist model to a market democratic state governed by the rule of law, the stabilization of national statehood and the proclamation of accession to the European Union. The next stage of the study is a comparative analysis of the quantitative indicators of the Polish Constitutions, which showed that the total number of signs during this historical period varied from the minimum in the Articles of Heinrich Valois — 14 640 zn. to the maximum — 89 524 zn. in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in 1997. An important indicator of the structure of constitutional acts is the number of articles (articles), which varied in a fairly wide range from 12 in the Constitution of 1791 to 243 in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in 1997. Key words: Polish constitutionalism, quantitative indicators, comparative analysis, Articles by Heinrich Valois, total number of characters.

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Kusz, Dariusz, Bożena Kusz et Paweł Hydzik. « Changes in the Price of Food and Agricultural Raw Materials in Poland in the Context of the European Union Accession ». Sustainability 14, n^o 8 (12 avril 2022) : 4582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084582.

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Shaping of prices of agricultural raw materials results from the impact of a wide range of factors that influence prices in different links in the marketing chain. Political changes, especially sudden ones, which abruptly changed farming conditions, were one of the reasons for the asymmetry in price transmission. The main purpose of the paper was to estimate the trends in changes in agricultural raw materials prices in comparison to the trends in food prices in Poland in two time frames, differing in political and economic conditions: before (1999–2004) and after Poland’s accession (2005–2019) to the European Union. It was found that the accession to the EU improved the situation of farmers in agricultural markets. There was a reversal of downward price trends in agricultural raw materials and their stabilization. In the years 1995–2005, for most of the prices of agricultural raw materials and food under the analysis, the differences between the trends were not statistically significant. This situation was consistent with the model of market operating under perfect competition. The trends in the prices of wheat, rolls, and bread, as well as the prices of livestock for slaughter-pigs and roast beef were the only exceptions. In turn, in the years 2005–2019 statistically significant differences between the trends in the prices of agricultural raw materials and food were recorded for wheat, bread, and flour; milk, butter, and cottage cheese; eggs and egg retail prices; as well as livestock for slaughter, cattle, and sausages. No statistically significant differences were found for the remaining relationships of the analyzed prices of agricultural raw materials and food. These data indicate a different level of price transmission depending on the product group.

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Zimnoch, Krystyna. « Capital Accumulation in a Region. Cooperatives Versus Foreign Direct Investments ». Ekonomia i Zarzadzanie 8, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2016) : 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0020.

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Abstract The main aim of this article is to demonstrate the ability of cooperatives to create internal resources of a region through foreign direct investments and the creation of financial, physical, human, and social capital. It concerns the comparing and emphasizing of the stability of resources created in a region by these forms of action. In order to demonstrate the stability of internal resources of a region, generated through foreign direct investment, a research was conducted involving the analysis of the rankings of the largest foreign investors in Poland, statistical data from the Central Statistical Office and the NBP, showing the inflow and outflow of FDIs, the number of companies with foreign capital participation, and the number of people working in them. In addition, a case study was used for the regions where the investments have been withdrawn, showing the importance of cooperatives for the stabilization of the potential of the regions. The study shows that the transfer of FDIs is always guided by the maximization of profit, tax optimization of a location, and the native currency exchange rate fluctuations. The following consequences of withdrawal have no significance to foreign investors but affect the regions: the increase in the unemployment rate, the reduction in the income of local residents, the increase in debt, the acquisition of real estate purchased on credit. The case study shows that cooperative enterprises can replace foreign capital in the region, ensuring the stability and durability of its internal resources. The concepts and strategies for regional development should focus on cooperatives as a way to create the internal resources of a region, which are seen as the current development source. Co-operatives can prevent the leaching of resources and backwash effects. The economic policy must ensure the equal treatment of all of the entities investing in the region. Currently, Poland gives the priority to foreign investors over the domestic ones. Cooperative enterprises are particularly discriminated against through double taxation. It is worthwhile to examine the scale of the cooperative movement in the economy of the EU and the US and the policy instruments applied to this form of business in those areas.

