Articles de revues : « Economic assistance, European – Germany – Evaluation »

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Terentiev, K. O. « Problems of Сultural Adaptation of European Jewish in Shanghai During World War II ». Concept : philosophy, religion, culture, n^o 1 (7 juillet 2020) : 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-1-13-172-180.

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During World War II, the inhumane Nazi policy condemned millions of people to death. The National Socialist ideology having anti-Semitism as one of its pillars was consolidated during Hitler’s tenure in Germany, descending into taking the villainous crimes against humanity for granted. More than 18 thousand European Jewish emigrants arrived in Shanghai in the late 1930’s seeking refuge. No special permission to enter this multinational city was required and the local community provided all assistance to make their adaptation easy. Despite the cultural and linguistic differences between the local community and the refugees, the latter succeeded in adaptation, contributing to the city`s development. Quite quickly a model of adaptation to new political, economic and sociocultural conditions was found. Over time, however, the pressure and volatility of the policy of Japan, which occupied Shanghai in 1937, placed Jews in a difficult, unpredictable and dangerous position. The study reveals the concealed chapter of the history of the Holocaust describing the hardship of the Jewish population forced to emigrate to the other parts of the world to save their own lives from Nazi persecution. The name «Shanghai» has become a synonym of «salvation» for the participants of those events who have always gratefully remembered the hard, but life-saving years spent there. Along with the historical context, the cultural issue is considered in this study based on evaluation of the Jewish refugees’ assimilation in the Asian metropolis, analysis of the crosscultural interaction having arisen in the new communication space and the research on maintenance of the Jewish community’s fundamental values in an unfamiliar environment.

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GOMÓŁKA, Krystyna. « ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Historical and social-educational ideas 10, n^o 6/2 (1 février 2019) : 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/2-53-61.

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After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Azerbaijan signed many international agreements. It also established relations with the European Union. Economic contacts between the partners were revived by the partnership and cooperation agreement’s entry into force in 1999. It assumed political dialogue, assistance in building democracy, cooperation in the sphere of economy and investment. In terms of trade in goods and services, the country have granted each other most-favored-nation clauses in the collection of customs duties and charges, transit clearance, composition and transhipment of goods, payment transfers for purchased goods and services. This has led to increased trade between the European Union and Azerbaijan. The most important trade partners of Azerbaijan in the years 2000-2017 were the following members of the European Union: Italy, France and Germany. The exports were dominated by Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Spain. The opening of the oil and gas sector to foreign companies has contributed to a significant inflow of foreign direct investment. More than 80% of the incoming investment is in the oil sector and the main activities are focused the construction of new gas and oil pipelines. The leading investors in this group in the years 2000-2013 were the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, France and Cyprus.

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Papanikos, Gregory T. « The European Union’s Recovery Plan : A Critical Evaluation ». ATHENS JOURNAL OF MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES 7, n^o 2 (8 mars 2021) : 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.7-2-1.

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This article reviews the European Union’s Recovery Plan to cope with COVID-19 by examining two of its main hypotheses. I primarily use Greece as a case study of those who benefit from receiving funds, and in some cases Germany, because it played, and still plays, an instrumental role in promoting this unfounded idea of transferring European taxpayers’ money to the hands of national politicians. First, it was alleged that the health situation is improving. Second, the pandemic increases economic divergence between member states. The stylized facts so far do not seem to support either hypothesis. Since the July Summit of the European Council, the epidemiological situation has worsened as measured by deaths and cases. Data on per capita Gross Domestic Product released by the European Commission on 6 May 2020 show an unprecedented for peace years decline in economic growth rates for all 27 member states in 2020. The data estimations also assume a V-shaped recovery for 2021. However, the alleged hypothesis of economic divergence in 2020 and economic convergence in 2021 is not supported by the data themselves. The main conclusion of this study is that the economic impact cannot be fully ascertained if the pandemic is not permanently over and therefore the titanic EU spending of 750 billion euro cannot be based on the stylized economic and epidemiological facts. Keywords: European Union, pandemic, Covid-19, health, growth, public pending, recovery plan, Germany, Greece.

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Guseletov, Boris. « PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN GERMANY 2021 : ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN AGENDA ». Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 23, n^o 5 (31 octobre 2021) : 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran520215967.

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The article presents the results of a study of how the role of Germany as the political and economic leader of the EU is perceived in modern Europe, as well as an analysis of possible mechanisms and ways of influencing the results of these elections from the point of view of the panEuropean agenda and from the side of pan-European political institutions, on the eve of the allGerman elections on September 26, 2021.Recent public opinion polls of Europeans showed their positive attitude to Germany and its Chancellor Angela Merkel as informal European leaders. And although the pan-European agenda did not occupy a significant place during the 2021 election campaign, nevertheless, all the leading German parties devoted a significant place to this topic in their election manifestos. Pan-European political actors, first of all, the European parties, also did not stay away from the German elections and, if possible, tried to provide all possible assistance and support to their member parties participating in them.

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Leão, Teresa, Julian Perelman, Luke Clancy, Martin Mlinarić, Jaana M. Kinnunen, Paulien A. W. Nuyts, Nora Mélard, Arja Rimpelä, Vincent Lorant et Anton E. Kunst. « Economic Evaluation of Five Tobacco Control Policies Across Seven European Countries ». Nicotine & ; Tobacco Research 22, n^o 7 (27 juillet 2019) : 1202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz124.

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Abstract Introduction Economic evaluations of tobacco control policies targeting adolescents are scarce. Few take into account real-world, large-scale implementation costs; few compare cost-effectiveness of different policies across different countries. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of five tobacco control policies (nonschool bans, including bans on sales to minors, bans on smoking in public places, bans on advertising at points-of-sale, school smoke-free bans, and school education programs), implemented in 2016 in Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Portugal. Methods Cost-effectiveness estimates were calculated per country and per policy, from the State perspective. Costs were collected by combining quantitative questionnaires with semi-structured interviews on how policies were implemented in each setting, in real practice. Short-term effectiveness was based on the literature, and long-term effectiveness was modeled using the DYNAMO-HIA tool. Discount rates of 3.5% were used for costs and effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses considered 1%–50% short-term effectiveness estimates, highest cost estimates, and undiscounted effectiveness. Findings Nonschool bans cost up to €253.23 per healthy life year, school smoking bans up to €91.87 per healthy life year, and school education programs up to €481.35 per healthy life year. Cost-effectiveness depended on the costs of implementation, short-term effectiveness, initial smoking rates, dimension of the target population, and weight of smoking in overall mortality and morbidity. Conclusions All five policies were highly cost-effective in all countries according to the World Health Organization thresholds for public health interventions. Cost-effectiveness was preserved even when using the highest costs and most conservative effectiveness estimates. Implications Economic evaluations using real-world data on tobacco control policies implemented at a large scale are scarce, especially considering nonschool bans targeting adolescents. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of five tobacco control policies implemented in 2016 in Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Portugal. This study shows that all five policies were highly cost-effective considering the World Health Organization threshold, even when considering the highest costs and most conservative effectiveness estimates.

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Mueller, Wolfgang. « Recognition in Return for Détente ? Brezhnev, the EEC, and the Moscow Treaty with West Germany, 1970–1973 ». Journal of Cold War Studies 13, n^o 4 (octobre 2011) : 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00167.

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This article draws on Soviet archival documents as well as Western and Russian publications to analyze the background of Leonid Brezhnev's announcements of 1972 regarding the Soviet Union's possible recognition of the European Economic Community (EEC). The analysis takes into account various factors including the integration process, détente, and Soviet relations with West European states. The article shows that Brezhnev's first initiative toward the EEC in March 1972 was designed to facilitate ratification of the Moscow Treaty with West Germany and did not reflect a genuine desire to establish relations with Brussels. The new Soviet approach toward the EEC became manifest only in Brezhnev's second speech on the topic, in December 1972. This strategy, which included mutual recognition and negotiations between the EEC and the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance, was intended to foster détente in Europe and to pave the way toward the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

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De Groot, Michael. « The Soviet Union, CMEA, and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s ». Journal of Cold War Studies 22, n^o 4 (décembre 2020) : 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00964.

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Numerous scholars have claimed that the Soviet Union was a primary beneficiary of the 1973–1974 oil crisis. Drawing on archival evidence from Russia and Germany, this article challenges that interpretation, showing that the oil crisis forced Soviet policymakers to confront the limits of their energy industry and the effects of the crisis on their East European allies. Demand for Soviet energy outpaced production, forcing Soviet officials to weigh their need to compensate for economic shortcomings at home against their role as the guarantor of Communist rule in Eastern Europe. The Soviet decision to raise prices within the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Soviet Union's inability to fulfill demand across CMEA compelled the East European governments to purchase oil from Middle Eastern countries at increasing world market prices, crippling their balance of payments and accentuating their other economic shortcomings.

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Olsen, Kim B. « Diplomats, Domestic Agency and the Implementation of Sanctions : The MFAs of France and Germany in the Age of Geoeconomic Diplomacy ». Hague Journal of Diplomacy 15, n^o 1-2 (10 mars 2020) : 126–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-bja10001.

