Articles de revues : « Ecological conflict »

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Yaremak, Z. V. « Conflicts and collusions as legal contradictions in environmental law ». Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n^o 2 (24 juillet 2022) : 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.02.22.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of doctrinal approaches to the concepts of "legal collision" and "legal conflict" and their reflection in ecological law. In the context of it the theoretically legal characteristics of the category "legal conflict" were carried out. It is concluded that a broad understanding of this concept, which is proposed in the theory of law, covers a variety of legal phenomena and entails the threat of substitution by other concepts similar in content and functional loads. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of legal collision and legal conflicts in a scientific publication which based on a general feature that is inherent in both phenomena, namely, legal contradictions. It is convincingly well-proven that it is not necessary to identify these concepts, because the plane of their functioning is different: legal collision operates in the system of positive law whereas legal conflict - in the legal sphere during the social interaction of concrete subjects. In the context of this issue, the question of dialectical intercommunication is reflected between legal collision and legal conflict. This was facilitated by the analysis of legal conflict from the positions of legal theory. In the context of research of ecologically legal conflicts from position of environmental law theory has been installed the impact of environmental law norms on the emergence, development of conflict relations in the field of environmental protection and nature management. An estimation of the effectiveness was carried out of ecologically legal regulation of ecological conflict and the mechanism for resolving ecological conflicts. It is proved that high-quality legal regulation of ecological relations is an effective preventive mechanism of adjusting ecological conflicts, and, conversely, its imperfection complicates law enforcement practice. It is concluded that in the case of legal collusion application, the existing contradictions between the norms of law will lead to a legal conflict as a contradiction between the subjects of legal relationships in connection with the realization of collision norms. At what such a determinant always generates rise to the actual ecologically legal conflicts, in contrast to other ecological conflicts, the preconditions for which may exist out of limits of ecological law.

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Zhang, Jing, Yan Chen, Xinming Chen, Congmou Zhu, Bingbing Huang et Muye Gan. « Identification of Potential Land-Use Conflicts between Agricultural and Ecological Space in an Ecologically Fragile Area of Southeastern China ». Land 10, n^o 10 (26 septembre 2021) : 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101011.

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In the context of ensuring national food security, high-intensity agricultural production and construction activities have aggravated the conflicts between agricultural and ecological spaces in ecologically fragile areas, which have become one of the most important factors hindering regional sustainable development. This study took Lin’an District, a typical hilly region of southeastern China, as an example. By constructing a landscape ecological risk evaluation model, land-use conflicts between agricultural and ecological spaces were identified, spatial autocorrelation and topographic gradient characteristics were analyzed, and land-use conflict trade-off mechanisms were proposed. During 2008 and 2018, the degree of land-use conflict in Lin’an District displayed an increasing trend, and the proportion of severe conflicts increased obviously. Slope is the main factor affecting land-use conflicts in a hilly region and shows a negative correlation, mainly because areas with flat terrain are more conducive to human activities. Based on the characteristics of land-use conflicts in Lin’an District, conflict trade-off mechanisms were proposed to provide a theoretical basis and practical support for land-use conflict management. Our study provides scientific evidence for sustainable land-use planning and ecological management in ecologically fragile areas.

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Dong, Guanglong, Zhonghao Liu, Yuanzhao Niu et Wenya Jiang. « Identification of Land Use Conflicts in Shandong Province from an Ecological Security Perspective ». Land 11, n^o 12 (3 décembre 2022) : 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122196.

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Accurate identification of land use conflicts is an important prerequisite for the rational allocation of land resources and optimizing the production–living–ecological space pattern. Previous studies used suitability assessment and landscape pattern indices to identify land use conflicts. However, research on land use conflict identification from the perspective of ecological security is insufficient and not conducive to regional ecological, environmental protection, and sustainable development. Based on ecological security, this study takes Shandong Province as an example and comprehensively evaluates the importance of ecosystem service function and environmental sensitivity. It identifies the ecological source, and extracts ecological corridors with a minimum cumulative resistance model from which ecological security patterns are constructed. It identifies land use conflicts through spatial overlay analysis of arable land and construction land. The results show that: (1) Shandong Province has formed an ecological security pattern of “two ecological barriers, two belts, and eight cores” with an area of 15,987 km2. (2) The level of arable land–ecological space conflict is low, at 39.76%. The proportions of serious and moderate conflicts are 13.44% and 26.97%, respectively, distributed primarily on the Jiaodong Peninsula and the low hill areas of Ludong. (3) Construction land–ecological space conflict is reasonably stable and controllable, at 76.39%, occurring mainly around urban construction land, with serious and moderate conflict concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, mainly between rural settlements and ecologically safe space in the region. This study has important theoretical and practical reference values for identifying land use conflicts, protecting regional ecological security, and optimizing land use patterns.

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Cao, Ji, Weidong Cao, Xianwei Fang, Jinji Ma, Diana Mok et Yisong Xie. « The Identification and Driving Factor Analysis of Ecological-Economi Spatial Conflict in Nanjing Metropolitan Area Based on Remote Sensing Data ». Remote Sensing 14, n^o 22 (19 novembre 2022) : 5864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225864.

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The rapid socio-economic development of the metropolitan area has led to the continuous deterioration of the ecological environment. This leads to intense competition and conflict between different spatial use types. Spatial conflict research is essential to achieve ecological-economic coordination and high-quality development. However, existing studies lack comprehensive and direct ecological-economic spatial conflicts, especially those on the spatial-temporal evolution and potential drivers of spatial conflict. In this study, we identified the ecological-economic spatial conflicts in the Nanjing metropolitan area in 2010, 2015, and 2020. This study used the random forest to analyze the factors that influenced the change of spatial conflict. Results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2020, the ecological-economic spatial conflict in the Nanjing metropolitan area changed significantly. (2) Land use change has an important effect on spatial conflicts, which are easily triggered by uncontrolled urban expansion, but ecological land can mitigate spatial conflicts. (3) Relevant driving factors of spatial conflicts show multi-level features, so the development of conflict reconciliation countermeasures needs to be tailored to local conditions. This study provides a significant foundation for the high-quality development of the Nanjing metropolitan area and provides a reference for the planning and management of the territorial space.

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Cao, Yuee, Yunlu Jiang, Lin Feng, Ge Shi, Haotian He et Jianjun Yang. « Identification of Territorial Spatial Pattern Conflicts in Aksu River Basin, China, from 1990 to 2020 ». Sustainability 14, n^o 22 (11 novembre 2022) : 14941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214941.

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The change in land use leads to territorial spatial conflict. Territorial spatial conflicts mainly show that the boundaries of agricultural space, urban space, and ecological space overlap each other and interfere with each other’s functions, which will have a negative impact on regional high-quality development. The Aksu River, the most principal source of the Tarim River, the largest instream river in China, is a key area for maintaining ecological security in Northwestern China. It is highly significant to identify the spatial conflict characteristics of land use in this region to promote the sustainable use of regional land resources, optimization of spatial patterns, and the balance between economic construction and ecological environmental protection in mountainous areas. This paper takes the Aksu River Basin as the research area. Using Arcgis 10.8 software, Yaahp software, and SPSSAU software, it builds a land use spatial conflict measurement model based on a quantitative analysis of land use changes from 1990 to 2020 and explores the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of land use conflicts in the Aksu River Basin. The results show that: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the spatial conflict pattern of the study area was dominated by ecological spatial conflicts. The spatial conflict area shows dynamic changes, but the overall trend is decreasing. (2) The spatial conflict pattern of territorial space in the Aksu River Basin has basically formed, and the three types of spatial conflicts are closely related to the level of local economic development. (3) Ecological spatial conflicts are mainly distributed in high-altitude mountains, river valleys, and oasis-to-desert transition areas. Urban spatial conflicts are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Aksu River plain oasis. Agricultural spatial conflicts are scattered but large in scale, with small differences in the proportion of conflict distribution among the counties.

