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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Economic development – Portugal – 20th century »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Economic development – Portugal – 20th century"

Palazzo, Pedro P. « Vernacular Patterns in Portugal and Brazil : Evolution and Adaptations ». Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, n^o 2 (10 novembre 2021) : 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.524.

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Traditional towns in Portugal and Brazil have evolved a finely tuned coordination between, on the one hand, modular dimensions for street widths and lot sizes, and on the other, a typology of room shapes and layouts within houses. Despite being well documented in urban history, this coordination was in the last century often interpreted as contingent, a result of the limited material means of pre-industrial societies. But the continued application and gradual adaptation of these urban and architectural patterns through periods of industrialization and economic development suggests that they respond both to enduring housing requirements and to piecemeal urban growth. This article surveys the persistence of urban and architectural patterns up to the early 20th century, showing their resilience in addressing modern housing and urbanization requirements.

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Ramos, Rui Jorge Garcia, Eliseu Gonçalves, Gisela Lameira et Luciana Rocha. « State-Subsidised Housing and Architecture in 20th-Century Portugal : A Critical Review Outlining Multidisciplinary Implications ». Challenges 12, n^o 1 (1 mars 2021) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe12010007.

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Stable access to affordable quality housing is a core feature of public health principles and practices. In this report, we provide an update on the research project “Mapping Public Housing: A Critical Review of the State-subsidised Residential Architecture in Portugal (1910–1974)” (MdH), developed between 2016 and 2019 at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Porto (FAUP) in Portugal. This funded research project (PTDC/CPC-HAT/1688/2014) brought together an international and multidisciplinary team composed of architects, sociologists, historians, an economist, an anthropologist, information scientists and archivists, from different academic levels (senior researchers, postdoctoral, PhD and Master’s degree students), adopting a variety of approaches and operating in a range of different contexts. The aim of the research undertaken was to investigate the reality of social and state-subsidised housing in terms of its architecture, while, at the same time, seeking to broaden our understanding of this phenomenon and of the transition to a democratic regime. Furthermore, this research project was designed to contribute towards the development of common ground for supporting decisions in the environmental, social and economic fields relating to housing management, as well as architectural heritage management and protection. This review is based on the submitted application (2015) and final report (2020).

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DORÉ, NATALIA I., et AURORA A. C. TEIXEIRA. « Brazil’s economic growth and real (div)convergence from a very long-term perspective (1822-2019) : An historical appraisal ». Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 42, n^o 4 (décembre 2022) : 934–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3376.

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ABSTRACT The reconstruction of the economic history of Brazil since independence from Portugal (1822) may lead to a new understanding of its economic growth. The deep-rooted idea that Brazil could have done better means there is a need to delve into each phase of its development. In this paper, we provide a very long-run perspective (1822-2019) of Brazil’s economic growth and process of real convergence. On the one hand, this review indicates that structural changes observed in the middle of the 20th century were crucial in promoting the country’s growth and real convergence with technologically advanced countries. On the other hand, poor institutional conditions and deficient human capital formation have emerged since colonial times as critical factors underlying Brazil’s inability to establish robust and sustainable economic growth.

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Soares, Clara Moura, Rute Massano Rodrigues et Carlos Filipe. « Heritage and history of the marble industry in Alentejo (Portugal) ». Revista CPC 15, n^o 29 (31 juillet 2020) : 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1980-4466.v15i29p235-248.

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The Heritage and History of the Marble Industry project (PHIM), based on interdisciplinary principles and practices, highlights the importance of the Portuguese marbles of Alentejo Anticline in a context of patrimonial and cultural valuation of a region where the ornamental rock industry defines landscapes, shapes the economy, and defines ways of life. Knowledge coming from scientific research is being disseminated through various platforms and audiences, contributing to regional development and providing solid contents for industrial and cultural tourism of quality. After two phases of the project that allowed to achieve broad knowledge about the application of the Alentejo marbles in the artistic heritage, the 3rd phase serves to expand the chronology under study (from Roman times to the 20th century) and to allow for new interdisciplinary perspectives, with the cooperation of History of Law and Economic History.

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Vovchuk, Liudmyla. « Implementation of European Values by Foreign Consuls in Southern Ukraine (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries) ». European Historical Studies, n^o 15 (2020) : 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.6.

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Today we hear more and more that until our country realizes fundamental European values, it will not be able to become a full member of the “European family”. But it should be emphasized that this process began long before Ukraine gained independence and the leading role in this was played by foreign consuls of Europe and America. The countries that created the modern world as it is, where the foundations of modern statehood, civil society, an efficient market economy, and a system of social justice were laid. Therefore, this article is dedicated to highlighting the role of these representatives in the implementation of European values in the south of Ukraine in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Being in the port cities of the region, which then opened wide horizons for commercial activity, and using all opportunities to maximize the protection of the interests of their state and citizens, foreign consuls, through the development of public-social life of the region, contributed to the implementation of priority values. There were many consuls who made a significant contribution to the development of urban territories, their improvement, the enrichment of the spiritual and intellectual life of the townspeople. Consulates of Greece, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Italy, Belgium, England, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil and Argentina deserve special attention. Awareness of the importance of education, spiritual status of the population and the development of the city as a whole made positive changes. At the end of XIX – beginning of XX century the South of Ukraine began to occupy leading positions in the foreign economic activity of the Russian Empire. Of course, it cannot be said that this was done solely through the work of foreign representatives, but they nevertheless managed to prove that the unity of values is the foundation on which the European Union stands today.