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Summary Tasked with the implementation of complex geoeconomic instruments such as trade and investment regulations, targeted economic assistance and sanctions regimes, European ministries of foreign affairs (MFAs) are increasingly exposed to a field introduced as geoeconomic diplomacy. This article argues that traditional literature on states’ strategic use of economic power has underestimated how MFAs of liberal and tightly integrated market economies are challenged in their abilities to realise geoeconomic objectives. Mitigating such challenges requires diplomats to engage extensively with multiple domestic state and non-state actors relevant to the state-market nexus. Through a comparative case study of France and Germany, the article demonstrates how major European MFAs have recently streamlined their organisational approaches to the geoeconomic field in various ways, and analyses how French and German diplomats were bound to manage multifaceted, yet different, domestic agency relations in their quests to successfully implement the European Union’s sanctions regime against Russia in 2014-2016.

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Pfeiffer-Ruiz, M., et V. Schroder. « COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy in Germany ». Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention 12, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_12_2_05.

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Vaccines are needed to reduce the mortality and economic damage caused by COVID-19. To date there are three approved vaccines in the European Union created by BioNTech/Pfizer, Moderna and AstraZeneca, but due to the high demand globally there are still shortages, forcing governments to create strategies to immunize their population prioritizing their citizens according to their risk evaluation and their systemic relevance. This review specifies on the German vaccination strategy.

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Zaritskii, B. « Development Assistance in German Foreign Policy ». World Economy and International Relations 66, n^o 4 (2022) : 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-63-74.

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The article discusses the conceptual approaches and policies of Germany in the field of official development assistance (ODA). The FRG is the second largest donor country in terms of the absolute amount of financial resources that the government donates as ODA. However, there is an obvious gap between the official rhetoric and the actual practices of the German ODA policy. Development assistance has been actively used by Berlin to promote its political and economic interests and to address its security policy problems. Germany’s ODA policy is built primarily on a bilateral basis, the belief being that this form of cooperation allows a better control of financial resources and enables the donor country to more effectively articulate its interests. The fate of the most needy countries is of much less concern to the German authorities. The FRG, as well as the European Union, are trying to make their own priorities a platform for building cooperation with partners. The entry of the “Alliance 90/Greens” into a governmental coalition after the 2021 parliamentary elections will further shift the focus of Germany’s ODA policy towards combating climate change. However, the “Greens” are careful to avoid discussing what energy resources should become the basis of industrial development in least developed countries. Berlin is interested in maintaining its place among the world’s largest donors. In the arsenal of Germany’s foreign policy tools, development assistance serves to counter from afar new threats and challenges – terrorism, conflicts and illegal migration. It can be adapted to strengthen the position of the donor in the markets, political and public life of the recipient countries. With Germany having a significant influence on the formation and financing of the EU coordinating mechanisms, the FRG’s ODA policy can, when necessary, rely on the latter. However, the Germany’s ODA policy is not without vulnerabilities. Berlin often looks like a mentor who knows what to do and how to do it, although the reality almost always turns out to be more complicated than the speculative recipes. The main weakness of this policy lies in that its conceptual framework has been built according to European patterns and so is largely out of touch with the real needs of developing countries.

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Díaz-González, María-Jesús, et Almudena González-del-Valle. « Film Policies and Film Production in Spain during the Economic Crisis (2007–2017) ». Palabra Clave 24, n^o 1 (4 mars 2021) : 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2021.24.1.3.

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Europe’s leading film-producing countries are France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. They were all hit by the global economic crisis, which had a particularly severe impact on Europe in 2010–2012. The consequences of this crisis for film policies and the film industry are understudied. Spain is a unique case for this study because it had to ask the European Union for a financial assistance programme. What changes were made to State film policies as a result of the crisis? How did those changes reflect on the feature film production? This article aims to answer these questions. The method used includes an analysis of film-industry policy documents and official data, and in-depth interviews. The period studied is 2007–2017. The results refer to topics such as State aid for film production; tax incentives; value-added tax (VAT); the obligation to provide advance funding for European audiovisual production, and the number, genre, and mean cost of the feature films produced.

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Christner, Ron. « An Evaluation Of The Prospects For The Euro Currency In 2012-2013 ». International Business & ; Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, n^o 9 (17 août 2012) : 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i9.7188.

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The 2008 global Financial Crisis and the subsequent relative collapse of the financial and economic markets, including the government bond markets, in Greece, Ireland, and Portugal as well as economic weakness in other Western European economies have called into question the viability, going forward, of the Euro Currency. The so called PIIGS countries of Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain are thought to be financially vulnerable because of high levels of government spending and resulting deficit levels and inefficient labor markets and tax collection policies among other factors. Those five countries, along with the stronger economies of France and Germany, comprise 7 of the 17 countries in the Eurocurrency Union. Any weakness in the 5 country group can have a contagion effect on the rest and if the recent financial bailouts by the IMF and the European Central Bank in Greece, Portugal and Ireland are not effective then there is a real danger that one of more of the GIP (Greece, Ireland and Spain) countries may have to abandon or be forced to abandon the Euro. Because there is no provision for a country leaving the Eurocurrency Union this is uncharted territory and could lead to the weakening or even demise of the Euro depending upon circumstances. The fact that there are also significant financial linkages and related default risk connecting the five countries to the sounder economies of Germany and France increases the risks. This paper will evaluate the likelihood that the Eurocurrency will be substantially weakened or abandoned over the next 18 months. The evaluation will be highly dependent upon the forecasts for the 5 countries economic prospects, especially the very large economies of Italy and Spain as well as the likely responses of Germany and France to future default like events in the five countries. Metrics utilized will include the trend in economic indicators like long term government bond yields, deficit spending, tax collections, economic growth, and financial linkages and dependence among the seven countries. European Central Bank data and information from related sources like the IMF will be utilized.

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Безрукова, Наталія Валерьївна, et Віталій Анатолійович Свічкарь. « European currency system : problems and developments of prospective evaluation ». ЕКОНОМІКА І РЕГІОН Науковий вісник, n^o 1(72) (24 juin 2019) : 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/eir.2019.1(72).1437.

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In the article the authors investigated the problems of the European monetary system functioning. It is emphasized that the EU and the Euro zone are currently suffering from strain and unsolved problems, which do not exclude gradual decrease in the EU countries consolidation and influence. The aim of the article is to analyze present days’ problems of European Union functioning and European monetary system, in particular evaluation their further development perspectives. Debt crisis in the Euro zone sets a question to the single European currency and European integration prospective. It is noted by the authors that as a result of economic crisis Europe are divided into two macro regions, which are unsuccessful “South” and prosperous “North”. Numerous prognoses foresee various scenarios for the situation development, from pessimistic to optimistic ones. However political efforts of the leading EU countries, primarily Germany, France, and the Netherlands are required.

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Bartenev, Vladimir. « European Donors in the Arab World : Redistribution of Resources and Roles ». Contemporary Europe 99, n^o 6 (1 novembre 2020) : 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620207689.

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The article explores official development assistance flows from European countries to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and highlights certain specifics and the logic of redistribution of resources and roles between the largest European donors throughout the 2010s – since the Arab Spring, which transformed the political landscape of the entire region. This trend is explained by uneven dynamics of the donor activities of three states with a direct access to the Mediterranean – France, Italy and Spain ‒ and other countries. This dynamic seems to be caused by differences in domestic economic and political environment and dissimilarities in motivation and strategy which manifested themselves in allocation of resources between MENA and other regions, humanitarian and non-humanitarian assistance, various sectors, sub-regions and recipient countries. The Arab Spring made these dissimilarities even more acute and created an illusion of a conscious 'division of labour'. However, leading European powers – Germany, France and the United Kingdom – compete actively with each other as well as with non-European actors. A wide range of new and unexpected challenges such as a recent destabilization in the countries to a lesser extent affected by the Arab Spring (Algeria, Sudan, Lebanon and Iraq), escalation of tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, a devastating explosion in the Beirut port etc., notwithstanding mid- and long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, might make this competition even more dynamic.

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Haubrock, Phillip J., Ross N. Cuthbert, Andrea Sundermann, Christophe Diagne, Marina Golivets et Franck Courchamp. « Economic costs of invasive species in Germany ». NeoBiota 67 (29 juillet 2021) : 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59502.

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Invasive alien species are a well-known and pervasive threat to global biodiversity and human well-being. Despite substantial impacts of invasive alien species, quantitative syntheses of monetary costs incurred from invasions in national economies are often missing. As a consequence, adequate resource allocation for management responses to invasions has been inhibited, because cost-benefit analysis of management actions cannot be derived. To determine the economic cost of invasions in Germany, a Central European country with the 4th largest GDP in the world, we analysed published data collected from the first global assessment of economic costs of invasive alien species. Overall, economic costs were estimated at US$ 9.8 billion between 1960 and 2020, including US$ 8.9 billion in potential costs. The potential costs were mostly linked to extrapolated costs of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus, the black cherry Prunus serotina and two mammals: the muskrat Ondatra zibethicus and the American mink Neovison vison. Observed costs were driven by a broad range of taxa and mostly associated with control-related spending and resource damages or losses. We identified a considerable increase in costs relative to previous estimates and through time. Importantly, of the 2,249 alien and 181 invasive species reported in Germany, only 28 species had recorded economic costs. Therefore, total quantifications of invasive species costs here should be seen as very conservative. Our findings highlight a distinct lack of information in the openly-accessible literature and governmental sources on invasion costs at the national level, masking the highly-probable existence of much greater costs of invasions in Germany. In addition, given that invasion rates are increasing, economic costs are expected to further increase. The evaluation and reporting of economic costs need to be improved in order to deliver a basis for effective mitigation and management of invasions on national and international economies.

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Kryvonos, Roman. « What Ukrainian Diplomats Need to Know about Germany’s Foreign Policy in its Relations with Ukraine ». Diplomatic Ukraine, n^o XX (2019) : 704–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-46.