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Grudlewska-Buda, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Skowron, Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska, Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, Jarosław Bystroń, Agnieszka Kaczmarek et Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska. « Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains Derived from Cow Milk of Subclinical and Clinical Cases of Mastitis ». Applied Sciences 11, n^o 2 (7 janvier 2021) : 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020541.

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Mastitis is a major economic problem in dairy herds, as it might decrease fertility, and negatively affect milk quality and milk yield. Out of over 150 bacterial species responsible for the udder inflammation, Escherichia coli is one of the most notable. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance to dipping agents and biofilm formation of 150 E. coli strains isolated from milk of cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. The strains came from three dairy herds located in Northern and Central Poland. The statistical analyses were performed with post-hoc Bonferroni test and chi-square test (including Yates correction). The data with a p value of <0.05 were considered significant. We found that the tested strains were mostly sensitive to antimicrobials and dipping agents. It was shown that 37.33% and 4.67% of strains were resistant and moderately resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, respectively. No extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli were detected. The majority of strains did not possess the ability to form biofilm or formed a weak biofilm. The strong biofilm formers were found only among strains derived from cows with subclinical mastitis. The lowest bacteria number was noted for subclinical mastitis cows’ strains, after stabilization with iodine (3.77 log CFU × cm−2) and chlorhexidine (3.96 log CFU × cm−2) treatment. In the present study, no statistically significant differences in susceptibility to antibiotics and the ability to form biofilm were found among the strains isolated from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. Despite this, infections in dairy herds should be monitored. Limiting the spread of bacteria and characterizing the most common etiological factors would allow proper treatment.

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Grudlewska-Buda, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Skowron, Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska, Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, Jarosław Bystroń, Agnieszka Kaczmarek et Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska. « Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains Derived from Cow Milk of Subclinical and Clinical Cases of Mastitis ». Applied Sciences 11, n^o 2 (7 janvier 2021) : 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020541.

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Mastitis is a major economic problem in dairy herds, as it might decrease fertility, and negatively affect milk quality and milk yield. Out of over 150 bacterial species responsible for the udder inflammation, Escherichia coli is one of the most notable. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance to dipping agents and biofilm formation of 150 E. coli strains isolated from milk of cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. The strains came from three dairy herds located in Northern and Central Poland. The statistical analyses were performed with post-hoc Bonferroni test and chi-square test (including Yates correction). The data with a p value of <0.05 were considered significant. We found that the tested strains were mostly sensitive to antimicrobials and dipping agents. It was shown that 37.33% and 4.67% of strains were resistant and moderately resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, respectively. No extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli were detected. The majority of strains did not possess the ability to form biofilm or formed a weak biofilm. The strong biofilm formers were found only among strains derived from cows with subclinical mastitis. The lowest bacteria number was noted for subclinical mastitis cows’ strains, after stabilization with iodine (3.77 log CFU × cm−2) and chlorhexidine (3.96 log CFU × cm−2) treatment. In the present study, no statistically significant differences in susceptibility to antibiotics and the ability to form biofilm were found among the strains isolated from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. Despite this, infections in dairy herds should be monitored. Limiting the spread of bacteria and characterizing the most common etiological factors would allow proper treatment.

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Fallenbuchl, Zbigniew M. « Stabilization and Structural Adjustment in Poland. Eds. Henryk Kierzkowski, Marek Okolski and Stanislaw Wellisz. New York : Routledge, 1993. xi, 313 pp. Index. Tables. Appendix on chronology of economic and political events. Appendix on basic statistics. $75.00, hard bound. » Slavic Review 54, n^o 3 (1995) : 791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501803.

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Wellisz, Stanislaw. « Poland Under “Solidarity” Rule ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, n^o 4 (1 novembre 1991) : 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.4.211.

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The coalition cabinet in which Solidarity played a leading role, but which also included Communists and their allies, won Parliamentary approval on September 12, 1989. This coalition inherited from the Communists an economy in deep crisis: inflation was raging, shortages of virtually all goods were rampant, and the black market was all-pervasive. The new government pledged to restore the market economy. This paper discusses the economy under Solidarity rule, focusing on stabilization and the restoration of private enterprise.

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van Wijnbergen, Sweder, et Nina Budina. « Inflation Stabilization, Fiscal Deficits, and Public Debt Management in Poland ». Journal of Comparative Economics 29, n^o 2 (juin 2001) : 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2001.1710.