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Білявець, Сергій. « PECULIARITIES OF POLICE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (END OF THE XX - BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY ». Збірник наукових праць Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України. Серія : педагогічні науки 24, n^o 1 (26 avril 2021) : 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32453/pedzbirnyk.v24i1.627.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of regulatory and scientific sources, which reveal the features of police training for EU countries at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. It was found that the integration of European states in the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century contributed to the fact that the system of police training was changing in accordance with the changes in the political and socio-economic situation in individual EU countries and in the Community as a whole. The police training system itself is part of the integration processes within the framework of the integration of the EU law enforcement and police systems. Features such as the practical orientation of training, its continuous nature, and its close relationship to practice are characteristic of all police training institutions in EU countries. At the same time, EU countries are ambivalent about the innovations proposed by the 1999 Bologna Convention. States with established educational systems (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) are more conservative and less inclined to abandon their own educational standards, unlike Eastern European states that pursue radical reform policies, including reforms in police training. In police education programs, a significant number of hours are devoted to the development of skills and abilities to work with scientific and technological means, which are extremely widely used in police work in foreign countries. It was also found that police officers are thoroughly and comprehensively prepared for close interaction of national services, both through Interpol and directly with each other. At conferences, symposiums, seminars, exchanges of experience and delegations, increased attention is certainly given to police training.

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Gribincea, Alexandru. « An Overview of the Further Demographic Situation and Economy in 2035 ». Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, n^o 37-38 (12 décembre 2018) : 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.80-87.

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The study of the situation in Europe and other countries in the context of demographic evolution, the forecast of economic development has shown that the population, structural migration and economies are closely correlated. The population and economy in the EU in the near future will undergo dramatic changes. In some developed, industrialized countries, the population grows slowly or stagnates, while in economically poor economies, birth rates are accelerating, and as healthcare increases, it will lead to a demographic explosion. In recent years, the EU population has grown by 507 million, with a projected increase of 5% by 2050, reaching a maximum of 526 million, after which it will decrease to 523 million in 2060 yr. In about half of the EU countries, despite the population growth trend, the total population will diminish. This trend refers to Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovakia. In total, decline of population in Eastern European countries is linked to a number of factors. First is the reduction of the socio-economic level of the population, increasing labor migration to countries with advanced living standards. In these countries, as a rule, the standard of living, social and medical assistance, social protection is reduced. At the same time, world community is going through a difficult time. A deep and prolonged recession that followed the global financial crisis has changed with the slow recovery of employment. Never in the history of mankind, the growth rate of the world population was not as large as in the second half of the 20th and early 21st century. Between 1960 and 1999, the population of the planet doubled (from 3 to 6 billion people), and in 2007 - 6.6 billion people. Although the average annual growth rate of the world's population declined from 2.2% in the early 1960s to 1.5% in the early 2000's absolute annual growth increased from 53 million to 80 million people. Demographic changes from traditional (high fertility - high mortality - low natural growth) to the modern reproductive population (low fertility - low mortality - low population growth) ended in developed countries in the first decade of the 20th century, and most of the transition economies - in middle of last century. At the same time, in the 1950s and 1960s, the demographic transition began in several countries and regions of the rest of the world and begin to the end only in Latin America, East Asia and Southeast Asia and continuing in East Asia, Africa Sub-Saharan Africa from the Sahara to the Middle East. Rapid population growth compared with the indicators of socio-economic development in these regions leads to aggravation of problems related to employment, poverty, food, land, low education and health risks. Keywords: workforce, aging population, birth rate, living standards and life expectancy, inflation, unemployment and technical and scientific progress

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Wolfensohn, James D. « Entering the 21st century : the challenges for development ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B : Biological Sciences 354, n^o 1392 (29 décembre 1999) : 1943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0533.

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By many people, the 20th century will be remembered as an era of great achievement in human endeavour, and of enormous economic growth and prosperity. Achievements in medical research, from eradicating infectious diseases to laser surgery; in engineering, from the transistor to space exploration; and in economic development have all contributed to greater well being in the world at the end of the 20th century. Among the challenges to development identified by the World Bank in the coming decades will be managing the twin processes of globalization and localization, as well as post–conflict reconstruction. These will form the backdrop of the Bank's main focus of creating a world free of poverty.

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Dementiev, Alexey. « Spain vs Portugal : the turbulent past and the complicated present ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, n^o 2 (28 juin 2018) : 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2018-2-14-21.

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Spain and Portugal – Iberian neighbors joined by the peninsular geography and disjoint by historical avatars. The Middle Ages were riddled with wars, domination and mutual resistance. The 16th century is characterized by marine splendor and territorial expansion of both nations that for the dynastic reasons lived through a controversial period of “Iberian Union” (1580–1640). In later times they had many coincidences: political and economic decline in the 17-18th centuries, fruitless revolutions of liberal court in the 19th century, fall of monarchies and existence of dictatorial regimes in the 20th century. In an almost simultaneous way (in the middle of the 70s) both countries initiated the transition towards democracy. From the 1st of January, 1986, Spain and Portugal turned into partners in the European space. At present Spain and Portugal are two of the European associates with major economic integration. Nevertheless, controversies as for maritime delimitation, ecology, shared use of water, energy, railway networks and road infrastructure exist between them. Despite a significant approach in many spheres it is not an easy matter to forget the traditional mistrust. Still there persists a suspicion of the Portuguese towards the Spanish and the Spanish indifference towards Portugal.

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Antunes, Gonçalo, et Caterina Francesca Di Giovanni. « Housing policies in Portugal and Italy ». Debater a Europa, n^o 25 (28 décembre 2021) : 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_25_5.

