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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Economic development – Europe, Western »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Economic development – Europe, Western"

Keating, Michael. « Local government and economic development in Western Europe ». Entrepreneurship & ; Regional Development 1, n^o 3 (janvier 1989) : 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985628900000026.

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Gwiazda, Adam. « Economic emigration from Poland to Western Europe ». MOCT-MOST Economic Policy in Transitional Economies 2, n^o 3 (1992) : 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01101443.

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Jackson, P. Alan. « OXFORD REGIONAL ECONOMIC ATLAS OF WESTERN EUROPE ». New Zealand Journal of Geography 54, n^o 1 (15 mai 2008) : 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1973.tb00518.x.

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Kozarević, Emira, Nedžad Polić et Amela Perić. « Financial system development progress in Western Balkans ». Banks and Bank Systems 12, n^o 2 (23 juin 2017) : 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(2).2017.01.

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Financial system supports economic growth, while its regulatory framework provides stability for investors. Develo-ping countries with bank-oriented financial systems are not attractive to investors, so prolonged status quo leads to economic deterioration. This is particularly the case with some of the most underdeveloped areas in Europe: Western Balkans. It is essential the developing countries in this region consider steps towards financial liberalization, which will help open the borders for capital flows and attract new investments. The main goal of this paper is to review and present the available information related to the banking system development in Western Balkans in terms of ownership structure, capital adequacy, loan and asset performance, return on investment and liquidity. These indicators should provide a clearer picture of the current financial systems in Western Balkans economies and their development progress – useful for comparison with other developing regions and financial transformation and liberalization efforts.

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Rubaeva, L. M., et A. A. Datieva. « ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION IN WESTERN EUROPE ». Vestnik Universiteta, n^o 1 (25 février 2021) : 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-1-106-110.

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The article considers the issue of achieving the most stable socio-economic situation in the countries of Western Europe. The paper highlights socio-economic factors that characterize states with a developed economic system. The authors make a comparative analysis of the macroeconomic indicators of countries with a developed socio-economic situation: Germany, France and the United Kingdom. The study notes the relationship between the sectors of the economy that have allowed developed countries to achieve the greatest results at present time. Based on the study, the authors identify the main provisions that stimulate the economic and social development of the considered states.

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Paunović, Sanja, et Rajko Kosanović. « Further milestones in the economic development of south-eastern Europe ». SEER 22, n^o 1 (2019) : 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2019-1-33.

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This article updates the authors’ previous analysis of the economic position facing western Balkans countries. It analyses development between 2008 and 2018 in five countries from the region - Serbia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; North Macedonia; and Albania - and contrasts this with the three newest EU member states - Bulgaria; Romania; and Croatia. Its argumentation is based on the following parameters: GDP growth; GDP per capita; GDP at purchasing power parity; the share of investment in GDP; average monthly net wages; average monthly gross wages; inflation; the share of foreign and public debt share as a percentage of GDP; and balance of payments. In 2018, economic growth in the western Balkans reached 3.8 per cent, supported by increased public spending and, in Albania and North Macedonia, also by a rise in net exports. According to World Bank projections, western Balkans economies are projected to continue to expand in 2019-20, but this stable outlook is vulnerable and subject to risks, including not least the migration of well-educated and highly-skilled young people.

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McCarthy, Linda. « European Economic Integration and Urban Inequalities in Western Europe ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 32, n^o 3 (mars 2000) : 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3189.

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Recent processes of European integration have influenced profoundly the fortunes of cities across Western Europe. Although some cities have benefited, others have been impacted adversely. Income inequalities result from economic growth differentials occurring between different cities over time. The theoretical literature differs on whether increased integration promotes or reduces income disparities. The European Union (EU) assumes that rising inequalities will impair EU growth and lead to even greater disparities. Empirical analysis has concentrated on the EU-defined regions because of problems of urban data availability and comparability. Using regional data, I identified that the overall level of inequalities changed little for the metropolitan regions between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Urban disparities were cyclical—decreasing during strong EU growth and increasing in slower growth years. Factors outside direct local government control, including relative location within Europe, reinforced the traditional strong-core—weak-periphery spatial pattern of development. I argue that additional factors specific to cities, such as limited EU urban policy and funding, contributed to overall higher and more sharply rising inequalities since the late 1980s for cities compared with regions. The positive linear relationship between levels of national income and urban disparities has implications for economic polarization within richer member states and for EU efforts to reduce inequalities by raising the level of development in poorer countries.

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Haraldsen, Tone, et L. Ahnstrom. « Economic Growth, Stagnation and the Working Population in Western Europe ». Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 73, n^o 2 (1991) : 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/490985.

