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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Economic development – Ireland »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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1

Connolly, M., and M. Murray. "Local authority economic development in Northern Ireland." Local Government Studies 12, no. 5 (1986): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003938608433297.

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Morrissey, Mike, and Frank Gaffikin. "Bringing cheer to a depressed economy — Economic Development in N. Ireland." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 2, no. 1 (1987): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690948708725880.

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In this, the first of two articles, the authors examine the particularly grim problems of the local economy in N. Ireland. They argue that such problems have to be understood in the context of N. Ireland's distinctive politics and administration. Following an assessment of economic development performance in recent decades, they conclude with a critical review of government strategies for the future. In the second article they intend to examine other local suggestions for economic policy, and to outline a “popular” alternative strategy.

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3

O'Connor, John, Mary Fenton, and Almar Barry. "Entrepreneurship Education: Ireland's Solution to Economic Regeneration?" Industry and Higher Education 26, no. 3 (2012): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2012.0097.

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The significance of entrepreneurship has come into sharper focus as enterprise and innovation are being flagged as solutions to regenerate the Irish economy. The Irish Innovation Task Force believes that Ireland could become an ‘innovation hub’, attracting foreign risk capital and international and indigenous entrepreneurs to start and grow companies in Ireland. To realize these ambitions, Ireland needs to create a favourable and stable ecosystem for entrepreneurs through policy, tax, regulation, supply of finance, education and R&D. Irish higher education institutions are being exhorted to play a pivotal role in the development of an enterprise culture through entrepreneurship education (EE) and the production of graduate entrepreneurs. If HEIs are to contribute to Ireland's economic recovery they need to produce graduates capable of applying their knowledge to start and grow their own businesses. Existing paradigms provide an inadequate understanding of the complexities inherent in the provision of entrepreneurship education in Irish HEIs and its role in producing greater numbers of graduate entrepreneurs. There is a need to bridge the credibility gap between government expectations and harsh entrepreneurial realities to determine whether EE is having a positive impact on graduate enterprise development. This paper focuses on EE in Irish higher education and addresses the difficulty of measuring its effectiveness in producing graduate entrepreneurs.

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4

Neill, William J. V. "Optimism versus realism — economic development in N. Ireland." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 2, no. 4 (1988): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690948808725914.

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In contrast to the ambitious popular planning model recently advocated by Gaffikin and Morrissey to deal with N. Ireland's economic problems this article argues for a more pragmatic issue based approach which engages more with the present political realities in the region.

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SOLAR, PETER M. "Shipping and economic development in nineteenth-century Ireland." Economic History Review 59, no. 4 (2006): 717–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00345.x.

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Shaw, John Bradley, and Douglas Hamilton. "Strategy 2010: Planning Economic Development in Northern Ireland." Regional Studies 33, no. 9 (1999): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409950075515.

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Gaffikin, Frank, Malachy McEldowney, Mike Morrissey, and Ken Sterrett. "Northern Ireland: the Development Context." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 16, no. 1 (2001): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940010016985.

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This article provides a con textual framework for the new agenda for development, represented in the economic strategy known as Strategy 2010, and the regional spatial plan known as Shaping Our Future. These are considered in the following two articles. This article begins by setting a perspective on the political economy of Northern Ireland an d follows with an outline of the spatial planning process. In conclusion, it raises the key challenges facing attempts to renew the region.

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Edensor, Tim, and Thomas SJ Smith. "Commemorating economic crisis at a liminal site: Memory, creativity and dissent at Achill Henge, Ireland." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, no. 3 (2019): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775819877189.

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This paper draws on a case study of Achill Henge, County Mayo, Ireland, to examine the interplay between economic crisis, rebel creativity and shifting geographies of commemoration. Built in 2011 in a remote part of the west of Ireland, Achill Henge is a highly contested monument. Unfinished and under perennial threat of demolition, the Stonehenge-like structure was originally conceived as a ‘tomb of the Celtic Tiger’, in reference to Ireland’s ill-fated economic ‘miracle’ of the 1990s and 2000s. This paper examines this economic context before adopting two perspectives. Firstly, drawing on critical ideas about commemoration, we identify how the Henge remembers economic and political failure, materialising a unique site of subaltern memory. Situating it within memorial landscapes in Ireland, we explore how it can serve to critically analyse practices of traditional and contemporary commemoration. Secondly, we examine how its unsanctioned liminality produces a valuable, exemplary site at which numerous unregulated, playful, performative and political practices can be carried out, away from mainstream convention and commercial banality.