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This study analyzes the housing policies enacted in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in Portugal and Italy to understand whether the comparison between the two countries’ housing domains reflects a divide between the “center” and the “periphery,” or, on the contrary, can be observed as “between peripheries.” This article stems from a comprehensive literature review on the topic, which is divided into a theoretical discourse on housing, a general European housing scenario, and a historical and contemporary framework of housing policies in Portugal and Italy. The literature review seeks to identify the economic and sociocultural singularities of the two countries through official laws and statistical data. Within a fundamentally theoretical comparative observation, this work aims to identify whether Italy and Portugal are contrasting realities within the housing domain—that is, with housing characteristics typical of the center (Italy) or the periphery (Portugal)—or represent two similar realities that integrate the peripheral context of Europe.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Economic development – Portugal – 20th century"

Friman, Eva. « No limits : the 20th century discourse of economic growth ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Historiska studier, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-61315.

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The breakthrough of the concept of economic growth in economics marks a paradigm shift in thinking about the economy and its place in 'reality.' This thesis analyzes the 20th century discourse of economic growth, focusing its unlimited connotations. The thesis consists of four case studies, two introductory parts and a concluding discussion. Part II first gives an etymological outline of how the concept 'growth' transformed: from signifying natural processes, to become crucial within economics. The main focus is on the historiography around Adam Smith and the classical economists as 'fathers of growth.' It is argued that though Smith introduced new ideas on economic prosperity, it is anachronistic to view him as 'father of growth' in terms of modern economic discourse. The difference between conception of economic progress in classical economics - with a 'stationary state' - and the post-war concept of economic growth - without absolute limits - is interpreted by sketching four periods in economics regarding the issue of limits. Finally the label 'dismal,' often used for classical economics, is reinterpreted. The neoclassical 'Self and classical 'Other' is seen as a useful construction for legitimizing the growth discourse. Part III deals with economic thought at the turn of the century 1900. There were different ideas on what relative priority to address to individuals and communities as the basis of economy, as well as disagreements over how to organize economic policy to solve the 'social issue.' However, these differences did not result in different views on economic expansion per se. Neither to left- nor right-wing advocates was economic expansion an objective. Rather, economic expansion was a means to construct and manage a welfare state, and thus solve the social issue. If welfare could be distributed by expanding the total, there would be no sacrifices. The way economic growth was perceived in the early development discourse is studied in Part IV. The idea of unlimited growth is framed within a Western understanding of development and progress, and it is shown that hegemony on economic growth formed. Development economics made use of new and fashionable growth models, and thereby gained influence in policy. Development was reduced to economic development, which was reduced to economic growth. With a few modifications, this version of development and progress was to be implemented globally - 'no limits' became a master narrative. Part V analyzes the debate on economic growth in the 1960s and 70s. The environmental issue gave rise to thoughts on ecological limits, and thus had a key role in designating economic growth and growth ideology as a scapegoat within a longer tradition of civilization critique. As a response, professional economists put up a united defense for growth, and a polarized debate followed. Different basic assumptions underlying the polarized positions are analyzed, and the concept modernist economic ethos is introduced to explain the polarization at a fundamental level. In the dominant discourse, critics were called pessimists, and advocates were optimists. It is argued that these value-laden labels reveal the power of language and point at a trap of discourse. Economic growth and ecological sustainable development is analyzed in Part VI, and the focus is on crisis responsive economists. Two different conceptions of the economic system are found among these. The first is the economy as free-floating, which by technical inventions is minimally restricted by ecological boundaries. The second is the economy as a dependent subsystem restricted by fundamental ecological limits. Conception of the system is conclusive for understanding economic growth and its environmental effects. The free-floating approach allows the concept of 'sustainable growth,' while the subsystem approach makes it contradictory. Part VI includes a continued discussion on the power of language, and the dichotomy of pessimism and optimism. 'Optimism' is a eulogy, and works normatively. The pessimist label has functioned, at best, as a 'discourse trap;' at worst, as a means of exclusion. In Part VII results from the case studies are summarized, and general results with implications are presented. The post-war discourse on economic growth is connected to 'ecomodernism.' Three explanations for the introduction and strong appeal of the discourse of unlimited economic growth are introduced: the internal cause (economic theory), the external cause (context), and the professionalization cause (connecting the internal and external). The thesis ends in a discussion on growth, language and power in the context of modernism and progress.
digitalisering@umu

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Beltrán, Tapia Francisco J. « Common lands and economic development in 19th and early 20th century Spain ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4215d6d1-e979-4ac5-b023-b49a4a01d9a0.

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This dissertation contributes to the long-standing debate between those who argue that the enclosure of the commons was as a precondition to foster economic growth and those who defend common property regimes can be efficient and sustainable. Exploiting historical evidence from 19^th century and early 20^th century Spain, this research shows that the persistence of the commons in some Spanish regions was not detrimental to economic development, at least relative to the institutional arrangements they were replaced with. On the contrary, during the early stages of modern economic growth, the communal regime not only did not limit agricultural productivity growth, but indeed constituted a crucial part of the functioning of the rural economics in a number of ways. On the one hand, these collective resources complemented rural incomes and, subsequently, sustained households' consumption capacity. The reduction in life expectancy and heights in the provinces where privatisation was more intense, as well as the negative effect on literacy levels, strongly supports that the privatisation of the commons deteriorated the living standards of a relatively large part of the population. On the other hand, the communal regime also significantly contributed to financing the municipal budget. Deprived from this important source of revenue, local councils became unable to adequately fund local public goods and ended up increasing local taxes. Lastly, the social networks developed around the use and management of these collective resources facilitated the diffusion of information and the building of mutual knowledge and trust, thus constituting a vital ingredient of the social glue that hold these rural communities together. All things considered, the persistence of the commons in some regions provided peasants with cooperation mechanisms different from the market and made the transition to modern economic growth more socially sustainable.

