Thèses : « Economia morale »

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AIOLFI, BARBARA. « Ndigwa?L’economia delle foglie tra valori sociali del cibo e relazioni di mercato nelle comunità agro-pastorali nel centro della Tanzania ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/365799.

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Ndigwa? In gogo è un saluto che significa: quali notizie porta il cibo? Il piatto principale consumato nella regione di Dodoma, in Tanzania, è una polenta bianca, in swahili ugali, che è solitamente accompagnata da un condimento di foglie cotte (mboga). Il presente studio etnografico indaga “l’economia delle foglie” tra la popolazione agro-pastorale gogo, analizzando il cibo come “voce” della modernità (Couhinan, 1984). L’analisi si concentra sugli alimenti definiti localmente tradizionali e sulle verdure dette NUS (Specie Trascurate e Sottoutilizzate) dalle politiche economiche dello sviluppo. Ciò che si osserva è che in questi villaggi persiste un sistema ibrido di produzione e consumo della mboga, un “continuum” agri-culturale tra modernità e tradizione, tra foglie utilizzate fresche e foglie essiccate, un insieme di saperi del cibo non separati da confini netti, ma con punti di contatto e di sovrapposizione. Questo aspetto è spesso invisibile nelle classificazioni e nelle tassonomie agronomiche e botaniche. In tal senso, la presenza della mboga fresca non è mai localmente rappresentata solo come un miglioramento nutrizionale ma come un cambiamento che coinvolge molte dimensioni: modalità di coltivazione, saperi dell’acqua, connessioni tra gruppi etnici, cambiamento di utensili di cucina, migrazione, evoluzione di saperi e sapori culinari, forme di scambio monetarie e non monetarie. Se dal punto di vista delle politiche agricole tanzaniane, il sostegno alla produzione e alla commercializzazione della mboga dovrebbe contribuire alla sua diffusione nei mercati e nelle cucine, soprattutto delle metropoli, è invece proprio la sua coltivazione, con gli stessi semi e pesticidi, che ne riduce la bio-diversità e quindi anche la disponibilità. Dall’analisi della filiera di queste verdure e delle politiche agricole, tanzaniane e africane, nel settore ortofrutticolo è possibile infatti osservare i cambiamenti a livello globale delle relazioni sociali e ambientali derivanti da quella è stata definita la “commercializzazione della vita rurale” (Ponte, 1998). L’enfasi sul potenziamento della capacità di produzione, la trasformazione e vendita dei piccoli produttori, l’incremento delle attività non agricole in aree agro-pastorali, l’aumento della migrazione della forza lavoro e infine la rapida monetarizzazione degli scambi quotidiani sono questioni che attraversano la dimensione sociale del locale. La trasformazione di molte strutture sociali comunitarie potrebbe essere superficialmente interpretata come l’abbandono del “tradizionale” e l’introduzione di forme di tipiche del capitalismo globale. L’economia morale ancora oggi attiva istituzioni di solidarietà storiche, meccanismi di redistribuzione del reddito e celebrazioni delle feste e dei riti, che si interconnettono con le dinamiche del Mercato capitalistico. La mboga, cibo degli “antenati e dei mercati”, e le sue caratteristiche agri-culturali sono ancora parte di un sistema, per lo più domestico, regolato socialmente, eppure contemporaneamente le economie morali “tradizionali” si stanno ri-significando per affrontare i nuovi contesti e le nuove sfide, per riorganizzare le relazioni sociali dentro e fuori le comunità.
The word Ndigwa means food in Gogo language. What’s about the food? The typical daily main meal in rural Dodoma households is a stiff white porridge, called ugali, usually accompanied by a dressing of cooked green leafy vegetables. These vegetables come from a variety of sources: they can be either homegrown or bought at the local market; sometimes they can even be harvested from the wild. In rural areas where diet is considered low in animal source food and in some nutrients, these vegetables play an important role in diet because of high concentrations of some nutrients. In the interviews, the term collected to indicate leafy vegetables, in addition to the single specific name, is mboga. The present ethnographic study investigates the mboga economies and it examines the topic of the so-called Indigenous Vegetables and NUS (Neglected and Underutilized Species) in a specific context, the Dodoma region, in the central area of Tanzania mainly inhabited by the agro-pastoral population known as Gogo. Starting from the definition of NUS and the ambiguous concept of "neglected", it is possible to investigate the interpretative limits of many other "food dichotomies": indigenous / imported, wild / cultivated, dried / fresh, traditional / modern, domestic / commercial, female / male, subsistence / market. With the aim of encouraging their marketing, the leaves were in fact labeled as "indigenous" or "traditional" even when they were not always so (as in the case of the chainizi plant); “wild” despite being somewhat domesticated; of female competence while being cultivated together with men. Getting closer to local perspectives on food, departing not just from narratives and local values, but also local practices around food, allows to highlight constraints but even more resources within policy making, with the aim to be sustainable and thus inclusive to communities who often have been left aside by development policies: small farmers, rural consumers, market sellers. Within a long tradition of difficulties of modernization policies in understanding local resource management, local coping risk and diversification strategies, often local cultural patterns have been translated into mere obstacles: instead, understanding local perspectives is the first step to highlight contradictions or changes but it’s also the way to highlight that what are labeled hindrances to development can become resources for an equal and participatory socio-economic change.

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Cordenos, Piero <1995&gt. « Should I pay for a car I didn't want ? Political representation, tax morale and investment choices, a study of the Italian case ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18796.

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This thesis aims at exploring the possible relationships between political representation, electoral preferences and communication and tax compliance, to investigate whether or not there is a political component to tax morale, and on the other hand the public debt ownership distribution, to probe the extent with which foreign and local investors believe that a certain government might influence national economic performance and stability.

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Lopes, Maria de Fátima Gomes. « Uma análise qualitativa ao fenómeno da economia paralela ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21156.

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Mestrado em Gestão de Projetos
Na gestão de projetos existe a consciência em calcular e avaliar o risco em todas as suas fases do ciclo para diminuir o erro. Perceber a existência do risco, analisá-lo e minimizá-lo são processos da gestão do risco que se encontram presente em todas as situações no dia a dia. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a perceção que os contribuintes singulares comuns e de profissionais ligados a diversas áreas (com base em Vicente, 2017), residentes em Portugal, possuem acerca dos pagamentos com “dinheiro na mão”. Este trabalho é, empiricamente, constituído em duas grandes partes. A primeira parte, mais quantitativa, consistiu na obtenção de dados de um questionário ministrado por Vicente (2017) e Diogo (2018) e tendo sido testadas as diferenças de médias dentre um conjunto de dimensões (economia paralela, moral tributária e confiança institucional) para um determinado conjunto de variáveis sociodemográficas. A segunda parte, mais qualitativa, consistiu na análise de uma pergunta aberta acerca da economia paralela, utilizando o termo pagamentos com “dinheiro na mão”. Após a análise dessa questão, foi criada uma “nuvem de categorias” de modo a priorizar a opinião da amostra dos inquiridos relativamente à perceção da utilização do instrumento “dinheiro na mão”. Conclui-se que, a maioria dos inquiridos reprimem os pagamentos com “dinheiro na mão", possuem um nível de moral tributária favorável e revelam falta de confiança nas instituições governamentais, bem como não existe justiça nem equidade fiscal quando se realiza pagamentos com “dinheiro na mão” sem pagar.
In project management there is the awareness to calculate and evaluate the risk in all its phases of the cycle to decrease the error. Understanding the existence of risk, analysing it, and minimizing it are risk management processes that are present in all situations on a daily basis. The present study aims to analyse the perception that ordinary private taxpayers and professionals related to various areas (based on Vicente, 2017), residents in Portugal, have about "cash in hand" payments. This work is empirically made up of two large parts. The first part, more quantitative, consisted of obtaining data from a questionnaire administered by Vicente (2017) and Diogo (2018) and having been tested the differences of means between a set of dimensions (the shadow economy, tax morality and institutional trust) for a given set of sociodemographic variables. The second, more qualitative part, consisted of analysing an open question about the shadow economy, using the term "cash in hand" payments. After the analysis of this question, a "cloud of categories" was created to prioritize the opinion of the sample of respondents regarding the perception of the use of the instrument "cash in hand". It is concluded that most respondents repress payments with "cash in hand", have a favourable tax morale level and reveal lack of confidence in government institutions, as well as there is no justice or fiscal equity when making payments with "cash in hand" without paying.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Laghi, Laura. « Proposta di traduzione dell'articolo "Moral Hazard in Teams" di Bengt Holmstrom ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13725/.

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Questo elaborato ha come argomento una proposta di traduzione dall’inglese all’italiano di alcuni capitoli del saggio di Bengt Holmstrom, “Moral Hazard in Teams”, che tratta dei metodi di ottimizzazione vincolata, applicati alla teoria dei giochi: per “Azzardo morale” si intende il comportamento scorretto di un agente in relazione ad una carenza di informazioni riguardo l’operato del team che renda difficile determinare quale agente stia operando in maniera scorretta. È una teoria che riguarda, in generale, qualsiasi tipo di relazione dove il principale deleghi il potere decisionale agli agenti. In questo elaborato parlerò dell’autore, del saggio e delle motivazioni che mi hanno spinto a scegliere questo articolo come fonte per il mio elaborato finale. La tesi si concluderà con un’analisi della traduzione (svolta sia sotto il profilo lessicale, che sotto il profilo grammaticale) e dell’uso dell’inglese come lingua franca per gli articoli di carattere scientifico.