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Yaremak, Z. « Institutional principles of concordance of interests in legal environmental conflict ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law, n^o 71 (25 août 2022) : 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.71.34.

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The theoretically-legal analysis of institutional principles of ecological law, which are basis of the legal mechanism for resolving legal environmental conflict, is conducted in the article. The research of doctrine approaches interests concordance is carried out. In this context, the concept interests balance based on the “hierarchy” of interests, in which the public interest is a priority, and the concept of human rights priority are analyzed. Extrapolating these conceptions in the plane of ecological law, their application possibility is analyzed with the aim interests concordance and achievement of consensus in an legal environmental conflict. It is substantiated that the institutional mechanism of balancing interests in ecological relations is based on the principle of sustainable development, which is based on the concept of harmonization of ecological, economic and social interests of society and the principle of ecological priority interests. The systematic analysis of ecological legislation and ecologically-legal doctrine has given chance to identify and investigate the priority principle of public ecological interest in interest balancing which are realizing subjects in ecologically legal business. At the same time, investigational, that modern anthropocentric conception of ecological law, its humanistic orientation provides for the legislative consolidation and principle of human rights priority - right on safe environment for life and health as an inalienable absolute right of personality. It is proved that despite the legislative enshrinement of both principle of public priority ecological interest and principle of belonging to the right of safety for life and health of the environment, the conflict of legal regulation is absence. This is due to the fact that the right to safety for the life and health of the environment is based on the private ecological interest in ensuring the proper state of the natural environment, which ultimately coincides with the public ecological interest. It is concluded that the institutional principles of interests concordance determine the general orientation of public policy and serve only as a prerequisite for achieving a balance of interests and finding a compromise in legal environmental conflicts.

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Ye, Qingqing, Rong Wei et Peipei Zhang. « A Conflict Identification Method of Urban, Agricultural and Ecological Spaces Based on the Space Conversion Matrix ». Sustainability 10, n^o 10 (29 septembre 2018) : 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103502.

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In China, disordered development and utilization of land space usually lead to serious conflicts between urban, agricultural, and ecological spaces. The identification of these conflicts is an important basis for scientific zoning of the three types of spaces and has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable use of land space. In this study, a conflict identification method based on the space conversion matrix is proposed to provide a reference for scientific zoning of urban, agricultural, and ecological spaces. The method constructs several land space change indices, including overall conflict degree, type stability degree, and type conflict degree, to evaluate and identify the overall conflict degree, main functions, and main conflict types of evaluation units, respectively. This study used Hubei Province in China as an example to verify the method. Results showed that the main types of land space conflicts in Hubei Province in 2010–2016 were the occupations of agricultural space by urban space and ecological space by agricultural space. Moreover, high conflict areas were mainly concentrated in the central and eastern plains, especially the urban areas of prefectural-level cities. By comparing data between 2010–2013 and 2013–2016, the two major conflict types showed weakening and fragmenting trends. The land space conflict identification method proposed in this study demonstrates several advantages over previous methods. These advantages include the ability to evaluate conflict degree and identify conflict types simultaneously, the low requirement of data condition, and simple and intuitive representation of identification results.

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Jing, Wenli, Kanhua Yu, Lian Wu et Pingping Luo. « Potential Land Use Conflict Identification Based on Improved Multi-Objective Suitability Evaluation ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 12 (20 juin 2021) : 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122416.

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Accurately identifying potential land use conflicts (LUCs) is critical for alleviating the ever-intensifying contradictions between humans and nature. The previous studies using the method of suitability analysis did not take full advantage of the current land use and multi-function characteristics of land resources. In this study, an improved model of suitability analysis was realized. In order to explore the LUCs status, including the types, intensity and distribution, a multi-objective suitability evaluation model was constructed from the perspective of production-living-ecological functions. And it was applied to Hengkou District, a typical region of the Qin-Ba mountainous area in the central part of China. The results show that the suitability distribution of living- production-ecological functions vary widely from the center to the periphery with altitude in Hengkou District; 22.03% of the land is at a risk of land use conflict. Among them, the high potential conflict areas account for 55.32%, and the conflicts between production and ecological lands (L2P1E1, L3P1E1) are the largest, which are located at the fringe of the central urban and ecologically dominant area. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt effective strategies to achieve a balance between the differential demands of land use. This research could better reflect the true situation of land use in ecologically sensitive mountainous areas and would provide theoretical and methodological support for the identification and prevention of potential LUCs.

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Froese, Rebecca, Claudia Pinzón, Loreto Aceitón, Tarik Argentim, Marliz Arteaga, Juan Sebastian Navas-Guzmán, Gleiciane Pismel et al. « Conflicts over Land as a Risk for Social-Ecological Resilience : A Transnational Comparative Analysis in the Southwestern Amazon ». Sustainability 14, n^o 11 (26 mai 2022) : 6520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116520.

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People in the department of Madre de Dios/Peru, the state of Acre/Brazil, and the department of Pando/Bolivia experience similar conflicts over land, land use, and access to resources. At the same time, each conflict reveals distinct characteristics and dynamics, arising from its history, legal regulation, institutional (in-)capacities, and culturally diverse local populations. The aim of this paper is to better understand the main drivers of social-ecological conflicts over land in and around three protected areas in this transboundary region, known as MAP, and to analyze how (environmental) institutions influence these drivers. The paper is based on a literature review and expert interviews; it focuses on conflicts around (1) gold mining in Madre de Dios, (2) extensive cattle ranching in Acre, and (3) access to communal land in Pando. Using theories of conflict research, expanded by a political ecology perspective and insights from stakeholder and expert interviews, we find that the major conflict drivers are (1) land tenure and access to land and natural resources, (2) identity and lifestyle driven transformations, (3) state and market driven agendas, and (4) networked illegal and criminal activities. Through a comparative conflict analysis, we develop four recommendations to strengthen the creation of reflexive institutions that may be able to foster social-ecological resilience in the region: (1) The clarification of responsibilities between governance institutions and their financing; (2) the awareness raising for existing power structures and opening spaces for enhanced local participation; (3) the breaking of corruptive cycles while developing economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable livelihood opportunities; and (4) taking the continuous reproduction of illegal activities into account while clarifying responsibilities, raising awareness, and breaking corruptive cycles. The results of our research therefore not only contribute to a better understanding of conflicts in the MAP region and the wider scientific literature on social-ecological conflicts and governance, but it is also the first paper that identifies entry points and prerequisites for the transformation from reactive to reflexive institutions in Amazonian societies.

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Lin, Gang, Dong Jiang, Jingying Fu, Chenglong Cao et Dongwei Zhang. « Spatial Conflict of Production–Living–Ecological Space and Sustainable-Development Scenario Simulation in Yangtze River Delta Agglomerations ». Sustainability 12, n^o 6 (11 mars 2020) : 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062175.