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Ryczkowski, Maciej. « Poland as an inflation nutter : The story of successful output stabilization ». Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci : časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics : Journal of Economics and Business 34, n^o 2 (22 décembre 2016) : 363–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2016.2.363.

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Svejnar, Jan. « Microeconomic Issues in the Transition to a Market Economy ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, n^o 4 (1 novembre 1991) : 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.4.123.

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The socialist system introduced microeconomic distortions that probably transcend those observed in the third world. The recent developments in Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union also support the hypothesis that macro stabilization will be difficult to achieve in the transforming socialist economies in the absence of adequate micro adjustments. In this paper, I address what I consider to be the most important micro issues related to the transition from socialist to market economies. First I summarize the initial microeconomic conditions, covering labor, capital, and energy markets; the product markets, industrial organization, and trade; and the market for land and housing. Then, I describe the main changes that have taken place in the early stages of the transition. Finally, I discuss the micro policy agenda that needs to be addressed if the transition is to be successful

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Dobrzycki, Arkadiusz, et Jacek Roman. « Correlation between the Production of Electricity by Offshore Wind Farms and the Demand for Electricity in Polish Conditions ». Energies 15, n^o 10 (17 mai 2022) : 3669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103669.

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Energy transition forcing a change in the structure of the electricity generation system is a particularly difficult task in countries such as Poland, where the dominant source of energy is fossil fuels. Due to the nature of renewable sources (stochastic and seasonally variable), it is necessary to study their impact on the power system. Much research was conducted on this subject. They consider modelling power systems in terms of dealing with an increasing amount of renewable energy sources, stabilization of electricity generation or environmental aspects. This article examines one of the key sources of future power systems—offshore wind turbines (OWT). The influence of offshore wind sources on the power system in the fields of stability of generation, methods of regulatory strategies, and economics were examined. One of the aspects that are less considered is the correlation of energy production in OWT with energy demand and with generation in other renewable energy sources, especially in the region of the southern Baltic Sea and the distribution of energy demand in countries such as Poland. The key aspect of the research is to fill this gap. The obtained results indicate that the average monthly power generation in OWT is strongly positively correlated with the demand, and the hourly average is positively correlated moderately. Correlation between generation in OWT and photovoltaic sources is very high negative, and between onshore and offshore wind turbines is highly positive. The study indicates that the OWT has a significant potential for the development and replacement of conventional sources, due to the very high capacity and a positive correlation with demand. Moreover, future offshore wind farms can cooperate with photovoltaic sources as these sources complement each other. On the other hand, a significant saturation of the system with offshore and onshore wind sources may pose a threat to the power system due to their positive correlation.

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Banasik, Przemysław, Małgorzata Godlewska, Piotr Kędzierski, Sylwia Morawska et Jolanta Turek. « The pro-debtor and pro-creditor models – comparison of the effectiveness of bankruptcy law ». Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie 66, n^o 4 (21 décembre 2022) : 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/knop.2022.66.4.2.