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Webber, Douglas, Martin Rhodes, J. J. Richardson et Jeremy Moon. « Information technology and economic recovery in Western Europe ». Policy Sciences 19, n^o 3 (octobre 1986) : 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00141653.

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Bowler, Ian. « Endogenous Agricultural Development in Western Europe ». Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 90, n^o 3 (août 1999) : 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00068.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Economic development – Europe, Western"

KISER, EDGAR VANCE. « KINGS AND CLASSES : CROWN AUTONOMY, STATE POLICIES, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISMS (ENGLAND, FRANCE, SWEDEN, SPAIN) ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184073.

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This dissertation explores the role of Absolutist states in the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Western Europe. Three general questions are addressed: (1) what are the determinants of variations in the autonomy of rulers? (2) what are the consequences of variations in autonomy for states policies? and (3) what are the effects of various state policies on economic development? A new theoretical framework, based on a synthesis of the neoclassical economic literature on principal-agent relations and current organizational theory in sociology, is developed to answer these three questions. Case studies of Absolutism in England, France, Sweden, and Spain are used to illustrate the explanatory power of the theory.

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Beckfield, Jason. « The consequences of regional political and economic integration for inequality and the welfare state in Western Europe ». [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3183488.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2005.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3111. Adviser: Arthur S. Alderson. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).

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Missfeldt, Fanny. « Strategic aspects of nuclear safety in Eastern and Western Europe ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297778.

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AAGAARD, Anders Juhl. « Family formation and stability in western welfare states since 1960 : the influence of family and housing policy ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/68455.

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Defence Date: 29 September 2020 (Online)
Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, (EUI); Prof. Dr. Anton Hemerijck, (EUI); Prof. Dr. Melinda Mills, (University of Oxford); Prof. Dr. Jon Kvist, (Roskilde University)
This thesis explains differences in changes to family formation and stability in France, Norway, the FRG and the GDR based changes to family- and housing policy. Focus is on developments from the 1960s to the early 2000s. Previous research has focused on more recent developments from the 1980s onwards. A new conceptualization of family policy is introduced that enables a distinction between policy that alleviate the care giving role of mothers (de-familialization) and policies that intervene more directly in the caring responsibility within the family, aiming for a more equal share of childcare between women and men (de-genderization). Findings show that higher educated women are more likely of entry into marriage, when family policy provides more de-familalization (France, GDR) or de-genderization (Norway). But higher educated women are less likely of entry into marriage in the FRG where family policy remained conservative, forcing these women to choose between family and career. In the FRG where family policy remained conservative, with low support for female employment, married women with low levels of education became more likely of entry into divorce. A difference between women with different educational levels is not observed where family policy has included more de-familialziaiton and de-genderization. Findings for changes to housing policy are less convincing. Soft deregulation of rent control and tenure security has a positive effect on entry into consensual union in all countries, making a two person income household better equipped to cover the cost of rent increases that this change introduced. But results for the influence of support for home-ownership show little effect on entry into a marriage and divorce in all four countries. This may be because the full effect has not manifested itself yet. Extending the time period of analysis may provide more insights on the influence of these changes.

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Limonta, Marina <1993&gt. « REGIONAL DIVERGENCES IN WESTERN EUROPE. SKILL CONVERGENCE AND REGIONAL RESPONSES TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15300.

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The first section of the thesis provides a sequence of theories and models by regional economics come over the last fifty years. Locational theory, regional growth and local development theories, give us understanding to the role of “space”, that is included as an economic resource of the “territory” in which firms are situated and generate advantages. By the patent distribution analysis, it is evident that agglomeration economies are leading city regions through an exponential growth due to positive externalities, and it is causing an opposite direction for the less favoured regions which carried problems such as missing knowledge, income inequalities, less incentives to growth and networking. Evidences agreed that inequality among European Union’s regions has turned considerably up at the early 2000, after having fallen in the 1990s from the previously high-level period. The less favoured regions, such as small and medium-sized manufacturing cities and regions, have suffered employment and income. On the other hand, the more favoured regions, large metropolitan areas, are now up to the positive wave of good income and employment. Since the 2000s, complex technology has an important role in urban agglomeration, but does not take the place of some (tacit) knowledge embodied in social network. This concept explains the role of human capital, which due to complex economic and consequently growth economic. The second part of the thesis provides an empirical analysis concerning the differential evolution of skills migration by unit of metropolitan statistical area (MSA), which is ranked by high-skill workers over low-skill workers, in the period of time 2000-2010. The empirical study is inspired by a different in differences analysis by Giannone (2017). The analysis shows that both the relative price and supply of skill increased since 1980, suggesting an increase in relative demand for educated workers. The literature named Skill-Biased Technical Change (SBTC) this shift in demand, and researchers explain how SBTC led to rise in earning inequalities. These tendencies of development in favours geographical concentration of the best jobs and high skills, have confirmed the divergence through EU regions. On one side, metropolitan regions are the fundamental motors of European’s overall prosper. By the other side, periphery regions are on their way of declining prosperity and lack of real opportunity, which is not only economically inefficient, but also socially and politically dangerous. The third section of the thesis look at the “Great Divergence” (Moretti, 2012) in a way to observe the agglomeration and SBTC effects which leads to a spatial wage convergence decreased. Many cities and regions across Europe’s economic peripheries have been stuck in a low- development trap. As few researchers questioned, does it mean that policy should react and focus on equity instead of agglomeration? According to Rodríguez-Pose (2017), weak institutions and poor-quality government are crucial obstacle to development. Instead, the capability to generate prosperity and maximizing the territorial potential to generate and share positive externalities, is an attitude which differs trough regions and, even more, countries. Place-sensitive distributed development policies (PSDDP) refer to an innovative development policy approach which remain sensitive to the characteristics, features and conditions of every territory. Different development regions require different policy approaches.The study case takes into observation Italy, with focus on North/South regions behaviour, and Germany in a wide sense and with refer to later developed German Democratic Republic regions.To better understand the migration of high skill since their initial skill ratio, it is investigated which role institutions have in the process, especially in education system, with a focus on Italian central unit system and German autonomous regional system.