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The article deals with the place of Ukraine in German foreign policy. The Federal Republic of Germany is a leading partner in the process of Ukraine’s gradual entry into European and Transatlantic international institutions. It is noted that the methods of conducting German foreign policy were formed during the «Cold War». This has led to the predominant use of tools, which Joseph Nye summarized in the concept of ‘soft power’. However, Germany is faced with new challenges, such as, inter alia policy towards post-Soviet countries, including Ukraine. The main interests of Germany in relation to Ukraine are considered. Firstly, it is the preservation of the independence, territorial integrity and effectiveness of Ukraine as an actor in international relations. Other important factors include the political consolidation of Ukraine, the implementation of reforms in the economy, public administration and other spheres of public life and support for the European integration of Ukraine as a powerful tool for the transformation of the country. However, Ukraine’s admission to the European Union in the near future is not an option. It is argued that part of the population and politicians in Germany believe that Russia has legitimate interests in the post-Soviet space. However, after the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine, Germany gave wide support to the European choice of Ukraine and became one of the main allies and assistants of Ukraine in reforming public administration and economy. Germany was involved in Minsk-1 and Minsk-2. Emphasis is attached to the vigorous development of economic cooperation between the two states. Summing up, the author draws several conclusions. Firstly, there is a gradual intensification of bilateral relations. Germany, along with the United States, provides Ukraine with transformational assistance, which began before the proclamation of its independence in 1991. Additionally, the undeclared Russian aggression against Ukraine and Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 have amply demonstrated that political power factors continue to be the key tools of international politics. Ukrainian vector was not clearly conceptualized in the German foreign policy till the Russian aggression of 2014, and it was in the circum-stances of the Russian aggression that Germany opted for political support to Ukraine. Keywords: Ukraine, Germany, Russia, international relations.

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Nosratabadi, Saeed, Gergo Pinter, Amir Mosavi et Sandor Semperger. « Sustainable Banking ; Evaluation of the European Business Models ». Sustainability 12, n^o 6 (16 mars 2020) : 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062314.

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Sustainability has become one of the challenges of today’s banks. Since sustainable business models are responsible for the environment and society along with generating economic benefits, they are an attractive approach to sustainability. Sustainable business models also offer banks competitive advantages such as increasing brand reputation and cost reduction. However, no framework is presented to evaluate the sustainability of banking business models. To bridge this theoretical gap, the current study using A Delphi-Analytic Hierarchy Process method, firstly, developed a sustainable business model to evaluate the sustainability of the business model of banks. In the second step, the sustainability performance of sixteen banks from eight European countries including Norway, The UK, Poland, Hungary, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, assessed. The proposed business model components of this study were ranked in terms of their impact on achieving sustainability goals. Consequently, the proposed model components of this study, based on their impact on sustainability, are respectively value proposition, core competencies, financial aspects, business processes, target customers, resources, technology, customer interface, and partner network. The results of the comparison of the banks studied by each country disclosed that the sustainability of the Norwegian and German banks’ business models is higher than in other counties. The studied banks of Hungary and Spain came in second, the banks of The UK, Poland, and France ranked third, and finally, the Italian banks ranked fourth in the sustainability of their business models.

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Lymar, Margaryta. « European integration in the foreign policy of Dwight Eisenhower ». American History & ; Politics Scientific edition, n^o 7 (2019) : 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.27-36.

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The article deals with European integration processes through the prism of the President Eisenhower foreign policy. The transatlantic relations are explored considering the geopolitical transformations in Europe. It is noted that after the end of World War II, Europe needed assistance on the path to economic recovery. Eisenhower initially as Commander in Chief of NATO forces in Europe, and later as the U.S. President, directed his foreign policy efforts to unite the states of Western Europe in their post-war renovating and confronting the communist threat. For that reason, Eisenhower deserved recognition by the leading European governments and became a major American figure, which symbolized the reliable transatlantic ally. Eisenhower’s interest in a united Europe was explained by the need for the United States in a strong single European partner that would help to strengthening the U.S. positions in the international arena. The United States expected to control the European integration processes through NATO instruments and mediated disputes between the leading European powers. Germany’s accession to the Alliance was determined as one of the key issues, the solution of which became the diplomatic victory of President Eisenhower. The U.S. government was building its European policy based on the need to integrate the Western states into a unified power, and therefore endorsed the prospect of creating a European Economic Community (EEC). It was intended that the union would include Italy, France, Germany and the Benelux members, and form a basis for the development of free trade and the deeper political and economic integration of the regional countries. It is concluded that, under the Eisenhower’s presidency, Europe was at the top of priority list of the U.S. foreign policy that significantly influenced the evolution of the European integration process in the future.

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Tompa, Emile, Amirabbas Mofidi, Young Jung, Thijmen van Bree, Swenneke van den Heuvel, Frithjof Michaelsen, Lucas Porsch et Martijn van Emmerik. « O2C.6 The economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in five european union countries ». Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (avril 2019) : A17.3—A18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.46.

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The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in five European Union countries for the reference year 2015.We used a ‘bottom up’ approach to estimate the economic burden from a societal perspective for Finland, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and Poland. Three broad cost categories were considered—direct health care, indirect productivity, and intangible health-related quality of life costs. The methods started with data on newly diagnosed occupational injuries and diseases from calendar year 2015. We considered lifetime costs for cases across all cost categories. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of key parameters.Indirect costs represent the largest proportion of total costs (with the exception is Poland), ranging from 66% for The Netherland to 43% for Poland. Intangible costs are the second highest, ranging from 49% for Poland to 21% for Finland and The Netherlands. Direct costs range from 16% for Finland to 8% for Poland.Average per case costing is highest for The Netherlands (€75,342), followed by Italy (€58,411), German (€44,919), Finland (€43,069) and lastly Poland (€38,918). Total costs as a percentage of GDP are highest for Poland (10.4%), followed by Italy (6.7%), The Netherlands (3.6%), Germany (3.3%) and lastly Finland (2.7%). In terms of costs per working population, the value is highest for Italy (€4,956), followed by The Netherland (€2,930), Poland (€2,793), Germany (€2,527) and lastly Finland (€2,331).The economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in the countries considered are substantial, despite efforts to reduce adverse workplace exposures. Our case costs and total economic burden estimates provide a basis for undertaking economic evaluations of prevention efforts and can serve as a template for monitoring and evaluation at the country level. We advance the methods on several fronts.

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Moszyński, Michał. « Ordoliberalism and the macroeconomic policy in the face of the euro crisis ». Equilibrium 10, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2015) : 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.034.

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The global economic crisis and the crisis in the euro zone exposed the deep differences of opinion between German economists and scientists from Anglo-Saxon countries. The German approach conceptually differs in the views on the strategies and tools of anti-crisis policy, especially fiscal stimulus in the Keynesian-style, quantitative easing monetary policy of the ECB, the question of financial assistance to Greece and restructuring its debt. The other areas of difference are the approach to the rules in macroeconomic policy, fiscal consolidation, and interpretation of current account surplus. Given the size and performance of the German economy it is important to understand the reasons for these opposites, which constitute the research goal of this article. Considerations are based on the thesis that ordoliberal thought still has a strong impact on the practice of macroeconomic policy in Germany and also at the European level. The analysis is built on the short overview of ideological foundations of the German social market economy and its most important postulates, which then will be applied for interpretation of intellectual distinctions between economists from Germany and other countries in the theoretical and practical dimensions of the economic policy observed in Europe. The methodology includes the critical literature studies and the comparative analysis of macroeconomic policy through the prism of economic thought.

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Kavyn, Sviatoslav, Ivan Bratsuk et Anatoliy Lytvynenko. « Regulatory and Legal Enforcement of Cyber Security in Countries of the European Union : The Experience of Germany and France ». Teisė 121 (8 décembre 2021) : 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2021.121.8.

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This article is devoted to the study of information security in the EU member states, in particular Germany and France, in the context of the analysis of their national legislation, state, national programs and regulations. Particular attention is paid to the study of the features of regulatory and legal security of information security of Germany and France in the context of the study of their national legislation in terms of economic security as an inherent component of national security. In the course of this study the peculiarities of the functioning of the institutional and legal mechanism of cyber defense in the context of the multi-vector system of international security and legal regulation of international cooperation are analyzed. The article substantiates the expediency of developing an integrated, coordinated information policy of the EU member states in order to unify approaches to information security.At the same time, the current realities of European Union policy require comprehensive research in the context of ensuring national interests, developing effective mechanisms for protecting the information space, and legal mechanisms for shaping the economic system as a strategic factor of national security. Accordingly, the approaches to information security adopted in the European Union are currently not unified due to the geopolitical specifics of the EU’s countries. Therefore, the research, evaluation, and implementation of the positive experience of Germany and France in this area, according to the authors, is important in building the information security system of the European Union in the context of reliable protection against cyber threats.

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Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin. « Regulating the Poor through Internal Borders : The EU in Historical and International Perspectives ». European Journal of Social Security 24, n^o 1 (21 décembre 2021) : 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13882627211064637.

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Tensions surrounding internal migrants’ access to welfare and the associated politicisations about who should shoulder the ‘fiscal burden’ are not unique to the European Union (EU). Based on a Most Different Systems Design and following an institutionalist approach, this article analyses the developments associated with freedom of movement and access to poor relief/social assistance in four economically and politically diverse jurisdictions. It also considers the implications of these developments for the EU. The four cases analysed are industrialising England, contemporary China, Germany, and the United States. Although economic integration was a necessary, it was not a sufficient condition for the abolishment of residence requirements for internal migrants in all four jurisdictions. Moreover, it took political power, various coalitions, or the leadership of actors to overcome the barriers and hurdles on the path to social citizenship in the wider territorial jurisdictions. Solidarity as a precondition did not play a significant role.