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Semrad, Alexandra [Verfasser], et Davide [Akademischer Betreuer] Cantoni. « Education, immmigration, and economic development : evidence from 19th and 20th century Bavaria / Alexandra Semrad. Betreuer : Davide Cantoni ». München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080122230/34.

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Watkins, Kevin. « India : colonialism, nationalism and perceptions of development ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670394.

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Papadia, Andrea. « Government action under constraints : fiscal development, fiscal policy and public goods provision during the Great Depression and in 19th and early 20th century Brazil ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3683/.

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This dissertation is composed by three papers whose unifying themes are the origin and impact of fiscal institutions. The main contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it highlights the usefulness of the concept of fiscal capacity for the macroeconomics and international finance literatures by demonstrating its impact on sovereign default and fiscal dynamics during the Great Depression. Limits to the ability to tax have clear implications for macro-financial research, but are neglected by much of the literature. Second, my work contributes to the fiscal and state capacity literature by focusing on municipal level fiscal institutions in Brazil. Although research in this field is burgeoning, our understanding of the origin and impact of fiscal institutions in many parts of the world, including Latin America, is still very limited, particularly at the sub-national level. In terms of structure, the dissertation is a backwards journey from the impact of fiscal institutions to their origin. The first paper studies one of the ultimate outcomes of fiscal dynamics – sovereign default – by analyzing the debt crisis of the 1930s. The second paper takes the collapse in public revenues during the Great Depression as a starting point and demonstrates that fiscal institutions were a fundamental factor in the dynamics of fiscal aggregates. By shifting the focus to a single country and a different time period – the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries – the third paper demonstrates that slavery was deeply detrimental to the development of local governments’ ability to tax and provide fundamental growth and welfare-enhancing public goods in Brazil.

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Thompson, Christine Audra. « "Constructive critic" or "donor agency" : does the World Bank have a role to play in sub-Saharan Africa's development beyond that of providing economic aid ? » Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003045.

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This thesis attempts to evaluate the role of the World Bank in Sub-Saharan Africa's development. It argues that the World Bank has stepped beyond the boundaries of a typical lending institution by linking its aid to political reform. The study argues that in this capacity the Bank has contributed to the halting democratization process currently underway in Africa. The economic effects of the World Bank's Structural Adjustment Programmes have been less successful. As yet, the programmes have not produced the expected results and there is no evidence of long-term, sustainable economic recovery in Sub-Saharan Africa. These programmes are, however, long-term strategies and it may therefore be too premature to reach a final conclusion. They may also have been affected negatively by unfavourable political environments. This study, noting the negative effects of the international terms of trade and prices for African exports, concludes that although economic recovery in Sub-Saharan Africa will be facilitated by domestic political and economic policy reform, there is also a need for reform of the international economic order. The World Bank has correctly identified the need for domestic improvement, but it has a tendency to disregard the negative consequences of the existing structure of the international economy.

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Fernandes, Tânia Alexandra Anica. « The ways behind the railways : Algarve's railway line. Technique transfers and transport development in Southern Portugal ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18711.

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Esta dissertação pretende contribuir para um melhor conhecimento da complexidade das redes de transferência de conhecimentos e técnicas, no domínio da engenharia civil e mais concretamente através dos caminhos-de-ferro, nos séculos XIX e XX. Em Portugal, os caminhos-de-ferro estiveram no cerne de um vasto debate, sobretudo político, concomitante com uma instabilidade crescente no cenário político e uma fase de fragilidade económica. É neste contexto que a Linha do Sul e Sueste vai ser construída (seguida pela sua extensão até Vila Real de Santo António e pela construção do ramal de Portimão, que chegará a Lagos). Este empreendimento é uma clara ilustração da realidade portuguesa de então, no que concerne ao desenvolvimento desta rede de transportes, que nos permite, igualmente, conhecer e compreender quem interveio no processo de construção da linha (os engenheiros, as empresas, entre outros aspectos) e assim determinar quais as influências e transferências técnicas que tiveram lugar; RESUMEE: Cette mémoire attire à la contribution pour une meilleure connaissance de la complexité des réseaux de transfert de techniques et connaissances qui ont eu lieu dans le domaine de l’ingénierie civile, surtout dans les chemins de fer, au XIXème et XXème siècles. Au Portugal, les chemins de fer sont été le cerne d’un très vaste débat, coïncidant avec une croissante instabilité dans le scenario politique et aussi une phase économique fragile. C’est dans ce contexte que la Ligne du Sud et Sud-est va être bâti (suivi par l’extension jusqu’à Vila Real de Santo António et la construction de l’embranchement ferroviaire Portimão). Cette entreprise c’est une illustration claire de la réalité portugaise, en concernant l’implémentation de cette réseau de transport, que nous permettre de comprendre et également bien connaitre qui a intervenu dans le processus de construction de la ligne (les ingénieurs, entreprises, etcetera), ainsi que déterminer les influences et les transferts techniques qui ont eu lieu; ABSTRACT: With this master’s thesis, the aim is to be able to contribute to a better understanding of the complex network of technique’s and knowledge transfers, that took place within the field of civil engineering, in the 19th and 20th centuries, namely on the railways. In Portugal, railways take-up was a wide and ample debate, coinciding with an uprising turmoil on the Portuguese political outskirt and a phase of economic frailty. It’s in this context that the construction of the South and Southeast Line took place (followed, later on, by its extension until Vila Real de Santo António and by the construction of the Portimão’s branch). This enterprise is, as we pretend to prove in this master’s thesis, a clear example of the Portuguese reality, enabling us to understand and to get to know those who intervened in the construction’s process (the engineers and the companies) as well as determining influences and technique transfers that have taken place.