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MURINO, ANTONELLA. « L'azione economica tra etica e neurobiologia ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266376.

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The heated debate over the conflict between ethics and economics is often described as an epochal issue, an expression of present-day fragility, resulting from the implosion of the development model, which has characterised western society. The debate, however, exposes a paradox. Whilst, on the one hand, the neoclassical economic theory is radically criticized, on the other such criticism does not appear to delineate any solid, practicable alternative. Thus, the mainstream economic theory is still taught, practised by individuals as well as institutions, and further developed by the prevailing academic research. For this reason, a viable alternative needs to be sought, along with a new research methodology, which would allow to apply novel and more coherent theoretical assumptions into effective research and real cases. The theoretical instruments by which to create the models for human behaviour need to take into account the biological foundation of behaviour, expressed in evolutionary genetics terms. The aim of this paper is to establish whether our moral knowledge of economics may claim any scientific objectivity in light of advances in subject areas that differ in their scope and methods: moral philosophy, economics, cognitive neuroscience and artificial intelligence, each of which makes a specific contribution to understanding the operation of the human mind and towards forming the moral values onto which economic choice and action are founded. Given that the object of the study of economic science is the analysis of complex systems, nowadays the most efficient method seems to be artificial life simulation.

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RICCARDI, RAFFAELE. « “Perché non siamo tutti evasori?”. Il passaggio dalla “lotta all’evasione” al “miglioramento”, nei sistemi fiscali, della “tax compliance” grazie al contributo della tax morale. Il caso Italia ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/30740.

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This paper aims to contribute to the debate of tax morale and tax compliance by discussing first about the traditional topic of deterrence and then about the social, behavioral and demographic factors which could influence tax morale and tax compliance and confronting them with empirical evidences.

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Valencia, Hernández Manuela. « Agricultura, comercio y ética : ideología económica y economía en Roma, IIa a.e.-I d.e. / ». Zaragoza : Departamento de las ciencias de la antigüedad, Universidad de Zaragoza, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366833322.

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Clais, Jean-Baptiste. « La patrimonialisation des jeux vidéo et de l'informatique. : Ethnographie en ligne et hors ligne d'une communauté de passionnés ». Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STETT116/document.

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Notre objet est une communauté de 300 à 400 passionnés-collectionneurs de vieux ordinateurs et de vieux jeux vidéo des années 1970-90, autrement appelés « vieilles machines », dispersés dans toute la France ainsi qu’en Belgique et en Suisse. Cette communauté est organisée en premier lieu par des forums sur internet bien qu’émanant d’associations locales. Ces forums servent à l’échange d’informations et de matériel de collection entre passionnés. Un système de valeur riche et complexe organise les relations sociales autours de l’amour et de l’utilisation des vieilles machines, d’une volonté de partage du savoir et du rejet de la spéculation. Le partage est au cœur de l’imaginaire et des pratiques de cette communauté. Il n’est pourtant pas la règle dans les économies qui l’entourent (eBay, brocantes, sites d’enchères divers). Or à l’époque des fondateurs de la communauté vers 1998, les passionnés pouvaient alors s’approvisionner gratuitement ou presque. Ils ont donc ressenti la mise en place d’un marché extérieur comme une forme d’expropriation. Ils ont donc réorganisé les règles de vie et d’échange au sein de la communauté pour contrecarrer la hausse des prix interne que générait la hausse sur le marché extérieur. Ils ont à la fois promu la notion d’échange mutuellement profitable contre l’idée de profit, organisé un système de tabou sur les prix réel des objets, tirant parti du statut de prescripteurs. Ils ont ainsi réussi à créer une niche économique, un marché à bas prix, à l’accès fermement contrôlé mais au sein duquel, une fois intégré, après avoir construit une situation par une « carrière » chacun peut profiter d’un système d’entraide généralisée
This work is about a community of 300 to 400 hobbyist-collectors of micro-computers and video-games from the 70’s to the 90’s which they call “vieilles machines”. They are scattered all over France, Belgium and Switzerland. This community communicates through online forums although they belong to local offline associations. These forums are mainly used to exchange objects and information among collectors. A rich and complex system of value and representations organizes the social relationships. The main points are: the love of the “vieilles machines”, the will to use them, sharing knowledge and rejection of speculation. Sharing is the very basis of the social imaginary of the community. Sharing isn’t however the rule in neighboring economic systems (eBay, garage sales other online auction websites). Yet, during the first time of the community around 1998, when these objects were only obsolescent technical rubbishes, the community members could collect for free or very few money. Thus they felt as if they have been stolen when an outside market developed and prices increased. As a reaction, they changed social norms and exchange rules inside the community in order to temper the internal increase of the prices caused by outside market’s increase. They both promoted the idea of mutually satisfactory exchange and organized a taboo on the object’s real price using the position of major online opinion leaders on their subjects. They managed to create a niche economy, a low price market in which one cannot integrate easily but in which when fully integrated, after building one’s position through a “career” one can beneficiate from an extend system of generosity and mutual aid

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Euvrard, Jean-Louis. « Philosophie et marché chez Adam Smith : morale de l'économie, économie de la morale ». Nantes, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NANT3013.

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On a trop souvent fait de Smith le fondateur de l’économie politique, occultant ainsi qu'il considérait son œuvre morale (la théorie des sentiments moraux) comme supérieure à la richesse des nations et que l’économie relevait toujours, pour lui, de la juridiction de la philosophie morale. En réalité, il n'est devenu "économiste" que pour des raisons philosophiques. Il y a un devenir-économie de l philosophie : le marche autorégulateur est l’énigme enfin résolue, la solution enfin trouvée au problème du fondement d'un lien social durable et optimal. Toutes les thèses économiques de Smith sont solidaires d'une herméneutique philosophique du marche. Pour le démontrer, on déchiffrera les vertus du marché autorégulateur en prenant comme fil conducteur l’omniprésence du concept de nature dans la richesse des nations. La société commerçante est l'actualisation du naturel anthropologique, en demeurant conforme à la version smithhienne du droit naturel. Elle incarne l’émergence d'une légalité économique "naturelle" (au sens d'un mécanisme engendrant un résultat inintentionnel qui se révèle inconsciemment ordonne au bien public). Mais les analyses de la richesse des nations semblent contredire les résultats de la philosophie morale. D'où "le problème d’Adam Smith". L'examen de la théorie des sentiments moraux montre qu'y coexistent deux modèles : celui de la fondation morale du lien social, par pleine actualisation du dispositif de la moralité naturelle et celui du retrait. La richesse des nations n'est que le devenir "économie" du retrait, comme articulation à minima de l'ordre de la coexistence morale et de l'ordre économique. Solution réaliste, de moindre mal qui réalise les fins morales, apparemment niées, par d'autres moyens. Ce en quoi réside la dignité philosophique du marche comme héritier quasi dialectique de la moralité naturelle
Adam smith has all too frequently been made the founder of politiqual economy, in a hidden kind of way since he considered his moral work (theory of moral sentiments) as more important than the wealth of nations and since the economy is, for him, always grounded in moral philosophy. In realty, he only became an "economist" for philosophical reasons. There is an evolving process of the transformation from philosophy to economics : the enigma of the self regulating market is finally resolved, the solution is finally found in wich the fundamental problem of a long term social link is optimal. All economic theses are based on a paricular philosophical hermeneutic of the market. In order to demonstrate this thesis, it is intended to uncover the virtues of the self regulationg market, taking as the guideline the ever espace present concept of nature in the wealth of nations. The "commercial society" is the historical manifestation of human nature, with de smith's version of natural law. It embodies the emergence of a system of "natural" economic laws (in the sense of a mechanism tending toward an unintentional state wich reveals itself unconciously orientated towards the public good). But the analysis of wealth of nations seem to contradict the results of the moral philosophy. Hence the "adam smith problem". An examination of the theory of moral sentiments shows that two models exist: one wich links the moral to the social, by fully developing natural morality; and the other by withdrawal. The weath of nations is only the "becoming" part of this withdrawal, a minimal articulation of the order of moral coexistence and the economic order. A realistic solution is one of the lesser evil, which brings about the apparently denied moral ends by other means. It is here that lies the philosophical dignity of the market as the semi dialectic inheritance of natural morality

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Vega-Centeno, Máximo. « Ética personal y profesional : la Economía y los economistas ». Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118236.

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A partir de la preocupación de muchos en la sociedad, real y permanente en unos y circunstancialen otros, por la moralidad en la vida pública y aun privada, se presentan y discuten algunos conceptosrelevantes en la materia y se los refiere a las profesiones y en particular a la Economía. Setrata enseguida de precisar las condiciones para un ejercicio ético de la profesión de economistay lo que esto implica para el conjunto de la profesión y para las personas. Por último, se planteanalgunos problemas específicos que aparecen en el ejercicio profesional dado el importante gradode desarrollo de la disciplina y el conjunto de problemas y de expectativas en la sociedad, asícomo el riesgo de convalidar faltas de ética por ausencia de sanción oportuna y adecuada. -- This paper addresses an ongoing debate on significant concepts about morality in public andeven private life, and their relationships with economist. It entails a concern of several scholars(more permanent for some of them and more circumstantial for others), and attempts to get aprecise view of the conditions for a professional performance that goes according to an ethicalcommitment and a concern for the people. Finally, it describes some specific problems that appearin the professional performance due to the importance of the discipline within ongoingsocial problems and expectations, and due to the permanent risk of validating ethical faultsbecause of a lack of adequate sanctioning.

