Thèses : « Ecological conflict »

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Сабадаш, Віктор Володимирович, Виктор Владимирович Сабадаш et Viktor Volodymyrovych Sabadash. « The basic approaches to ecological conflict determination ». Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8360.

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As for EC its subject is the problem of natural resource (ecological value) possession or controlling it, that can cause certain benefits (not obligatory financial) to one or more individuals. EC object is a natural resource or ecological value which due to certain circumstances are on the interests crossing of different social or economical individuals which aspire to possession or controlling it. Thus, ecological conflict is opposition on governmental and/or intergovernmental levels, caused by incompatible or hostile interests of one or more individuals and by their fight for the natural resources ownership, use (distributing) or their controlling right, accompanied by possible using of violent methods for the aim achievement. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8360

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Brown, S. L. « Predators and fisheries : an ecological evaluation of conflict ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516865.

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Yoon, Jong-Han. « Ecological Sustainability and Peace : The Effect of Ecological Sustainability on Interstate and Intrastate Environmental Conflict ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30531/.

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This study examines the relationship between ecological sustainability and violent conflict at both the interstate and intrastate level. In particular, this study explores the effect of ecological sustainability of a society on the initiation and the occurrence of violent conflict. By developing a theory, which is named "Eco-peace," this study hypothesizes that the more ecologically sustainable the socioeconomic system of societies, the less likely the society is to initiate interstate conflict. Regarding intrastate conflict, it is hypothesized that the more ecologically sustainable the mode of development pursued by the Third World society is, the more likely that society is to experience intrastate conflicts. To test the hypotheses, this study conducts cross-national time-series analyses for 97-127 countries. Negative binomial and Poisson models are used for interstate conflict during 1960-2001, and logit and rare event logit models are used for intrastate conflict during 1960-1999. Militarized interstate dispute dataset and Uppsala Armed Conflict Program dataset are employed for interstate and intrastate conflict. For ecological sustainability, Ecological sustainability factor index and Environmental sustainability index are used. Through the analyses, this study found the supports for the theoretical argument that the ecologically unsustainable modes of development cause the initiation of interstate conflict and the incidence of intra-state conflict in the Third World.

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Reynolds, Kyra. « Eco-nationalism, eco-conflict and eco-peace : the political ecological dimensions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict ». Thesis, Ulster University, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.744775.

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The ethno-nationalist conflict in Israel/Palestine has been the subject of significant academic interrogation. However, the political ecological dimensions of that conflict, despite their importance, have gone largely unnoticed. The natural environment, for example, is central to national identity constructs that have long been a source of contestation and friction in the region. The scarcity of vital natural resources (both land and water) needed to sustain nation-building efforts continue to occasion conflict. Access to and control of such resources is divisive and the environment has become a weapon through which to contest the ‘other’. Whilst there is a deep-rooted attachment and importance given to the environment, it has also been a victim to the conflict itself often being seconded to the ‘high political’ aspects prioritised at the governmental level At the opposite end of the spectrum, there are also numerous efforts which attempt to use the environment to promote cooperation/peacebuilding between actors in the conflict. This thesis attempts to unpack the often-overlooked political ecological dimensions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. To do so, it focuses on a number of specific, localized and illustrating case studies in a series of three papers. The first analyses the impact of the Israeli West Bank separation barrier on Palestinian agricultural systems and processes. The second paper, analyses local attempts at Israeli-Palestinian ‘environmental cooperation’ and asserts the need for delving deeper into ‘cooperative’ interactions in order to determine their true nature and effectiveness. The third paper takes the same greater Bethlehem case studies and explores their possible peacebuilding contributions, before suggesting ways to improve their potential in that regard. As well as filling a significant vacuum in Israel/Palestine scholarship, the thesis has broader theoretical and practical relevance. It adds greatly to vibrant contemporary academic discussions, debates, and lines of enquiry pertaining to the relationships between the environment, conflict and peace. It also speaks to recent calls for geographers to research and contribute to ‘a geography of peace’. In a desire to employ a holistic lens (in this case a political ecological one), an inductive approach was pursued to facilitate the emergence of new ideas. That is, instead of having rigid, predefined theories to test, the approach, whilst including key ideas related to the broad conceptual framework, was to remain open-minded to what emerged in discussions with those involved in the scenarios, and through the analysis of a multitude of information sources. Key methods of primary data collection included semi-structured interviews and ethnographic observation. Primary data collection occurred remotely via ‘e-interviews’ between 2012 and 2013, and directly during a period of fieldwork to Israel/Palestine in 2014. A total of 40 interviews were completed. Ethnographic observation included partaking in tours and conducting site visits. The data collected was complemented by the consultation of secondary statistical sources, and visualisation using Geographic Information Systems. Qualitative content analysis was key in complementing the primary data.