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Connolly, Richard M. « Economic structure and social order development in Post-Socialist Europe ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1065/.

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This study examines the role of economic structure in explaining the different trajectories of social order development across the post-socialist region. Social orders are shown to differ according to the extent to which competitive tendencies contained within them – economic, political, social and cultural – are resolved according to open, rule-based processes. Social orders are also assumed to exhibit a ‘double balance’ between political and economic systems in which political systems will tend to reflect the prevailing economic system within a society. The focus of this dissertation is placed on tracing which economic conditions facilitate increased levels of political competition. Principally, it will test the hypothesis that the nature of a country’s ties with the international economy, and the level of competition within a country’s economic system, will shape the nature of political competition within that society. After several decades of relative ‘bloc autarky’, the ongoing process of reintegration across the post-socialist region has resulted in varying patterns of interaction with the international economy. This study will focus primarily on the links with the international economy that are formed through export sectors.

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Hart, Sally. « The pattern-welded sword as an indicator of socio-economic change in western Europe : AD200-1000 / ». Title page, contents and introduction only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arh3261.pdf.

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Unsal, Hizir Tenguz. « A comparison of the consumer product development process between Turkey and Western Europe ». Thesis, Northumbria University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325764.

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Pugh, Michael C. « Limited Sovereignty and Economic Security : Survival in Southeast Europe ». University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4190.

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This paper focuses on why shared sovereignty in general has been problematic and why the political economy of liberal peace has had limited impacts on poverty and the role of crime in Southeast Europe. The analysis begins with shared sovereignty and its relevance to economic development. The paper then outlines the discouraging economic situation evidenced by documentation and fieldwork. I then ask the question `how do people cope?¿, and try to answer this with reference to the labour market and the non-observable economy. The argument is that economy of survival has been both a negotiation with, and resistance to, economic policies introduced from outside. Finally, the paper contemplates political economy approaches that emphasise production and employment creation.

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Johnson, Kevin. « Subnational economic development in federal systems : the case of Western Australia ». University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0014.

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[Truncated abstract] The objectives of this study are threefold: Firstly, to consider the relevance (to subnational state development) and adaptability (to globalisation) of federalism from a Western Australian perspective. Secondly, to consider the way in which various State Governments in Western Australia have implemented economic development policies to benefit from the global political economy. Finally, it proposes alternative mechanisms for guiding long-term economic development policy decision-making in Western Australia. This final objective is addressed in light of the findings of the first two. It is recognised that incremental changes are possible in full knowledge of the embedded nature of the policy-making process in Western Australia . . . In the case of Western Australia, subnational autonomy does not herald the end of the nationstate so much as a new stage in globalisation. In terms of how the Western Australian State Government attracts capital and labour investment, its history as an independent colony and its physical isolation from the other colonies have created the initial conditions that frame the policy-making process, which includes a set of drivers influencing the decisions that are made by State agents. Overall, the State Government continues to reinforce the State’s role as a peripheral resource supplier to the national and global political economy. Within this context, however, alternative strategies can be proposed that may contribute to the long-term sustainable development of the State’s economy.

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Livres sur le sujet "Economic development – Europe, Western"

M, Williams Allan, et Shaw Gareth, dir. Tourism and economic development : Western European experiences. London : Belhaven Press, 1988.

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1924-, Coats A. W., dir. The development of economics in Western Europe since 1945. London : Routledge, 1999.