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Queiroz, Jose Benevides. « Durkheim : em busca da (re)moralização da economia ». [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281084.

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Orientador: Valquiria G. Domingues Leão Rego
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Em sua obra, Durkheim nunca estudou especificamente a economia. Esta e o pensamento econômico só apareceram como pano de fundo ou foram mencionadas en passant. Contudo, isto não o impediu de elaborar análises sobre o estado da economia de sua época e nem muito menos apontar soluções para a mesma. A presente tese tem como objetivo sistematizar e desvelar o pensamento econômico do sociólogo francês, bem como analisar a validade de suas propostas para superar o estado de anomia em que a economia se encontrava. Para isto, partiu-se da hipótese de que, com sua reflexão, Durkheim buscou (re)moralizar a economia
Abstract: ln his work, Durkheim never studied the economy specifically. This economy and the economic thought only appeared as a backdrop or were mentioned en passant. However, that did not stop him from elaborating analyses on the state of the economy of his time or from pointing solutions to it. The present thesis aims to systematize and show the French sociologist's economical thought, as well as to analyze that validity of his proposals to overcome the state of anomie in which the economy was. For that, one assumes that with his reflection, Durkheim sought to (re)moralize the economy
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

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Barile, Lory. « Environmental morale : an application of behavioural economics ». Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616874.

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This thesis makes a contribution to that part of the economics literature that explores how behavioural economics can inform environmental economics. Theoretically, the thesis develops the concept of environmental morale. Empirically, the study investigates the role of environmental morale on individuals’ behaviour within two different contexts: recycling participation and intertemporal choices over different goods (i.e., money, environment, and health) and outcomes (i.e., gains and losses). Major objectives of this analysis are: to shed light on how environmental morale interplays with individuals’ behaviour under different recycling policy schemes, and to examine whether temporal discounting is domain specific and depends on environmental morale heterogeneity. Original survey investigations are employed to analyse these issues. Results highlight the relevance of environmental morale both in motivating individuals’ contribution to recycling and intertemporal choices towards environmental outcomes. Regarding the interaction between environmental morale, recycling participation and government interventions, results from this analysis suggest that a facilitating nudge policy seems to be relatively more powerful in increasing individuals’ contribution and motivation towards recycling. Considering intertemporal choices, a paradox of hyperopia seems to be located in data provided in this analysis. Some of the original contributions of the thesis are, first the broader reconceptualization of the definition of environmental morale and its operationalization in analyses of questionnaire preferences. Secondly, in line with other areas of research (i.e., tax compliance literature); this study pursues an investigation of individual and cultural differences with respect to recycling policies, an area which has been neglected in the environmental economics literature. In this regard, the analysis considers a comparison between psychology and economics students in Italy and the UK. Thirdly, conditioning discounting on environmental morale offers a unique opportunity to analyse how ethical considerations influence the way individuals form expectations on (near and far distant) future environmental outcomes.

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Grijó, Eduardo. « Economia como política e esquecimento da virtude moral ». Florianópolis, SC, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/95096.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências Humanas
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Uma vez passado aquele momento de identificação e debate sobre a crise da economia, ao final do século XX, uma crise que pôde ser caracterizada tanto sob o aspecto das relações econômicas cotidianas e sua capacidade de gerar bem-estar, quanto da ciência que lhe pretende descrever, cabe à filosofia da economia buscar alguma reflexão sobre "o que estamos fazendo?". Este trabalho lida com a questão essencial da fundamentação da ciência econômica, para o que é dividido em dois momentos. O primeiro trata de saber se a formação metodológica da economia como uma ciência empírica é todo o seu fundamento necessário. Se assim for, qualquer busca de reflexão crítica deve partir de uma correta aplicação desta metodologia e melhoria de seus instrumentos teóricos de análise. Concluiu-se, entretanto, que não, e pudemos, por este motivo, propor a importância do resgate da história do pensamento econômico como parte de uma história intelectual interdisciplinar - em diálogo com princípios de filosofia moral e política. Isso nos habilita não apenas para a compreensão dos elementos afirmativos do campo científico inaugurado por Adam Smith, mas, sobretudo, pelo que, justamente por estes, ficou esquecido e, até hoje, assim está pela economia. Redescobrimos o caminho de expansão do conceito de economia, inicialmente concebido como pertencente ao domínio doméstico - em Aristóteles e também no pensamento medieval - para a sociedade civil, acompanhando o longo processo de emergência do pensamento político moderno ocidental. Os elementos desta transição nos dão conta de lançarmos a hipótese de que a emergência de uma economia adjetivada como política representa o esquecimento da virtude moral, seja considerando aspectos filosóficos, linguísticos ou políticos da questão.
Once that moment of identification and debate about the crisis of economy, a crisis that may be characterized both in terms of the "real economy" as well as the science which intends to describe it, it is now bound to the philosophy of economy to seek for some reflection about "what are we doing?". The present work addresses the core question of the fundaments of the science of economy and to do so this study has been divided in two moments. The first aims at finding out whether the methodological formation of economy as an empirical science is in fact all of its necessary fundament. It has been concluded otherwise and therefore we have been capable of proposing the importance of rescuing the history of economical thought as a part of a broader intellectual history, in constant dialogue with the principles of moral and political philosophy, and not merely the comprehension of the affirmative elements of the field of science inaugurated by Adam Smith, but above all, by what has been forgotten by such elements. We therefore retake the path of expanding the very concept of economy within domestic domains, arousing from the Aristotelian philosophy, to civil society, in the primordial times of western modern philosophy, mainly regarding the philosophy of politics. The elements of such transition have provided us the necessary fundaments in order to launch the hypothesis that the arousal of an economy, labeled as political, represents the forgetfulness of moral virtue, in what concerns philosophical, linguistic and political aspects of the matter.

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O'Connor, Lara. « Imposing Existence : Moral Implications & ; Economic Deterrents ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1025.

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In this thesis I have examined Anti-Natalism, specifically arguments by David Benatar, which conclude that human procreation is under all circumstances wrong, and Seana Shiffrin, which concludes that procreation is a “moral hard case.” I provide objections and responses to each argument of my own, as well as those from Saul Smilansky, Rivka Weinberg, and David Wasserman. I also examine the manner in which female unemployment rates (as well as aggregate female and male) unemployment rates in a year between 2005 and 2014 impact fertility rates in the following year (from 2006-2015).

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Giovanni, Orlando. « New moral economies in western Sicily ». Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2010. http://eprints.gold.ac.uk/3423/.

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Rima, Samuel D. « Spiritual capital : a moral core for economic practice ». Thesis, University of Buckingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601452.

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The thesis of Spiritual Capital Theory: A Moral Core for Economic Practice is that the current prevailing paradigm of neoliberal capitalism has become incapable of solving the world's recurring economic crises and, in fact, has instead become one of the primary causes of these recurring crises. The reason for this, according to this dissertation, is that the practice of neoliberal capitalism has been dislodged from a concern for social ontology and is no longer guided by any discernable moral core capable of mitigating its potential negative effects. The fact that neoliberal capitalist practice has become rooted, almost exclusively, in empirical, positivistic, mathematical science has further exacerbated this current state of economic affairs. In response to this problem the research conducted for this thesis explored nascent concepts of spiritual capital in order to develop a more economically oriented theory of spiritual capital that might serve as a moral core for economic practice and re-root it in social ontology. As such, Spiritual capital involves economic practice that is characterized by the leveraging of other forms of capital at an actor or organization's disposal with the conscious intention of promoting social and economic justice and advancing the common good. When an individual or organization leverages their natural, human, social, financial, manufactured, intellectual or other forms of capital with the specific intent of promoting social and economic justice and advancing the common good, they are investing spiritual capital. In this way spiritual capital has the potential to serve as a moral core for economic practice and re-root it in social ontology.

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Anen, Cedric Robert Quartz Steven Quartz Steven. « Neural correlates of economic and moral decision-making / ». Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2007. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05012007-133654.

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Foust, James. « Payment Schemes and Moral Hazard ». Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1370853680.

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Junker, Berit. « A local economy before its transition to the market economy : a case study of a German village ». Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34006.

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This work examines the socio-economic context of the small town of Eichelborn in the Westphalia region of Germany. There, a local and 'moral' economy existed until the end of the 1960's that resisted the forces of integration into a wider self-regulatory market system for an exceptionally long time, continuing to rely primarily on simple craft production and small-scale farming for the local market. Employing mainly qualitative methods, the aim of research was to describe the economic and social structure of this place as well as to determine whether it functioned according to the principles of a pre-market society as indicated in Karl Polanyi's writings. The findings of my research show that one can, indeed, understand Eichelborn as a Polanyi-type community and as a 'moral' economy in which a strong interrelation and unity between the social and economic realms result in the reconciliation between 'personal self-interest' and 'morality'.

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Pinto, Luiz Guilherme de França Nobre. « Perigo moral no setor de saúde : uma análise empírica ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/344.

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Esta tese investiga a existência de correlação entre as diferentes coberturas médicas de um Plano de Saúde e o grau de utilização dos seus Segurados. A estratégia usada foi a de verificar se um grupo de indivíduos, previamente selecionados, modifica a sua demanda por cuidados médicos após uma alteração contratual do Plano de Saúde (choque exógeno). Os dados foram extraídos da base de dados do Plano da Eletros-Saúde, no período de jan/1999 à dez/2003. Após a comparação entre a média das despesas médicas desses indivíduos, antes e depois de sofrerem o choque contratual, observou-se que existe uma alteração significativa de comportamento. Quanto maior a cobertura médica propiciada pelo Plano de Saúde, maior a demanda por cuidados médicos por parte desses indivíduos.