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Gilleland, Amanda H. « Human-Wildlife Conflict Across Urbanization Gradients : Spatial, Social, and Ecological Factors ». Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3489.

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As suburban and exurban residential developments continue to multiply in urban areas, they encroach on wildlife habitats leading to increased human-wildlife interactions. The animals involved in direct conflict with homeowners are often relocated or exterminated by the homeowners. Often the homeowners contact state licensed wildlife trappers to eliminate the problem animal. In this study I examined how landscape, ecological, and social factors influence the incidence of human-wildlife conflict of thirty two residential areas in the Tampa, Florida metropolitan area. These residential areas, totaling over 300 km2, are part of the urban development gradient representing a range of urban land use from the urban core to exurban residential areas. This study consisted of four phases. In the first three phases, I investigated which landscape, ecological, and social factors contribute to homeowner conflict with wild animals on their property. In the last phase, I combine the significant factors contributing to human-wildlife conflict from the first three phases to build a more complete model. A spatial analysis of the locations of human-wildlife conflict events recorded by licensed wildlife trappers showed the most significant development and landscape factors affecting human-wildlife conflict reporting in a residential area were human population density and total area of natural habitat immediately adjacent to the residential area. A survey of the relative abundance of conflict prone animals living near and in remnant patches of habitat in suburban residential areas revealed that greater abundance was not correlated with the reported conflict of that species within that residential area. Species that were social, omnivorous, and had some flexibility in home range size were involved most often in conflict in highly urbanized environments. Species that were less social, and were not omnivorous, were not significantly involved in human-wildlife conflict in highly urbanized residential areas. These species tended to be restricted to intermediately urbanized areas like suburban and exurban residential areas. Several social factors were also significant contributors to human-wildlife conflict as revealed through personal interviews with suburban homeowners in Hillsborough and Pasco counties. Interviews confirmed that most people have positive attitudes toward wildlife, but some form of conflict was reported by thirty four percent of suburban residents, although only seventeen percent of those perceived it as a problem worth spending money to solve. Analysis of the attitudes of residents who reported having experienced problems associated with wildlife on their property, revealed significant negative correlations with statements of environmental concern and concern for the treatment of animals. Using all the significant variables from the physical landscape, ecological evaluation, and the human attitude study in the suburbs, I developed a statistical model of human-wildlife conflict across the urbanization gradient. While the model has marginal success in terms of practical application for prediction, it is quite valuable for defining the importance of these variables in relation to conflict with certain types of species across the gradient. This set of papers collectively defines relationships between variables existing in urban, suburban, and exurban residential areas and human-wildlife conflict. These factors should be considered when planning new residential areas to minimize human-wildlife conflict while maximizing the residents’ enjoyment of natural areas and species within the residential area.

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Woolaston, Katie M. « Legal Responses to Human-Wildlife Conflict : Individual Autonomy vs Ecological Vulnerability ». Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/392407.

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This thesis employs socio-legal critical analysis to deconstruct the problem of human-wildlife conflict. Biodiversity is in crisis, and a large part of the crisis is the relationship that people have with wildlife. The current species extinction rate is one hundred times higher than it would be without human occupation of the planet. Human-wildlife conflict is a primary contributor to global biodiversity loss because it is a manifestation of the destructive relationship that humans have with wildlife. It is considered that human-wildlife conflict is a cause of biodiversity loss because it usually ends in wildlife being killed, but also because the long term effects of negative interaction with wildlife are detrimental to a conservation ethic in people at the forefront of the conflict. Traditionally, the study of human-wildlife conflict focused on problematising wildlife and managing their behaviour, movements, population size and density, and genetics, combined with measuring the values and attitudes of people towards wildlife so that the most acceptable wildlife management techniques could be employed. By critically analysing the problem of human-wildlife conflict and it’s representations in law and policy, this thesis aims to transform the way in which human-wildlife conflict is viewed and managed. While many wildlife managers and ecologists are conducting studies on differing human values and attitudes towards wildlife and management practices, and are moving toward interdisciplinary collaboration, the studies are often conducted without an adequate understanding of the philosophy surrounding human relationships with each other, society, and the greater environment. Without an adequate conceptual framework that discusses and theorises the different dimensions of the human side of the conflict, there is little hope of uniting stakeholders and implementing a consistent, cohesive outcome to situations of conflict. A theoretical understanding of the role society and relationships play in the conflict is necessary to formulate an effective model of action that addresses the greater societal influence over human attitudes to wildlife. This thesis utilises Martha Fineman’s theory of vulnerability, together with social eco-feminism to provide an account of the dynamic natural relationship between humans and wildlife and outline how current management strategies deviate from that dynamic yet natural state. It posits that humans and wildlife have individual and interconnected vulnerabilities that are not accounted for by current management policies. Instead, legal institutions ensure separation through the promotion of false individual liberal autonomy. Furthermore, that autonomy is not universally attributed to all humans. Instead, autonomy is something that is considered relevant to those that already hold the power over the concept itself, are most likely to benefit from it, and are already considered to have it (although as this thesis will demonstrate, no-one can ever be autonomous). This thesis concludes that legal institutions structurally deny human-wildlife conflict around the world, whilst simultaneously exacerbating conflict by promoting values consistent with individual autonomy. The way to rectify this paradox and return the human-wildlife relationship to its natural state is to promote State responsiveness to the interconnected vulnerabilities of people and wildlife, by shifting institutional focus from autonomy to eco-vulnerability. Methods of achieving this shift include establishing the relevance of non-human vulnerability to the problem of conflict, acknowledging all interconnected oppressions with a conflict scenario, their historical bases and barriers to recovery, implementing community collaboration and some devolution of state decision-making power, increasing positive wildlife experiences and emotional connections, and finally, promoting the leadership of alternate epistemological communities, such as local and indigenous groups.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
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Shahar, Dan Coby, et Dan Coby Shahar. « Conflict, Conciliation, and the Future of the Planet ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625463.