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Marktanner, Marcus. « A Comparison of Economic Development in Latin America, Middle Eastern Europe and Asia in the 1990s ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2181/.

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The 1990s were characterized by severe turbulence in the global economy. Economic and financial crises occurred in Latin America, Middle and Eastern Europe and Asia. This analysis distinguishes between the two socioeconomic criteria "transitional" and "emerging" region. Transitional countries are former centrally planned socialist economies and emerging countries former agricultural-oriented classical developing economies with mostly a history of military or some other kind of autocratic dictatorship. The resources for the analysis are data sets regarding investment, exchange rate behavior, government finance, international liabilities of monetary authorities and inflation. The study reveals macroeconomic patterns associated with economic development in each socioeconomic region. It is shown that similar patterns are responsible for successful and non-successful performance in each region. A comparison of different regions shows many parallels between emerging economies, but only little similarity between transitional economies.

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Benkenstein, Alex. « The Global Political Economy of Mining in Selected African States ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1934.

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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies)()--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
Many African countries present the observer with a paradox: though richly endowed with mineral wealth, these countries are among the least-developed in the world. Mineral resources have historically been an important source of revenue for the state and one finds great diversity in the strategies that states have employed to access this wealth. These strategies range from direct participation in mining activity by means of state-owned companies to more indirect methods such as taxes levied on mining activity, with approaches varying not only among states, but also over time as historically certain strategies with regard to state involvement in mining have come to predominate. This study develops a typology of public/private sector configurations in the mining sector. The typology consists of three models, a direct participation, market-led and sustainability model. This typology serves as an analytical tool to investigate the impact of mining codes on sustainable development. The study concludes that in many cases the investment-oriented mining code reform undertaken by African states in the 1980s and 1990s has had a negative impact through the social and environmental costs associated with mining. Increasing recognition of these costs has resulted in the emergence of a sustainability model.

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Khomo, Melvin Muzi. « The yield curve as a forecasting tool : does the yield spread predict recessions in South Africa ? » Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004722.

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This paper examines the ability of the yield curve to predict recessions in South Africa, and compares its predictive power with other commonly used variables that include the growth rate in real money supply, changes in stock prices and the index of leading economic indicators. The study also makes an attempt to find out if monetary policy explains the yield spread's predictive power with regards to future economic activity. Regarding methodology, the standard probit model proposed by Estrella and Mishkin (1996) that directly estimates the probability of the economy going into recession is used. Results from this model are compared with a modified probit model suggested by Dueker (1997) that includes a lagged dependent variable. Results presented in the paper provide further evidence that the yield curve, as represented by the yield spread between 3-month and IO-year government paper, can be used to estimate the likelihood of recessions in South Africa. The yield spread can produce recession forecasts up to 18 months, although it's best predictive power is seen at two quarters. Results from the standard probit model and the modified pro bit model with a lagged dependent variable are somewhat similar, although the latter model improves forecasts at shorter horizons up to 3 months. Compared with other indicators, real M3 growth is a noisy indicator and does not provide much information about future recessions, whilst movements in the All-Share index can provide information for up to 12 months but does not do better than the yield curve. The index of leading economic indicators outperforms the yield spread in the short run up to 4 months but the spread performs better at longer horizons. Based on the results from the study, it appears that changes in monetary policy explain the yield spread's predictive power. This is because the yield spread loses its explanatory power when combined with a variable representing the monetary policy stance of the central bank.

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Livres sur le sujet "Economic development – Portugal – 20th century"

Asian experiences of development in the 20th century. Leipzig : Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2010.

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Abdul-Ganiyu, Garba, et Nigerian Economic Society, dir. Development thought, policy advise [sic] and economic development in Africa in the 20th century : Lessons for the 21st century. Ibadan : Published for the Nigerian Economic Society by Ibadan University Press, 2003.

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Social change, development, and dependency : Modernity, colonialism and the development of the West. Cambridge, UK : Polity Press, 1992.

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Shapiro, Nina. Rethinking capitalist development : Essays on the economics of Josef Steindl. [S.l.] : Routledge, 2005.

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Tracy, Mott, Shapiro Nina 1947- et Steindl Josef 1912-1993, dir. Rethinking capitalist development : Essays on the economics of Josef Steindl. London : Routledge, 2005.

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Gill, Bentley, et Gibney John, dir. Regional development agencies and business change. Aldershot, Hants, England : Burlington, VT, 2000.

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H, Feinstein C., dir. The economic development of the United Kingdom since 1870. Cheltenham, UK : E. Elgar, 1997.

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Rajan, Raghuram. The great reversals : The politics of financial development in the 20th century. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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Rajan, Raghuram. The great reversals : The politics of financial development in the 20th century. Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000.

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Hofman, André A. Long run economic development in Latin America in a comparative perspective : Proximate and ultimate causes. Santiago, Chile : Naciones Unidas, ECLAC, 2001.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Economic development – Portugal – 20th century"

Costa, Raphael. « Economic Development, Infrastructure, Civil Society, and the Rural World in the Age of Mass Tourism ». Dans From Dictatorship to Democracy in Twentieth-Century Portugal, 79–113. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58368-0_3.

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Serrão, José Vicente, et Rui Santos. « 15. Land policies and land markets : Portugal, late eighteenth and early nineteenth century ». Dans Property Rights, Land Markets and Economic Growth in the European Countryside (13th-20th Centuries), 317–41. Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rurhe-eb.4.00151.