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Kolyban, Alla. « Moral hazard in the doctor's prescription in Portugal ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11427.

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Mestrado em Economia
Este trabalho mostra evidência empírica sobre a existência de risco moral na prescrição de medicamentos em Portugal. A questão é abordada numa situação onde os copagamentos de alguns pacientes são muito baixos. Assim, o principal objetivo é testar se os pacientes, que são abrangidos pelo escalão de comparticipação superior, consomem menos genéricos prescritos por médicos do que os pacientes com maior copagamento. O modelo econométrico estimado pelo Método dos Mínimos Quadrados; métodos dos Efeitos Fixos e Efeitos Aleatórios e pelo método “Equação de Estimação Generalizada” a partir de um painel de vendas dos medicamentos de Sistema Nacional de Saúde e os dados de despesas de Sistema Nacional de Saúde por mês para o período de 2004 a 2009. Os dados abrangem 38 subgrupos farmacêuticos. Os resultados mostram que quando o nível de comparticipação aumenta (ou a parte do custo que Sistema Nacional de Saúde paga) o rácio do consumo entre medicamentos genéricos e de marca diminui. É encontrada assim evidência empírica da existência de risco moral na prescrição médica. No entanto, quando é considerada a diferença de preço entre medicamentos de marca e genéricos a existência de risco moral é parcial.
This work provides evidence on the existence of moral hazard in the prescription of drugs in Portugal. The question is addressed in a setting where co-payments of some patients are very low. So the main aim is to test if patients, who covered by higher reimbursement level, consume fewer generics prescribed by physicians than patients with higher co-payment. The econometric model is estimated with Pooled Ordinary Least Square Estimation, Fixed and Random Effects, and with Generalized Estimating Equations approach for a panel of monthly National Health System drug sales and reimbursement expenditure data from 2004 to 2009. We use dataset, which covers 38 pharmaceutical subgroups. The main results show that the greater the reimbursement level that the patient has (or the part of cost that National Health System pays), the lower the proportion of generics prescriptions made by physicians. This confirms the existence of moral hazard. However, when the price difference between branded drugs and generics is considered, only partial existence of moral hazard is found.

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Malezieux, Antoine. « Essais sur la psychologie économique du comportement d’évasion fiscale ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0062/document.

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Le premier Chapitre utilise les acquis de la psychologie différentielle et de la psychométrie pour corréler le comportement d’évasion fiscale observé dans le laboratoire aux traits de personnalité individuels, mesuré grâce à des questionnaires psychométriques standardisés. Ces questionnaires de personnalité sont liés aux émotions morales, aux jugements moraux et à la soumission à la norme. Les résultats montrent d’abord que les questionnaires mesurant les émotions morales expliquent mieux les comportements d’évasion que les autres questionnaires. Ensuite, le pouvoir explicatif de ces traits de personnalité reste très modeste. Cette absence de relation forte met donc l’accent sur l’importance du contexte institutionnel dans lequel la soumission fiscale est mesurée. Les deuxième et troisième Chapitres tentent de mieux prendre en compte ce contexte institutionnel, en utilisant la psychologie sociale de l’engagement. Le second Chapitre montre que la modification de l’environnement du contribuable, à travers l’exposition à un serment à dire la vérité, accroît le niveau d’honnêteté des déclarations fiscales qui lui font suite. Le troisième Chapitre tente d’expliquer la cause du phénomène suivant : la démocratie directe, comme présente dans certains cantons en Suisse, serait la source d’une plus grande soumission fiscale. D’après la littérature existante, sa cause pourrait être soit une coordination sociale entre les agents, soit un effet d’engagement du vote en lui-même. Les résultats montrent que la coordination sociale entre les contribuables ne permet pas d’expliquer ce phénomène, qui reflate plutôt un effet d’engagement de la participation au processus électoral
The first Chapter uses differential psychology and psychometrics to correlate tax evasion behaviour observed in the lab to individual personality traits, measured thanks to standardized psychometric questionnaires. These personality questionnaires are related to moral emotions, moral judgments and norm submission. The results are twofold. First, moral emotions better explain evasion behavior than any other personality questionnaire. However, secondly, the explanatory power of these personality traits remains very modest. This lack of a strong relationship suggests that individual characteristics are of little help to understand and predict tax evasion behavior. It highlights the importance of the institutional context in which compliance is elicited. The second and third Chapters try to better account for this institutional context, using the social psychology of commitment. The second Chapter shows that a modification of the taxpayer’s environment, thanks to the exposition to an oath to tell the truth, increases the level of honesty of subsequent tax reports. Building on these results, the third Chapter investigates the hypothesis that direct democracy, as present in some cantons in Switzerland, could be the source of higher tax compliance. According to the existing literature, its cause could be either social coordination between agents or a commitment effect due to the vote itself. The results show that social coordination between taxpayers does not explain this phenomenon, which rather reflects a commitment effect of participation in the electoral process

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Brunk, Katja H. « Essays on consumer perceived ethicality (CPE) of companies and brands ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210027.

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Following the call for further research on the consumer perspective of corporate ethics, this research sets out to explore and conceptualize the construct of ‘Consumer Perceived Ethicality’ (CPE), referring to consumers’ aggregate and valenced perceptions of a subject’s(i.e. a company, brand, product, or service) ethicality. Results present novel insights into how positive/negative CPE is formed and impacted by various kinds of corporate conduct, thereby offering some explanations as to why some companies benefit from positive while others suffer from negative moral equity.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Chaves, Arianny Mary Moura. « Risco Moral no Mercado de Saúde Suplementar e Efeitos da Coparticipação na Demanda por Consultas e Exames ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/5673.

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CHAVES, Arianny Mary Moura. Risco moral no mercado de saúde suplementar e efeitos da coparticipação na demanda por consultas e exames. 2009. 61f. Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Programa de Pós Graduação em Economia, CAEN, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 2009.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of moral hazard in the demand for medical and support services for diagnosis and treatment (tests) in the Brazilian supplementary health system. Specifically, we aim at the quantitative comparison of the use of health services between two types of plans: with and without coparticipação. For this, we use two methods of matching based on propensity score, where the estimators are derived from groups or strata (Stratification Matching) and from a density function (Kernel Matching). In the model of strata the estimated effect of coparticipação medical appointments was between -0.358 and -0.979 per capita per year. In the model from a kernel function, the effect of coparcenary was -0.286 to -1.031 per capita per year. In the case of examinations, the effect of coparcenary was between -2.965 and -4.652 (Stratification Matching) and -2.621 and -5.057 (Kernel Matching). In both models the Northeast had the highest effect coparcenary, both for consultations and for examinations, while the South had the smallest effect. The results achieved through the study show the occurrence of moral hazard, ie the use of health services is sensitive to the imposition of regulatory mechanisms where individuals coparticipação require medical examinations and in quantities not exceeding those without coparcenary Palavras
O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a ocorrência de risco moral na demanda por consultas médicas e serviços de apóio ao diagnóstico e tratamento (exames) no sistema de saúde suplementar brasileiro. Especificamente, visamos à comparação quantitativa da utilização desses serviços de saúde entre dois tipos de planos: com e sem coparticipação. Para isso, utilizamos dois métodos de matching baseado no propensity score, onde os estimadores são calculados a partir de grupos ou estratos (Stratification Matching) e a partir de uma função densidade (Kernel Matching). No modelo de estratos o efeito estimado da coparticipação em consultas médicas ficou entre -0,358 e -0,979 per capita por ano. No modelo a partir de uma função Kernel, o efeito da coparticipação foi de -0,286 a -1,031 per capita por ano. No caso dos exames, o efeito da coparticipação ficou entre -2,965 e -4,652 (Stratification Matching) e -2,621 e -5,057 (Kernel Matching). Em ambos os modelos a região Nordeste apresentou o maior efeito de coparticipação, tanto para consultas quanto para exames, enquanto a região Sul teve o menor efeito. Os resultados alcançados com o trabalho evidenciam a ocorrência de risco moral, ou seja, a utilização de serviços de saúde é sensível à imposição de mecanismos de regulação, onde indivíduos com coparticipação demandam consultas médicas e exames em quantidade inferior aqueles sem coparticipação.

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Sraieb, Mohamed Mounir. « Policies for development aid ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209091.

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My dissertation is an advocacy of the idea that if aid proved to be ineffective, it is partly because of the donor and not only the recipient as it is usually argued. The thesis contributes to the theoretical and empirical literature on aid effectiveness and explores the ability of aid to achieve its goals in the presence of both incentives and informational problems.

The thesis consists of three essays dealing with a particular aspect of donor policies that may impact the effectiveness of aid: i) the drivers of aid allocation among recipient countries, ii) ex-post conditionality and the role of reputation in inducing compliance with aid contracts; iii) and finally, the optimal choice of aid modalities.

The first chapter investigates the drivers of U.S. aid policy.

I find considerable evidence that the pattern of aid is dictated as much by political and strategic considerations, as by the economic needs and merit of the recipients. Most importantly, inertia seems to impact heavily the aid allocation process. Any of these motivations, when excessive, would lead to a time inconsistency situation where the donor is not credible in his conditionality. With such an impact on aid allocation, the question arises on the effectiveness of conditioning aid provision on political, social, or economic reforms. This is precisely the scope of chapter 2.