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At the heart of liberal political theory is a formula for enabling diverse groups to coexist peacefully in spite of their differences. This formula involves seeking broad consensus on certain key political institutions as well as on moral norms against imposing views on others. In recent centuries, this formula has been highly successful. However, it is now under attack from green theorists who claim liberal societies will systematically fail to protect the environment, precipitating a global ecological crisis. The radical societal transformations advocated by these greens diverge from traditional liberal arrangements and seek to entrench green ideas in the foundations of the political order. In this dissertation, I examine how liberals can rebut such proposals without simply dismissing greens and their beliefs. I argue that the most promising route to a satisfactory liberal response is pragmatic in nature, showing that greens have little to gain from radicalism and more to gain from a continued commitment to liberalism. I develop this argument in two complementary ways, demonstrating first that greens have overestimated the likely benefits of their transformational proposals and second that a conciliatory approach in the spirit of liberalism offers great promise for achieving green goals. Ultimately, I contend that even for those who see a crisis on the horizon and worry that liberal societies will not respond appropriately, liberalism remains the best available approach to political life.

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COSTA, DONATIEN. « FROM THE STRUGGLES FOR LAND TO THE STRUGGLES FOR TERRITORY : STEPS TOWARD A GRAMMAR OF ECOLOGICAL CONFLICTS ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/900492.

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The thesis begins with an actual ecological fact: the current ecological crisis goes hand in hand with the proliferation of ecological conflicts. This fact is attested by the vast literature in the social sciences. This led to the search for a grammar of conflict appropriate to these struggles. To do so, an environmental history of the grammars of conflict inherited from modern political philosophy is undertaken. Three general grammars are reviewed: the grammar of Having, which includes wars of land appropriation (Hobbes), struggles for distribution and collective appropriation (Babeuf); the grammar of Being, which includes the struggle for recognition (Hegel); and the grammar of Action, which includes land use conflicts (Fichte). Although these grammars were elaborated in close connection with the question of land, the argument put forward is that they remain inadequate to account for those struggles that are bearers of an ecology of territorial attachments. More especially, three pitfalls are encountered: they did not overcome the alternative between detachment and rootedness; they defined relations with land exclusively in terms of appropriation; and their internal structure remains inadequate to a grammar of attachment. However, hope in philosophical discourse is not lost. In particular, the political philosophy of territorialities elaborated by Deleuze and Guattari lays the foundation of a grammar of attachment. Mille Plateaux is revisited in which an philosophical concept of territory is articulated with a theory of territorial conflicts between social formations. Finally, we test this model through the empirical data provided by the ethnography of ecological conflicts in the low lands of Ecuador.
Dans cette thèse, nous partons d'un fait écologique actuel: la crise écologique va de pair avec la prolifération des conflits environnementaux. Ce fait attesté par une vaste littérature en sciences sociales nous conduit à chercher une grammaire du conflit adéquate à ces formes spécifiques de luttes. Pour ce faire, nous retraçons l'histoire environnementale des grammaires du conflit héritées de la philosophie sociale et politique moderne. Nous distinguons ainsi trois grammaires générales du conflit: la grammaire de l'Avoir comprend les guerres d'appropriation (Hobbes), les luttes pour la distribution et l'appropriation collective des terres (Babeuf); la grammaire de l'Être comprend les luttes pour la reconnaissance (Hegel); la grammaire de l'Action comprend les conflits d'usage (Fichte). Bien que ces grammaires aient été élaborées dans un rapport étroit avec la question de la terre, elles se révèlent à l'analyse inaptes à rendre compte adéquatement de ces luttes porteuses d'une écologie des attachements. Elles ont notamment rencontré trois écueils: elles n'ont pas su dépasser l'alternative entre arrachement et enracinement; elles ont défini les rapports à la terre exclusivement en termes d'appropriation; leur structure reste inadéquate à toute grammaire de l'attachement. Dès lors, la lecture de récents travaux en anthropologie portant sur les conflits écologiques nous conduit vers une grammaire des attachements territoriaux. Loin de désespérer de tout discours philosophique, nous décelons les linéaments théoriques d'une telle grammaire du conflit dans la philosophie politique des territorialités élaborée par Deleuze et Guattari. Nous nous proposons alors de relire Mille Plateaux, texte qui articule un concept philosophique de territoire à une théorie des conflits territoriaux entre les formations sociales. Nous mettons enfin ce modèle à l'épreuve des données fournies par l'ethnographie des conflits écologiques dans les basses terres de l'Équateur.