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Research background: Bankruptcy in court proceedings has been of interest to researchers for many years. Researchers look for internal and external factors which influence the effectiveness and efficiency of bankruptcy proceedings; for example, the impact of the country’s level of development on the efficiency of bankruptcy proceedings, a system of incentives for the active participation of creditors in bankruptcy proceedings to increase their recovery rate, and mechanisms which encourage the early filing of an application for bankruptcy. Against the background of the research to date, a research gap was identified in the scope of the impact of the bankruptcy (pro-debtor/pro-creditor) law model on the effectiveness of the calculated recovery rate for creditors. The research fills a cognitive gap in New Institutional Economics by examining formal institutions in action, i.e. whether bankruptcy law meets its objectives in practice.Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to answer the question of which model answers the expectations of stakeholders – creditors who expect the highest possible rate of return. Poland is an example of a country where since 2016 there has been a change in the model of bankruptcy law from pro-creditor to pro-debtor.Methods: The authors of the article conducted constant monitoring of the effectiveness of bankruptcy law in Poland through the examination of bankruptcy proceedings filed in bankruptcy and restructuring courts. The research on the efficiency of bankruptcyproceedings was based on the analysis of files from bankruptcy proceedings conducted at the District Court in Warsaw. The analysis covered the period i) from 01.01.2004 to 31.12.2015 n=150 files of the pro-creditor model of bankruptcy proceedings and ii) from 01.01.2016 to 31.12.2019 n=66 files of the pro-debtor model of bankruptcy proceedings. The statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics Program Version 26. The Kruskal–Wallis H non-parametric test was employed.Findings & Value added: The results of the research show that the new pro-debtor model of bankruptcy proceedings implemented in Poland after 31 December 2015 is less effective than the previous pro-creditor model of bankruptcy proceedings. In the pro-creditor model, creditors’ interests are managed more effectively. Practice shows that frequent changes in the law and model of bankruptcy law do not contribute to its effectiveness and efficiency. It seems that the stabilization of legal solutions is an important factor. The legal activity should be aimed at improving the solutions in force and their consolidation in the case law. Unfortunately, in Poland, entrepreneurs as well as citizens, due to its communist past, do not trust the legal system, formal institutions or other people (ESS 2020). For this reason, the pro-debtor model of bankruptcy proceedings may also have a negative impact on the development of Polish entrepreneurship in the future. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have made a comparison of the effectiveness of the pro-creditor and pro-debtor models of bankruptcy proceedings in a transition country such as Poland. Research data encompassing 16 years over the period of 2004–2019 used in the analysis is unprecedented in bankruptcy procedure studies in the post‑transition economies. Also, a set of indicators showing the effectiveness of bankruptcy proceedings employed in the research is unique.

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Tuz, Jacek, Adam Maszczyk et Anna Zwierzchowska. « Variability of Body Build and Physiological Spinal Curvatures of Young People in an Accelerated Longitudinal Study ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 14 (16 juillet 2021) : 7590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147590.

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The human body is characterized by the variability of the characteristics of body build, which is expressed in the instability of spinal curvatures, which change during ontogeny. This phenomenon leads to a phylogenetic evolution of the human body build and posture. The aim of the study was to assess the dynamics of the variability of traits and indices of body build and posture and their mutual relations. It was assumed that over the 10-year observation period, a significant variability and relationships will be observed between the characteristics of body build and posture in young adults. Between 2006 and 2016, 2154 women and men aged 19.6 ± 0.8 were examined (first-year students at the University of Economics in Katowice, Poland). Measurements of basic anthropometric measurements and angular values of lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis were performed. The collected data were analysed statistically, and the intergroup and intragroup differences were evaluated (ANOVA with repeated measures). The dynamics of variability (by building time series) and absolute and single-base increments were determined. The body build of young men and women in the period of ontogenetic stabilization in the study group has changed statistically significantly over the decade. A prediction of the increases in body weight and hip circumference was recorded over a period of 10 years, especially in men. The characteristics of body posture have also undergone a significant progressive change. In women, thoracic kyphosis increased by 96.15%, whereas in men, lumbar lordosis decreased by 52.65%. Significant sexual differentiation was shown for such characteristics as body height, waist circumference and the angle of lumbar lordosis. The relationships between the characteristics of body build and posture were verified. There was a moderate relationship between the hip circumference and lumbar lordosis in women and a weak relationship between body height and the angle of thoracic kyphosis in men.

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Lane, Timothy. « Inflation Stabilization and Economic Transformation in Poland : The First Year ». SSRN Electronic Journal, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.884945.

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Rojek, Konrad. « Factors affecting the international competitiveness of polish economy system in 2004-2019 ». Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal, 14 octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-05-2021-0079.