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1958-, Vickers John, et Wright Vincent, dir. The Politics of privatisation in Western Europe. London : F. Cass, 1989.

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The Western European economy : A geography of post-war development. Totowa, N.J : Barnes & Noble, 1987.

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Dennis, Hay, dir. Urban problems in Western Europe : An economic analysis. London : Unwin Hyman, 1989.

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Jean, Batou, et Szlajfer Henryk, dir. Western Europe, Eastern Europe and world development, 13th-18th centuries : Collection of essays of Marian Małowist. Leiden : Brill, 2010.

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Williams, Allan M. The Western European economy : A geography of post-war development. London : Hutchinson Education, 1987.

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Archer, Clive. Organizing Western Europe. London : E. Arnold, 1990.

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University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for International Education and Research in Accounting., dir. The Recent accounting and economic developments in Western Europe. [Urbana, Ill.] : Center for International Education and Research in Accounting, Dept. of Accountancy, 1985.

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University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for International Education and Research in Accounting., dir. The recent accounting and economic developments in Western Europe. Urbana, Ill : Center for International Education and Research in Accounting, University of Illinois, 1985.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Economic development – Europe, Western"

Kubicek, Paul. « Political and economic development in Western and Eastern Europe ». Dans European Politics, 29–70. Second edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; : Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315616919-2.

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Kubicek, Paul. « Political and economic development in Western and Eastern Europe ». Dans European Politics, 27–68. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. : Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003028758-2.

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Andriotis, Konstantinos, et Carla Pinto Cardoso. « Introduction. » Dans Tourism planning and development in Western Europe, 1–7. Wallingford : CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620797.intr.

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Abstract This introduction first presents an overview of the tourism situation in Western Europe, highlighting some key economic tourism and travel statistics for each Western European country. It then introduces the chapters in this book that provides a thorough analysis of the nature of tourism development and planning in Western European countries.

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Stylidis, Dimitrios. « Conclusion. » Dans Tourism planning and development in Western Europe, 142–45. Wallingford : CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620797.conc.

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Abstract This concluding chapter reviews the previous chapters and outlines the main reasons that have made planning and policy essential to tourism development and planning in Western Europe. The main conclusion drawn is that sustained growth will be instrumental in supporting the economic recovery of many Western European countries following the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter also provides directions for future research.

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Artobolevskiy, Sergey. « Western Europe and Russia : Transport Connections and Socio-economic Development ». Dans Prospects and Risks Beyond EU Enlargement, 217–34. Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-97591-1_8.

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Domínguez-Quintero, Ana M., et Sonia Ancio Alcón. « Industrial tourism in Seville, Spain. » Dans Tourism planning and development in Western Europe, 51–64. Wallingford : CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620797.0004.

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Abstract This chapter analyses industrial tourism in the province of Seville, Spain. The chapter aims to advance deeper into the conceptual knowledge regarding what industrial tourism actually is and what is understood by this type of cultural tourism. It also analyses the perception that operational companies in the province of Seville that carry out this activity hold of the benefits and costs that this entails. Finally, the chapter examines, through a case study, the benefits that visits to historical heritage can bring for the economic and social environment of the destination in which this takes place.

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Vergori, Anna Serena. « Foreign tourists reaching Italy : transport mode choice and seasonality. » Dans Tourism planning and development in Western Europe, 20–31. Wallingford : CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620797.0002.

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Abstract This chapter analyses data concerning international tourism in Italy from January 1997 to December 2019. It confirms that the mode of transport chosen to reach a tourist destination plays a role in determining the seasonal pattern of tourism demand, widening the list of possible seasonality causes. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has temporarily reduced international tourism, the results of the analysis suggest that the tourism sector can play a crucial role in the recovery of the Italian economy, especially if the relationship with transport systems is adequately considered.

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Schulmeister, Stephan. « The Road from Prosperity into the Crisis : The Long Cycle of Post-War Economic, Social and Political Development ». Dans Financial Crisis Management and Democracy, 11–53. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_2.

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AbstractThis chapter provides an empirically founded reconstruction of the long road of (Western) societies into the present crisis as a background for the different studies carried out as part of the Jean Monnet Network “Crisis–Equity–Democracy for Europe and Latin America”.

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Urinboyev, Rustamjon, et Sherzod Eraliev. « Russian and Turkish Migration Regimes in a Comparative Perspective ». Dans The Political Economy of Non-Western Migration Regimes, 33–50. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99256-9_2.

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AbstractGlobal political developments, economic growth and trade liberalization since the 1980s have changed the political and economic landscapes of most regions in the world. First, the collapse of the Soviet Union (and the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe) lead to the movement of large segments of populations. For example, the dissolution of the Soviet Union alone left tens of millions of people divided into several countries.