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McLoughlin, Emmet, James Hanrahan, Ann Duddy, and Séan Duffy. "European tourism indicator system for sustainable destination management in county Donegal, Ireland." European Journal of Tourism Research 20 (October 1, 2018): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v20i.341.

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Tourism is one of Ireland's most important economic sectors. In 2017, the overall visits to the country have increased by over 10%. However, such growth if not managed correctly can present many challenges to destinations, particularly along Irelands 2500km driving route, the Wild Atlantic Way (WAW). This paper reports on the application of the European Tourism Indicator System for sustainable destination management in County Donegal, Ireland. While significant data was generated on tourism activity at local level, results do suggest that a number of the indicators would need further research going forward. This evidence informed approach to tourism planning can assist Local Authorities in future planning considerations, while also helping to protect the long-term sustainability of the tourism product in County Donegal.

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Szczepaniak, Małgorzata. "THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF IRELAND." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 493 (2017): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.493.05.

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11

Ollerenshaw, Philip, Kieran A. Kennedy, Thomas Giblin, and Deirdre McHugh. "The Economic Development of Ireland in the Twentieth Century." Economic History Review 42, no. 4 (1989): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597123.

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Keating, Paul. "Entrepreneurship and economic development in Ireland: Does culture matter?" World Futures 33, no. 1-3 (1992): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02604027.1992.9972268.

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13

György, Simon. "Ireland’s “economic miracle” and globalisation." Medjunarodni problemi 57, no. 1-2 (2005): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502005s.

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The paper gives a comprehensive picture of fundamental issues connected with the Irish ?economic miracle?, with especial regard to globalisation effect. The analysis of Ireland?s economic development in the period from 1960 to 2003 answers the question why it decelerated, instead of accelerating, for a long time: two decades after the accession to the European Community in 1973 and mainly the enigma, the ?economic miracle? why the rate of growth accelerated in the decade after 1993 to an extent (on annual average to almost 8 percent) similar to that previously observed only in East Asia. The country has not only caught up economically with the European Union, but has approximated the level of development of the United States. The analysis shows that all this can be attributed not only to Ireland?s favourable conditions, but also to an adequate economic policy and foreign direct investment. The author reveals the so-called globalisation effect that in Ireland after 1993 had a decisive role in the extraordinary acceleration of economic growth.

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White, Lynda, Mark Hart, and Stephen Harvey. "Towards internal cohesion?" Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 14, no. 4 (2000): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940008726510.

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Outline This paper focuses on the extent to which EU funding available under the Local Economic Development Measure of the Northern Ireland Single Programme (1994–99) has encouraged local government in Northern Ireland to adopt a new role in local economic development. It also considers whether the implementation of the Measure has effectively addressed its objectives of economic and social cohesion. It discusses the rationale for district council involvement and concludes that the local government structure in Northern Ireland requires adaptation to optimise the impact of the aid on offer.

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15

Kennedy, Liam. "Review: The Economic Development of Ireland in the Twentieth Century." Irish Economic and Social History 17, no. 1 (1990): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248939001700127.

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16

Peterson, Alden, and J. E. Weaver. "The cultural invasions of ireland: Their effects on economic development." International Advances in Economic Research 1, no. 1 (1995): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295864.

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Peterson, Alden, and Gladson I. Nwanna. "The cultural invasions of Ireland: Their effects on economic development." International Advances in Economic Research 1, no. 1 (1995): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295879.

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Rudko, Serhii. "The Status of Northern Ireland after Brexit: Probable Models." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 5, no. 3-4 (2018): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.5.3-4.9-15.