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Production–living–ecological space (PLES) is a recent research hotspot on land planning and regional sustainable development in China. Taking the Yangtze River Delta agglomerations as a case study, this paper establishes a spatial-conflict index to identify the PLES conflicts, and then builds a cellular-automaton (CA) Markov model to simulate the PLES pattern in 2030 and to evaluate the influence on PLES conflicts under two scenarios. Results showed that the ecological space (ES) and the living–productive space (LPS) of the Yangtze River Delta agglomerations showed a descending tendency in 2010–2015, whereas ecological–productive space (EPS) and productive–ecological space (PES) reflected a small increase. EPS and PES had squeezed ES and LPS with urbanization and industrial development in this region. Meanwhile, the spatial conflicts of PLES worsened during the period, with the average of the spatial-conflict index (SCI) shifting from 0.283 to 0.522, and seemed to gain momentum. On the basis of scenario analysis for 2030, it was concluded that the “ecological red line policy”, appropriate restriction of urban expansion, and ecological management of the bank of the Yangtze River are helpful in alleviating PLES conflicts, and contribute to spatial structure and harmonizing. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable implications for spatial planning and sustainable development in the Yangtze River delta agglomerations.

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Yan, Wei. « An Internet of Things-Based Empirical Study on the Coordination between Rural Economic Development and Ecological Environment Conflict for Luoyang ». Mobile Information Systems 2022 (6 octobre 2022) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2233656.

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At present, key elements of the Internet of Things (IoT) are becoming increasingly affordable, making the technology incredibly attractive to many countries, particularly China. Collecting data from multiple IoT resources and combining them with data from other sources lead to significant rural economic development, ecological environment, and ecological and environmental ramifications in these nations. The most visible effects of the IoT in these nations include advances in rural economic growth, environmental conflict, and the efficiency of critical sectors. Furthermore, the IoT has the potential to revolutionize the industrial and commercial sectors, notably in terms of data confidentiality and information security. It is required to conduct an empirical study on the coordinated interaction between rural economic growth and ecological environmental conflict in Luoyang using an IoT environment. Because the IoT plays a key role in economic growth and the ecological environment, this study examines the coordination of rural economic development and ecological environment conflict in Luoyang’s IoT environment. To analyze the original data for the establishment of index weight, it first employs the enhanced entropy approach by building the coordinated assessment index scheme of rural financial development and environmental surroundings conflict in the IoT environment of Luoyang. Second, it calculates the benefits of rural financial growth and the environmental surroundings benefit index of Luoyang. Then, it carried out the Pearson correlation analysis of the abovementioned calculation results using SPSS software that uses the layered architecture of the IoT, and the degree of conflict and coordination among rural financial growth and the ecological environment in Luoyang is judged by referring to relevant standards from 2010 to 2019. The experimental result of this study indicates that the conflict coordination state between rural financial growth and the ecological environment in Luoyang has gradually enhanced. Through this study, local decision makers can give additional consideration to the balance between economic development and the coordination of ecological environmental conflicts, especially those indicators that have a great influence on the coordinated development of the two.

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Perry, Jennifer C., et Locke Rowe. « Sexual conflict in its ecological setting ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 373, n^o 1757 (27 août 2018) : 20170418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0418.

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Sexual conflict can lead to rapid and continuous coevolution between females and males, without any inputs from varying ecology. Yet both the degree of conflict and selection on antagonistic traits are known to be sensitive to local ecological conditions. This leads to the longstanding question: to what extent does variation in ecological context drive sexually antagonistic coevolution? In water striders, there is much information about the impacts of ecological factors on conflict, and about patterns of antagonistic coevolution. However, the connection between the two is poorly understood. Here, we first review the multiple ways in which ecological context might affect the coevolutionary trajectory of the sexes. We then review ecological and coevolutionary patterns in water striders, and connections between them, in light of theory and new data. Our analysis suggests that ecological variation does impact observed patterns of antagonistic coevolution, but highlights significant uncertainty due to the multiple pathways by which ecological factors can influence conflict and its evolutionary outcome. To the extent that water striders are a reasonable reflection of other systems, this observation serves as both an opportunity and a warning: there is much to learn, but gaining insight may be a daunting process in many systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.

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Harcourt, Wendy. « Editorial : Conflict, Ecological Justice and Rights ». Development 49, n^o 3 (septembre 2006) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100292.

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Rahmawati, Rita, Arya Hadi Dharmawan, Rilus Kinseng et Dudung Darusman. « CONFLICT OF FOREST RESOURCES AND ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION STRATEGY ». vol 5 issue 15 5, n^o 15 (28 décembre 2019) : 1483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.592122.

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This study is focused on the adaptation strategy of the local community who has the problem of land rights. In Indonesia, all natural resources are subject to control and to manage by the state. As a ruler of the resources, the Government published any policy which provided revenue for the state, such as giving the right to industrial extraction of logging companies in the forest area. Whereas, many communities' lives depend on the forest. Forest resources are important for the Indonesian economy, as well as for the livelihood of communities who depend on the forest. It finds themselves in situations of conflict. The aim of the study is to analyse adaptation strategy of local community which is in the forest resource conflicts. The study used mix methods. A qualitative method with a focus on ecological adaptation and livelihood strategy, while the quantitative approach stresses defining the meaning of findings or facts that are deconstructed based on the subjective perspective of the researcher. The research held in two site, namely Sungai Utik Forest which Dayak Iban Community and Halimun Salak Mountain National Park which Kasepuhan community live. The result of the research showed that conflict of the forest resources have improved the adaptation strategy of the local community. Although various problems is already attacking them, local community still have loyalty to their tradition. They have own regulation to manage and utilize land, especially for managing forest and rice planting. Faithfulness in carrying this cultural tradition out are their ecological adaptation strategy. Keywords: Adaptation Strategy, Ecological Adaptation, Conflict of Forest Resources, Dayak Iban Community, Kasepuhan Community

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Guerreiro, Ana Isabel Camacho. « Local ecological knowledge about human‐wildlife conflict : A Portuguese case study ». Portuguese Journal of Social Science 18, n^o 2 (1 juin 2019) : 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00005_1.

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Abstract Human‐wildlife conflict has hindered the success of many management measures for the conservation of endangered species. Therefore, this study aims to establish which non-human species are in conflict with human beings and to understand how residents perceive human‐wildlife conflict, and how they proceed when in conflict with non-human animals, in the municipality of Santa Comba Dão. The author conducted unstructured interviews with the residents of this county on the subjects of locally existing and extinct species, and problems with amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles. In this study, the author found non-human species to be in conflict with human beings, with residents blaming them for economic losses. Foxes, for example, were accused of preying on farm animals. However, the residents also identified the construction of roads and the introduction of exotic species as economic activities that adversely affected native species. Interviewees also reported conflicts of interest between local hunters and farmers as the hunters' associations had introduced wild boar to the area, a species that consumes farmers' white potatoes and corn. Residents' perceptions were in part influenced by the local citizens' beliefs and values ‐ information not previously evaluated in this area. This type of information may be extremely useful during the planning of policy measures, given its importance to establishing effective public policies that protect biodiversity and improve sustainable development.

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Basharov, G. R., F. S. Shedko, D. P. Okolota, A. L. Kotova et A. A. Volkova. « Ecological dimension of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh ». E3S Web of Conferences 311 (2021) : 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131104006.

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This article examines the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh not only from the point of the usual historical, ethnic and religious context, but also from the point of the environmental and resource dimensions, which are often ignored by researchers and practitioners of conflict resolution. The so called Six Weeks War significantly changed the current state of the conflict, and through focus group interviews and scientific analysis, the authors try to assess the impact of the environmental aspect on this conflict and substantiate its importance. The authors also hypothesize that the importance of environmental and resource factors is ignored by researchers and local residents, although these factors could become one of the foundations for building relationships, building trust and long-term conflict resolution.

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Cui, Jiaxing, Xuesong Kong, Jing Chen, Jianwei Sun et Yuanyuan Zhu. « Spatially Explicit Evaluation and Driving Factor Identification of Land Use Conflict in Yangtze River Economic Belt ». Land 10, n^o 1 (5 janvier 2021) : 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010043.