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Santos, Rui, et José Vicente Serrão. « 24. Property rights, social appropriations and economic outcomes : Agrarian contracts in Southern Portugal in the late-eighteenth century ». Dans Property Rights, Land Markets and Economic Growth in the European Countryside (13th-20th Centuries), 475–94. Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rurhe-eb.4.00160.

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Cardoso de Matos, Ana. « The Spread of Scientific Knowledge and Technology Transfer : André Coyne (1891–1960) and the Construction of Dams in 20th Century Portugal ». Dans In Foreign Lands : The Migration of Scientists for Political or Economic Reasons, 203–19. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80249-3_9.

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Washizu, Ayu, et Satoshi Nakano. « Structure of Development in a Smart Society : An Application of Input–Output Analysis ». Dans Sustainable Development Disciplines for Society, 159–79. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5145-9_10.

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AbstractThe construction of a smart societyutilizing information and communication technology (ICT) is attracting attention to simultaneously achieve various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using input–output analysis, this chapter elucidates the economic structure of a smart society. This content is an extension of Leontief’s “Structure of Development” study of the 20th-century industrial society. Here, a smart society enables waste to be eliminated and the utility of people to be increased by strengthening management in all fields of society using ICT. It is shown that a smart society will achieve an industrial structure with a lighter environmental load and sustain moderate economic growth. Therefore, the movement aiming to build a smart society in Asia and other regions of the world is deemed beneficial and expected to contribute to achieving the SDGs. Additionally, Japan is a developed country with advanced ICT in Asia, and improving the efficiency of Japan’s ICT has been found to profoundly affect the entire Asian region. Japan plays a key role in building a smart society in the Asian region. This chapter is not only directly related to SDG9, but also to SDGs2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 13.

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Christou, Prokopis A. « Tourism during the Contemporary Period (1945-early 2020s). » Dans The history and evolution of tourism, 76–123. Wallingford : CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.0006.

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Abstract The 1940s to 1960s witnessed a specific state of economic development of mass production and consumption characteristics of developed economies, known as 'Fordism', underpinning tourism development, supply and demand. This period witnessed the remarkable rise of the airline industry. Also, after the first half of the 20th century the world witnessed numerous amusement and theme parks that were largely influenced by the original Luna Park at Coney Island in New York and the first Disney theme park in Los Angeles that opened its doors to the public in the mid-1950s. Meanwhile, renowned academics and management consultants such as Deming, Juran, Ishikawa, Feigenbaum and Crosby attempted to explain the notion of 'quality'. Their views influenced practices and procedures in the tourism and hospitality industry.

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Ge, Deng. « Nuclear Laws for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy ». Dans Nuclear Law, 29–43. The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2_2.

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AbstractThe development and utilization of nuclear energy is one of the greatest achievements of the 20th century. It has greatly enhanced the ability of humanity to understand and shape the world and had a significant impact on the development of technology and civilization. In the 21st century, the United Nations (UN) has developed the “Millennium Development Goals” and the “2030 Sustainable Development Goals” to promote a comprehensive solution to the world’s social, economic and environmental issues. To this end, nuclear energy offers unique advantages, but the associated risks and challenges of its further development and utilization must be addressed. Nuclear law is a powerful tool for regulating its development and responding to those risks and challenges. The Chinese Government has always developed nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in a safe and innovative way. At the Nuclear Security Summit in 2014, President Xi Jinping proposed adhering to a rational, coordinated and balanced approach to nuclear security and promoting a fair, cooperative and win–win international nuclear security regime. This not only summarizes China’s experience in establishing a nuclear legal framework and developing nuclear industry, but would also strengthen international nuclear governance and promote nuclear energy to better benefit humanity. The international community should fulfil international obligations strictly, implement national responsibilities effectively, and jointly maintain the UN focused international system and international legal order, contributing to the realization of the common goal of “Atoms for Peace and Development”.

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Roy, Anja, Hans-Heinrich Krüger et Maria Schmalz. « Management in wesentlichen Konfliktfeldern um den Fischotter – Übersicht zum aktuellen Wissensstand ». Dans Evidenzbasiertes Wildtiermanagement, 127–47. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65745-4_6.