The second chapter investigates the conditions under which reputation can serve as commitment device in order to induce donors of development aid to enforce aid contracts and recipients to comply with such contracts. The idea is that the success of conditionality rests solely on the availability of a commitment technology that ties the hands of the donor. Reputation concerns could create the required incentives and overcome the altruism effect on the donor side.

Notwithstanding that incentive creation must not be driven by the volume of aid only, but also by the way it is channelled, i.e. aid modality. This is particularly relevant for recipients with certain characteristics. Depending on the preference alignment of the donor and the recipient, the information structure in place, the optimal aid modality can change. The characteristics of the optimal aid package are investigated in chapter 3. Optimality imposes a mix of fixed project and financial transfer to recipient countries. The transfer can be negative for countries exhibiting a high willingness or ability to redistribute to the poor. This is interpreted as a contribution to the financing of the infrastructure project. The extent of the project (large or small size) is determined by the interest of government for the poor in the recipient country.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Durço, Fábio Ferreira. « A regulação do setor ferroviário brasileiro : monopólio natural, concorrência e risco moral ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9349.

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This paper will examine the economic efficiency of the regulatory framework of the Brazilian railway sector and its influence on the development of the railroad in Brazil, in addition to business holding current concession agreements, in force since the privatization of the railways in 1996. My hypothesis is that regulation, albeit small, was instrumental in the second half of the 1990s, to create legal and economic conditions necessary for the privatization of the sector. On the other hand, despite the economic advances of the railroad in the first fifteen years of the concession, it is possible to identify distortions, exemplified by low competition, the abandonment of some parts and lack of integration between the railroad network. For this reason, we will analyze the historical development of railways in Brazil, the conditions and assumptions that guided the state in the process of privatization, the contractual arrangements, private investment in railroads, the experience of other countries in conducting reforms to strengthen the railroad network and finally the new resolutions proposed by the Public Authority in 2011, which are jointly entitled as "New Regulatory Framework of the Railway Sector”.
Este trabalho analisará a eficiência econômica do arcabouço regulatório do setor ferroviário brasileiro e sua influência sobre o desenvolvimento do modal ferroviário no País e sobre as empresas detentoras dos atuais contratos de concessão vigentes desde a desestatização das ferrovias, iniciada em 1996. A hipótese formulada é que a regulação, ainda que mínima, foi fundamental, na segunda metade da década de 1990, para criar as condições jurídicas e econômicas necessárias para a desestatização do setor. Por outro lado, a despeito dos avanços econômicos do modal ferroviário nos primeiros quinze anos de concessão, é possível constatar distorções, exemplificadas pela baixa concorrência, pelo abandono de alguns trechos e pela falta de integração entre as malhas ferroviárias. Por essa razão, serão analisados os aspectos históricos do desenvolvimento das ferrovias no Brasil, as condições e premissas que nortearam o Estado no processo de desestatização, os instrumentos contratuais, os investimentos privados nas estradas de ferro, a experiência de outros países na condução de reformas para o fortalecimento do transporte ferroviário e finalmente as novas Resoluções propostas pelo poder concedente em 2011, que são, conjuntamente, intituladas 'o novo marco regulatório do setor ferroviário'.

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Fernandes, Roberta Ribeiro. « O modelo principal-agente com risco moral sob a ótica da economia comportamental ». Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2009. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/4075.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O modelo principal-multiagente com risco moral e agentes aversos à perda é considerado neste trabalho. O contrato ótimo para cada agente individual é um esquema de bônus, similar ao trabalho clássico de Holmstrom (1979), porém incluindo também uma dependência no grau de aversão à perda do agente quando o principal observa o tipo do agente. Em seguida, são estudados os contratos de time. Neste cenário, o principal não observa a produção individual de cada membro do time, mas apenas a produção agregada dos mesmos. O contrato novamente é um esquema de bônus, similar a Holmstrom (1982), porém, considerando agora que a penalidade implicada não é um valor inferior a utilidade reserva do agente, a não ser no caso de agentes heterôgeneos em que o principal almeja que todos os membros do time produzam o nível eficiente. A importância da aversão à perda como conceito econômico é estudada extensivamente, principalmente devido à inexistência na literatura de uma concordância quanto à sua definição. Em geral, a aversão à perda é abordada como desvinculada do conceito de aversão ao risco. Aqui se considera que a aversão à perda é, como alguns trabalhos da literatura já demonstram, uma parte da aversão ao risco

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Fanghella, Valeria. « Promoting energy conservation and environmental protection with behavioral economics : Theory and evidence ». Doctoral thesis, Università ; degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/294539.

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This Doctoral thesis studies how nudges can help protect the environment. Three empirical and one theoretical studies investigate applications of green nudges and identify situations where they should, or should not, be used to promote environmental conservation. In Chapter 1, we explore the interplay between nudges and financial policy instruments using an incentivized online experiment that reproduces daily energy behaviors. We find that these two tools do not perform better when implemented together than individually. Our results suggest that in some situations, displacements between behavioral and financial policy tools are more likely to arise than synergies. Chapter 2 presents a field study in which a behavioral intervention is used to promote energy conservation in the workplace. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we find a significant reduction in branches’ monthly consumption outside the work schedule only, but not on overall consumption. Our findings suggest that nudges that are effective in the household context do not necessarily prompt behavioral change in the working environment. In Chapter 3, we develop a behavioral model for the usage of in-home displays that provide real-time feedback on energy consumption, focusing on social housing. On top of the cost-benefit analysis between financial and moral utility, on the one hand, and the effort from using them, on the other hand, we add the role of cognitive biases. This study seeks to improve the design of behavioral policies aimed at tackling energy poverty. Chapter 4 presents an incentivized online experiment that studies moral cleansing in the interpersonal and environmental domains. We find that bad behaviors that impact others trigger costly moral cleansing, whereas those that impact the environment do not even trigger costless cleansing. This empirically shows that people perceive environmental issues differently from other moral issues.

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Dam, Kaniska. « Contractual agreements and endogenous partherships in moral hazard economies ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4049.

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Park, Yee-han. « The implementation of moral education in Shenzhen as a special economic zone : a case study / ». Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18821558.

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Avila, Róber Iturriet. « Do homem smithiano ao homo economicus : egoísmo e dissolução da moral ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22665.

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Este trabalho se propõe a remontar a dissolução ocorrida no tempo em que a Economia Política buscava limitar seu campo de estudo, particularmente no que se refere a percepção sobre a conduta humana e a assunção de que os homens são intrinsecamente egoístas. Para tanto, é desenvolvida a visão do homem moralmente condicionado em Adam Smith e também as modificações subsequentes originadas nas diferentes concepções dos autores da escola clássica e da neoclássica. Sendo que estas mudanças enfatizam o egoísmo do agente econômico. Neste intento, é retraçado o caminho da consolidação do postulado do egoísmo, assim como os percalços, controvérsias e conflitos desta caracterização. São explorados os elementos que auxiliaram na transformação do homem smithiano em homo economicus, tais como a leitura descontextualizada de Smith, o individualismo, o utilitarismo, o individualismo metodológico, o positivismo e a própria necessidade de abstração teórica. Adicionalmente, é verificado que a confusão de conceitos presente nesta construção metodológica traz a referência de que a ciência econômica faz apologia ao egoísmo. Esta percepção é um subproduto do desenlace da economia com as questões morais.
This research is proposed to reassemble the dissolution occurred when the Political Economy sought to limit their field of study, particularly in the perception of humann behavior and the assumption that men are inherently selfish. To do that, it is developed the perception of Adam Smith about human behavior, and the subsequent changes resulting from different conceptions of classical and the neoclassical authors. These changes emphasize the selfishness of the economic agent. In this attempt, is showed the way of the consolidating of self-interest premise, the mishaps and controversies of this path. It explores the the elements that collaborated in the transformation of Smithian man in homo economicus, such as decontextualized reading of Smith, individualism, utilitarianism, methodological individualism, positivism and the very necessity of theoretical abstraction. Additionally, it is observed that the confusion of concepts present in this methodological construction suggests that economics salutes the egoism. This is a result of the distinction between moral and economic aspects.