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Regional land use transitions driven by the adaptive reconciliation of existing land use conflict with socioeconomic development can lead to positive economic effects as well as new land use conflict. Although research on land use transition has progressed considerably, limited studies have explored the spatiotemporal dynamic pattern of land use conflict during the land use transition period. Previous evaluation approaches on land use conflict that mainly focus on status or potential conflict lack conflict intensity evaluation during the land use transition process. A new spatially explicit evaluation framework of land use conflict that directly examines three aspects of conflict, namely, ecological and agricultural (EAC), agricultural and construction (ACC), and ecological and construction (ECC) land conflicts based on ecological quality and agricultural suitability, is proposed in this study. The spatiotemporal dynamic pattern and driving factors of land use conflict in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China in the period of 2000–2018 are evaluated. The results indicated that comprehensive land use conflict (CLUC) intensity slightly decreased by 9.91% and its barycenter showed a trend toward the west during 2000–2018. ACC is the most drastic conflict among the three aspects of conflict. The mean intensity of ACC reduced remarkably by 38.26%, while EAC increased by 33.15% and ECC increased by 28.28% during the research periods. The barycenter of EAC moved toward the east while the barycenter of ACC and ECC moved toward the west. The changes in the intensity and spreading pattern of land use conflict indices demonstrated the changes in the pattern of territorial space development. Total population, population density, per capita GDP, number of mobile phone users, and road density were strong drivers that influenced the land use conflict of territorial space. Multiple policy recommendations including improving territorial space planning and governance ability, and improving land use efficiency, were proposed to manage and resolve the land use conflict of territorial space. The results and conclusions of this study will help improve future regional land use policies and reduce land use conflict.

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Prinsen, Sosja, Catharine Evers, Leoniek Wijngaards, Renée van Vliet et Denise de Ridder. « Does Self-Licensing Benefit Self-Regulation Over Time ? An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Food Temptations ». Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, n^o 6 (31 janvier 2018) : 914–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218754509.

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Self-licensing, employing reasons to justify indulgence, may help resolve the conflict between immediate temptations and long-term goals in favor of the former. It was hypothesized that this conflict-resolving potential of self-licensing may benefit self-regulation over time. With a momentary assessment design, we examined how self-licensing affects self-regulatory ability and the capacity to deal with subsequent self-regulatory conflicts. One hundred thirty-six female participants filled out surveys eight times per day for one week. Food temptation strength, conflict, resistance, and enactment were assessed, as well as license opportunity and perceived self-regulatory ability. When self-licensing opportunity was high (vs. low), a weaker association between temptation strength and conflict was observed. High license opportunity was associated with higher perceived self-regulatory ability for instances of low degrees of temptation enactment and predicted better handling of subsequent conflict after high degrees of prior temptation enactment. These results suggest that self-licensing can support self-regulation after initial failure.

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Coleman, David C. « Collaboration and conflict in international ecological research ». Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9, n^o 7 (septembre 2011) : 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295-9.7.414.

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Xi, Furui, Runping Wang, Jusong Shi, Jinde Zhang, Yang Yu, Na Wang et Zhiyi Wang. « Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Conflict Identification of Production–Living–Ecological Space in the Yellow River Basin ». Land 11, n^o 5 (18 mai 2022) : 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050744.

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Production–living–ecological space (PLES) is the main body of the optimization of the development and protection pattern of territorial space, and the spatial conflict in PLES reflects a struggle for ecological protection and socio-economic development in the process of spatial development and utilization. The Yellow River Basin is one of the most concentrated and prominent areas of spatial conflict of PLES in China. Therefore, clarifying the spatio-temporal pattern of PLES of the region and scientifically identifying the characteristics of its spatial conflict will significantly improve the efficiency of comprehensive utilization of spatial resources, promote the integrated and orderly development of resource elements in the basin, and eventually achieve the strategic goals of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. In this research, the CA–Markov model was applied to simulate the spatio-temporal pattern of PLES in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2025, and the landscape ecology method was adopted to construct the spatial conflict of the PLES measurement model for identifying the spatio-temporal trends of conflicts and their intensity. The results reveal that, from 2010 to 2025, ecological–production space (EPS) dominates the PLES in the Yellow River Basin, as its total area remains stable amid fluctuations; living–production space (LPS) shows the most notable change, as it grows yearly along with urbanization and industrialization process of the region; the transition between ecological–production space (EPS) and production–ecological space (PES) is the most frequent, and the two also account for the largest area. Spatial conflict of PLES in the Yellow River Basin is mainly reflected in the encroachment of LPS on other PLES, concentrated in the regions from Hekou Town to the left bank of Longmen, Fen River, Shizuishan to the southern bank of Hekou Town, and Daxia River and Tao River in the Yellow River Basin. From 2010 to 2025, the space conflict composite index of PLES (SCCI) of most regions in the basin lies within 0.7, which is a stable or basically controllable level. Among the 29 tertiary water resource divisions in the Yellow River Basin, the SCCI of 15 indicate a major, decreasing trend.

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Bausman, William. « The Aims and Structures of Ecological Research Programs ». Philosophical Topics 47, n^o 1 (2019) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20194711.

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Neutral Theory is controversial in ecology. Ecologists and philosophers have diagnosed the source of the controversy as: its false assumption that individuals in different species within the same trophic level are ecologically equivalent, its conflict with Competition Theory and the adaptation of species, its role as a null hypothesis, and as a Lakatosian research programme. In this paper, I show why we should instead understand the conflict at the level of research programs which involve more than theory. The Neutralist and Competitionist research programs borrow and construct theories, models, and experiments for various aims and given their home ecological systems. I present a holistic and pragmatic view of the controversy that foregrounds the interrelation between many kinds of practices and decisions in ecological research.

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Mosimane, Alfons Wabahe, Stephen McCool, Perry Brown et Jane Ingrebretson. « Using mental models in the analysis of human–wildlife conflict from the perspective of a social–ecological system in Namibia ». Oryx 48, n^o 1 (31 juillet 2013) : 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000555.

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AbstractHuman–wildlife conflicts occur within the context of a complex social–ecological system influenced by a wide variety of social, economic and political forces. Management responses to human–wildlife conflict are based on certain assumptions and perceptions that form the mental models of this system. Understanding these mental models provides opportunity for various stakeholders to engage management staff based on shared components and direct attention to areas of disagreement, and involve organizations that are normally considered to be outside the domain of human–wildlife conflict. Mind mapping was used in this study to identify mental models that people hold about human–wildlife conflict in Namibia, a country that has seen rapid increases in conflict, and to describe the principal factors and variables leading to such conflict. The results indicate that mind mapping is a useful tool for uncovering mental models of conflict and can reveal significant variables in reduction of conflict such as land-use planning and livelihood enhancement.

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Lin, Gang, Jingying Fu et Dong Jiang. « Production–Living–Ecological Conflict Identification Using a Multiscale Integration Model Based on Spatial Suitability Analysis and Sustainable Development Evaluation : A Case Study of Ningbo, China ». Land 10, n^o 4 (7 avril 2021) : 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040383.