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Balisacan, Arsenio M. « Competition, Antitrust, and Agricultural Development in Asia ». Dans Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 357–73. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_26.

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AbstractCompetition law—also known as antitrust in some jurisdictions—has become part of governments’ policy arsenal to achieve efficient and welfare-improving market outcomes. From only a handful of economies in North America and Europe, the adoption of competition law and policy has spread rapidly to Asian economies since 1990. Like their Western counterparts several decades earlier, most Asian jurisdictions have exempted agriculture, albeit in varying degrees, from the prohibitions of competition law, such as those involving the exercise of market power by farmers’ associations. Public choice considerations suggest that the exemption serves as a countervailing force for the farmers’ comparatively weak position in the balance of political influence for agricultural policy and in bargaining power over the more concentrated wholesale-retail segments of the agri-food value chain. Farm heterogeneity and farm-operation consolidation, induced in part by the economy’s structural transformation, weaken the case for broad exemption.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Economic development – Europe, Western"

Leonova, Olga, Olga Roslyakova, Valentina Makarova et Natalya Tyrnova. « Political and economic goals and interests of the Federal Republic of Germany and the European Union in the Caspian region ». Dans "The Caspian in the Digital Age" within the framework of the International Scientific Forum "Caspian 2021 : Ways of Sustainable Development". Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.gbtp6426.

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The Caspian region with its huge oil and gas reserves is becoming an increasingly important source of energy. Gas reserves in the Caspian region may continue to be of interest to Western Europe as a replacement reserve. Cooperation with the region is becoming increasingly important as a result of the EU's eastward enlargement, regardless of the energy sector. European interests in this region can be defined as energy and security interests.

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Tomašević, Vladimir, et Luka Latinović. « CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CITIES IN WESTERN BALKANS ». Dans Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics : Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.323.

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Western Balkans have several definitions depending on the lens through which this concept is observed. The definitions can be economic, political or economic. The analysis is further complicated by the partial presence of the European Union, various economic treaties and unresolved conflicts as well as the fact that the largest urban populations are scattered without definitive trends. Cities continue to attract new arrivals as a result of the direct centralization tendencies throughout the region and result in an unsustainable growth of cities that in turn result in economic and social complications. This article uses a matrix classification model to classify the existing literature on cities in Western Balkans, identify specific conditions for particular groups and proposes different approaches for groups of cities in order to maximise the effects of smart cities projects so that doubling and significant overlapping in financing are avoided.

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Nagy, Péter Artúr. « Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on the V4 ». Dans The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged : Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2020.proc.7.

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The aim of the research is to explore the development of trade relations between the Visegrád countries and their major Western European partners since accession to the European Union. The topic is currently an important one, as the Visegrád region is highly dependent on Western European countries, especially in the area of foreign trade. The research analyzed how the 2008-2009 global economic crisis and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis in Europe affected these trade relationships, i.e. did it cause significant changes in levels of relationship and/or trends. To answer this question, this paper used a time-series analysis method called Interrupted Time Series Analysis. As a result, statistically significant changes in the level and trend of foreign trade relations between the Visegrád countries and their Western European partners were detected. Finally, a more detailed breakdown of product groups also revealed which product groups are most responsible for slowing down the growth of trade relations.

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Šimić Banović, Ružica. « CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND MENTORING FOR YOUNG LAWYERS IN CROATIA : RECENT FINDINGS AND PANDEMIC IMPLICATIONS ». Dans The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22435.

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Unlike their Western European and American counterparts, most young Croatian lawyers feel they lack the necessary career support during their studies and later at their workplace. Based on the recent primary data, this study investigates the career development services and experiences, perceived legal education-labour market (mis)match and mentoring insights among final year law students and recent graduates in Croatia. Preliminary findings indicate plenty of room for improvement both in transferring Western good practices and organically creating career support initiatives at the workplace and during legal studies. In addition, this study emphasises the (increased) importance of quality mentoring relations in the circumstances of exogenous shocks such as the global COVID-19 pandemic.

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VINOHRADNIK, Krystyna. « THE AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES AND AKIS SYSTEMS IN ESTONIA, LITHUANIA AND LATVIA – THE COMPARISON STUDY ». Dans Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.089.