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Lenhard, Tiago Henrique. « Risco moral no mercado de saúde suplementar : efeito do copagamento na utilização dos serviços de saúde ». Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6458.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o efeito da aplicação de taxa de coparticipação como mecanismo de regulação da demanda por serviços de saúde, mais especificamente na frequência e nos custos de consultas médicas, em consultas de plantão hospitalar, em exames laboratoriais e de diagnóstico por imagem. Os dados utilizados para este trabalho são provenientes de uma operadora de planos de saúde (OPS) da modalidade de Cooperativa Médica A metodologia utilizada para avaliar os resultados da aplicação de taxa de coparticipação dos planos é o Propensity Score Matching (PSM) a partir de estimadores One to one Matching (OM), Nearest Neighbor Matching (NNM), Radius Matching (RM) e Kernel Matching (KM). Os resultados indicam a existência de risco moral em indivíduos que possuem plano sem taxa de coparticipação na demanda por consultas médicas e em plantão hospitalar. Para os custos gerados para a OPS por esses serviços o resultado é semelhante. Para os exames laboratoriais o risco moral não foi evidenciado pela ausência de coparticipação nos planos. Já para os exames de diagnóstico por imagem o risco moral foi evidenciado. Os custos para a OPS nesses exames apresentaram um aumento significativo para os indivíduos sem taxa nos dois grupos de exames. Os resultados obtidos por este trabalho indicam que o efeito causado pela taxa de coparticipação é positivo para a OPS, pois a aplicação desse mecanismo reduz significativamente a demanda e os custos para os serviços considerados nesta análise, evidenciando a ocorrência do risco moral em planos sem taxa de coparticipação.
The goal of our study is to investigate the role of copayment as a regulatory mechanism in health services demand. Specifically, we want to understand the effect of copayment on the number and costs related to appointments, emergency appointments, and laboratory and imaging tests. Our dataset was obtained from a health insurance cooperative company (HIC). To evaluate the effects of copayment application in the health care utilization we apply a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method, using the following estimators: One to one Matching (OM), Nearest Neighbor Matching (NNM), Radius Matching (RM) and Kernel Matching (KM). The results indicate the evidence of moral hazard effects in appointments and emergency appointments demand for those individuals with health insurance without copayment. Similar results are obtained when we consider the costs incurred by the HIC when providing these services. As for laboratory tests, there was no evidence on moral hazard effects. However, when we consider imaging tests, moral hazard effects were evidenced. HIC provision costs of laboratory and imaging tests showed a significant increase for those individuals with health care plan without copayment. Our results indicate that charging a copayment reduces demand and costs of those health care services considered in out study, highlighting the incentives due to the moral hazard existence in the health care insurance market.

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Piñeiro, Herranz Beatriz. « A regulamentação das aplicações dos fundos de pensão no contexto de perigo moral ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/94.

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Toth, Aron. « Essays on moral hazard, reputation and market structure ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2384/.

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This thesis is comprised of three pieces of research on moral hazard, reputation and market structure. In particular, following an opening discussion of previous literature, I explore the dynamic interaction between moral hazard and market structure in two distinct game theoretic settings and empirically test a fundamental assumption of these models concerning consumer rationality. In the first Chapter, I survey the studies which shed light on some dimension of the relationship between asymmetric information and market structure and identify the gap in the literature that my research aims to fill. The mechanism of reputation has been primarily investigated in the setting of perfect competition; however, this setting is ill suited for uncovering the rich set of relations between asymmetric information and market structure. Only a handful of articles departed from the perfect competition framework and only few of those introduced strategic interaction among firms, a fundamental ingredient of my research interest. The models which do include strategic interaction have, however, ignored some important dynamics in the interaction of asymmetric information and market structure. Therefore in Chapter II, I develop a model in which market structure affects moral hazard while, in turn, moral hazard fuels market structure dynamics. The model is very general allowing for all kinds of strategic interaction among firms usually considered in the literature. I identify and analyse an important driving force -a survival contest - which has so far been overlooked. The main conclusion is that market concentration in and of itself reduces moral hazard and moral hazard drives the market towards concentration through the survival contest. The model is suitable to explain the puzzling market transformation of important industries such as banking, audit and health care. In Chapter III, I extend the model of Chapter 11 by introducing stochastic entry. First, I demonstrate that my results in the previous Chapter are robust to the entry process. Second, stochastic entry allows me to derive a non-degenerate steady state distribution which exhibits a very intuitive dynamics. Finally, although the complex nature of the dynamics prevents a detailed comparative static analysis of this distribution, it displays two well known empirical regularities. In particular, my model shows that the presence of moral hazard in and of itself produces shake-outs in the market from time to time and also correlated exit and entry rates. The reputation mechanisms in general and in the models of Chapter II and III in particular crucially depend on consumers' ability and willingness to develop an understanding of imperfect information on quality. In order to make reputation an effective disciplinary force, consumers must be strongly rational so that they read and understand imperfect quality indicators. In Chapter IV, this basic assumption on consumer rationality is tested empirically in discrete choice settings in the audit market. I find robust empirical evidence that if consumers are firms rather than individuals, they are strongly rational.

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Bennardo, Alberto. « Une analyse d'equilibre general des phenomenes d'alea moral ». Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHES0107.

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Cette these etudie les proprietes des equilibres concurrentiels et des allocations de second rang dans les economies de production avec plusieurs biens et alea moral. L'analyse porte sur des situations concurrentielles telles que le nombre des agents sur chaque marche est grand, et l'information asymetriquement distribuee entre les agents. Nous caracterisons l'ensemble des allocations d'equilibre, et etablissons les proprietes de bien-etre des equilibres concurrentiels sous des hypotheses alternatives concernant la verifiabilite des echanges. Les allocations d'equilibre sont definies par les ensembles des conditions de rationalite individuel et des conditions de non- arbitrage. En equilibre, les agents economiques maximisent leur fonctions objectives et exploitent toutes les opportunites d'arbitrage sur chaque marche. Nous montrons qu'un equilibre sans opportunite d'arbitrage existe toujours, et que les prix de non-arbitrage peuvent etre differents des prix d'apurement de marche. Dans ce cas la, des phenomenes de rationnement surviennent a l'equilibre. Nous caracterisons de facon complete l'ensemble des contrats echanges dans les marches avec information asymetrique, et clarifions le role des loteries des contrats et des contrats avec engagements sur les echanges des periodes futures. Finalement, nous demontrons que le premier theoreme du bien-etre n'est pas valable en presence d'alea moral, et caracterisons les politiques de transferts qui permettent d'obtenir des allocations de second rang
This thesis studies the properties of competitive and second best allocations of multicommodity production economies with moral hazard. Our analysis considers the competitive interactions which take place when there exists a large number of traders in each market and agents are asymmetrically informed. We characterise the set of equilibrium allocations and elucidate the welfare properties of competitive equilibria under alternative hypotheses concerning the verifiability of agents' trades. Equilibrium allocations are defined by two set of conditions: the conditions of individual rationality and the conditions of no- arbitrage opportunities in real and financial markets. In equilibrium, agents and firms maximise their objective functions, and exploit all the arbitrage possibilities in each market. We show that an equilibrium without arbitrage opportunities always exists and that the no-arbitrage prices can be different from the market clearing prices. When this effectively happens, rationing phenomena arise in equi, librium. We also completely characterise the set of contracts traded in markets with asymmetric information, and we clarify the role of lottery contracts and of contracts with commitments on future periods' trades. Finally, we prove that the first welfare theorem does not hold in moral hazard economies, and characterises the set of transfers policies which decentralise second best allocations

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Baeza, Vásquez Luis Mauricio. « Ética y economía. Un mismo origen, un papel para la historia ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116631.

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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
La determinación de un origen común o separado de la ética y de la economía, el estudio de las causas que explicarían su divorcio, así como los efectos que éste ha ocasionado para ambas disciplinas, son el tema de la presente investigación. El objetivo de ésta, es demostrar que ambas no son ciencias independientes entre sí, sino que por el contrario, a lo largo de la historia han estado y están estrechamente relacionadas, que la separación habida entre ellas es de un carácter artificial y antojadizo; enfatizando que este fenómeno ha influido en la desigual distribución de la riqueza y de los bienes, acarreando los grandes problemas de carestía e insatisfacción de necesidades básicas para una parte relevante de los seres humanos.

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Cui, Yue. « Exploring the influence of mood on socio-economic decisions and moral judgement ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4487/.

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People are usually confronted with an emotion/deliberation dilemma during the course of judgement and decision making, such that an emotional want is at odds with a reasoning- based should/need. Such dilemmas can occur at a social level and be related to others’ welfare. Meanwhile, experience and activities in everyday life can often induce certain mood in people. This means a decision maker may be in a certain mood when confronted with an other-regarding emotion/deliberation dilemma. However, the potential role of mood in judgement and decision making in other-regarding emotion/deliberation dilemmas has been largely unexplored. The purpose of the current thesis is to explore the influence of mood on judgement and decision making in other-regarding emotion/deliberation dilemmas, by looking at whether and how mood affects socio-economic decisions and moral judgement. Treating such emotion/deliberation dilemmas with a dual-process approach, and building on theories of affect that suggest an informational function of mood and mood’s effect on information processing strategy, we propose that mood can affect judgements and decisions in other-regarding emotion/deliberation dilemmas through its informational value. Theoretical and empirical research suggests that mood can influence processing strategy by providing information about the situation (“affect-as-information” approach; Schwarz & Clore, 2007). Positive mood signals that the present situation is non-problematic and in turn encourages the use of a heuristic, top-down, reflexive processing strategy; in contrast, negative mood signals that the present situation is problematic and encourages the use of a more systematic, bottom-up, reflective processing strategy (Clore et al., 2001; Schwarz, 2000, 2002; Schwarz & Clore, 2007). Based on the affect-as-information theorising, we hypothesised that, when confronted with other-regarding emotion/deliberation dilemmas, positive mood would give rise to emotionally compelled judgements and decisions, whereas negative mood would give rise to more cognitively controlled judgements and decisions. To test this idea, three studies were conducted using two experimental paradigms — one pertaining to socio-economic decisions and the other to moral judgement — both of which are assumed to incorporate an other-regarding emotion/deliberation dilemma. Study 1 examined the influence of negative mood on socio-economic decisions using a paradigm called the “mini-ultimatum game” in which the divergence between emotion- and reasoning-based decisions corresponds to that between outcome-focused and intention-considered decisions. Studies 2 and 3 examined influences of positive and negative mood on moral judgement using a moral dilemma paradigm, in which an emotion/deliberation dilemma is posited by the fact that deontological (or, non-utilitarian) choices are at odds with utilitarian choices. Results of Study 1 show that mood did not affect decisions in the mini-ultimatum game. A closer inspection of the behavioural economics literature suggests that this might be caused by a contextual extremity such that outcome plays a dominant role over intention in determining socio-economic decisions. Main results of Studies 2 and 3 indicate that mood may affect moral judgement by providing information about individual moral disposition; thus, whether negative/positive mood is associated with more reasoning-/emotion-based (i.e., utilitarian/non-utilitarian) judgements may be subject to individual moral inclination. Moreover, a pattern that is contrary to the initial thesis hypothesis was obtained from Studies 2 and 3, such that utilitarian judgements tended to increase with positive mood but decrease with negative mood. This suggests that mood may influence moral judgement in a different way from affecting the use of a certain processing strategy. Taken together, our findings, adding to the line of research of judgement and decision making, suggest that mood may affect judgements and decisions in other-regarding emotion/deliberation dilemmas through its informational value, and that its influence (or absence of influence) may be determined by interaction with contextual and dispositional factors. Our findings are discussed in relation to interplays between mood and contextual and dispositional factors, and to mood effects on willpower and on processing scope. They are also thought to have possible implications for legal decision making.