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Production–living–ecological space (PLES) basically covers the scope of spatial activities in people’s material production and spiritual life and is the basic carrier of human social development and economic activities. The coordinated development of PLES is an effective method to mitigate land-use conflicts to achieve balanced and coordinated development of the region. However, so far, compared with the single-scale study based on administrative unit, the PLES conflicts between microcosmic grid-scale receives less attention. Considering the important scale problems of the geographical study, this study aims to analyze the synergetic degree of PLES under different scales (administrative-unit, grid, and integrated multiscale) and to scientifically diagnose land use conflicts in Ningbo, China. Results indicated that production land and ecological land in Ningbo were continuously occupied by human activities from 2010 to 2018. The lowest and lower suitability areas of ecological space in Ningbo increased from 2010 to 2018. Land ecological suitability was seriously affected by urban expansion, its ecological value was reduced, and the PLES developed towards the trend of being uncoordinated. Multiscale coupling analysis showed that the PLES in Ningbo was in less conflict on the whole, but with the development of the economy, the coupling coordination degree of PLES was also damaged. This study establishes the different scales of a PLES coupling coordination development degree evaluation index system and enriches the methods of multiscale land use fusion conflict diagnosis and also provides a scientific reference for the optimized and sustainable development of regional territorial space.

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Beyene, Fekadu. « Natural Resource Conflict Analysis among Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia ». Journal of Peacebuilding & ; Development 12, n^o 1 (avril 2017) : 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2017.1284605.

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This paper examines resource-related conflict among pastoralists in southern Ethiopia, specifically the Somali and Oromo ethnic groups. It applies theories of property rights, environmental security and political ecology to discuss the complexity of the conflict, using narrative analysis and conflict mapping. Results reveal that the conflict results from interrelated cultural, ecological and political factors. The systems of governance, including the setting up of regions on an ethnic basis and associated competition for land and control of water-points, have contributed to violent conflict between the two ethnic groups. The creation of new administrative units (kebeles) close to regional boundaries has exacerbated the conflict. Moreover, change in land use, prompted by insecure property rights to communal land, rather than expected increase in economic benefits has caused conflicts among the clans of the Oromo. The findings suggest Ethiopian authorities support the functioning of traditional access options, successful operation of customary courts and penalising opportunistic actors to address inter-ethnic conflicts. Applying land use and administration guidelines and empowering customary authorities would reduce the incidence of inter-clan conflict.

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Barr, Jessica Marion. « home/land ». Brock Review 11, n^o 2 (10 février 2011) : 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/br.v11i2.147.

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In this series, entitled home/land, documentary photographs by Christopher Cowperthwaite provide the foundation for works that are meditations on the disruptions – cultural, political, and ecological – that result from conflict and crisis. The paintings present fragmentary images of the construction of the Israel-Palestine separation wall (and its concomitant fragmentation of the land), which are fused with collaged images from other conflicts and other times, asking the viewer to consider how an ever-deepening palimpsest of conflicts has become etched in our collective memory and on the surface of the earth since the World Wars. I created this series as an attempt engage my artistic practice with the complex history and contemporary reality of globalized conflict, which, via globalized media, has become imbricated with the flow of our daily lives and thoughts. As a Canadian artist and educator, I have no direct contact with the daily crises occurring in conflict zones, yet I am impelled to respond creatively, to translate my affective response to these global catastrophes into a visual elegy and a plea for awareness of the human and ecological impacts of warfare.

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Oceja, Luis, et Jaime Berenguer. « Putting Text in Context : The Conflict between Pro-Ecological Messages and Anti-Ecological Descriptive Norms ». Spanish journal of psychology 12, n^o 2 (novembre 2009) : 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s113874160000202x.

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In the present work we test whether the effectiveness of ecological messages may be canceled out when they conflict with the descriptive norm that is salient in the situation. In two studies, participants were unobtrusively observed while performing an ecologically relevant behavior: leaving lights on or off when exiting a public space. The results of Study 1 showed in two different settings (i.e., public washrooms of a university and of a restaurant) the powerful influence of focusing a descriptive norm that refers to such behavior, even when this descriptive norm is not sustained by the injunctive norm. The results of Study 2 showed the overall ineffectiveness of ecological messages when the information in the message was in conflict with the descriptive norm made salient by the context. Additionally, the results of a Follow-up Study suggested that vividness-congruency may increase the effectiveness of the message. Both the theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

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Fincham, Frank D. « Marital Conflict ». Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, n^o 1 (février 2003) : 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01215.

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Marital conflict has deleterious effects on mental, physical, and family health, and three decades of research have yielded a detailed picture of the behaviors that differentiate distressed from nondistressed couples. Review of this work shows that the singular emphasis on conflict in generating marital outcomes has yielded an incomplete picture of its role in marriage. Recently, researchers have tried to paint a more textured picture of marital conflict by studying spouses' backgrounds and characteristics, investigating conflict in the contexts of support giving and affectional expression, and considering the ecological niche of couples in their broader environment.

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Montini, Massimiliano. « THE RISE OF “INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS” WITHIN THE GREEN ECONOMY ». Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 24, n^o 1 (22 octobre 2015) : 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000075a.

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The flexibility mechanisms introduced by the Kyoto Protocol on climate change promote the realization of climate change related investment projects which aim to contribute both to the fight against climate change as well as to foster sustainable development patterns in host countries. At first glance, the flexibility mechanisms seem to represent paradigmatic examples of green economy instruments which have numerous potential benefits. However, the implementation of such mechanisms may give rise to some negative environmental externalities which have the consequence of creating a new type of investment versus environment conflict, characterized by a new form of conflict with an internal environmental dimension. This “internal environmental conflict” seems to represent an evolution of the traditional investment versus environment conflict in which the presence of climate change related interests has the potential to paradoxically reinforce the investment side of the controversy and reduce the strength of the opposed environmental side. These new internal environmental conflicts cannot be properly managed by the traditional criteria and instruments that have so far been used to deal with traditional investment versus environment conflicts. Therefore, it seems that in order to efficiently manage and solve such new types of conflicts, a new interpretative paradigm must be adopted which consists of the concept of ecological sustainability. The use of such a new interpretative paradigm should ensure the ecological sustainability of climate change related investments by making sure that they can promote global climate change related goals while, at the same time, not endangering the local environment where the relevant projects are located.

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Bala, Pauline, Samson Okoth Ojunga, Joyce Okumu, Abdalla Kisiwa, David Langat et Robert Nyambati. « Tree-Based Conflict Management Mechanism Among Small Landholders in Agroforestry Systems of Kenya ». East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 2, n^o 2 (15 septembre 2020) : 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.2.2.214.

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Afforestation programs are challenged by competition for land uses. Land use conflicts arise whenever there is divergent use, access and management of the resource or due to incompatible use and inadequate policy. Agroforestry may reconcile competing interests. However, small landholdings remain a challenge due to the negative ecological and economic impacts of most economically preferred trees for agroforestry systems. Such negative impacts lead to the emergence of conflict among different land users and in most instances, slows down afforestation efforts on the farm. This study intended to explore conflicts arising from on-farm tree-planting and other land use practices, to identify the conflict resolution mechanism adopted by land users and to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in conflict management. Mixed method approach of structured and semi-structured interviews was employed in Bobasi, Kisii County, Kenya. Content analysis, means, frequencies and cross-tabulations were done. Results indicated that small landholdings coupled with poor agroforestry practices were the main source of conflict driven by the ready market for trees of high economic values but with negative ecological impact. Conflict management mechanisms adopted were mainly cooperative methods such as voluntary negotiations between tree farmers and crop owners. These included adopting silvicultural control measures, benefit sharing of tree stems along the boundaries and compensation mechanisms for losses incurred by crop owners. Right based management mechanisms were also noted among other land users who believed that what they did with their land and compound was their business and so exhibited competitive approaches such as avoidance, coercion, and adjudication.

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Päll, Lona. « Kohapärimuse roll keskkonnakonflikti diskursuses : Paluküla hiiemäe juhtum ». Mäetagused 83 (août 2022) : 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2022.83.pall.