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Harust, Y. V., V. I. Melnyk, V. V. Mirgorod-Karpova, B. O. Pavlenko, Yu M. Kiiashko et D. V. Maletov. « Functioning of the system for evaluating the effectiveness of international technical assistance : the experience of the European Union and the world's leading countries ». Legal horizons, n^o 26 (2021) : 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2021.i26.p117.

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The authors of the article study the foreign experience of the administrative and legal organization of systems for evaluating the effectiveness of international legal assistance (ITA). The article notes that the definition of international technical assistance in different countries is interpreted differently. States, at the national level, establish their own definitions of the concept, which may differ in content and characteristics. It is established that the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of ITA has the ultimate goal to ensure its better use. Both ITA donors and recipients are interested in this. The largest ITA donors have been identified as Japan, the United States, and the European Union. Each of these donors has its own system for evaluating the effectiveness of the ITA provided. In the study of the model for evaluating the effectiveness of the US ITA, the key role of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) was highlighted. The Agency itself has developed tools to monitor the assistance provided, implements analysis programs, publishes reports, and conducts training among its employees. In Japan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have been found to be the central policy-makers in Japan. These bodies issue regulatory regulations on which the performance appraisal process is based, analyze experience, conduct training, and publish reports on their official websites. In the Japanese model for assessing the effectiveness of the provision and use of ITA's, the key features are assessing the usefulness of the assistance provided in terms of Japan's diplomatic interests. It was found that a characteristic feature of the evaluation system of the European Union is the functioning of the Regulatory Control Council, which reviews and improves the legislation in the field of ITA. The article establishes the relationship between national legal systems and global standards for assessing international assistance. It is established that the donors of the ITA, for the organization of the system of evaluation of its effectiveness, use as a basis the Quality Standards for evaluation, which are developed by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

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Baláž, Vladimír, et Tomáš Jeck. « Public Support to Research and Innovation : Do European Resources Boost Innovation Outputs ? » Journal of East European Management Studies 27, n^o 1 (2022) : 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2022-1-106.

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The paper analyses the financial indicators of 546 Slovak firms that received support from the European Structural and Cohesion Funds (ESCF) in the period of 2013-2015. Two support schemes were analysed: one for innovations (technology transfer) and another for R&D grants. The research combines data from public and private resources. It applies the difference-in-differences (DiD) evaluation method along with the propensity score matching (PSM) technique. The research tests the hypotheses that (i) assistance from the ESCF improved the economic and innovation performance of the supported firms, and (ii) smaller firms transformed public support into innovation outputs more efficiently than did large enterprises. Both hypotheses are confirmed. The finding comes with some reservations concerning the efficiency of the support, grant-seeking behaviour, and the reliability of output indicators.

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Pavlica, Branko. « Migrations from Yugoslavia to Germany : Migrants, emigrants, refugees and asylum-seekers ». Medjunarodni problemi 57, n^o 1-2 (2005) : 121–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502121p.

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Migrations from Yugoslavia to Germany have a long tradition. There have been various economic and social causes, and in some periods even political ones for that phenomenon. Taking into consideration the historical aspect and also the contemporary migration flows, the dynamics of migrations of the Yugoslav population to Germany has the following stages in its development. The first stage had begun in late XIX century and ended with the World War I. Although the overseas migration flows prevailed, yet the German agriculture and its mine industry attracted a part of the Yugoslav population. Between the two world wars mostly "Westfahl Slovenes" and Croats and Serbs from Bosnia-Herzegovina got "temporary employed" in the Rhine-Westfahl industrial area, along with several thousand Serb-Croat-Slovene agricultural seasonal workers per year. The second stage began immediately after the Second World War when most of about 200,000 citizens from the former Yugoslavia, being mostly refugees, moved from the West European to overseas countries, but some of them stayed in Germany. Involuntary migrants and refugees, however, returned in great number from Germany to Yugoslavia. At that stage non-extradition of war criminals on the part of the West occupying powers on German territory, then disregard of West German Governments of the anti-Yugoslav activities of the part of extreme Yugoslav emigration, and different interpretation of the bilateral agreement on extradition, became the essential problem in relations between SFR Yugoslavia and FR Germany. The third stage in development of migrations commenced in early 1960s. At that time, Germany and other Western countries became prominently immigrational, while since mid-1960s till 1973 economic emigrants from Yugoslavia became more and more important in the German economic space. From 1954 to 1967 migration of Yugoslav citizens had not yet been intensive and their intention was mostly to work abroad. Illegal employment was, however, prominent at that time. Due to the normalisation of political relations, re-establishment of diplomatic relations and conclusion of bilateral agreements that legally defined employment of foreign workers, since 1968 till 1973 a great number of Yugoslavs got employed in FR Germany. The contemporary migrations from FR Yugoslavia to Germany resulted from the economic and political crisis in the former SFRY as well as from the civil wars that were waged in the Yugoslav territory. FR Germany became the most important destination country of Yugoslav migrants - workers, refugees, false asylum-seekers and political emigrants. Different categories of migrants from Yugoslavia to Germany enjoy the treatment that is in accordance with the immigration policies of the German governments as well as with the degree of development of the German-Yugoslav political and economic relations, and the degree of the established co-operation in the field of legal assistance and social welfare. Migrant workers, who have legally regulated their employment and residence status, could in the future expect to gain assistance from their mother country in getting efficient protection of their rights and interests in all stages of the migration process. Numerous migrants asylum-seekers, in spite of the proclaimed international protection, share, however, the fate resulting from the politically motivated measures and actions taken by the German authorities within the arbitrary decision-making of the right and/or abuse of the right to asylum. This is the reason why as early as in late 1994 the Government of FRG announced that it would expel foreigners from the country. The remaining refugees, or actually the so-called false asylum-seekers in FR Germany, share the fate of forced repatriation. Within this category special emphasis should be placed on the attitude of the German government to the Albanians and Roma from Kosovo. At first, the Germans treated the Albanians from Kosovo as politically persecuted persons, offering them refuge. Then they declared them (and Roma also) to be false asylum-seekers and insisted on readmission - their gradual repatriation to Kosovo. Considering both positive and negative implications of the migration process, the key issue for the citizens from Serbia and Montenegro who live in Germany remains the following: maintenance of their national identity, cherishing of their mother tongue and culture, keeping up relations with their mother country, social gathering - in various associations, clubs and organisations, education in their mother tongue, what particularly includes comprehensive additional teaching for children in Serbian, as well as better information dissemination.

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Maass, Matthias. « ‘Soft’ Coercive Diplomacy versus Informal Resistance : Attempts at Deporting ‘Illegal Vietnamese’ from Reunifying Germany, 1990-1995 ». Hague Journal of Diplomacy 9, n^o 3 (29 août 2014) : 221–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341287.

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During the period of Germany’s reunification in the early 1990s, disagreement between Germany and Vietnam over the return of Vietnamese individuals to Vietnam escalated into a diplomatic dispute that also spilled over into Vietnam’s negotiations with the European Union over a major eu–Vietnam treaty. In mid-1995, however, the German and Vietnamese governments finally agreed on a repatriation arrangement that allowed Germany to begin deporting about 40,000 Vietnamese who were living in Germany illegally. This article explores the episode in the wider context of diplomatic dispute resolution. While Germany was demanding full cooperation from Vietnam on the issue of returning Vietnamese nationals, the Vietnamese government initially resisted large-scale repatriation for economic and social reasons. Hanoi attempted to frame the discussion within bilateral negotiations, economic costs and human rights, whereas Bonn argued from the perspective of customary international law and applied increasingly coercive diplomacy. German authorities escalated the disagreement and made economic threats with the aim of changing Hanoi’s behaviour. In order to frame this approach analytically, this article uses a modified form of coercive diplomacy. The analysis proceeds in three stages: first, the article analyses the origins of the dispute, which had its roots in German reunification; second, it evaluates the legal arguments advanced by each side; and third, it investigates Germany’s ‘soft’ coercive diplomacy and Vietnam’s response. The article concludes with an evaluation of Germany’s approach, benchmarking 1995’s diplomatic outcome against results on the ground, namely the number of returnees to Vietnam.

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Belov, Vladislav. « RESULTS OF 2022 : GERMAN ECONOMY ON THE VERGE OF DEINDUSTRIALISATION ? » Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 30, n^o 6 (31 décembre 2022) : 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran620227084.

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In 2022, the German economy was affected by three crises, pandemic, energy and geopolitical. The last two increased significantly in the spring due to the sharp conflict over Ukraine. The result was a further increase in world energy prices, the persistence of transport and logistics problems, gaps in value chains, and a shortage of important components. This led to the deepening of existing and the emergence of new problems in the sectors of the German manufacturing industry – the basis of Germany’s merchandise exports and imports, which traditionally determine the main quantitative parameters of its GDP. Despite the active intervention of the state in economic and political processes and the provision of large-scale financial assistance to economic entities and households, many of them, due to sharply increased prices, especially for gas and electricity, found themselves in a difficult situation. First of all, companies in energy-intensive industries were at risk of stopping production and possible bankruptcy. The uncertainty of the further development of the situation in the economy prompted the leadership of some of the players, incl. leaders, to raise the question of the need to search for new places of production and transfer a number of their enterprises to them. The United States remained one of the most attractive economic and political spaces (economic standards), whose leadership in the second half of 2022 adopted two major business support programs that further increased the attractiveness of American markets for German and European firms. Under these conditions, politicians, experts and entrepreneurs of Germany started talking about the risks of deindustrialisation of the domestic economy and a further decrease in the competitiveness of the German standard. In this context, the author analyzes the economic results of the year of the leader of the European Union, assesses the mentioned risks and gives a forecast for 2023.