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Purpose This study aims to present the issue of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. The essence of this concept was shown, as well as the measures and methods of analysis used. The aim of the research was to identify the factors that had the greatest impact on the formation of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. Design/methodology/approach An econometric model was constructed to explain the shaping of the value of the dependent variable (gross domestic product [GDP] per capita) in the years 2004–2019. For this purpose, explanatory variables were used selected from among the measures of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. The developed econometric model was verified to check its practical usefulness. This process was performed using the Gretl program. The research also used the Pentagon Model of Macroeconomic Stabilization, which was used to examine the general economic development of Poland because of which it is possible to conclude about the international systemic competitiveness of the economy. Findings In the analyzed period (2004–2019), the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy was to the greatest extent conditioned by such factors as government integrity, tax burdens and investment freedom. It is significant that the integrity of the government had a negative impact on the value of GDP per capita. Practical implications The results of the conducted research may be particularly useful for the institutional sphere. They indicate systemic factors that had the greatest impact on the prosperity of Polish society in the analyzed period. This enables the weakest elements of the policy to be identified and improved. Proper applications and appropriate corrective actions will have a positive economic effect. Originality/value So far, it has not been possible to develop/indicate a uniform and generally accepted measure and method of analyzing international systemic competitiveness. Therefore, all attempts to assess and measure systemic competitiveness have a high research value. The vast majority of studies on the international competitiveness of the economy focus only on assessing its level (growth, decline and comparison with other countries). When building an econometric model (based on the 2004–2019 time series), the author also checks the impact of its individual components, not only its level. On this basis, it can be deduced, which factors influenced the competitiveness in a given period to a greater extent, positively or negatively.

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Rojek, Konrad. « Factors affecting the international competitiveness of polish economy system in 2004-2019 ». Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal, 14 octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-05-2021-0079.

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Purpose This study aims to present the issue of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. The essence of this concept was shown, as well as the measures and methods of analysis used. The aim of the research was to identify the factors that had the greatest impact on the formation of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. Design/methodology/approach An econometric model was constructed to explain the shaping of the value of the dependent variable (gross domestic product [GDP] per capita) in the years 2004–2019. For this purpose, explanatory variables were used selected from among the measures of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. The developed econometric model was verified to check its practical usefulness. This process was performed using the Gretl program. The research also used the Pentagon Model of Macroeconomic Stabilization, which was used to examine the general economic development of Poland because of which it is possible to conclude about the international systemic competitiveness of the economy. Findings In the analyzed period (2004–2019), the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy was to the greatest extent conditioned by such factors as government integrity, tax burdens and investment freedom. It is significant that the integrity of the government had a negative impact on the value of GDP per capita. Practical implications The results of the conducted research may be particularly useful for the institutional sphere. They indicate systemic factors that had the greatest impact on the prosperity of Polish society in the analyzed period. This enables the weakest elements of the policy to be identified and improved. Proper applications and appropriate corrective actions will have a positive economic effect. Originality/value So far, it has not been possible to develop/indicate a uniform and generally accepted measure and method of analyzing international systemic competitiveness. Therefore, all attempts to assess and measure systemic competitiveness have a high research value. The vast majority of studies on the international competitiveness of the economy focus only on assessing its level (growth, decline and comparison with other countries). When building an econometric model (based on the 2004–2019 time series), the author also checks the impact of its individual components, not only its level. On this basis, it can be deduced, which factors influenced the competitiveness in a given period to a greater extent, positively or negatively.

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Pieloch-Babiarz, Aleksandra, Anna Misztal et Magdalena Kowalska. « An impact of macroeconomic stabilization on the sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises : the case of Central and Eastern European Countries ». Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25 septembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00988-4.

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Abstract Sustainable development is a socioeconomic development that respects environmental protection. It can be analyzed at a macro- and microscale. The goals of sustainable development are realized by ordinary people, politicians, organizations, and enterprises. At the enterprise level, sustainable development means an improvement in quantitative and qualitative conditions of running a business, the use of pro-ecological standards and solutions, and support of employee development. The sustainable development of enterprises depends on several factors, including macroeconomic conditions. The main aim of this paper is to show the impact of the macroeconomic stabilization on the sustainable development of the manufacturing enterprises in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). We examine only the CEECs which are the members of the European Union. Considering this, we focus on the eleven counties (i.e., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) in the period from 2008 to 2018. The main hypothesis is formulated as follows: Macroeconomic stabilization has a statistically significant impact on the sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises in the period from 2008 to 2018. The results of the study indicate that in all analyzed countries there is a statistically significant relationship between the indicator of sustainable development (SISDE) and the indicator of macroeconomic stabilization. The highest level of correlation was observed in Czechia, Poland, and Hungary, while the lowest in Estonia.

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