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The article highlights one of the main issues related to the UK's withdrawal from the European Union, Northern Ireland’s new status, in particular, the status of the border between NI and the Republic of Ireland. It has been an ‘apple of discord’ from the first stage and during the last stage of the Brexit negotiations. The future ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ Irish-British border is not a problem in the negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union only, but is also a serious domestic political challenge for Theresa May’s government. The article explains possible models of the future status of Northern Ireland. The most probable solutions are: a ‘reverse Greenland’, a ‘reverse Cyprus’ and a ‘German version’. Following the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, the EU invested heavily in supporting border communities for the development of small business and industry, which improved the economic situation in the area of the former conflict and facilitated border dialogue. However, it led to the fact that many enterprises were oriented towards the EU market or border trade. The article concludes that the ‘reverse Greenland’ model would enable Northern Ireland to remain in the single market and customs union apart from the rest of Great Britain, which would prevent the establishment of a tight boundary between both Irelands. The author outlined the possible implications of the ‘reverse Cyprus’ model, which suggests that the United Kingdom would technically remain a part of the EU, and that the EU’s legislation would be suspended only on its separate parts (that is, Wales and England). The researcher emphasizes that the ‘German version’ could be applied in the case of future reunification of both Irelands, then Northern Ireland would remain a part of the EU until its new status on the referendum have been resolved. The article summarized that no examples above provide a precise analogy, since Brexit is unprecedented event. The most likely models of the Northern Ireland’s future are the ‘reverse Greenland’ and the ‘reverse Cyprus’

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19

Walsh, John. "Language and socio-economic development." Language Problems and Language Planning 30, no. 2 (2006): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.30.2.03wal.

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This paper is about the debate over the role of language and culture in socio-economic development. Drawing on his experience of Ireland, the author examines the rich historical tradition of debate about the positive role which language can play in national development, and suggests a theoretical grounding for those arguments. The elaboration of such a theoretical basis is essential as a counterbalance to powerful and dominant global forces which engage in, as Stephen May puts it, “the denunciation of ethnicity”. Those pursuing these arguments have frequently used a form of economic Darwinism in order to justify the marginalisation or extermination of threatened languages or to oppose multilingualism generally. This paper lays out the foundations of an alternative approach which posits that all languages and cultures, regardless of their status or numerical size, can be integrated into processes of socio-economic development, and that none is inherently anti-development. It is hoped that the arguments presented here will also stimulate debate about the nature of the concept of development itself, and facilitate closer integration of the often distinct disciplines of language planning and policy and socio-economic development.

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20

Malesevic, Krstan. "Irish "economic miracle" and the experiences of rural development." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 116-117 (2004): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0417179m.

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For the 1st fifteen years or so there has been an intensive talk about the Irish "economic miracle". Since Irish economy has experienced a highest degree of sustained growth among the EU states in this very period, this observation is an accurate one. The average GDP in this period has constantly been above five percent. The national income per capita rose dramatically to 2700 Euro and is the highest in the EU. The rate of employment is permanently on the increase while (qualified) working force is becoming imported as well. In a very short period of time Ireland has achieved not only an impressive level of economic development, but has also experienced a radical social transformation. From predominantly agrarian and traditionally emigrant country, Ireland had rapidly become a highly developed (post)industrial immigrant society. There is no doubt that the adequate strategy and the politics of rural development had an important role to play in achieving these remarkable results. Regardless of how much this development is conditioned and influenced by the rural development policies of the EU, Irish model still has many authentic features. This paper explores the possibilities of using some of these experiences from the Irish developmental strategies in the context of an integral rural development of Serbia in the period of transition.

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21

Matykowski, Roman, and Alicja Andrzejewska. "Polish economic migrants in Ireland, 2004-2007." Geographia Polonica 85, no. 1 (2012): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.2012.1.3.

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22

BAILEY, CRAIG. "Micro-credit, misappropriation and morality: British responses to Irish distress, 1822–1831." Continuity and Change 21, no. 3 (2006): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416006006047.

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This article charts the vicissitudes of an economic experiment that aimed to eradicate distress in early-nineteenth-century Ireland. The London Committee for Irish Relief was formed in 1822 and was the first large-scale, charitable response in Britain to famine conditions in Ireland. The Committee believed that poverty was the cause rather than the effect of ‘the Irish problem’ and tried to initiate change by providing the poor with financial resources. Despite some initial successes, allegations over misappropriation of funds created a climate of distrust about the Committee's policies. These allegations mounted over the decade, and when Ireland once again faced extreme distress, in 1831, they caused a rift in London's charitable circles, producing two organizations: the Irish Distress Committee, which argued that poverty was the causal factor, and the Western Committee for Irish Relief, which identified Catholicism as the source of Ireland's problems. This division reflected a more general loss of confidence in plans to solve Ireland's endemic poverty through the promotion of economic activity. These events coincided with hardening attitudes towards Catholics and the poor throughout the British Isles and played an important role in the development of policies on Irish relief in the nineteenth century.