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Chyruk, Olena. « Essays on private information : moral hazard, selection and capital structure ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/285.

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This dissertation explores the implications of private information on the trade-off between incentives to work and risk-sharing, and on the choice of capital structure and performance of entrepreneurial firms. In Chapter 1 we characterize optimal dynamic contracts in environments with limited commitment and moral hazard. We study the implications of such contracts for the evolution of consumption and effort of the two agents who participate in an infinitely repeated risk-sharing arrangement. In these environments, we show the extent to which moral hazard restricts risk-sharing allocations prescribed in a limited enforceability environment. To put it differently, we investigate how the need to sustain a risk-sharing relationship in the presence of limited commitment restricts the punishments and rewards associated with optimal effort provision. We find that optimal contracts preserve some limited commitment properties even when there is private information. We also find that the steady state distribution of consumption is not degenerate. The need to provide incentives for work increases the variability of consumption near the bounds. In Chapter 2, which is a joint work with Dzmitry Asinski, we contribute to the growing empirical literature focusing on the effects of capital structure on the performance of small business start-ups in their first years of existence. In contrast to most of the existing studies, we explicitly recognize potential endogeneity of the capital structure. Business financing is a choice that can be affected by unobservables and can also affect performance. This can lead to biased and inconsistent estimates. Our econometric specification allows joint modeling of capital structure and performance of business start-ups. We use a unique data set collected by the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) Foundation. Our results demonstrate that controlling for endogeneity of capital structure leads to qualitatively different results compared to a simple model assuming exogeneity. We find that outside equity has a negative effect on survival probability but positive effect on growth. Debt has a positive effect only on some measures of performance but not others.

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Azevedo, Alana Katielli Nogueira. « Risco moral em seguro saude : Uma análise para os Estados do nordeste utilizado estimadores de Matching por propensity score ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2008. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6036.

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AZEVEDO, Alana Katielli Nogueira. Risco moral em seguro saúde: uma análise para os estados do Nordeste utilizando estimadores de Matching por Propensity Score. 2008. 44f. Dissertação (mestrado profissional em economia do setor público) - Programa de Pós Graduação em Economia, CAEN, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2008.
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This dissertation analised the existence of moral hazard in the brazilian health system using anestimation of two propensity score matching models, one by stratification and the other one usinga kernel function. The variable of healthcare utilization selected was the medical visits and theanalysis was made considering the nine states of Northeast of Brazil. The results indicatedexistence of moral hazard for both stratification and kernel function estimation. For thestratification model the stimated value of the diference in medical visits stayed between 1,014 e 2,262 times, the state of Rio Grande do Norte had the greater diference. For the kernel functionmodel the stimated value of the diference in medical visits stayed between 0,866 e 2,242 times,the state of Maranhão had the smallest diference. So, individuals with health insurance use morethe healthcare than if they only have access to public services.
Esta dissertação analisa a existência de risco moral no sistema de saúde brasileiro a partir de uma análise de estimação de dois modelos de matching baseado no propensityscore, um a partir de estratificação e outro a partir de uma função kernel. A variável de utilização do serviço médicoselecionada foi a de consultas médicas e a análise compreendeu os nove estados do Nordeste doBrasil. Osresultados indicam presença de risco moral tanto pela estimação a partir de estratoscomo a partir de uma função kernel. Para o modelo de estratificação o valor estimado da diferença de procura por consultas médicas ficou entre 1,014 e 2,262 vezes, com o estado do RioGrande do Norte apresentando a maior diferença. Já para o modelo a partir de uma função kernel,o valor estimado da diferença de procura por consultas médicas ficou entre 0,866 e 2,242 vezes,com o estado do Maranhão apresentando a menor diferença. Ouseja, indivíduos que possuemplanos de saúde geralmente buscam maior atendimento médico do que caso não estivessem cobertos por nenhum plano.

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Luz, Vitor Farinha. « The private memory of aggregate shocks ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2715.

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In economies characterized by both aggregate and privately observed idiosyn- cratic risks we show that constrained e¢cient allocations may display non-trivial dependence on aggregate shocks. Using two period versions of both a Atkeson and Lucas (1992) preference shock model and a dynamic Mirrlees (1971) economy we show that constrained optimal allocations have memory with respect to aggre- gate shocks despite their being i.i.d. and independent from idiosyncratic shocks, whenever the latter are not perfectly persistent. The fact that shocks may have per- sistent e¤ects on allocations despite their public and i.i.d nature, was rst shown by Phelan (1994) in a dynamic moral hazard economy with CARA preference. Our numerical simulations indicate that these are not knife-edge results: there is a monotonic relationship between private persistence and aggregate memory in many di¤erent environments.
Em economias caracterizadas por choques agregados e privados, mostramos que a alocação ótima restrita pode depender de forma não-trivial dos choques agregados. Usando versões dos modelos de Atkeson e Lucas (1992) e Mirrlees (1971) de dois períodos, é mostrado que a alocação ótima apresenta memória com relação aos choques agregados mesmo eles sendo i.i.d. e independentes dos choques individuais, quando esses últimos choques não são totalmente persistentes. O fato de os choques terem efeitos persistentes na alocação mesmo sendo informação pública, foi primeiramente apresentado em Phelan (1994). Nossas simulações numéricas indicam que esse não é um resultado pontual: existe uma relação contínua entre persistência de tipos privados e memória do choque agregado.

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Onuchic, Paula Ferreira. « The risk-incentive trade-off in competitive search ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13636.

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I use the competitive search framework to model a job market with heterogeneous workers in which there is a moral hazard problem in the employer-worker relation. In this setting, I can predict how contracts react to changes in underlying parameters of the market (in particular, the production risk), as well as how the probability of each type of worker being hired responds. My main finding is that while at the individual level there is a negative risk- incentive trade-off, general equilibrium effects imply that the effect can be positive at the aggregate level depending on the market search frictions and the distribution of types. My re- sults help shed some light on some puzzling empirical findings on the risk-incentives trade-off.
Usando a abordagem de competitive search, modelo um mercado de trabalho com trabalhadores heterogêneos no qual há um problema de risco moral na relação entre firmas e trabalhadores. Nesse contexto, consigo prever como contratos reagem a mudanças nos parâmetros do mercado (em particular, o risco de produção), assim como a variação da probabilidade dos trabalhadores serem contratados. Minha contribuição principal é ver que, no nível individual, existe uma relação negativa entre risco e incentivos, mas efeitos de equilíbrio geral implicam que essa relação pode ser positiva no nível agregado. Esse resultado ajuda a esclarecer resultados empíricos contraditórios sobre a relação entre risco e incentivos.

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LAUZIER, JEAN-GABRIEL. « Positioning choice problems and their applications to the theory of moral hazard ». Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11565/4035696.

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No abstract available
I study a class of optimisation problems in finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces for which the value function is almost everywhere differentiable even when objective function is discontinuous. I call this class of problems positioning choice problem as it has a straightforward geometrical interpretation as a choice of position. I collect observations about this class of problems as a collection of "Ad-Hoc" envelope theorems for discontinuous objective functions. I apply the findings to the theory of moral hazard / mechanism design. In particular, I study models of fraud in the design of securities and insurance.

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LAUZIER, JEAN-GABRIEL. « Positioning choice problems and their applications to the theory of moral hazard ». Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11565/4035695.

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No abstract available
I study a class of optimisation problems in finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces for which the value function is almost everywhere differentiable even when objective function is discontinuous. I call this class of problems positioning choice problem as it has a straightforward geometrical interpretation as a choice of position. I collect observations about this class of problems as a collection of "Ad-Hoc" envelope theorems for discontinuous objective functions. I apply the findings to the theory of moral hazard / mechanism design. In particular, I study models of fraud in the design of securities and insurance.

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Asenjo, Andrews Isabel, et Roasso Valentina Rosselli. « Satisfacción moral como variable explicativa de diferencias salariales en Chile ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111763.