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This article is a critical study of how local place-related narratives, i.e., place-lore, is integrated into environmental discussions. Place-lore reflects the cultural and ecological dimensions of collective environmental experience; for example, what kind of species grow in a specific place, what are the characteristics of the landscape, what kind of activities and usages certain environment allows, etc. Place-lore is culturally and ecologically highly contextual and refers to the environment it represents. However, when including these kinds of contextual and environmental-related narratives in conflict communication, the narratives may become disconnected or decontextualised from the environment represented. Combining the frameworks of ecosemiotics, environmental communication studies, and place-lore research, the article explores how a new storytelling context, ideological choices, and the logic of conflict communication influence the interpretation of place-lore. The theory is applied to an empirical examination of the public discussion of Paluküla sacred hill in central Estonia. The conflict surrounding the plan to build a ski resort near Paluküla sacred hill is one of the longest place-centred environmental conflicts in contemporary Estonia. A larger opposition broke out in 2004 and discussions are still ongoing. Moreover, Paluküla is a good model conflict for studying the role of place-lore in similar conflicts. Since the beginning of the conflict, it has been characteristic of the debate to involve references to and discussions of folklore, and also to question, compare, and use specific place-related vernacular knowledge and narratives as part of the argumentation. Tracking references to the previous place-lore about Paluküla Hill in the media coverage of the conflict allows a demonstration of how the contextuality and referentiality towards an extra-narrative environment that are originally present in place-lore are often overlooked or ignored in conflict discourse. When part of practices, activities, or ways of relating with the place are ignored or diminished in the discussion, the possible semiotic relationships with the environment also become neglected. This, in turn, leads to socially and ecologically disconnected discussion.

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Wilkinson, Christine E., Alex McInturff, Jennifer R. B. Miller, Veronica Yovovich, Kaitlyn M. Gaynor, Kendall Calhoun, Harshad Karandikar et al. « An ecological framework for contextualizing carnivore–livestock conflict ». Conservation Biology 34, n^o 4 (14 mai 2020) : 854–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13469.

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Cheng, Zilang, Yanjun Zhang, Lingzhi Wang, Lanyi Wei et Xuying Wu. « An Analysis of Land-Use Conflict Potential Based on the Perspective of Production–Living–Ecological Function ». Sustainability 14, n^o 10 (13 mai 2022) : 5936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105936.

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Under the influence of human activities, natural climate change and other factors, the function-folding phenomenon of land use has appeared in China. The conflict levels of different land-use functions has intensified. Based on the perspective of production–living–ecological function, we constructed a land-use function evaluation model by using a multi-criteria evaluation analysis (MCE) method. According to the different arrangement and combination of each function intensity of land units, we constructed an intensity diagnosis model of land-use function conflicts (LUFCs) and divided LUFCs into eight types and four stages. The LUFCs potential was calculated and divided into four ranks, represented by four types of LUFC potential zones. We selected western Jilin Province, a typical, ecologically fragile area in Northeast China, as an empirical analysis area. Empirical research showed that the production, living and ecological functions in western Jilin Province were at low, high and medium intensity levels, respectively, in 2020. The proportions of different LUFCs stages were 54.90%, 24.99%, 19.06% and 1.05%, respectively. The entire study area was basically at risk of potential conflicts, with the area’s proportions accounting for 17.50%, 40.75%, 24.55% and 17.20% from zones of low potential to extreme potential. The hot spots for LUFC potential were concentrated in the east and south of the central area, which were basically consistent with the hot spots’ aggregation areas of LUFCs. The models and indicators established in this research can better reflect the conflict associated with regional land use, which can provide reference for land space planning and management.

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Olechowski, Adam Paweł. « Impact of Armed Conflicts on the State of Ecological Security ». Confrontation and Cooperation : 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations 6, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2020) : 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/conc-2020-0004.

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Abstract Contemporary armed conflicts, although not as global in scope as the two world wars in the 20th century, create serious threats in many dimensions. One of the areas of their influence is the natural environment. In fact every armed conflict, also one that takes place in a relatively small territory, causes a number of negative consequences in the natural environment. These, in turn, may have further consequences. Apart from the damage caused by military operations, accompanying phenomena appear on a large scale. In recent years, a series of armed conflicts in Africa and West Asia resulted in huge migrations of millions of people. In addition to the resulting humanitarian crises, large-scale environmental problems are observed. Thus, it clearly shows that even potentially minor military conflicts can lead to serious disturbances of the natural environment. The author shows the various consequences of armed conflicts for the natural environment over the last half century.

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YANG, Fating. « Contemporary Construction of Ecological Civilization : From Ecological Crisis to Ecological Governance ». Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, n^o 04 (décembre 2015) : 1550030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s234574811550030x.

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Since the industrial revolution, people have adopted the linear development mode of “resting on the principal” to gain wealth through crazy plunder of nature despite severe pollution to the environment for human survival, which results in sharp conflict between man and nature. As ecological crisis arises, people begin to reflect on the industrial revolution profoundly. They start adopting the cycle development mode of “resting on the interest” and take active steps to build ecological civilization, which is not only a form of civilization but also a development concept. It breaks traditional views and ideas of “considering environment merely from the angle of environment”, “environment and development are mutually independent” and “environment and development are opposed to each other”, and it achieves a higher level of harmony between man and nature, resources and environment, as well as man and society. The construction of ecological civilization, as an important part of national governance, is the only way to solve the problem of ecological environment deterioration as well as to promote the transformation of ecological civilization.

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Bodin, Örjan, María Mancilla García et Garry Robins. « Reconciling Conflict and Cooperation in Environmental Governance : A Social Network Perspective ». Annual Review of Environment and Resources 45, n^o 1 (17 octobre 2020) : 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-011020-064352.

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Most if not all environmental problems entail conflicts of interest. Yet, different actors and opposing coalitions often but certainly not always cooperate in solving these problems. Hence, processes of conflict and cooperation often work in tandem, albeit much of the scholarly literature tends to focus on either of these phenomena in isolation. Social network analysis (SNA) provides opportunities to study cooperation and conflict together. In this review, we demonstrate how SNA has increased our understanding of the promises and pitfalls of collaborative approaches in addressing environmental problems. The potential of SNA to investigate conflicts in environmental governance, however, remains largely underutilized. Furthermore, a network perspective is not restricted to the social domain. A multilevel social-ecological network perspective facilitates integration of social and environmental sciences in understanding how different patterns of resource access can trigger both cooperation and conflict.

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Miller, Duane I., Nancy Verhoek-Miller, J. Martin Giesen et Elisabeth Wells-Parker. « Some Empirical Evidence for Ecological Dissonance Theory ». Psychological Reports 86, n^o 2 (avril 2000) : 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.2.415.

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Using Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory as a model, the extension to Barker's ecological theory, referred to as ecological dissonance theory, was developed. Designed to examine the motivational dynamics involved when environmental systems are in conflict with each other or with cognitive systems, ecological dissonance theory yielded five propositions which were tested in 10 studies. This summary of the studies suggests operationally defined measures of ecological dissonance may correlate with workers satisfaction with their jobs, involvement with their jobs, alienation from their work, and to a lesser extent, workers' conflict resolution behavior and communication style.

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Minnes, Sarah, Valencia Gaspard, Philip A. Loring, Helen Baulch et Sarah-Patricia Breen. « Transforming conflict over natural resources : a socio-ecological systems analysis of agricultural drainage ». FACETS 5, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 864–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0031.