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Holst, Joshua. « Development and Conflict at the Ecological Margins : Grassroots Approaches to Democracy and Natural Resources ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581409.

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How can politically and ecologically vulnerable groups come to productively govern the development process? The current environmental crisis is felt most intensely by marginalized groups whose livelihoods, food security, and health are threatened as development-driven environmental problems increase. This study looks at the intersection between the state, the economy, and the grassroots as key decision-makers shape the development trajectory: environmental factions of the rebels-turned-politicians in Aceh, Indonesia, the pro-autonomy indigenous movement in the Ecuadorian Amazon, and pro-democracy insurgents in the United States. The subsequent chapters track and analyze the varied fates of insurgents in each site as they attempt to democratize the state and acquire control over local ecologies. The conclusion explores these movements as the tip of a much deeper iceberg of conflict between extractive development and anti-colonialism.

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Crowley, Sarah Louise. « Ecological politics and practices in introduced species management ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/28758.

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The surveillance and control of introduced species has become an increasingly important, yet often controversial, form of environmental management. I investigate why and how introduced species management is initiated; whether, why and how it is contested; and what relations and outcomes emerge ‘in practice’. I examine how introduced species management is being done in the United Kingdom through detailed social scientific analyses of the processes, practices, and disputes involved in a series of management case studies. First, I demonstrate how some established approaches to the design and delivery of management initiatives can render them conflict-prone, ineffective and potentially unjust. Then, examining a disputesurrounding a state-initiated eradication of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), I show why and how ‘parakeet protectors’ opposed the initiative. I identify the significance of divergent evaluations of the risks posed by introduced wildlife; personal and community attachments between people and parakeets; and campaigners’ dissatisfaction with central government’s approach to the issue. By following the story of an unauthorised (re)introduction of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) to England, I show how adiverse collective has, at least temporarily, been united and empowered by a shared understanding of beavers as ‘belonging’ in the UK. I consider how nonhuman citizenship is socio-politically negotiated, and how the beavers have become enrolled in a ‘wild experiment’. Finally, through a multi- sited study of grey squirrel (Sciuruscarolinensis) control initiatives, I find important variations in management practitioners’ approaches to killing squirrels, and identify several ‘modes of killing’ that comprise different primary motivations, moral principles, ultimate aims, and practical methods. I identify multiple ways in which people respond and relate to introduced wildlife, and demonstrate how this multiplicity produces both socio-political tensions and accords. Furthermore, throughout this thesis I make a series of propositions for re-configuring the management of introduced species in ways that explicitly incorporate inclusive, constructive, and context-appropriate socio-political deliberations into its design and implementation.

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Crumière, Antonin. « Developmental mechanisms of adaptive phenotypes and associated ecological relevance in the semiaquatic bugs ». Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN095/document.