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Keane, M. J., B. Griffith, and J. W. Dunn. "Regional Development and Language Maintenance." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 3 (1993): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250399.

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The maintenance of cultural areas is inextricably connected to their ability to survive in economic terms. There is, however, an uneasy relationship between culture and economic development. In this paper, this relationship in an Irish-language-speaking region in the west of Ireland is examined. A model is used to relate measures of language health in census areas to socioeconomic variables and location differences. Some policy and planning issues are discussed in the light of the regression results.

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Leonard, Liam. "Contesting the Irish Countryside: Rural Sentiment, Public Space, and Identity." Nature and Culture 4, no. 2 (2009): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2009.040202.

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This article examines the nature and trajectory of various conservationist campaigns in Ireland that have focused on the integrity of the landscape and the protection of public space. “Issue histories” of disputes over Ireland's natural and built heritage such as protests at the historic Viking site at Woodquay in Dublin and at the ancient site of the High Kings at Tara are used to show how conservation advocacy is part of a much wider movement that contests dominant notions of development. This paper conceptualizes “rural sentiment” as a reflexive form of conservation, which has shaped many heritage campaigns in a changing Ireland where rapid economic growth and unchecked property development have threatened the integrity of many rural and urban environments.

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Antonios, Adamopoulos. "Credit Market Development and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Ireland." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XIII, Issue 4 (2010): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/296.

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Adamopoulos, Antonios. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: A Revised Empirical Study for Ireland." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XVI, Issue 2 (2013): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/386.

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CAMPBELL, BRUCE M. S. "Benchmarking medieval economic development: England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, c.12901." Economic History Review 61, no. 4 (2008): 896–945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00407.x.

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Brownlow, Graham, and Esmond Birnie. "Rebalancing and Regional Economic Performance: Northern Ireland in A Nordic Mirror." Economic Affairs 38, no. 1 (2018): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12267.

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Fraser, Alistair. "‘Nothing Less than its Eradication'? Ireland'S Hunger Task Force and the Production of Hunger." Human Geography 4, no. 3 (2011): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861100400303.

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A wide range of actors have intervened in the debate about the causes of hunger and what can be done to eradicate it. One example is a 2008 report by the Hunger Task Force, a group of development experts mandated by the Irish government to explain the root causes of hunger and identify ways for Ireland to play a leading role in eradicating it. In this paper, I present a critical review of what the HTF report says about the causes of hunger. I argue the report fails to live up to its aim of commemorating those who died in the Irish Famine in the 1840s because it refuses to consider the role of the corporate food regime in the production of hunger. Further, I position the report's flaws relative to Ireland by asking how the report balances Ireland's drive to eradicate hunger against its political and economic interests. I pay particular attention to Ireland's diplomatic proximity to the United States and to the emerging corporate foodscape within Ireland; both considerations shed light on Ireland's place within the structures and mechanisms that produce hunger in the contemporary period.

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STEAD, DAVID R. "Economic Change in South-West Ireland, 1960–2009." Rural History 22, no. 1 (2011): 115–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793310000166.

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AbstractThis article reflects on the striking economic changes recently experienced in a part of peripheral south-west rural Ireland. In 1960, west Cork's economy was largely dependent on low-productivity agriculture and was undergoing long term decline. Unexpectedly the region began to be revitalised from the turn of the 1990s, reflected in a rapid reversal of chronic depopulation and growth of employment in the service sector. Important to this process was the area's ability to capitalise on several familiar national and global socioeconomic changes, including the ‘Celtic tiger’ macroeconomic boom and the rise of counter-urbanisation and rural-urban commuting. A pioneering regional brand network has been one notable local initiative. However west Cork's historic east/west division in affluence persists, and the adverse impacts of the national economic downturn during 2007–9 highlight that the fortunes of the area are somewhat fragile and still linked to those of the macroeconomy.

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Fahey, Tony. "Housework, the Household Economy and Economic Development in Ireland since the 1920s." Irish Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (1992): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160359200200103.