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Bučienė, Romantė, et Erstida Ulvidiene. « THE ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DIMENSION IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ». Latgale National Economy Research 1, n^o 6 (21 octobre 2014) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2014vol1.6.1165.

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Under the rapid processes of globalization, education should help strengthen the creative powers of society, especially of the younger generation, to preserve and to develop the identity, as well as to educate civil society, increasing employment opportunities, particularly the ones of the youth, as well as economic competitiveness, reducing poverty and social exclusion. This paper defines the concept of entrepreneurship, the importance of entrepreneurial competence in the context of learning to act, it also presents an overview of youth employment and unemployment situation in the labour market, entrepreneurship level evaluation problem. The paper presents results of the survey carried out among young people in Lithuania, Slovakia and Germany, the attitude towards decision-making, time management, initiative, leadership, communication, confidence, responsibility, money and investment risk, mental stamina, creativity, acquired and inborn personal characteristics of businessmen as well as small (family) business development opportunities.

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Sanyé-Mengual, Esther, Kathrin Specht, Erofili Grapsa, Francesco Orsini et Giorgio Gianquinto. « How Can Innovation in Urban Agriculture Contribute to Sustainability ? A Characterization and Evaluation Study from Five Western European Cities ». Sustainability 11, n^o 15 (5 août 2019) : 4221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154221.

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Compared to rural agriculture, urban agriculture (UA) has some distinct features (e.g., the limited land access, alternative growing media, unique legal environments or the non-production-related missions) that encourage the development of new practices, i.e., “novelties” or “innovations”. This paper aims to (1) identify the “triggers” for novelty production in UA; (2) characterize the different kinds of novelties applied in UA; (3) evaluate the “innovativeness” of those social, environmental and economic novelties; and, (4) estimate the links between novelties and sustainability. The study was based on the evaluation of 11 case studies in four Western European countries (Italy, Germany, France and Spain). The results show that the trigger and origin of new activities can often be traced back to specific problems that initiators were intended to address or solve. In total, we found 147 novelties produced in the 11 case studies. More novelties are produced in the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability than in the economic. In most cases, external stakeholders played an important role in supporting the projects. The analysis further suggests that innovativeness enhances the overall sustainability in urban agriculture projects.

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Evdoshenko, Natalia Valerievna. « Charity organizations and financial aid rendered to the writers and scholars of white émigré in Europe in 1920’s – 1930’s ». Genesis : исторические исследования, n^o 5 (mai 2020) : 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.5.32840.

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The subject of this research is the financial aid rendered by charity organizations of the Russian literature and scientific emigration to the writers and scholars in European countries over the period of 1920’s – 1930’s. The goal consists in determination of significance of the provided by beneficiaries financial assistance in the context of economic situation of the receiving country during the indicated historical period. The work examines the activity of organizations that rendered financial aid to the writers, journalists and scholars in such countries as France, Switzerland, Germany, Turkey (Constantinople) and Czechoslovakia. Methodology is based on the historical approach and principles of scientificity and objectivity. Quantitative, comparative and statistical methods are applied for the analysis of financial indexes. For achieving the set foal, the author analyzed a wide variety of sources from the Russian and foreign archives, some of which were published for the first time. As a result of the conducted research, the author acquired new data on the size of actual financial assistance rendered to the writers and scholars of white émigré. Assessment is conducted on the significance of such aid for successful social adaptation and overcoming of financial difficulties by the representatives of scientific and literature emigration. The article is addressed to all researchers of the organizations of white émigré.  

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Ryazantsev, S. V., M. N. Khramova et A. I. Tyshkevich. « BACKGROUND AND FACTORS OF MUSLIM IMMIGRATION TO THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». BULLETIN 2, n^o 390 (15 avril 2021) : 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.73.

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The article analyzes the prerequisites, factors and consequences of immigration to the European Union from countries with a predominantly Muslim population. The main typological characteristics of the recipient countries of migrants from predominantly Muslim countries are highlighted. The problems studied in this article attract the attention of a wide range of specialists due to its relevance and at the same time due to the lack of any adequate answers to the modern challenges faced by the de facto multicultural societies of developed industrial countries. The results of consideration of the rights and freedoms of migrants in various EU countries are also important in scientific and practical terms. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the situation in Germany, as the most attractive country for migrants. In the context of the ongoing changes in the ethnodemographic structure of the population, the forecast of the number and gender and age structure of the Muslim population in Germany by 2050 is given. This forecast suggests that the population of Muslim origin in Germany will increase from 4.3 million in 2014 to at least 5.8 million by 2050. The increase will be achieved mainly due to a higher fertility rate than that of the Germans. According to the theory of E. Lee, the authors distinguish two groups of factors, "pushing factors" and "attraction factors", which contribute to the immigration of Muslims to more economically developed countries. The push factors in the countries of origin of migrants are mainly related to the unstable political situation, economic crises, and high unemployment, especially among the young population. Attracting factors are mainly related to the ability to receive certain economic preferences in the country of reception, to get educated, to have a stable income and medical care. Along with certain benefits, expressed in an increase in the share of the working-age population, Muslim migration also carries certain risks for EU countries: socio-cultural, religious, criminal, economic, political and geopolitical factors that can significantly affect the balance of political forces in the EU countries. The problems that arose with the adaptation and integration of Muslim migrants as a result of the largest migration crisis in the twenty-first century showed that the host country, in this case, the member States of the European Union, found themselves in a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, resolutions were prepared and adopted at the European level, and a set of measures was developed to accept migrants and provide them with financial and social assistance, which was expected to facilitate the process of adaptation and further lay the foundation for the assimilation of young Muslims. It was assumed that these steps will help, to some extent, to spread democratic values and principles for immigrants. On the other hand, in reality, the situation turned out to be much more complex and ambiguous, a number of EU States actually refused to accept migrants on their territories. The countries of the Visegrad group can be cited as an example. The split within the EU on migration issues calls the very existence of the European Union into question. This paper uses data from Eurostat, the International organization for migration, the German statistical office, the European Commission, the European Statistical Office, and a number of other reputable statistical agencies as input data. The material presented in the article does not contain information (information) related to state secrets of the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation.

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Bulatova, Olena, Oleksandr Osaulenko et Olha Zakharova. « MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, n^o 1 (22 janvier 2021) : 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-1-27-38.

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Intensification of destabilizing processes in the world economy, increasing the impact of global challenges and the spread of uncertainty in the conditions of economic activity actualize scientific research to ensure a high level of economic security of countries and regions. This in turn requires a thorough systematic analysis and assessment of the level of security and the state of the security environment based on the development of appropriate methodological tools. Taking it into account, the presented research is aimed at developing a system for monitoring and assessing the level of security development of the countries of the European region, based on the tools of multidimensional assessment and construction of complex integrated indicators. The article is aimed to development of the system for monitoring and assessing the EU security level, which consists of comprehensive assessment of the formation of security development factors, construction of the security level integrated indexes, which allowes to classify the EU countries according to the security level, to identify the features and intensity of the influence of the different determinants on the security level formation, to establish the peculiarities of the EU countries distribution within the regional security space. The object of the study is the regional security complex of the EU, based on the monitoring system – 24 indicators, which are systematized by nature (economic, sociodemographic, environmental) and direction of impact (incentives, disincentives), which are assessed for the period 2010–2019. The results show a high assessment of the integrated level of security in countries such as Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany; Ireland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, and Denmark have the highest security positions in terms of the economic component of the security level, Cyprus, Slovenia, Ireland, Luxembourg and Slovenia in terms of socio-demographic, and Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Finland and Portugal in terms of environmental security. The reduced impact of the economic security component factors, maintaining a moderate impact of the socio-demographic security component factors, the increasing influence of the environmental factors are determined. Statistical analysis of the distribution of the EU countries by security level in 2010–2019 confirmed the tendency to equalize the level of security development of the EU countries within the regional security complex, to reduce the level of variation of integrated assessments of security levels, to increase the share of countries with high levels. Building a matrix of positioning of the EU countries by the integrated level of security and the intensity of its dynamics allowed to divide the countries and zones of relative security and danger, and to determine that the most risky positions are in Italy, Bulgaria and Romania. The practical significance of the results of the study lies in the possibility of applying the proposed system of monitoring the level of security in the development and implementation of regional security strategy of the EU development, which will more effectively monitor changes, prevent risks and threats, prevent negative consequences.

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Neuberger, Doris, et Edoardo Beretta. « Narrative Ökonomik : Europa als „Transferunion“ oder „Risikogemeinschaft“ ? » Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 71, n^o 2 (4 août 2022) : 159–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2022-2075.