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Comprendre comment est générée la diversité biologique est un enjeu majeur de la biologie évolutive. Chaque espèce vit dans un environnement écologique qui lui est propre et dans lequel elle s’est adaptée au cours de l’évolution par les moyens de la sélection naturelle. Chaque espèce est également soumise à la sélection sexuelle contribuant au dimorphisme entre les sexes. Les traits phénotypiques associés au succès évolutif sont formés lors du développement par l’action de gènes qui sont transmis de génération en génération. Ces traits et ces gènes varient d’une espèce à une autre et contribuent directement à la diversité morphologique. La compréhension des interactions entre les mécanismes développementaux et les pressions écologiques permettent de mieux comprendre les processus qui influent sur la diversité morphologique et l’évolution des espèces. Obtenir une vision intégrative est un réel défi et demande de combiner diverses approches. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai utilisé les insectes semi-aquatiques (Gerromorphes) qui sont un modèle permettant de lier évolution, écologie et développement. En utilisant différentes approches j’ai pu mettre en évidence des gènes impliqués dans le développement de divers traits adaptatifs, l’importance de ces traits dans un contexte écologique et leur impact sur l’évolution du groupe des Gerromorphes. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus améliore notre compréhension de comment sélection naturelle et sélection sexuelle, en agissant sur les mécanismes génétiques, génèrent de la diversité morphologique
Understand how biodiversity is generated is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Every species live in a specific ecological habitat where they adapted during evolution by the mean of natural selection. Every species is also under sexual selection that generates dimorphism between the sexes. Adaptive traits contributing to evolutionary success are shaped during development by the action of genes that are transmitted through generations. These traits and genes vary across species and directly contribute to generate morphological diversity. The study of the interactions between developmental genetic mechanisms and selective ecological pressures allow a better understanding of the processes generating morphological diversity and driving the evolution of species. Obtain an integrative view is a challenge and required the combination of different approaches. During my PhD, I used the semiaquatic bugs (Gerromorpha) that are model systems allowing to link evolution, ecology and development. By using various approaches I could highlight genes involved in the development of different adaptive traits, the relevance of these traits in an ecological context and their impact on the evolution of the group of Gerromorpha. Altogether these results improve our understanding of how natural and sexual selection, by acting on genetic mechanisms, generate morphological diversity

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Chiu, Hua-Mei. « Ecological Modernisation or Enduring Environmental Conflict ? : Environmental Change in the Development of Taiwan's High-tech industry ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522076.

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Acharya, Krishna Prasad [Verfasser], et Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Köhl. « Conservation conflict in Nepal : An examination of the pattern and ecological dimension of human-wildlife conflict and wildlife conservation / Krishna Prasad Acharya ; Betreuer : Michael Köhl ». Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169358446/34.

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Minnie, Liaan. « Socio-economic and ecological correlates of leopard-stock farmer conflict in the Baviaanskloof mega-reserve, Eastern Cape ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1044.

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The leopard, Panthera pardus, is particularly threatened outside conservation areas in South Africa. This has been attributed to a reduction in natural habitat, decreasing natural prey populations, and commercial exploitation such as trophy hunting, and most importantly, persecution by stock farmers (Woodroffe 2001). The leopard population in the Baviaanskloof Mega-Reserve (BMR) has undergone a substantial decrease in range and numbers in the past 200 years, resulting in a highly fragmented population in the Baviaanskloof Mega-Reserve, and is regarded as being insecure. There is thus a need to investigate the nature and extent of leopard-stock farmer interactions to provide the foundation for an effective leopard conservation plan. Here I investigated the ecological and socio-economic factors influencing leopard-stock farmer conflict via landowner surveys and estimated potential leopard numbers using a prey-based density model. Leopards are not necessarily the most important causes of livestock mortality in the BMR. On average, leopards killed significantly less livestock (0.7 percent livestock per year) than black-backed jackals (4.7 percent per year) and caracal (2.5 percent per year), yet 67 percent of farmers had negative attitudes towards leopards. These negative attitudes were not significantly related to stock losses. However, most of the farmers that had negative attitudes towards leopards did not have any stock losses attributed to leopards. Thus if predator-stock conflict is not reduced it will result in the retaliatory killing of leopards. This will have severe consequences for this relatively small population (estimated at 59 – 104 individuals by the prey-based model), which may ultimately lead to the local extinction of these leopards (Woodroffe & Ginsberg 1998).

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Green, Brian E. « Sharing Water : A Human Ecological Analysis of the Causes of Conflict and Cooperation Between Nations Over Freshwater Resources ». Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1039201377.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 159 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Dept. of Sociology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-159).

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Horstkotte, Tim. « Contested Landscapes : social-ecological interactions between forestry and reindeer husbandry ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-66386.