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Agricultural drainage is a complicated and often conflict-ridden natural resource management issue, impacting contested ecosystem services related to the retention of wetlands as well as the productivity of farmland. This research identifies opportunities to transform the conflict over agricultural drainage in Saskatchewan, Canada, towards collaboration. We report on ethnographic research informed by a conservation conflict-transformation framework to evaluate the nature of the conflict and whether drivers of the conflict operate principally at the level of disputes over discrete ecosystem services or if they reach deeper into local social circumstances and build on larger unresolved conflict(s) among groups in the region. In addition to the conflict-transformation framework, we apply the Social–Ecological Systems Framework to elicit details regarding the substantive, relational, and material dimensions of this conflict. Our research suggests that processes for governing natural resources, such as those in place for governing drainage in Saskatchewan, need to have mechanisms to facilitate relationship building and shared understandings, need to be adaptable to people’s changing needs and concerns, and should focus on inclusivity and empowerment of actors to address conflict.

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Sumardjo, Sumardjo, Adi Firmansyah et Leonard Dharmawan. « The Role of Creative Social Energy in Strengthening Ecological Adaptation Capacity Through Community Empowerment ». Jurnal Penyuluhan 16, n^o 2 (30 novembre 2020) : 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25015/16202028361.

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Investments in large companies engaged in natural resource management have the potential to cause conflict, which requires an alternative model of conflict potential management. This study aims to analyze the development of creative social energy as an alternative to managing potential conflicts through empowering community food security. This study uses a participatory action study method for community empowerment and cybernetic triangulation methods in extracting data. Communities in the company's operational Ring1 area carried out community empowerment efforts by placing extension workers as community assistants. The results of the study show that community empowerment through a participatory extension approach is effective in supporting the realization of community welfare through increased income. Participatory community empowerment is effective in developing creative social energy. There is a close relationship between community empowerment and strengthening creative social energy and increasing the ecological adaptation capacity of society to the dynamics of environmental change. The ecological adaptation capacity of the community develops in line with the level of community empowerment. Community empowerment through effective participatory counseling is a model for managing potential conflicts in CSR programs. Extension workers with participatory community empowerment competencies are a key factor in the success of community empowerment.

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Zhang, Yang, Yanfang Liu, Yan Zhang, Xuesong Kong, Ying Jing, Enxiang Cai, Lingyu Zhang, Yi Liu, Zhengyu Wang et Yaolin Liu. « Spatial Patterns and Driving Forces of Conflicts among the Three Land Management Red Lines in China : A Case Study of the Wuhan Urban Development Area ». Sustainability 11, n^o 7 (5 avril 2019) : 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072025.

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The delimitation of three land management red lines (LMRLs), which refers to urban growth boundaries (UGBs), ecological protection redlines (EPRs), and basic farmland protection zones (BFPZs), has been regarded as a control method for promoting sustainable urban development in China. However, in many Chinese cities, conflicts extensively exist among the three LMRLs in terms of spatial partitioning. This study clarifies the connotation of conflicts among the three LMRLs. Moreover, a red line conflict index (RLCI) is established to characterize the intensity of conflicts among the three LMRLs. The Wuhan Urban Development Area (WUDA) is used for a case study, in which the spatial patterns of the three types of conflicts among the three LMRLs (i.e., conflicts between EPRs and BFPZs, EPRs and UGBs, and UGBs and BFPZs) are analyzed through numerous spatial statistical analysis methods (including spatial autocorrelation, urban-rural gradient, and landscape pattern analyses). In addition, the driving forces of these conflicts are identified from the perspectives of natural physics, socioeconomic development, neighborhood, policy and planning using three binary logistic regression models. Results show that the conflicts between EPRs and BFPZs, EPRs and UGBs, and UGBs and BFPZs are mainly distributed on the edge of the WUDA, inside Wuhan’s third circulation line, and at the urban–rural transition zone, respectively. The patch of conflict between BFPZs and UGBs has the lowest aggregation degree, the highest fragmentation degree, and the most complex shape. Logistic regression results show that the combination and relative importance of driving factors vary in the three types of conflicts among the three LMRLs. In the conflict between EPRs and BFPZs, the distance to city centers is the most important influencing factor, followed by the proportion of ecological land and elevation. In the conflict between UGBs and EPRs, the proportion of construction land, the distance to city centers, and whether the land unit is within the scope of a restricted development zone are the three most important factors. The proportion of construction land, the distances to the Yangtze and Han Rivers, and the proportion of cultivated land significantly influence the conflict between UGBs and BFPZs. This study aids in our understanding of the causes and mechanisms of conflicts among the three LMRLs, and provides important information for the “integration of multi-planning” and land management in Wuhan and similar cities.

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Ha, Thao, Hanjoe Kim et Shannon McGill. « When conflict escalates into intimate partner violence : The delicate nature of observed coercion in adolescent romantic relationships ». Development and Psychopathology 31, n^o 5 (7 août 2019) : 1729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419001007.

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AbstractWe investigated how initial conflicts in adolescent romantic relationships escalate into serious forms of conflict, including intimate partner violence (IPV). We focused on whether adolescents’ micro-level interaction patterns, i.e., coercion and positive engagement, mediated between conflict and future IPV. The sample consisted of 91 heterosexual couples, aged 13 to 18 years (M = 16.5, SD = 0.99) from a diverse background (42% Hispanic/Latino, 42% White). Participants completed surveys about conflict at Time 1, and they participated in videotaped conflict and jealousy discussions. At Time 2, participants completed surveys about conflict and IPV, and an average daily conflict score was calculated from ecological momentary assessments. Multilevel hazard models revealed that we did not find support for dyadic coercion as a risk process leading to escalations in conflict. However, a higher likelihood of ending dyadic positive behaviors mediated between earlier levels of conflict and a latent construct of female conflict and IPV. Classic coercive dynamics may not apply to adolescent romantic relationships. Instead, not being able to reinforce levels of positivity during conflict predicted conflict and IPV as reported by females. The implications of these findings for understanding coercion in the escalation from conflict to IPV in adolescent romantic relationships are discussed.

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SHEVCHENKO, H. M., et M. M. PETRUSHENKO. « RECREATIONAL NATURE USE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL-ECONOMIC TOOLS ». Economic innovations 21, n^o 4(73) (20 décembre 2019) : 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.4(73).180-188.

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Topicality. In the context of sustainable development as the leading concept of the modern stage of human development, in particular ecological, economic and related social aspects, there are contradictions of various nature in different economic sectors and social spheres. In case of social exacerbation, these contradictions turn into a conflict form, namely in the form of environmental, including natural-resource and other conflicts. Their timely resolution is one of the requirements of national and, in particular, environmental safety. In the sphere of recreational nature management, the issues of contradictions and conflicts are certainly relevant and need improvement both from a theoretical point of view and in terms of formation of organizational-economic instruments for resolving relevant conflict situations. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to summarize and analyze the provisions that underlie the formation of principles and instruments for managing recreational nature use in the context of resolving the contradictions of sustainable development. Research results. The article deals with the methodological principles of nature management research (as a key category for understanding the contradictions of sustainable development), namely: the principle of genetic unity of nature and society, the principle of mediating the role of social production in the relationship "society - nature", the principle of nature reproduction. Theoretical provisions on ecological contradictions and conflicts, in particular regarding recreational nature use, are generalized. The classification of instruments for resolving the contradictions of ecologically sustainable development (both in general and in certain ecological-economic sphere, in particular, recreational use of nature) is proposed, namely: economic (financial-credit: subsidies, grants, preferential credits; preferential and discriminatory taxation of services and products, and the use of resources; environmental insurance; payments for pollution and nature use; accelerated depreciation of environmental funds; price instruments), administrative (decisions of territorial bodies, departmental prohibitions; regulatory framework, in particular, limits on pollution and use of resources, etc.; environmental audit and expertise; environmental monitoring; environmental and natural resource target programs; permits and licenses for any kind of environmental activity; instruments for resolving natural resource conflicts), social and psychological (promoting non-monetary forms of the market; environmental education and training; public pressure; environmental consulting; resolving environmental conflicts) and organizational. Conclusion. In the paper theoretical views that reveal the essence of recreational nature use in the context of contradictions of sustainable ecological and economic development are generalized. The principles of analysis of contradictions related to the methodology of nature use in its extended and narrow interpretations are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, in the aggravated state, ecological and economic contradictions become ecological conflicts. In the example of the Black Sea region, environmental conflicts related to tourism and recreation are actualized; positive is the fact that their share in the structure of all ten kinds of environmental conflicts is negligible. The classification of organizational-economic instruments for resolving the contradictions of sustainable development, which are adapted to the sphere of recreational nature use, in which, in particular, along with the traditional economic management instruments, are presented organizational and socio-psychological tools for resolving environmental conflicts.