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Abstract Economic developments are often accompanied by narratives, which correspond to popular or generally understandable as well as easily reproducible descriptions, images and interpretations. In debates about European integration, the sovereign debt crisis, and solutions to the Corona crisis – the latter of which has rekindled concerns about the public finances of thrifty states – the narrative of Europe as a “transfer union” plays a major role. Unilateral payments from economically strong to economically weaker countries are assumed. An evaluation of all plenary minutes of the German Bundestag shows that this narrative has spread since the introduction of the Euro. Its peak has been reached with the European sovereign debt crisis of 2010/11. However, this is a distorted picture, which identifies Germany as the loser of European integration. The advantages to all member States deriving from currently discussed – or already implemented – measures to stabilize the EU can be explained by means of more appropriate descriptions of Europe as a “stability union” or “risk community”.

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Pukhyr, Svitlana. « Region’s inclusive development index as a criterion of evaluation of the territories’ socio-economic development level ». Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, n^o 5(139) (2019) : 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-5-3.

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The paper is devoted to examining of theoretical and practical aspects of introduction of the Regions’ Inclusive Development Index. At current stage, the works of contemporary foreign and domestic scientists are focused on the research of inclusive development and inclusive growth, where they more or less outline substantial misbalances of global economy growth models – GDP volumes growth is accompanied by inharmonious distribution of income between the entities, leading to stratification of population and aggravating poverty – and suggest a new balanced model of economic growth of socio-economic systems with growing involvement of all residents in economic growth processes and fair distribution of their results. Growing gaps in regions’ development, low credibility of GRP per capita in terms of estimation of socio-economic development of territories, their competitive ability and problematic nature objectively cause the need to introduce a new aggregated index to systemically and complexly make constructive managerial decisions to overcome negative tendencies, to conduct efficient state regional policy and to provide state financial assistance. The author’s approach to introduction of «Region’s Inclusive Development Index» in Ukraine at the level of regions, which is an analogue to international «Inclusive Development Index», which should show the growth (fall) of residents’ welfare in the region more comprehensively and promote achievement of European standards of the quality of life, which correspond to the principles of inclusive growth. The results of calculations of suggested Region’s Inclusive Development Index and comparative analysis by the rate of GRP per capita in followup of socio-economic development of Ukrainian regions in 2016-2017 show the reasonability of introducing this criterion as far as it reveals the advantages and defects of each region’s socio-economic development.

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Domaracká, Lucia, Andrea Seňová et Dominik Kowal. « Evaluation of Eco-Innovation and Green Economy in EU Countries ». Energies 16, n^o 2 (15 janvier 2023) : 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020962.

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A businesses with a green label is associated with resources that are sustainable. This business is linked to the green economy, which can be described as a form of economy that is responsible in relation to the environment and economic growth, and thus complementary. In this type of economy, viable products are created, but also solutions and practices that take the environment into account. It is well known that eco-innovation activities are closely linked to the development of an eco-business. The research sample consisted of 10 countries, namely the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Finland, which were selected by purposive sampling. In this article, we look at eco innovations in selected countries, specifically ranking them, where we have divided countries into different levels, from countries that are at the super eco-innovation level, to countries that are in the middle zone, to countries that are significantly lagging in this trend. To classify countries into each level, we looked at the following variables: eco-innovation inputs, eco-innovation activities, environmental outcomes, socio-economic outcomes, and the eco-innovation index itself. Taking these sub-results into account, we determined where countries are, in other words, which level they have reached. We found that there are significant differences between countries. As we conclude, there are several reasons for this, but one of them is the lack of communication, coordination, and synergy between institutions, government, and SMEs, which are the drivers of eco-innovation. The supporting quantitative data collection method was data collection and structured observation, which is more precise and therefore provides more detailed information about the reality under study. For the purpose of this thesis, data were obtained from the Statistical Office of the European Union, that is, Eurostat, which is responsible for publishing pan-European statistics and indicators that allowed us to compare countries. In the survey, we compared the five most recent years for which Eurostat data were available, namely 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. The overall score of a European Union member state is calculated as the unweighted average of 16 sub-indicators. It shows how well each Member State performs in terms of eco-innovation compared to the European Union average of 100.

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Delwati, Muhannad, Ahmed Ammar et Philipp Geyer. « Economic Evaluation and Simulation for the Hasselt Case Study : Thermochemical District Network Technology vs. Alternative Technologies for Heating ». Energies 12, n^o 7 (2 avril 2019) : 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071260.

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Thermochemical-technology has high potential for utilizing surplus heat from industrial processes and renewables. This paper examines the economic potential and thermochemical-technology behavior at a network level. The city of Hasselt (Belgium), was chosen as a case study for technology application due to its typical mid-European urban structure. An integrated heating system was proposed which transports energy potential from available surplus-heat sources to the demand side over long distances by a thermochemical-district-heating network, which serves for building heating with heat-pump assistance. A dynamic simulation model of the thermochemical-technology was developed using the experiments and Hasselt data to determine the technology’s energy performance. To examine the technology’s feasibility in the context of a large district energy network, an economic and environmental evaluation of the thermochemical-technology was performed. To compare key economic parameters between our integrated technology and other heating systems a sensitivity analysis to identify favorable market-conditions for wider deployment of the proposed technology was performed. The simulations indicated a 72% reduction of heat-pump heating energy usage as a benefit of the thermochemical system. Network pumping-energy and thermochemical-fluid mass were found via simulation to be 80 kWh and 300 tons, respectively. In comparison to domestic-gas-boilers, the proposed technology shows 95% lower carbon emissions, however at 37% higher annualized cost.

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Mahmood, Mir Annice. « Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan. Aid and Development. Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price : U.S. $ 52.00 ». Pakistan Development Review 30, n^o 2 (1 juin 1991) : 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i2pp.213-217.

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Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately 45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan. However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe. Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance, i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major parts: Part One deals with development thought and development assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further economic development.

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Marković, Milan, Jelena J. Stanković, Panagiota Digkoglou et Ivana Marjanović. « Evaluation of Social Protection Performance in EU Countries : Multiple-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) ». Problemy Ekorozwoju 17, n^o 2 (10 juin 2022) : 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2022.2.13.

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The paper aims to rank European Union (EU) countries according to the composite index, which uses selected social protection indicators from the relevant database at EU level – Eurostat. The total score of social performance for 2020 was determined using the CRITIC-TOPSIS framework. The study showed that Austria, Luxembourg and Germany, respectively, had the best level of social protection, while Latvia, Romania and Spain were at the bottom, as the countries with the worst values of indicators. The importance of research is reflected in the fact that the social component of sustainable development is still not sufficiently researched, especially when it comes to the application of multi-criteria analysis methods in the empirical analysis of social sustainability. In this regard, de- pending on the obtained performance values, socio-economic policymakers can redesign existing measures and programs, as well as the amounts of social transfers to certain EU member states. The authors expect that the results of the study will help build higher social standards and well-being in the EU.

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Quintano, Claudio, Paolo Mazzocchi et Antonella Rocca. « Immigrants in the EU5 labour markets : what happened during the economic crisis ? » International Journal of Manpower 41, n^o 1 (11 septembre 2019) : 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2017-0161.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand: whether the changes that have occurred in migrants’ conditions over time are smaller than the differences in their conditions existing across countries; and whether the comparison between immigrants and native-born conditions allows the verification of the levels of disparities between them and, therefore, the relative disadvantage suffered by migrant. After a general overview of the 28 European Union countries, this paper analyses the changes that have occurred from 2006 to 2017 in the conditions of migrants in the labour market in the big five European countries (Italy, Spain, France, Germany and the UK). Design/methodology/approach Various statistical methodologies were used. First, to gain an overall picture, taking into account both the spatial and the temporal dimensions, dynamic factor analysis (DFA) was applied. Second, time-dependent and cross-sectional time-series models were estimated to better understand the DFA results. Findings The results highlight very different scenarios in terms of labour market vulnerabilities, both affecting immigrants and native-born workers. The results also highlight the existence of a very complex framework, due to the high heterogeneity of immigrants’ characteristics and labour market capacities to integrate migrants and also to promote good conditions for the native-born population. Originality/value The picture emerging from this study and the evaluation of the policies and legislation in force to cope with migration and to promote integration suggests some reflections on the most efficacious actions to take in order to improve migrants’ integration, counteracting social exclusion and promoting economic growth.

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Dou, Paige. « Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 11, No. 4 ». Review of European Studies 11, n^o 4 (3 décembre 2019) : 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v11n4p88.

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Review of European Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Review of European Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to res@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 4 Nikos Christofis, Shaanxi Normal University, Greece Eugenia Panitsides, University of Macedonia, Greece Florin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Tryfon Korontzis, Hellenic National School of Local Government, Greece Carmen Ramos, University of Oviedo, Spain Nunzia Di Cristo Bertali, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom Gülce Başer, Boğaziçi University, Tukey Anna Cebotari, Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Republica Moldova Vicenta Gisbert, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain Sara Núñez Izquierdo, University of Salamanca, Spain Ioanna Efstathiou, University of the Aegean, Greece Muhammad Saud, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia Gabriela Gruber, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania Pinar Burcu Güner, Bielefeld University, Germany Carlos Teixeira, University of British Columbi, Canada Valeria Vannoni, University of Perugia, Italy Evangelos Bourelos, Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, SWEDEN Natalija Vrecer, independent researcher, Slovenia Ani Derderian, WSU, USA Òscar Prieto-Flores, University of Girona, Spain Ludmila Ivancheva, Institute for the Study of Societies and Knowledge, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Emilia Salvanou, Hellenic Open University, Greece Aziollah Arbabisarjou, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Arthur Becker-Weidman, Center For Family Development, USA Zining Yang, La Sierra University & Claremont Graduate University, USA Meenal Tula, University of Hyderabad, India Smita M. Patil, School of Gender and Development Studies, India Skaidrė Žičkienė, &Scaron;iauliai University, Lithuania Maria Pescaru, University of Pitești, ROMANIA Indrajit Goswami, N. L. Dalmia Institute of Management Studies and Research, India Patrick van Esch, Moravian College, Australia & US Ioan-Gheorghe Rotaru, ‘Timotheus’ Brethren Theological Institute of Bucharest, Romania Montserrat Crespi Vallbona, University of Barcelona, Spain

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Gerlach, Iryna, et Olha Ryndzak. « Ukrainian Migration Crisis Caused by the War ». Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs 26, n^o 2 (26 juillet 2022) : 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.2.2022.2.