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Throughout northern Fennoscandia, reindeer husbandry is a central part in the cultural heritage of the Sámi people. In its history, Sámi culture and reindeer husbandry have undergone significant adaptations to environmental, social and political challenges. Landscape changes on the winter grazing grounds were mainly driven by resource exploitation, especially by industrialized forestry. Important grazing resources were lost, i.e. terrestrial and arboreal lichens that constitute essential key elements in the herding year. In my thesis, I explore the consequences of these transformations in Swedish boreal forests for reindeer husbandry. The multi-disciplinary approach integrates interview studies, ecological fieldwork and theoretical modeling of forest development. I emphasize the understanding of landscapes as multi-dimensional concepts with ecological, social and economic components. They interact in determining the amount of landscape fragmentation in physical or administrative ways, or in enabling reindeer herders to move between different landscape elements. These elements, e.g. forest stands of different ages, can react differently to winter weather. Thus, they enable reindeer herders to adjust their grazing grounds according to the availability of forage, mediated by snow conditions. However, forestry practices have reduced the abundance of old-growth forests, and therewith the functionality of the landscape. By comparing snow conditions in different forest types, I show that multi-layered canopies can offer a more diverse pattern of snow hardness. However, the interaction between forest characteristics with snow is strongly dependent on weather conditions, e.g. the timing and intensity of warm spells. The prevalence of single-layered forest stands therefore can lead to a reduction in snow variability and potentially restricts the availability of suitable grazing grounds for reindeer. If snow conditions hinder reindeer in foraging on terrestrial lichens, old forests formerly supplied reindeer with arboreal lichens. I show how industrial forestry has reduced the availability of this emergency forage by the reduction of old forests and increased landscape fragmentation and analyze the consequences of different management strategies on future habitat availability for arboreal lichens. By integrating these results into a model of forest management, I offer insights into consequences arising from different priorities that either favor timber production or the development of lichen-rich grazing grounds. In conclusion, I emphasize the importance of landscape diversity, as well as the ability to make use of this diversity, as a source of adaptability of reindeer husbandry to changes in grazing conditions by e.g. winter weather dynamics. A shared future of reindeer husbandry and forestry could be fostered by encouraging the social-ecological co-evolution of multiple use landscapes and the enhancement of the cultural and biological significance of the Swedish boreal forests.

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Leonte, Denisa Elena. « Damages and dreams from a 20-year-old conflict. The case of Rosia Montana and the struggle for sustainability ». Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-67590.

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How do transitions to sustainability emerge? Save Rosia Montana Campaign is a representative socio-environmental movement, that cancelled an open-cast gold mining project in the urban-village of Rosia Montana, Romania. After almost 20 years of conflict with the mining project initiators, the people that oppose mining are now struggling for implementing tourism as an alternative development of the place, that could allow the possibility of sustainable development. The research aims to assess the extent that Rosia Montana represents an example of an environmental conflict that generates change towards sustainable development. The paper reconstructs the history of conflict around Rosia Montana by using the theoretical framework of ecological distribution conflict, while it's investigating the outcomes that this struggle produced. By revealing the visions of sustainable development and the challenges experienced by the opposition to mining, we can understand the notion of alternatives in conflict. The alternatives to development from Rosia Montana are questioning conventional perceptions of development and democracy, while requesting social transformation for meeting their needs and enhancing their quality of life.

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Angel, Lalinde Marcela. « Peace through parks : the challenge of overcoming social frictions and ecological tensions in the development of parks in post-conflict Bogotá ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118068.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-71).
In the development of parks in Bogota, legacies of conflict pull the environmental and post-conflict equity-building agendas apart. This thesis interrogates the relationship between post-conflict, equity-building and the ecology of public parks in order to propose a framework for the development of green open spaces that advances both agendas simultaneously, through everyday city-making processes. In particular, using a case study of Bogotá's park system, this research explores the challenges when maximizing the benefits of ecological services, while fostering spatial equity, social cohesion, and civic formation in the development of parks in post-conflict contexts. This thesis employs an inductive research methodology that combines qualitative methods with spatial analysis and case study inquiries to identify key assumptions obscured in the everyday city-making processes. This reveals a phenomenon observable in the development of parks in Bogotá, whereby forces of social exclusion and fear of the other, in combination with ideas of order and security, end up provoking a simultaneous restraint on biodiversity and human diversity. This thesis explores the position of the different actors-both mainstream players and alternative organizations-involved in the design, planning, and operation of parks in Bogotá, and reveals how decision-making tools reinforce their theoretical positions. By doing so, it uncovers competing frameworks and priorities at play in a fragmented institutional context. A selection of exemplary parks, illustrate where legacies of conflict (such as associating nature with crime, and expressing nervousness towards "the other") still over-determine the ways in which parks are designed, programmed, and maintained. These environmental tensions are mostly present in the development of large parks in ecologically vulnerable areas, and are generated by rigid assumptions that treat ecological functionality and security as mutually exclusive. Simultaneously, small neighborhood parks face class-based social frictions that reflect differences between neighborhood-centric preferences and the function of parks as city services for all, and a trend for increased agency of neighborhood associations threaten to make parks less inclusive. Nevertheless, alternative practices are emerging in the development of natural recreational settings that are promoting ecological conservation, high-use, and civic formation. By identifying opportunities, promoting collaboration, and seeking new processes and decision-making tools, this thesis offers a set of planning strategies and an implementation framework of social inclusion and ecological biodiversity to overcome fear (or perception of fear) and reinforce the potential of parks as peace-building tools.
by Marcela Angel Lalinde.
M.C.P.