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The paper based on the results of survey, which have been done under EU project titled „Prospects for Farmers’ Support Advisory Services in European AKIS (PRO AKIS)”, carried under FP7 in 27 EU countries. The paper contains the analysis of AKIS systems in three European Countries – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The discussed subject is the comparison study of the chosen results of survey of agriculture, the history of creation the agricultural advisory system, and the structures of agricultural advisory and systems of knowledge, information and innovation flows. The analysed three Baltic countries, in spite of nearly half century of their links by common history and central command of economy policy, after regaining independence, they chosen individual ways to build the AKIS structures. In these processes they used patterns taken from some Western Europe countries, and reached different results. In Estonia, at the moment the AKIS structure is under discussion, because the linkages between AKIS actors are still weak. In Latvia the question is the influence inside AKIS system of three policies – for agriculture, for education and for science – giving as a result the weak cooperation between AKIS actors. In Lithuania, according experts opinion, the AKIS system is working well, and the linkages and cooperation between AKIS actors are rather good. The general conclusion of discussed subject is, that AKIS system in term of its organisation and structure, is working well only under condition, that the linkages and cooperation between its actors are very strong and integrated.

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Song, Lijia, et Tat'yana Novikova. « METHODS ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING THE ASSETS OF ENTERPRISES IN CHINA ». Dans Modern aspects of modeling systems and processes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mamsp_144-148.

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The socio-economic development of China differs from the Western European states and Russia. And the standard of living of the population, the level of production, GDP growth, the development of modern technologies, scientific and technical potential show continuous stable growth. In this connection, there is a scientific interest in considering the «Chinese economic miracle», and in particular, what methods are used to evaluate the main economic indicators of Chinese enterprises.

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Sofyalıoğlu, Çiğdem, et Burak Kartal. « A Comparison and some Suggestions for Turkey’s and Eurasian Economic Community Countries’ Logistic Performance Index Scores ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00766.

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Turkey is a bridge between Asia and Europe and this fact provides an opportunity for Turkey, whose exports mostly go to Europe, to diversify its export markets. In this geography, cooperation and integration are needed to sustain and to flourish economic activities. In that sense, Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEc) is one of the most important economic integrations in the world considering the initiatives of becoming a Customs Union. EurAsEc includes five member and three observer countries while some other Eurasian countries are expected to join this community in the years to come due to its potential advantages. The members of are positive towards a cooperation with Turkey which has a strategic role in many important transport corridors within the Western Europe-Asia transit transport framework. Anyway, the development of international trade depends on logistic performance, logistic infrastructure and effectiveness of logistic sectors of the countries in this region. Therefore, Turkey and EurAsEc countries need to cooperate in overcoming logistics problems to develop international trade. Bearing that in mind, we compared logistic performance indexes of Turkey and EurAsEc countries in our study and we discussed what can be done to improve logistic activities in the region within the framework of mutual cooperation. The findings indicate that a better logistics infrastructure should be available throughout the EurAsEC countries and it is essential to adopt transit pass by EurAsEc countries and to improve the information technology infrastructure to accelerate customs transition.

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Zdražil, Pavel. « Testování hypotézy konvergence v regionu střední Evropy pomocí kointegrace ». Dans XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-10.

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The issue of regional disparities development is usually examined only in terms of beta- and sigma-convergence. To extend the discussion, therefore, it is needed to use approaches based on completely different principles, which are not burden with always the same methodological limits. In this context, the aim of this contribution is to apply the cointegration approach to assess the development of regional disparities in economic performance and income in Central Europe. On the sample of 62 regions in 2004-2018, this contribution applies the disparity evaluation method based on the Pesaran's probabilistic approach. In particular, we test the convergence hypothesis by KPSS test (null of stationary), and the divergence hypothesis by ADF test (null of unit root). The analysis found the regional convergence in economic performance, but not in income. After extending the analysis to the level of individual countries, internal regional convergence within most of countries was found in both economic performance and income. As part of the disparity evaluation in economic performance, "western" (regions of the Austria, Czechia and Germany) and the "eastern" convergence club (Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) were identified. Similarly, in the case of income analysis some signs of convergence club (Czechia, Hungary and Slovakia) were found.

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Reel, Yeşim. « Problems of Privatisation and Regulation in Transition Economies ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00956.

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In spite of difficulties, most transition economies in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Eastern Europe now have private sectors whose relative size is comparable to the private sectors in Western European countries. The transition countries have had very different objectives, but most started privatisation more or less with the same policy, based on the experience of the United Kingdom, although this was soon to change. While most of the Eastern European countries were fast to adopt modern standards and regulations, some FSU countries have lagged behind. Along with a wide range of gains for producers and consumers, there have been drawbacks, such as social polarisation and forms of capture (of business, of the state). Unlike most analysis of transition, which considers major components, this paper looks at the microeconomics of transition, since this involves the creation of markets through the process of privatisation. In general, transition economies have to develop new institutions and polices to support the privatisation and restructuring. In addition to these, they require regulation, which has been under-developed and causes other, different problems, related to the development of new models. Therefore, the need for a new, third phase of transformation is highlighted. New initiatives on labour, capital and regulation issues become vital now in transition economies.