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The open Russian military invasion of Ukraine supported by Belarus launched in February 2022 has changed the usual state of affairs and caused the economic, humanitarian, and migration crises. Several millions of Ukrainian people had to move to safer regions of the country, and a significant share of them (mostly women, children, and elderly people) have left abroad in search of safer living conditions, which has become the worst migration crisis since the World War II. Many Ukrainian citizens have been forced to move to Russia. Poland hosts the largest number of Ukrainian citizens among the EU countries (about 60% of all refugees), much less left for Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and Germany. Almost every European country helps Ukraine in some way or another, hosting its residents and providing asylum. The aim of this article is to investigate the tendencies and changes of forced migration in Ukraine in the conditions of war. The collective protection of displaced persons allows immediate assistance to many people in conditions of emergencies and reduces pressure on the system of asylum provision authorities. This decision provides the right to Ukrainians to live, work, and receive assistance in the EU countries avoiding the lingering process of asylum application submission and long waiting for the respective decision. The article highlights the comparison of standards for providing temporary protection of displaced persons in the EU countries that have accepted most of them. Certainly, the situation with the mass movement of people or leaving abroad will have negative consequences for Ukraine. The return of forcibly displaced from Ukraine will depend on what way of legal stay abroad they choose (status of “forced” tourist, refugee, or temporary protection). Moreover, the duration of hostilities and effi ciency and complexity of actions taken by state and local authorities to implement economic and social reforms will have much effect. The article offers various development scenarios for Ukraine and ways and incentives for returning Ukrainian citizens to their Motherland.

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Berzi, Duccio, Jacopo Cerri, Carmela Musto et Maria Luisa Zanni. « Use of European Funds and Ex Post Evaluation of Prevention Measures against Wolf Attacks (Canis lupus italicus) in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) ». Animals 11, n^o 6 (25 mai 2021) : 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061536.

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Introduction: Compensation programs are an important tool for mitigating conflicts between farmers and large predators. However, they present significant weaknesses and faults. For years, the EU has been prioritizing programs for the prevention of damage caused by large carnivores, rather than compensation programs, introducing compulsory compensation for the purposes of decision EC (2019) 772 of 29/01/19. This manuscript reports the experience with the wolf damage prevention programs in an Italian region, Emilia-Romagna, which implemented a pilot project, adopting a new method to interface with the farmers involved in the prevention programs. Methods: Starting in 2014, a project aimed at spreading prevention measures was financed through regional and European resources, accompanied by resources sharing and technical assistance with breeders from the regional body. In detail, (i) standardized types of intervention were defined and technical assistance was structured; (ii) ex post, the effectiveness of the interventions carried out was assessed; and (iii) the difficulties encountered in using the various financing instruments were analyzed. Results: Overall, 298 farms were analyzed, of which 166 applied for regional calls and 132 applied for European funds. The mitigation measures produced a reduction in predatory phenomena of 93.4%, i.e., from 528 to 35 predations over a period of 4–6 years. This study shows that more than one-third of the farmers were forced to abandon the two tenders, mainly due to the lack of liquidity in anticipating the prevention measures. Conclusion: In the years examined by this study, the prevention programs in the Emilia-Romagna region, due to the technical support offered, proved to be a functional and effective tool, capable of significantly reducing the wolf predation on livestock. However, this work highlights the high percentage of denials of mitigation measures by farmers interested in adopting these tools, stressing the need for regional agencies to focus on new policies that can provide advance economic resources to farmers and solve the authorization problems related to the various bodies with which the participant in the tenders must interface.

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Kopečná, Vědunka. « Counterfactual Impact Evaluation of the Project Internships for Young Job Seekers ». Central European Journal of Public Policy 10, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2016) : 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0026.

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Abstract The growing youth unemployment across Europe raises the need to take appropriate measures. One of steps taken towards decreasing it by the European Union has been the program Youth Guarantee, implemented by a number of member states. Despite the relatively lower youth unemployment, the Czech Republic has implemented this program as well, and supported the realization of the project Internships for Young Job Seekers, whose aim was to ease the transition for students from schools to the labour market thanks to internships in companies. The effects which internship related project bring for their participants have been evaluated in other EU countries, mainly in Germany, but also in Sweden or France. However, evidence about internships’ effectiveness has been missing for the Czech Republic, and this paper fills this existing knowledge gap with the use of counterfactual impact evaluation methods. In the paper, we have focused on examining the impacts of internships on personal income and economic status of trainees by using the propensity score matching, difference-in-differences estimation and two complementary methods – ordinary least squares and multinomial logit. The results confirmed a positive impact of internships on treated project participants regarding both outcome variables, and thus, are consistent with the majority of literature in the field.

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GUDZ, PETER, MARYNA GUDZ et BARBARA DĄBROWSKA. « COMMON POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE SPHERE OF INDUSTRY : PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN THE NEW REALITY OF POSTPANDEMIC ». Economic innovations 23, n^o 3(80) (20 août 2021) : 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.3(80).85-100.

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Topicality. The urgency of studying the problems and challenges of the European Union's common industrial policy in the post-pandemic is due to the need to overcome the recession caused by the epidemic crisis and find innovative ways and means to transform European economies to rebuild the economy for the welfare of citizens and environmental security. Another prerequisite for the intensification of industrial policy as a driver of development of the EU common market is the realization of competitive advantages over the economies of the United States and China.Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to analyze the problems and general challenges of the European Union's industrial policy in the new realities after the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has created many problems and posed many challenges to the European Union, but this is not the first crisis it has faced. The paper analyzes the challenges that have arisen during the measures taken to correct the economic downturn, as well as plans for the recovery and development of the European Union, including on the basis of digitization of the common industrial policy.Research results. The day, the genesis of the new, the fourth stage of the development of the industrial policy of the European Union has been designated. Established, according to the main method of industrial policy, and at the same time, 24 industrial halls of the 27 countries ЄC to improve the competitiveness of the European industry, as a step towards the development of the age of the mainstream of work. It was approved by the tools for the implementation of the industrial policy and criteria and indicators of evaluation and development. Sectoral analysis of industry, allowing you to camp for 2018 p. advanced development of machinery and equipment for the indicator of additional costs for production of coke and products of naphtha processing, automobiles, hairstyles and applications, industrial production of metal products for machinery. An analysis of the indicator of security to the given variability in the industrial spheres has taken into account the tendency to the concentration of security in the five countries of the world, some of the economies of Nimechchin. Analyzed the Eurocomisin's praise for April 2020. The plan for the development of Europe and the plan for the middle of the initial ones is the concept of industrial ecosystems. The concept of Europe is a light leader and ecology of the economy, realizing the industry and economy of the state government, the energy and economics of the program “Green Ladies”, as well as the economics of the economy.Conclusion. Problems and directions of overcoming challenges, determined by coronary crisis in industry and economy in general are identified: assistance in resumption of activity of industrial enterprises, coordination of partnership principles, limitation of pandemic expansion, preservation of jobs, tax benefits and credit policy of national banks aimed at investment development, financial assistance governments to support small and medium-sized businesses, assistance to relevant sectors of economic activity. The common industrial policy of the European Union covers many areas. Therefore, it is known that in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the common industrial policy will face many challenges and problems. The article highlights not only the difficulties that the European Union had to overcome, but also the measures and measures it has taken to solve these problems. Putting the safety of its citizens first, the European Union has temporarily suspended its common industrial policy to focus on priorities. The most important aim was to help the most needy Member States and to support the economic sectors most affected. In addition, the Union has also launched a ten- action plan to rebuild Europe. The reconstruction plan for Europe allowed the European Union authorities to focus on the original goals of the Union, thus putting the new industrial strategy for Europe into effect. The European Council plans not only to increase the global competitiveness of its industry as well as its autonomy and resilience, but also to increase the resilience of the single market and ensure the leading role of the EU in the ecological and digital transformation.

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Bickes, Hans, Tina Otten et Laura Chelsea Weymann. « The financial crisis in the German and English press : Metaphorical structures in the media coverage on Greece, Spain and Italy ». Discourse & ; Society 25, n^o 4 (juillet 2014) : 424–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926514536956.

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The German media presentation of the so-called Greek financial crisis caused an unexpected uproar in Germany. An anti-Greek sentiment evolved and spread among German citizens and solidarity for crisis-hit Greece was mostly rejected. Public surveys revealed that many Germans even wanted Greece to exit the Eurozone immediately. This article highlights the crucial role of the media in shaping the negative public opinion. In 2010, a period which has lately been referred to as Greek bashing, the German press had discussed the Greek financial crisis heatedly and controversially. Europe’s largest daily newspaper, BILD, published numerous reports that implicitly and explicitly constituted the myth of the corrupt and lazy Greeks in comparison to the hard-working Germans. In 2012, the crisis had spread much further, and not only Greece but other countries too were suffering from high debt, economic stagnation and unemployment. The news coverage became more moderate and conciliating and presented the dramatic social consequences for the respective population. This study highlights not only the development of the German media’s tenor on the Greek crisis through time, but adds an international perspective and widens the view by comparing the media treatment of the different countries involved. Based on 122 online articles, the study methodologically focuses on the analysis of metaphorical language in the news coverage of three comparable international news magazines: SPIEGEL (Germany), The Economist (the UK) and TIME (the USA), and contrasts the representation of Greece with the depiction of larger indebted European countries like Spain and Italy. The analysis shows remarkable differences in the evaluation and presentation of the crisis, which can be linked to the degree of involvement of Germany, the UK and the USA in European policies.