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Nattabi, Barbara. « Desire to have children among people living with HIV in post-conflict Northern Uganda : a mixed methods study ». Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1536.

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Millions of people continue to contract the HIV virus every year, includingthousands of children in Sub-Saharan Africa who mainly contract HIV throughmother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Several factors are responsible for thiscontinued transmission and include lack of access to HIV testing for at-riskpopulations and limited treatment services for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Inaddition, many HIV-infected children are born to PLHIV who desire to have children despite the risk of HIV transmission to their infants.Informed by a pragmatic paradigm and using the Social Ecological Framework, this study explored the factors that influence desire to have children among PLHIV in Northern Uganda, a post-conflict region of high HIV prevalence. A mixed-methods design constituting a survey and semi-structured interviews was selected for this study. Between February and May 2009, 476 PLHIV from three HIV clinics within Gulu District were recruited to take part in the study. A 121-item questionnaire was administered to each respondent to collect socio-demographic information, sexual and reproductive history, family planning knowledge and use, fertility desires and intentions, and experiences of stigma. In the qualitative arm of the study, interviewers explored with 26 participants using a semi-structured guide their desire to have children, experiences of family planning and stigma in order to gain a deeper understanding of the desire to have children among PLHIV, the use of family planning methods and detailed understanding of the processes of stigmatisation of PLHIV in Northern Uganda.This study found a high level of desire to have more children among PLHIV in Gulu District. Forty three percent of the respondents desired more children, including 54.2% of male respondents and 31.7% of female respondents (p<.001). Male sex, being single, and spouses’ desire to have children were associated with an increased desire to have children. The factors influencing PLHIV’s desire to have children included availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs, spouse, family and society expectations, the desire to have heirs, and cultural influences. Most of the PLHIV were concerned about MTCT, some had personal health concerns and others were concerned about their children’s futures.This study also found a high level of knowledge of family planning methods (96%), but very low use of contraception at 38%. A significantly higher proportion of males (52%) than females (25%) were using contraception. Factors associated with the use of contraception were having ever gone to school, discussion of family planning with a health worker or with one’s spouse, not attending the Catholic-based clinic and spouses’ non-desire for children. The qualitative data revealed six major factors influencing contraception use, including personal and structural barriers to contraceptive use, perceptions of family planning, and decision-making, covert use of family planning methods and targeting of women for family planning services.This study found that several factors were associated with the stigmatisation of PLHIV in Northern Uganda including being female, being on HAART, being older and having a diagnosis of HIV for longer. Using the Conceptual Framework of HIV/AIDS Stigma, this study further delineated the process of stigmatisation which included the factors that trigger stigma, stigma behaviours, outcomes of the stigmatisation process and the agents involved in stigmatisation of PLHIV. The latter included family, communities and the health system all of which can mitigate and/or enhance stigmatisation of PLHIV and lead to increased or decreased desire to have children among PLHIV.In conclusion, the high level of desire to have children among PLHIV is understandable given the multi-level and multi-factor influences including factors at the individual level (sex, marital status, personal health concerns, concerns about the children’s future and their potential infection, the desire to have heirs and fulfil family and societal obligations), interpersonal level (gender roles, interactions with spouses, family members and health workers), community level (community stigma and cultural norms) and structural levels (availability of HAART and PMTCT programs). Other superstructural factors influencing the desire to have children include the high levels of poverty, and gender inequality. Health workers and program managers at a local, national and international level must work with PLHIV for better health outcomes with provision of counselling, family planning services and extension of HAART and PMTCT programs to both help reduce the incidence of HIV among children and meet the reproductive desires of PLHIV.

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Constant, Natasha Louise. « A socio-ecological approach towards understanding conflict between leopards (Panthera pardus) and humans in South Africa : implications for leopard conservation and farming livelihoods ». Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10807/.