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This paper proposes a concept of the household economy which incorporates housework as a productive activity, and on the basis of that concept re-examines the thesis that the household economy declines during economic development. It looks in particular at Irish evidence for the period 1926–86, as well as at secondary evidence for international trends. The analysis suggests that, although certain segments of the household economy have declined, the services production element identified with modern housework remains a major user of labour and source of output and shows surprising durability as an economic form in the midst of major changes in the surrounding economic environment. The paper concludes with some general observations on the relationship between economic growth and changes in the pattern of productive activity in the household in Ireland in recent decades.

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Kelly, Ruth, Lorcan Sirr, and John Ratcliffe. "Futures thinking to achieve sustainable development at local level in Ireland." Foresight 6, no. 2 (2004): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636680410537547.

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We are living in times of unprecedented global change and upheaval and over the next ten to 20 years governments, organisations and individuals will face increasing difficulties in an environment of growing complexity, heightened uncertainty and a quickening pace of change. The concept of sustainable development implies the reconciliation of long‐term socio‐economic development, environmental protection and quality of life; essentially it is concerned with the future. Unfortunately, the potential for linking “futures thinking” to debates about sustainable development at local and regional government levels is relatively undeveloped, particularly in Ireland. Responding to this challenge, The Futures Academy at Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland, was established in January 2003 to provide both a research and consultancy forum for future‐proofing policies and strategies using the “prospective through scenarios” methodology. This paper describes the evolution of sustainable development in Ireland and the generic field of futures thinking, with particular focus on the prospective process which may assist key local policy makers and stakeholders move towards sustainable development for future generations in Ireland.

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O’Leary, Eoin. "Planning Ireland to 2040: How to address our economic development policy weaknesses." Administration 66, no. 1 (2018): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2018-0010.

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CAMPBELL, BRUCE M. S. "Corrigendum: Benchmarking medieval economic development: England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland,c.1290." Economic History Review 61, no. 4 (2008): 946–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00446.x.

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Maguire, Kelly, and Emmet McLoughlin. "An evidence informed approach to planning for event management in Ireland." Journal of Place Management and Development 13, no. 1 (2019): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-06-2019-0041.

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Purpose Events are a significant component of Ireland’s tourism offering. They are an important source of economic activity and an incremental driver of social change and development throughout the country. However, the visual and physical impacts often created by event activities to the environmental and social resource base upon which, events depend, have begun to draw attention to the way events are planned and managed. Although the concept of sustainability has become the topic of much discussion and debate in event management literature, there exist many gaps in relation to its practical application in event management planning in Ireland. This is despite the statutory obligation of local authorities in Ireland to license events and to facilitate the process of planning for large-scale outdoor public events in Ireland. Yet, with the continued expansion of Ireland’s event industry, there is a fundamental need for an evidence-informed approach to planning for event management. Through the application of the European tourism indicator system (ETIS), the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of the national event industry in Ireland could be secured. This paper aims to examine and discuss the application of the ETIS as a possible tool to facilitate greater levels of sustainability and accountability within the events industry in Ireland. Design/methodology/approach This study used a quantitative content analysis approach involving a complete population sample of local authorities in the Republic of Ireland to determine the application of the ETIS within the legal process of planning for event management in Ireland. Findings While the findings have identified a basic provision for event management within a number of local authority legally required County Development Plans, none, however, were using the ETIS to monitor the impacts of events at the local level. This lack of data collection and benchmarking highlights the need for greater levels of sustainability and accountability within the legal process of planning for event management in Ireland. Originality/value This study suggests the ETIS as an easy, cost effective and viable solution to facilitate an evidence-informed approach to planning for event management at the local level. However, the lessons learned from this study may also have implications for destination planners and event managers outside of Ireland.

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Lawton, Philip. "Uneven development, suburban futures and the urban region: The case of an Irish ‘sustainable new town’." European Urban and Regional Studies 25, no. 2 (2017): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776417694679.