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Honcharenko, D. O. « The Pharmaceutical Industry in New EU Member States : A Statistical Comparison with Germany. Lessons for Ukraine ». Statistics of Ukraine 92, n^o 2 (15 juin 2021) : 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(93)2021.02.03.

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Pharmaceutical production is a strategic sector of the EU economy. The authorities of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries that became EU members in 2004 have been building up domestic pharmaceutical industries for purposes of production and distribution of medical drugs (MDs) and medical products (MPs), on the one hand, and government assistance to business entities and public procurement, on the other. The article’s objective is to assess the change in economic performance of the pharmaceutical industry in Poland, Hungary and Czechia after their accession to EU, to make a comparative statistical analysis with Germany, the leader of pharmaceutical production in EU, and to reveal key problems of this industry development in CEE countries, in order to elaborate recommendations for Ukraine on replication of best practices and avoidance of potential risks. Results of research show that pharmaceutical producers (group 54 SITC Rev.4) in CEE countries have been focusing mostly on EU market, with Germany being their main partner. The turnover of high tech pharmaceutical goods in CEE countries has significantly grown after the accession to EU, along with the significantly grown imports of these goods and the increasing negative trade balance. Pharmaceutical companies in CEE countries could increase the salaries and the apparent labor productivity, but the gap between them and Germany in salary and productivity terms still remains too wide. In the studied CEE countries there has been significant increase in pharmaceutical R&D spending, but its estimated share remains quite low compared with average figures for EU (16.1%) and Germany (25.6%). It is substantiated that because the future Agreement between the European Community and Ukraine on conformity assessment and acceptance of industrial products (ACAA agreement, or “Industrial visa-free regime”), which is being negotiated right now, will cover the pharmaceutical industry, the Ukrainian pharmaceutics will gain benefits only given the consolidated endogenous capacities of the industry and firmly established advantages of localization providing stimuli for European companies to create production facilities and R&D centers in Ukraine (including ones for contract-based R&D and productions). It is demonstrated that the inflow of investment and technologies from European pharmaceutical companies is capable of accelerating production start-up and exports of MDs and MPs (as time need not be lost for setting up all the links of the chain), thus adding up to the assets of Ukrainian producers (through transfer of knowledge and skills), but all the above cannot compensate for domestic efforts aimed at creating tangible and intangible assets in the industry. Given its Eurointegration context, Ukraine needs to pursue the policy of increasing the industry’s endogenous capacities and rely on the comprehensive approach (instead of focusing on MDs and MPs) that will cover the following key areas: biological and chemical ingredients, medical equipment, pharmaceutical fillers and packages, equipment and apparatus for pharmaceutical production. This is expected to reduce the dependence of Ukrainian pharmaceutics on imports and eliminate the problem of “truncated industrialization” that can cause structural imbalances, worsen the balance of payments and weaken the national currency.

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Pinket, An-Sofie, Marieke De Craemer, Inge Huybrechts, Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Benedicte Deforche, Greet Cardon, Odysseas Androutsos et al. « Diet quality in European pre-schoolers : evaluation based on diet quality indices and association with gender, socio-economic status and overweight, the ToyBox-study ». Public Health Nutrition 19, n^o 13 (18 avril 2016) : 2441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016000604.

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AbstractObjectiveTo study diet quality among pre-schoolers using the Diet Quality Index (DQI) and to investigate differences according to gender, socio-economic status (SES) and overweight/obesity status.DesignKindergarten-based cross-sectional survey within the ToyBox-study. A standardized protocol was used and parents/caregivers self-reported sociodemographic data and a semi-quantitative FFQ. A total DQI and its four subcomponents (diversity, quality, equilibrium and meal index) were calculated based on this FFQ. High total DQI scores indicate better diet quality than low scores. Results of the total DQI and the subcomponents were reported as percentages of maximum scores (100 %).SettingKindergartens in six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain).SubjectsEuropean pre-schoolers (aged 3·5–5·5 years) and their parents/caregivers (n 7063).ResultsThe mean total DQI score was 68·3 %. Mean scores of the subcomponents were 61·7 % for diversity, 56·5 % for quality, 65·4 % for equilibrium and 89·7 % for the meal index. Pre-schoolers of lower-SES backgrounds had lower scores on the total DQI and all its subcomponents. No clear differences were found by gender and overweight status. Results differed slightly according to country.ConclusionsPre-schoolers scored low on the total DQI and especially on dietary quality, as energy-dense, low-nutritious food items were more often consumed than highly nutritious food items. Furthermore, already in pre-schoolers lower-SES mothers were less likely to provide a good diet quality and this was consistent for all four subcomponents of the total DQI. Food intake in pre-schoolers should be enhanced, especially in pre-schoolers of lower-SES backgrounds.

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Makarenko, N. A. « New prospects for Ukraine's accession to the European Union : the influence of the russian-ukrainian war of 2022 on european integration ». Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n^o 1 (2 juillet 2022) : 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.01.66.

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The article examines the prospects of Ukraine's accession to the European Union during the Russian armed aggression on the territory of Ukraine. The key five stages of any country's accession to the European Union are explored, including: advisory, evaluation, negotiation, ratification, and implementation. Attention is paid to the study of the accession criteria that each candidate country must meet and pass in order to join the EU, including political, economic, membership criteria and “independent”. Attention is drawn to the fact that during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, there was a question of accelerated accession of our country to the European Union, because mostly the process of accession of any state to the European Union is long and can take from one to several decades. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a special procedure for accelerated accession to the EU may be developed for Ukraine, but the possibility of accession with the completion of all stages specified in the documents of the European Union is not ruled out. It is noted that in April 2022 Ukraine was given a questionnaire to obtain the status of a candidate country, filling in which will allow Ukraine to obtain this status. After the procedure of filling in the questionnaire, the answers provided by Ukraine will be considered, and in the future the state will be granted the status of a candidate and a decision will be made to start accession negotiations. The article also examines the impact of the Russian invasion and the territory of Ukraine on the future of Ukraine's membership in the European Union, as the aggression launched by Russia against Ukraine was a significant impetus for Ukraine's application for membership in the European Union. It is also noted that by becoming a candidate country, Ukraine will be able to count on significant assistance from the European Union, in the fight against the armed invasion launched by the Russian Federation, and later to rebuild the destroyed territories and infrastructure after the war.

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Erhart, Szilárd. « Ready or not ? Constructing the Monetary Union Readiness Index ». Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 11, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 23–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2022-0002.

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Abstract While all EU Member States can join the group's monetary union, the euro area, some members are far more ready for the adoption and use of the single European currency. Here, we construct a new Monetary Union Readiness Index (MURI) for the EU Member States. The theoretical framework of the index is built on the economic theory of Optimal Currency Areas and EU regulations such as the Treaty and the Maastricht criteria, and the Regulation on the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure. The index measures (i) nominal convergence, (ii) real convergence, and (iii) macroeconomic stability. The MURI Index provides an easy to use real-time policy tool to evaluate both candidate and current euro area members. Hence, it complements, aggregates and communicates key information in annual convergence reports and in official statistics. Our evaluation finds that Austria, Finland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany showed the highest level of compliance with the different euro area criteria in 2018, while Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Spain, and Italy were the least compliant.

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Perry-Duxbury, Meg, Job van Exel, Werner Brouwer, Anders Sköldunger, Manuel Gonçalves-Pereira, Kate Irving, Gabriele Meyer et al. « A validation study of the ICECAP-O in informal carers of people with dementia from eight European Countries ». Quality of Life Research 29, n^o 1 (8 octobre 2019) : 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02317-3.

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Abstract Purpose The pressure on healthcare budgets remains high, partially due to the ageing population. Economic evaluation can be a helpful tool to inform resource allocation in publicly financed systems. Such evaluations frequently use health-related outcome measures. However, in areas such as care of older people, improving health outcomes is not necessarily the main focus of care interventions and broader outcome measures, including outcomes for those providing informal care, may be preferred when evaluating such interventions. This paper validates a recently introduced well-being measure, the ICECAP-O, in a population of informal carers for people with dementia from eight European countries. Methods Convergent and discriminant validity tests were performed to validate the ICECAP-O using data obtained in a sample of 451 respondents from Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and the UK. These respondents completed a number of standardized questionnaires within the framework of the Actifcare project. Results The ICECAP-O performed well among informal carers, in terms of both convergent and discriminant validity. In the multivariate analysis, it was found to be significantly associated with the age of the person with dementia, EQ-5D-5L health problem index of the person with dementia, carer–patient relationship, care recipient CDR, carer LSNS Score, the PAI score, and Perseverance Time. Conclusion The ICECAP-O appears to be a valid measure of well-being in informal carers for people with dementia. The ICECAP-O may therefore be useful as an outcome measure in economic evaluations of interventions aimed at such informal carers, when these aim to improve well-being beyond health.

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