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KARNA, BIRENDRA K., GANESH P. SHIVAKOTI et EDWARD L. WEBB. « Resilience of community forestry under conditions of armed conflict in Nepal ». Environmental Conservation 37, n^o 2 (20 mai 2010) : 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000263.

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SUMMARYArmed conflicts pose a serious and potentially long-term threat to institutions, societies and environments across the world. This study focuses on the small mountainous country of Nepal, which has experienced high levels of armed conflict for many years. This paper analyses the relationship between local forest institutions, institutional embeddedness and forest condition under conditions of active armed conflict. Seven community forest user groups with similar forest governance structure were examined, located in similar biophysical and ecological zones, but experiencing different degrees of conflict. Those forest user groups facing severe armed conflict showed a decline in institutional arrangements but improvements in characteristics of institutional embeddedness, such as trust and reciprocity, whereas the forest user groups in low conflict environments had more stable institutional arrangements and stable embeddedness characteristics. Both types of locations showed an increase in forest density. These results emphasize the capacity of local institutions to organize and cooperate even in extremely vulnerable situations, building trust and reciprocity for sustainable forest use and management.

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Dipierri, Ana Alicia, et Dimitrios Zikos. « The Role of Common-Pool Resources’ Institutional Robustness in a Collective Action Dilemma under Environmental Variations ». Sustainability 12, n^o 24 (16 décembre 2020) : 10526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410526.

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Extreme environmental variations, as a phenomenon deriving from climate change, led to an exacerbated uncertainty on water availability and increased the likelihood of conflicts regarding water-dependent activities such as agriculture. In this paper, we investigate the role of conflict resolution mechanisms—one of Ostrom’s acclaimed Design Principles—when social-ecological systems are exposed to physical external disturbances. The theoretical propositions predict that social-ecological systems with conflict-resolution mechanisms will perform better than those without them. We tested this proposition through a framed field experiment that mimicked an irrigation system. This asymmetric setting exposed farmers to two (2) dilemmas: (i) how much to invest in the communal irrigation system’s maintenance and (ii) how much water to extract. The setting added a layer of complexity: water availability depended not only on the investment but also on the environmental variability. Our findings confirmed the theoretical proposition: groups with stronger ‘institutional robustness’ can cope with environmental variations better than those with weaker robustness. However, we also found that some groups, despite lacking conflict-resolution mechanisms, were also able to address environmental variations. We explored potential explanatory variables to these unexpected results. We found that subjects’ and groups’ attributes might address uncertainty and avert conflict. Thus, social-ecological systems’ capacity to respond to external disturbances, such as environmental variations, might not only be a question of Design Principles. Instead, it might also be strongly related to group members’ attributes and group dynamics. Our results pave the way for further research, hinting that some groups might be better equipped for mitigation measures, while others might be better equipped for adaptation measures.

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Wei-zhong, SU, MA Li-ya, CHEN Shuang et YANG Gui-shan. « Conflict analysis and system optimization of urban ecological space ». JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES 35, n^o 3 (2020) : 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20200308.

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Bonduriansky, Russell. « Sexual Selection and Conflict as Engines of Ecological Diversification ». American Naturalist 178, n^o 6 (décembre 2011) : 729–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/662665.

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Plesnar‐Bielak, Agata, Anna M. Skwierzyńska et Jacek Radwan. « Sexual and ecological selection on a sexual conflict gene ». Journal of Evolutionary Biology 33, n^o 10 (31 juillet 2020) : 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13680.

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Demaria, Federico. « Shipbreaking at Alang–Sosiya (India) : An ecological distribution conflict ». Ecological Economics 70, n^o 2 (décembre 2010) : 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.006.

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Maier-Rigaud, Gerhard. « Background to the conflict between economic and ecological ends ». Ecological Economics 4, n^o 2 (novembre 1991) : 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(91)90023-8.

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Van Assche, Kristof, Monica Gruezmacher et Raoul Beunen. « Shock and Conflict in Social-Ecological Systems : Implications for Environmental Governance ». Sustainability 14, n^o 2 (6 janvier 2022) : 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020610.

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In this paper, we present a framework for the analysis of shock and conflict in social-ecological systems and investigate the implications of this perspective for the understanding of environmental governance, particularly its evolutionary patterns and drivers. We dwell on the distinction between shock and conflict. In mapping the relation between shock and conflict, we invoke a different potentiality for altering rigidity and flexibility in governance; different possibilities for recall, revival and trauma; and different pathways for restructuring the relation between governance, community and environment. Shock and conflict can be both productive and eroding, and for each, one can observe that productivity can be positive or negative. These different effects in governance can be analyzed in terms of object and subject creation, path creation and in terms of the dependencies recognized by evolutionary governance theory: path, inter-, goal and material dependencies. Thus, shock and conflict are mapped in their potential consequences to not only shift a path of governance, but also to transform the pattern of self-transformation in such path. Finally, we reflect on what this means for the interpretation of adaptive governance of social-ecological systems.

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Rohini, C. K., T. Aravindan, P. A. Vinayan, M. Ashokkumar et K. S. Anoop Das. « An assessment of human-elephant conflict and associated ecological and demographic factors in Nilambur, Western Ghats of Kerala, southern India ». Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, n^o 7 (26 juillet 2016) : 8970. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2536.8.7.8970-8976.

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Elephant conservation carries cost in the form of human-elephant conflict and affects the wellbeing of people living near ecologically important areas. Conflicts impart serious challenges towards the survival of Asian Elephants, which are categorized as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Issues of wildlife conservation are least addressed in areas with less restricted categories of protection. Hence an attempt was made to evaluate the intensity of elephant conflict and factors associated with its occurrence in villages with forest fringes of North and South Forest Divisions of Nilambur, Kerala, southern India. It was hypothesized that variables such as number of houses, area of village, livestock population, forest frontage, and presence of water source along the forest boundary abutting the village to be the underlying correlates of conflict. Field studies were conducted fortnightly from June 2014 to May 2015, by visiting farms and households of 17 selected forest fringe villages. Observational methods, questionnaire surveys and secondary data collection were employed for this purpose. A total of 277 incidents of crop depredation, 12 incidents of property damage, three human injuries, and one human death due to conflict were recorded during this period. Crop raiding was highest during post monsoon season and it was low during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Multiple linear regression results suggest that forest frontage and livestock population were significant predictors of conflict incidence. Information regarding the prime causes of conflict will be helpful for planning strategies for the establishment of appropriate mitigation methods. The present study serves as baseline information which will be helpful for formulating prospective management plans.

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