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This paper seeks to situate narratives of sustainable urban development within the wider context of political economic urban transformations shaping urban city regions. In drawing upon the development of a master-planned sustainable development called Adamstown, situated on the outskirts of Dublin, Ireland, the paper will unpack the relationship between ideals of urban and suburban sustainability within the context of Ireland’s recent economic boom and bust, along with its repackaging via national and international actors. The paper demonstrates the shortcomings of the ideal of sustainability in the context of neoliberal urban development dominated by private actors, and facilitated by state-led governance mechanisms. It argues that while the official invocation of urban sustainable communities attempts to highlight them as ‘different’ and ‘unique’, they remain inextricably intertwined with wider urban regional processes, which are themselves becoming increasingly internationalized in terms of reality.

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Halvorsen, Knut. "Economic, Financial, and Political Crisis and Well-Being in the PIGS-Countries." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (2016): 215824401667519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016675198.

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The research question in this article is threefold: To which degree is the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent recession associated with reduced well-being among people in the four hardest affected EURO countries? Are individual factors associated with reduced well-being the same in these countries? and Are lower socioeconomic groups more severely hit than the better off?. Data before the crisis are compared with data in 2013/2014 (EU-SILC [European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions] survey 2013) for Greece, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. Finland is used as a reference category. Before control of individual characteristics, regressions demonstrate a small and mostly significant fall in average satisfaction with life in these countries, Portugal being an exception. According to the theory of capability and actual economic and political development, it was hypothesized that Greece—being the worst case in terms of economic development—may experience the greatest fall in life satisfaction. This hypothesis is not supported by the data. In fact, the strongest decline was found in Ireland. In particular, lack of political trust stands in Greece out as having an impact, while poor health is related to Ireland and unemployment to Portugal and Spain. Greatest socioeconomic inequality in life satisfaction was found in Portugal.

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Abdulhasan Ali, Basma, and Sabah Atallah Diyaiy. "Violence in Martin McDonagh's The Pillowman." Al-Adab Journal 2, no. 136 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i136.1279.

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The 1990s have been of utmost importance for Ireland and the Irish as this decade is characterised by a great diversity of problems: economic problems, unemployment and migration which came as a result of these problems, racial harassment experienced abroad, psychological problems, the Troubles whose serious impact was felt not only in Northern Ireland but also in the Republic of Ireland, which emerged as a consequence of the conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants because of the political status of Northern Ireland and which began at the end of the 1960s and ended in 1998 with Belfast Agreement; self-centeredness emerging as a repercussion of the Celtic Tiger period which was witnessed between 1995 and 2000 and which means economic development in Ireland, and, lastly, the problem of violence. Martin McDonagh, an Anglo-Irish playwright represents these problems emphasising the problem of violence encountered in this decade in a satirical but grotesque way particularly in The Pillowman.

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Freeman, T. W., and Desmond A. Gillmor. "Economic Activities in the Republic of Ireland: A Geographical Perspective." Geographical Journal 152, no. 2 (1986): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/634770.

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TEAGUE, PAUL. "Governance Structures and Economic Performance: The Case of Northern Ireland." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 18, no. 2 (1994): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1994.tb00266.x.

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Walsh, James A. "Visions and plans for regional development in Ireland." Administration 67, no. 3 (2019): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2019-0019.

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AbstractThe evolution of spatial planning in Ireland, and more widely, has been a complex process in which many narratives have been explored at different times. In 2018 the government published the National Planning Framework (NPF) to guide and support the achievement of a challenging and potentially transformative development strategy for Ireland 2040. The NPF is grounded in a vision that sets out to be disruptive of what has become embedded as the status quo in political, administrative and planning decision-making. While it is a very innovative addition to the portfolio of government policies and strategies, it is not the first time that radical visions have been proposed. This paper reviews previous visions and plans for regional development that have been proposed over the last seventy-five years, and critically compares and contrasts the approaches represented by the National Spatial Strategy (2002–20) and the NPF (2018–40), including the subsequent draft regional spatial and economic strategies. The implications of the population projections and the proposed settlement patterns for the achievement of the NPF objective of effective regional development, which is expressed as a regional parity target, are closely examined.

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Groutel, Anne. "American Janus-Faced Economic Diplomacy Towards Ireland in the Mid-1950s." Irish Economic and Social History 43, no. 1 (2016): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0332489316661066.