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Jenšterle, Jerneja, et Anton Vorina. « E-VEHICLES WITH A FOCUS ON TESLA CARS ». Dans 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management : How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.447.

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The paper presents research on electric cars with an emphasis on Tesla cars. The paper aimed to get to know the development of Tesla and the innovation of their vehicles. As part of the development of their cars, range, consumption and charging play an important role, the research was focused on comparing models and finding the best car. The research found that all Tesla models, that are currently on the market, are comparable, with good range, charging time and consumption. Nowadays, however, an important issue in our lives is the pandemic, so part of the article also describes the consequences of Covid-19 on the company, in which we found that the company managed to operate profitably despite this situation. In addition to cars’ good features, it’s also important to have charging options, which we explored in this paper using a hypothetical route to various European cities and found that charging stations are the most widespread in Western Europe and that it is almost impossible to drive east.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Economic development – Europe, Western"

Irwin, Douglas. The GATT's Contribution to Economic Recovery in Post-War Western Europe. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, décembre 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4944.

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Allan, Duncan, et Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.

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The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The history of UK–Russia relations offers four lessons. First, because the two lack shared values and interests, their relationship is fragile and volatile. Second, adversarial relations are the historical norm. Third, each party exaggerates its importance on the world stage. Fourth, external trends beyond the UK’s control regularly buffet the relationship. These wider trends include the weakening of the Western-centric international order; the rise of populism and opposition to economic globalization; and the global spread of authoritarian forms of governance. A coherent Russia strategy should focus on the protection of UK territory, citizens and institutions; security in the Euro-Atlantic space; international issues such as non-proliferation; economic relations; and people-to-people contacts. The UK should pursue its objectives with the tools of state power, through soft power instruments and through its international partnerships. Despite Brexit, the EU remains an essential security partner for the UK. In advancing its Russia-related interests, the UK should have four operational priorities: rebuilding domestic resilience; concentrating resources on the Euro-Atlantic space; being a trusted ally and partner; and augmenting its soft power. UK decision-makers should be guided by four propositions. In the first place, policy must be based on clear, hard-headed thinking about Russia. Secondly, an adversarial relationship is not in itself contrary to UK interests. Next, Brexit makes it harder for the UK and the EU to deal with Russia. And finally, an effective Russia policy demands a realistic assessment of UK power and influence. The UK is not a ‘pocket superpower’. It is an important but middling power in relative decline. After Brexit, it needs to repair its external reputation and maximize its utility to allies and partners, starting with its European neighbours.

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Gomez Garcia, Olga, Henry Mooney, David Rosenblatt, Maria Alejandra Zegarra, Gralyn Frazier, Ariel McCaskie, Victor Gauto et al. Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin : Volume 10 : Issue 1, May 2021. Inter-American Development Bank, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003265.

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Countries around the world have endured over a year of extreme uncertainty in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, and economies in the Caribbean have suffered more than most. But with the increasing availability of vaccines and prospects for a resumption of international travel, light is emerging at the end of the Pandemic tunnel. With this in mind, The Inter-American Development Bank Caribbean1 Departments most recent Quarterly Bulletin reviews the latest available information regarding the crisis impacts on citizens, their economies, and key factors that will determine the speed and depth of recovery. As also discussed in previous editions, prospects for tourism-dependent economies will depend heavily on vaccine penetration and border normalization in source countries particularly the United States and Western Europe, while commodity-intensive economies could benefit from upward revisions to global demand growth estimates. All countries in the region can do much to support a rapid recovery through forward-looking policies aimed at ensuring they are well positioned to take advantage of post-Pandemic preferences with respect to travel and tourism, services trade, and investment. Our latest report considers these issues, what may lie ahead, and how counties can best position themselves for a recovery in 2021 and beyond.

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Tegen, Suzanne, Michael Milligan et Marshall Goldberg. Economic Development Impacts of Wind Power : A Comparative Analysis of Impacts within the Western Governors' Association States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juin 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1218077.

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Fox, Jonathan F., Sebastian Klüsener et Mikko Myrskylä. Is a positive relationship between fertility and economic development emerging at the sub-national regional level ? Theoretical considerations and evidence from Europe. Rostock : Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, novembre 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2015-006.

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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand et Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune ? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Sous la direction de Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, mars 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.

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It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."