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ZusammenfassungNach dem drohenden Aussterben des Fischotters in Mitteleuropa erholen sich seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts die Bestände dieser Tierart. Aus der Rückbesiedlung in ehemalige Verbreitungsgebiete, in denen sich mittlerweile Wirtschaftsformen und Praktiken des Fischmanagements ohne die Präsenz des Topprädators Fischotter entwickelt haben, resultieren vor allem in der Fischerei Konflikte verschiedener Interessensgruppen. Der Wissensstand im aktuellen Management dieser Konflikte wird umrissen, angewandte Methoden und Einzelmaßnahmen in ihrer Wirksamkeit beschrieben und diskutiert sowie Ergebnisse einer aktuellen Umfrage in Deutschland hinzugezogen. Es bestehen deutschlandweit wesentliche Wissenslücken zu grundlegenden Populationsdaten zum Fischotter, zu sozioökonomischen Hintergründen bestehender Konflikte und zur Kausalität auftretender Rückgänge von Fischbeständen und wirtschaftlichen Verlusten in fischereilichen Betrieben. Besonders schwierig zu lösen sind Konflikte in Teichwirtschaftsgebieten. Auftretende wirtschaftliche Verluste sind hier nicht alleine dem Fischotter als Verursacher zuzuschreiben, sondern müssen in der Gesamtheit aller fischfressenden Prädatoren betrachtet werden. In Teichwirtschaften sind nur begrenzt direkte Abwehrmaßnahmen gegen den Fischotter durch Zäunungen möglich. Die Entwicklung regional angepasster Managementpakete wird durch fehlende Daten erschwert. Einzelne Lösungsansätze vor allem aus Sachsen zeigen aber, dass auch hier Konfliktbeilegungen möglich sind. Weitere Konfliktfelder in der Gewässerbewirtschaftung, der Fallenjagd und bei Freizeitaktivitäten werden angesprochen.AbstractAfter the otter was threatened with extinction in Central Europe, its populations have recovered since the middle of the 20th century. The recolonization of former habitats, where economic systems and fish management systems have developed in the meantime without the presence of this apex predator, has led to conflicts with various stakeholders, especially fisheries. This paper outlines the state of knowledge in the current management of these conflicts. Applied methods and individual measures are described, discussed and evaluated, with reference to the results of a recent survey conducted in Germany. Nationwide, there are major knowledge gaps regarding basic data on the otter population, the socio-economic background of existing conflicts, and the causal chain between fish population declines and economic losses in the fishing industry. Conflicts are particularly difficult to resolve in pond-based fisheries, where not only otters but all piscivorous predators must be considered in their entirety. In pond farms, fencing is only a limited means of directly deterring otters. The development of regionally adapted management packages is hampered by a lack of data. However, individual approaches, especially from Saxony, show that conflict resolution is possible even in such cases. Further areas of conflict in water management, trapping and recreational activities are addressed.

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Ershov, Bogdan. « Revolutionary Upheavals in Russia in the Early 20th Century ». Dans Political, Economic, and Social Factors Affecting the Development of Russian Statehood, 61–76. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9985-2.ch004.

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This chapter examines the social contradictions and the inability of the government to solve the main political problems that led to the deep socio-political crisis of Russia in the early 20th century. This was expressed in the struggle of the workers against the autocratic police system, in the creation of radical, left-wing political parties and liberal opposition unions, in disputes within the ruling elite, and fluctuations in the government's course. All these sociopolitical contradictions and problems were aggravated in the conditions of the deep economic crisis that Russia, like all other European powers, experienced in the early 20th century. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that in the late 19th to early 20th centuries in Russia, as in other capitalist countries, monopolistic associations in industry, commerce, and transport became widespread.

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Gardner, Daniel K. « Economic Development and the Environment ». Dans Environmental Pollution in China. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190696115.003.0004.

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What Accounts for China’s Economic Growth Since the Late 20th Century? Mao Zedong died in 1976, and two years later Deng Xiaoping became China’s paramount leader. Convinced that the Chinese economy was stagnating, Deng and others introduced a series of reforms meant to improve economic...

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Economic development – Portugal – 20th century"

Barros, Carina Espina de Jordão, Joaquim Manuel Silva et Ana Cristina Broega. « Circular Business Models and Textile Waste : Riopele Case Study in Portugal ». Dans 20th AUTEX World Textile Conference - Unfolding the future. Switzerland : Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-q9qlu7.

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The circular economy has been an emerging theme in the strategic decisions of different industrial sectors as an alternative to reducing the negative impact generated by the linear economy that extracts, transforms, uses, and discards our planet's resources without a second chance for reuse. In this way, most industrial sectors are looking for new business models based on circularity that can reduce the effects generated by the residues of their production processes and that can cause serious damage in the environmental, social, cultural, and economic. In the textile sector, issues related to waste management become even more evident, due to the relevance of this segment in the world economy and the extension of its production chain. In this context, the main objective of the article is to assess the potential and challenges of the Portuguese textile industry in the implementation of business models based on the circular economy for the reuse of textile waste. In the first phase, the work was carried out through systematic research of literature review in current indexed studies to investigate the theme of circular business models. In the second moment, qualitative research was carried out based on a case study in the textile industry RioPele in Portugal. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews, in loco, in January 2020 with the managers responsible for the company's sustainability department. The results indicate as potential the fact that the company already integrates sustainability into its corporate values, applies circularity in the development of new products, is supported by class institutions, research centers and universities and recognizes this collaboration as a decisive factor for the success of its business model focused on waste reuse. However, it points out as a difficulty the still high costs for the transition to the circular economy and the need for more effective communication actions to share the principles of circularity and generate greater awareness in its customers and other stakeholders. The results of the investigation can help other industries in the textile segment to realize the advantages of reusing their waste for a more circular textile economy with strong brands that can generate positive impacts on society.

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Xin, Ziyan. « The Inscription of Chinese Women in Citizen Textbooks of the 20th century ». Dans 2021 6th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2021). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210407.095.

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Bian, Jiasheng, et Qiao Jiang. « The Development Course and Reflection of Japanese Direct Teaching Method From Late 19th Century to Mid 20th Century ». Dans Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccese-19.2019.274.

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A. LOPES, José, et Ignacio J. DIAZ-MAROTO. « INPUT OF COMMUNAL FORESTS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL POPULATION : STUDY CASE OF NORTHERN PORTUGAL AND GALICIA ». Dans RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.227.