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The central role attributed to Seán Lemass and T. K. Whitaker in the transition of the Irish economy from protectionism to a free market economy has recently been questioned. In fact, it is more likely that a set of factors and influences combined led to the eventual opening up of the Irish economy. In the same vein, this article reveals that the American authorities, at the request of William Norton, assisted Ireland in setting up the campaign to attract foreign direct investment in 1955–56, providing detailed guidance and much-needed advice to an inexperienced industrial development authority. Despite Dublin’s best endeavours, American investors did not initially rush to Ireland. This article explores some of the reasons that may have held back American investors.

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Gaffikin, Frank, and Mike Morrissey. "The Other Crisis." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 16, no. 1 (2001): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940010016958.

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This article critically reviews the most recent economic development strategy for Northern Ireland, Strategy 2010. It is discussed within the con text of more general approaches to region al development and in terms of questioning whether it is adequate to address the key structural weaknesses of the local economy. The judgement is that it represents a superior approach to previous economic development strategies, but remains weak in integrating social inclusion objectives into the economic development process, underestimates the potential for developing economic relationships with the Irish Republic and fails to acknowledge that community division remains a barrier to successful development.

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Chartres, J. A., T. M. Devine, and David Dickson. "Ireland and Scotland, 1600-1850: Parallels and Contrasts in Economic and Social Development." Economic History Review 38, no. 2 (1985): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597154.

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Scott, Mike, Mark Timoney, Jill Mairs, et al. "Safe Therapeutic Economic Pharmaceutical Selection (STEPS): development, introduction and use in Northern Ireland." Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8, sup1 (2007): S57—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.8.s1.s57.

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Cabras, Ignazio, and Matthew Mount. "Economic Development, Entrepreneurial Embeddedness and Resilience: The Case of Pubs in Rural Ireland." European Planning Studies 24, no. 2 (2015): 254–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1074163.

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Knox, Colin, and Paul Carmichael. "Making Progress in Northern Ireland? Evidence from Recent Elections." Government and Opposition 33, no. 3 (1998): 372–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1998.tb00457.x.

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THE ELECTION OF 582 COUNCILLORS TO NORTHERN IRELAND'S 26 local authorities on 21 May 1997 was eclipsed, to a large extent, by the media focus on the General Election earlier that month (1 May). That little attention is paid to the only elected forum with executive powers in Northern Ireland is neither new nor surprising. Councils in the province have relatively few functional responsibilities, confined principally to the delivery of regulatory services (street cleaning, refuse collection, leisure and tourism and a limited role in economic development); representation on area boards which deliver major services such as education; and a consultative role in relation to planning, roads, water and housing which are delivered through ‘Next Steps’ agencies or similar arm's-length organizations. This minor role is reflected in the level of council budgets. In 1997/98, the estimated net expenditure for local government in Northern Ireland amounts to £230 million, approximately three per cent of identifiable public expenditure.

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O'Connor, Tom. "The structural failure of Irish economic development and employment policy." Volume 2 Issue 1 (2010) 2, no. 1 (2010): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/ijpp.2.1.3.

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This article takes the Irish recession since 2008 and the need to introduce radically new employment polices as its ultimate goal. However, in arriving at these in the last section of the article, there is a need to first trace the historical development of economic development and employment policy. This is necessary to test whether current responses to unemployment, which are typically neo-liberal and serve specific ideologies and sectional interests in Irish society, have been continuous since independence; and to identify where breaks may have occurred and where continuities remain. Running through this, critical questions relate to whose interests have been served by dominant economic policy from independence to the present day. In learning lessons from this process, we can then come to conclusions as to what policy prescriptions are needed to reduce unemployment and put Ireland on a more state responsive, fairer and sustainable economic development and employment policy path from 2010 onwards.

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BARCLAY, KATIE. "Farmwives, Domesticity and Work in Late Nineteenth-Century Ireland." Rural History 24, no. 2 (2013): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793313000058.

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Abstract:Despite the growing significance of the ideology of domesticity and changing farming practices, late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Irish farmwives continued to have an active economic role on the farm. The continuation of their economic role reflected wider cultural beliefs that saw work as central to claims to property ownership, reinforced by the growth in the language of economic and political rights during the nineteenth century, which shaped how men and women understood work, ownership and personal rights.

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Ó Cinnéide, Micheál S., and Michael J. Keane. "Applying strategic planning to local economic development: the case of the Connemara Gaeltacht, Ireland." Town Planning Review 61, no. 4 (1990): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.61.4.aj327n8332l13075.

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