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Grubman, Marvin J., Yehuda Stram, Peter W. Mason et Hagai Yadin. Development of an Empty Viral Capsid Vaccine against Foot and Mouth Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, août 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570568.bard.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is economically the most important disease of domestic animals. Although inactivated FMD vaccines have been succesfully used as part of comprehensive eradication programs in Western Europe, there are a number of concerns about their safety. In this proposal, we have attempted to develop a new generation of FMD vaccines that addresses these concerns. Specifically we have cloned the region of the viral genome coding for the structural proteins and the proteinase responsible for processing of the structural protein precursor into both a DNA vector and a replication-deficient human adenovirus. We have demonstrated the induction of an FMDV-specific immune response and a neutralizing antibody response with the DNA vectors in mice, but preliminary potency and efficacy studies in swine are variable. However, the adenovirus vector induces a significant and long-lived neutralizing antibody response in mice and most importantly a neutralizing and protective response in swine. These results suggest that the empty capsid approach is a potential alternative to the current vaccination strategy.

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Kingston, A. W., A. Mort, C. Deblonde et O H Ardakani. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) distribution in the Triassic Montney Formation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329797.

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The Montney Formation is a highly productive hydrocarbon reservoir with significant reserves of hydrocarbon gases and liquids making it of great economic importance to Canada. However, high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have been encountered during exploration and development that have detrimental effects on environmental, health, and economics of production. H2S is a highly toxic and corrosive gas and therefore it is essential to understand the distribution of H2S within the basin in order to enhance identification of areas with a high risk of encountering elevated H2S concentrations in order to mitigate against potential negative impacts. Gas composition data from Montney wells is routinely collected by operators for submission to provincial regulators and is publicly available. We have combined data from Alberta (AB) and British Columbia (BC) to create a basin-wide database of Montney H2S concentrations. We then used an iterative quality control and quality assurance process to produce a dataset that best represents gas composition in reservoir fluids. This included: 1) designating gas source formation based on directional surveys using a newly developed basin-wide 3D model incorporating AGS's Montney model of Alberta with a model in BC, which removes errors associated with reported formations; 2) removed injection and disposal wells; 3) assessed wells with the 50 highest H2S concentrations to determine if gas composition data is accurate and reflective of reservoir fluid chemistry; and 4) evaluated spatially isolated extreme values to ensure data accuracy and prevent isolated highs from negatively impacting data interpolation. The resulting dataset was then used to calculate statistics for each x, y location to input into the interpolation process. Three interpolations were constructed based on the associated phase classification: H2S in gas, H2S in liquid (C7+), and aqueous H2S. We used Empirical Bayesian Kriging interpolation to generate H2S distribution maps along with a series of model uncertainty maps. These interpolations illustrate that H2S is heterogeneously distributed across the Montney basin. In general, higher concentrations are found in AB compared with BC with the highest concentrations in the Grande Prairie region along with several other isolated region in the southeastern portion of the basin. The interpolations of H2S associated with different phases show broad similarities. Future mapping research will focus on subdividing intra-Montney sub-members plus under- and overlying strata to further our understanding of the role migration plays in H2S distribution within the Montney basin.

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Romero, Antonio. The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement and relations between European Union and Cuba. Fundación Carolina, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff01en.

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This document makes an assessment of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between Cuba and the European Union (EU) in its four years of validity, and of the evolution of political and economic relations between both parties. The analysis is structured in five headings that address the background, determinants and significance of the PDCA between Cuba and the EU; the main elements discussed in the political dialogue —and in thematic dialogue— between the two parties since 2018, and the central aspects of trade, investment and cooperation relations between Cuba and the EU. The report concludes that, unlike the United States, the EU is able to support the complex process of economic and institutional transformations underway in Cuba, in four fundamental areas: i) technical assistance and advice for the design and implementation of public policies, macroeconomic management, decentralisation and local development; ii) cooperation to fight climate change and transform Cuba’s productive and technological structure; iii) the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment flows from Europe, targeting key productive sectors; and iv) the exploration of financial opportunities for Cuba through the European Investment Bank (EIB) under the current PDCA.

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Werle, D. Radar remote sensing for application in forestry : a literature review for investigators and potential users of SAR data in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329188.

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Information provided in this document allows potential users of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery as well as investigators participating in the Canadian Radar Data Development Program (RDDP) to obtain an overview of achievements, limitations and future potential of radar remote sensing for application in forestry, as portrayed in the published literature. Investigations concerned with radar remote sensing and its potential for application in forestry are reviewed. The main focus of these studies was the determination of microwave backscatter characteristics of forestry targets using different radar parameters, such as frequency, polarizations and incidence angle. Examples of selected targets include the following: coniferous and deciduous tree species, stands of different structure, age, tree height, clearcuts, or forestry environments in general as they change with the seasons. More than 75 studies based on airborne imaging radar, spaceborne radar as well as scatterometer data have been considered. Previous reviews which summarize information available in western Europe and North America are briefly introduced. Then, recent investigations covering the time period from the early 1980's onward are portrayed and discussed. The main results are summarized in a set of conclusions, followed by list of selected references and a list of Canadian institutions and organizations currently involved in radar remote sensing R&D for application in forestry.

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