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Communal forests occupy one million hectares in the Northern of Portugal and Galicia. Since centuries ago, “Baldios” and “Montes Veciñais en Man Común” (MVMC) played an essential function in the economy of their owner communities. This role was lost all through the last century due to the enormous afforestation and the decrease of agriculture. The restitution of democratic regimes returned the communal forests tenure to the communities. Given the extension and high average area, our paper aims to research its potentialities and limitations of contribution to rural development. Two case studies, one in North Portugal and another one in Galicia, allow identifying the individual and collective traditional uses and the achievements made with revenues linked. Both Galician and Portuguese realities exhibit similarities and complementary benefits, and needing social and economic innovation to make a better use of rural resilience. Communal lands and small-scale business projects could maintain the network of local produce markets with attractive aesthetic values as well as biodiversity conservation. The comparison of the different criteria shows economic aspects are the most valorised by the stakeholders. The management decision of collective forests was the alternative mixed by the communities and the Forestry Services as the best one to complete the main objective of sustainable rural development. As a final conclusion of our work, remarking that the communities owning these forests currently seem to have the conditions to successfully manage their properties if the commoners are able to mobilize and adequate organize the communities.

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Kudryashov, Vasily. « The Role of Political Exiles in the Development of the Legal Press of the Yenisei Province in the Early 20th Century ». Dans Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2021. Baikal State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3040-3.14.

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The article reveals the role of political exiles in the development of the periodical press of the Yenisei province in the period 1908–1917. The author considers the participation of representatives of various political parties in the subcensorship press of Krasnoyarsk and Minusinsk.

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Reheman, Abuduwupuer, et Yingjie Guo. « A Field Research of Chinese Uyghur People's Writing Reforms and Influences in the 20th Century ». Dans Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccese-19.2019.40.

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Komarov, Alexey, et Lyudmila Muraveva. « The Russian Cycle of Revolutions at the Beginning of the 20th Century Reasons for the Bolsheviks Coming to Power ». Dans 2nd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2018). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccese-18.2018.296.

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« Infant Mortality in the Shadrinsky Uyezd in the Early 20Th Century : the Role of Religious Factors ». Dans XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-2.

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The paper analyses the influence of religious factors on infant mortality in the Shadrinsky uyezd of the Perm governorate in the early 20th century. The Shadrinsky Uyezd was characterized by its relative natural, climatic and economic homogeneity and poorly developed social infrastructure for children. Based on ethno-religious and legal factors, the population of the uyezd was divided into Orthodox Russian former state peasants and Bashkir-Meshcheryak landowners/landless Muslims employed in agriculture. According to the research results, all other factors equal, Muslim religious precepts had a tremendous impact on the survival of children: the difference in infant mortality rates between confessional groups was more than 200 ‰.

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Mironov, Vasily, et Alexander Sorokin. « THE STATE OF GEOLOGICAL EDUCATION AND MINING INDUSTRY AS AN INDICATOR OF THE MAIN VECTORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR AND RUSSIA IN THE 20th CENTURY. » Dans 20th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings SGEM 2020. STEF92 Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020/5.2/s22.110.

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Konchakovskaya, N. B. « Marriage Rates in the Cities of the Perm Governorate at the Turn of the 19th — 20th Centuries ». Dans XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-11.

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The article considers marriage indicators in cities of the Perm governorate. The indicators of absolute marriage rates, average age of marriage, proportion of early marriages and other parameters of this demographic process were determined based on statistics of the Central Statistical Committee and city parish registers. A certain tendency towards a decrease in marriages at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as a slight increase in the age of marriage among women were observed. Marriage rates were influenced by social and economic indicators of urban development, leading to the democratisation of the marriage process. For women, later marriage resulted in an increased choice of life strategy. A significant number of unmarried and single lived in Perm and Ekaterinburg, where many migrants came.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Economic development – Portugal – 20th century"

Perera, Duminda, Vladimir Smakhtin, Spencer Williams, Taylor North et Allen Curry. Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure : An Emerging Global Risk. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/qsyl1281.

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The Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the ageing of large dams –an emerging global development issue as tens of thousands of existing large dams have reached or exceeded an “alert” age threshold of 50 years, and many others will soon approach 100 years. These aged structures incur rapidly rising maintenance needs and costs while simultaneously declining their effectiveness and posing potential threats to human safety and the environment. The Report analyzes large dam construction trends across major geographical regions and primary dam functions, such as water supply, irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and recreation. Analysis of existing global datasets indicates that despite plans in some regions and countries to build more water storage dams, particularly for hydropower generation, there will not be another “dam revolution” to match the scale of the high-intensity dam construction experienced in the early to middle, 20th century. At the same time, many of the large dams constructed then are aging, and hence we are already experiencing a “mass ageing” of water storage infrastructure. The Report further explores the emerging practice of decommissioning ageing dams, which can be removal or re-operation, to address issues of ensuring public safety, escalating maintenance costs, reservoir sedimentation, and restoration of a natural river ecosystem. Decommissioning becomes the option if economic and practical limitations prevent a dam from being upgraded or if its original use has become obsolete. The cost of dam removal is estimated to be an order of magnitude less than that of repairing. The Report also gives an overview of dam decommissioning’s socio-economic impacts, including those on local livelihoods, heritage, property value, recreation, and aesthetics. Notably, the nature of these impacts varies significantly between low- and high-income countries. The Report shows that while dam decommissioning is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is gaining pace in the USA and Europe, where many dams are older. However, it is primarily small dams that have been removed to date, and the decommissioning of large dams is still in its infancy, with only a few known cases in the last decade. A few case studies of ageing and decommissioned large dams illustrate the complexity and length of the process that is often necessary to orchestrate the dam removal safely. Even removing a small dam requires years (often decades), continuous expert and public involvement, and lengthy regulatory reviews. With the mass ageing of dams well underway, it is important to develop a framework of protocols that will guide and accelerate the process of dam removal. Overall, the Report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging water risk. This Report’s primary target audiences are governments and their partners responsible for planning and implementing water infrastructure development and management, emphasizing adaptat

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