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Seminario para optar al grado de Ingeniero Comercial Mención Economía
El presente trabajo examina la magnitud y dirección de la variable satisfacción moral en la estimación de la tasa de retorno a la educación, basándose en el estudio realizado por Robert Frank en Estados Unidos (2004), usando datos de la bolsa de trabajo Trabajando.com del 2009, del DEMRE entre los años 1992 y 2009 y encuestas realizadas a estudiantes universitarios de las cuales se obtuvieron las valorizaciones chilenas de satisfacción moral y de estabilidad económica de distintas carreras y áreas de trabajo. Los resultados divergen notablemente de las obtenidas por Frank por diferencias entre las percepciones de satisfacción moral de los países y posibles dificultades en la definición del concepto

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Pongiglione, Francesca <1980&gt. « Il conflitto tra ragione e passioni nel pensiero morale, economico e politico di Bernard Mandeville ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1456/1/Pongiglione_Francesca_Tesi.pdf.

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Effects of the conflict between reason and passion in Bernard Mandeville’s moral, economic and political thought My PhD dissertation focuses on Bernard Mandeville (1670-1732), a Dutch philosopher who moved to London in his late twenties. The aspect of Mandeville’s thought I take into account in my research is the conflicting relation between reason and passions, and the consequences that Mandeville’s view of this conflict has in the development of his theory of human nature which, I argue, is what grounds his moral, economic and, above all, political theory. According to Mandeville, reason is fundamentally weak. Passions influence with more strength human actions, and, eventually, are the ones which motivate them. The role of reason is merely instrumental, restricted to finding appropriate means in order to reach the desired ends, which are capricious and inconstant, since they all come from unstable passions. Reason cannot take decisions meant to act in the long term, pursuing an object which has not a selfish and temporary nature. There is no possibility, thus, that men’s actions aim just to achieve a good and just society, without their interests being directly involved. The basically selfish root of every desire leads Mandeville to claim that there is neither benevolence nor altruism which guides human behaviour. Hence he expresses a judgement on the moral character of human beings, always busy with their self-satisfaction, and hardly ever considering what would be good on a wider perspective, including other people’s sake. The anthropological features ascribed to men by Mandeville, are those which lead him to prefer a political system where governors are not supposed to have particular abilities, either from an intellectual or from a moral point of view, and peace and order are preserved by the bureaucratic machine, which is meant to work with the least effort on the part of the politicians, and no big harm can be done even by corrupted or wicked governors. This system is adopted with an eye at remedying human deficiencies: Mandeville takes into primary account, when he thinks of how to build a peaceful and functioning society, that everyone is concerned with his selfish interest, and that the rationality of a single politician, or of a group of them belonging to a same generation, cannot find a good “solution” to govern men able to last over the long period, and to work in different ages. This implies a refusal of the Hobbesian theory of the pactum subjectionis, which has the character of a rational and definitive choice, and leads Mandeville to consider the order which arises spontaneously, without any plan or rational intervention.

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Pongiglione, Francesca <1980&gt. « Il conflitto tra ragione e passioni nel pensiero morale, economico e politico di Bernard Mandeville ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1456/.

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Effects of the conflict between reason and passion in Bernard Mandeville’s moral, economic and political thought My PhD dissertation focuses on Bernard Mandeville (1670-1732), a Dutch philosopher who moved to London in his late twenties. The aspect of Mandeville’s thought I take into account in my research is the conflicting relation between reason and passions, and the consequences that Mandeville’s view of this conflict has in the development of his theory of human nature which, I argue, is what grounds his moral, economic and, above all, political theory. According to Mandeville, reason is fundamentally weak. Passions influence with more strength human actions, and, eventually, are the ones which motivate them. The role of reason is merely instrumental, restricted to finding appropriate means in order to reach the desired ends, which are capricious and inconstant, since they all come from unstable passions. Reason cannot take decisions meant to act in the long term, pursuing an object which has not a selfish and temporary nature. There is no possibility, thus, that men’s actions aim just to achieve a good and just society, without their interests being directly involved. The basically selfish root of every desire leads Mandeville to claim that there is neither benevolence nor altruism which guides human behaviour. Hence he expresses a judgement on the moral character of human beings, always busy with their self-satisfaction, and hardly ever considering what would be good on a wider perspective, including other people’s sake. The anthropological features ascribed to men by Mandeville, are those which lead him to prefer a political system where governors are not supposed to have particular abilities, either from an intellectual or from a moral point of view, and peace and order are preserved by the bureaucratic machine, which is meant to work with the least effort on the part of the politicians, and no big harm can be done even by corrupted or wicked governors. This system is adopted with an eye at remedying human deficiencies: Mandeville takes into primary account, when he thinks of how to build a peaceful and functioning society, that everyone is concerned with his selfish interest, and that the rationality of a single politician, or of a group of them belonging to a same generation, cannot find a good “solution” to govern men able to last over the long period, and to work in different ages. This implies a refusal of the Hobbesian theory of the pactum subjectionis, which has the character of a rational and definitive choice, and leads Mandeville to consider the order which arises spontaneously, without any plan or rational intervention.

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Samel, Hiram M. « Moral purpose, economic incentive and global trade : why new business models are needed ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37257.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-139).
Globalization has occurred in various forms over the past century, yet only recently has it become daily news. This evolving process has created numerous underlying tensions that are not well understood. While western society has tried to address these tensions, it has sometimes mishandled them. In this thesis, we examine one such area; the belief that globalization creates opportunities for significant labor exploitation and why it is necessary, in the absence of government regulation and enforcement, to set social codes for companies sourcing products in developing countries in order to prevent this mistreatment. The thesis examines whether these codes are actually effective in accomplishing their stated objective of improving social conditions and if not, what plan could better accomplish this goal. It is divided into five chapters; the first is a review of five central globalization trends that frame the social code discussion. The second and third chapters look at the negative publicity that exposed labor problems overseas and assesses whether any of the known global actors care enough to cure the problems. Starting with the historical development of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) set up as a response to these problems, we then examine the codes they promulgated.
(cont.) In the fourth and fifth chapters, we discuss why the codes are less effective than desired. The analysis is focused on the alignment and misalignment of institutional and organizational incentives in three areas: business model design, supply-chain management, and capital-market development. While acknowledging the impressive social good accomplished by the MSI's, we argue that moral purpose by itself is difficult to impose across a wide range of institutions and cultures. Using more dynamic business models, companies and MSIs can create the right incentives to eliminate exploitive practices. Finally, we look at how creating such a virtuous cycle can have a profound positive impact on global trade and encourage governments to regulate. While modifying business models will prove daunting for many companies, there is ample economic justification to do so.
by Hiram M. Samel.
S.M.

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Luke, Iain Ronald Mackenzie. « Moral thinking and the self-interest axiom in the history of economic analysis ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624794.

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Frerichs, Sabine. « From Social Rights to Economic Incentives ? The Moral (Re)construction of Welfare Capitalism ». Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315524337.

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The notion of "welfare capitalism" refers to a political-economic regime that integrates the functions of a capitalist market economy with the functions of a democratic welfare state. The term is commonly used by Esping-Andersen (1990) in The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, but it is also linked to Marshall's (1950, p.14) idea of three generations of rights, which all form part of modern citizenship: civil rights, political rights, and social rights. The question that this chapter seeks to address is how social rights, which Esping-Andersen and Marshall understood as the apex of the democratic welfare state, remain bound to the logic of the capitalist market economy. Employing the perspective of the economic sociology of law, it will be argued that the transformation of welfare capitalism over the last few decades has led to a reinterpretation of social rights in the light of economic incentives. To make this point, changes in the financial structure of the welfare state, both on its revenue and expenditure side, will be connected with changes in the moral discourse on citizens' rights and duties, which is increasingly informed by economic arguments. The chapter first outlines the analytical framework that connects the language of social rights with the concept of welfare capitalism. In the perspective of the economic sociology of law, scholarship in comparative and critical political economy can be fruitfully integrated and related with the moral-economy approach, which is particularly suited to document a loss of entitlements, or accustomed social rights. The following analysis is divided into two parts. The chapter first turns to the revenue side of the welfare state and explores the moral economy of taxation, emphasising changes over time and across different welfare regimes. What we can, by and large, observe, is a move from "contribution tax" to "exchange tax", or a renegotiation between social rights and property rights. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the expenditure side of the welfare state and the moral economy of debt, again focusing on the overall patterns of development. Accordingly, we are not only witnessing a transition "from welfare to workfare" but also "from welfare to debtfare", which replaces unconditional social rights or welfare benefits with activation in the labour market and the credit market. The chapter concludes by interpreting the above developments in the light of the social contract, or social compromise, underlying welfare capitalism.

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Giannini, Sofia <1997&gt. « Challenges in the Introduction of Artificial Intelligence in Companies from a Moral-Economic Perspective ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20816.

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Global companies manifest a growing trend in the adoption of Artificial Intelligence, mainly due to the economic benefits it brings to the organizations, such as the increase of efficiency and productivity, by resulting in an overall rise in profits. However, companies must also be aware of some ethical issues that the adoption of AI requires. Unemployment, inequality, security, and transparency are only some of the ethical risks with which companies have to deal with. It turns out that managers are required to making decisions in the so-called “ethical dilemma” situations, in which his/her actions have different consequences towards different segments of the society. An apparent right action for a group of people, could be regarded as unethical practices for others, and therefore, it is not easy for manager takes a position. For this reason, three normative ethical theories are applied in the context of AI use within companies, as they provide some ethical guidelines. The three ethical theories taken into consideration are: the theory of responsibility by Hans Jonas, Kant’s categorical imperative, and the capability approach from Sen / Nussbaum. In order to operationalize and interconnect these three ethical theories, a business ethics Canvas is developed. Finally, this model is applied to a real corporate case: the introduction of the AI software, called SO99+, in Fischer Italia.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Economia morale »

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