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The thesis investigates the socio-ecological factors driving human-leopard conflict due to livestock and game depredation in the Blouberg Mountain Range, South Africa. Local people’s perceptions of conservation are shaped by historical and contemporary relationships with protected areas and particularly, by conflicts of land and natural resource use. Legacies of disempowerment, marginalisation and stigmatisation manifest through people’s conservation discourses, social conflict and resistance towards protected area establishment, a process defined as traumatic nature. Traumatic nature elevates distrust of local people towards wildlife authorities and decreases support for wildlife conservation, aggravating human-leopard conflicts. Leopard predation on livestock and game is most strongly influenced by distance to village and distance to water, respectively, in addition to seasonal grazing patterns, the calving season and poor livestock husbandry practices. Livestock depredation represents significant economic costs for subsistence communal farmers’, which is exacerbated by the erosion of traditional cattle sharing systems and a lack of alternative livelihood strategies. Livestock depredation results in the loss of functional and material benefits, social capital, a spiritual resource, diminished wellbeing and perceived cultural decay. Camera trap results showed a lower leopard density of 0.7 leopards per 100km2 on commercial farms compared to the Blouberg Nature Reserve of 5.4 leopards per 100km2. Commercial farms may function as ecological traps because they represent areas with disproportionate leopard mortality that otherwise provide a high abundance of prey species for leopards. A male-biased sex ratio and a high number of sub-adult male leopards indicate high leopard mortality rates in the population. Camera trap results show low occupancy rates on communal land that may reflect a low large prey biomass, potentially caused by overhunting and habitat conversion. Farming communities ascribe a wide range of environmental values to the leopard that provide barriers and support for leopard conservation. Environmental institutions need to improve responses to reports of human-leopard conflicts and build trust and legitimacy in the eyes of local people by developing stronger working relationships with farming communities. The decentralisation of authority to local government actors to manage human-leopard conflicts and the devolution of responsibility to farmers to improve livestock husbandry practices is necessary to reduce depredation incidents. Incentive and education schemes are important for reducing lethal control measures and to improve tolerance of depredation incidents and leopard conservation.

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Bennett, Melissa Juliet. « Narrative and Peace : a “New Story” to address structural violence ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11588.

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This thesis applies narrative as theory and method to explore a growing body of interdisciplinary scholarship that connects a holistic and process understanding of the world (a “New Story”) with social and ecological justice (or “positive peace”). First, the indirect violence of global poverty and environmental destruction are examined in terms of the dissipation of individual responsibility amid political, economic and social institutions. Second, a connection is made between these structural forms of violence and one-dimensional narratives. Drawing from an argument shared by process thinkers Charles Birch, Alan Watts and Thomas Berry, I critique the “Old Story” of one-dimensional religious narratives, and one-dimensional reductionistic narratives of the “Modern Story”. These stories are contrasted with a multi-dimensional and ecological worldview that Berry calls a “New Story”, which narrates an understanding of the self, humanity and the cosmos as one interconnecting process. This process understanding of the world is shown to be located in a rich and vast history of panentheistic theology. This research concludes that the narratological “New Story” engages conflicting worldviews, enables “positive conflict” and motivates action toward a long-term vision of positive peace.

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Shuster, Gabriela. « The Management Of Feral Pig Socio-Ecological Systems In Far North Queensland, Australia ». Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1357345563.

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Del, Bene Daniela. « Hydropower and ecological conflicts. From resistance to transformations ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664010.

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El sector hidroeléctrico está pasando por una fase de expansión a nivel global, siendo promovido como una fuente de energía sostenible y renovable. Sin embargo, la construción de represas está causando un creciente número de conflictos ambientales debido a sus impactos ecológicos y sociales. Al mismo tiempo, activistas y comunidades afectadas se organizan en movimientos sociales y redes internacionales para denunciar impactos y violencia en sus territorios. Hasta la fecha, la investigación se ha centrado en gran medida en evaluar los impactos específicos de las grandes represas y la oposición asociada que ha surgido. Esta tesis critica la reciente expansión de la energía hidroeléctrica que se está legitimado a través de un discurso de sostenibilidad, toma una perspectiva territorial y se centra en las fuerzas transformadoras que surgen de los movimientos sociales anti-represas. Esta tesis adopta el abordaje de la ecología política y de la economía ecológica, bajo el enfoque de la investigación activista para abordar tres dimensiones principales de la resistencia anti-represas. Primero, esta tesis investiga la expansión del sector hidroeléctrico a lo largo de una reciente frontera extractiva, el estado Himalayano de Himachal Pradesh en la India. Esta investigación se realizó en colaboración con activistas locales e investigadores independientes, a través de un mapeo regional participativo de 17 casos de conflicto, utilizando el EJAtlas (Atlas Mundial de Justicia Ambiental). Se analizan los actores involucrados y los lenguajes de valoración de los afectados que protestan y se movilizan, incluyendo las preocupaciones por los impactos ecológicos, la violación de leyes, y el carácter violento de la expansión del sector hidroeléctrico. Finalmente, se discuten las energías renovables de gran escala como adicionales impulsoras de un ‘extractivismo de las renovables’, promovido por el discurso de la energía limpia, y un ‘consenso de las infraestructuras’, paralelo al ‘consenso de los commodities’. Segundo, esta tesis adopta el abordaje de la ecología política comparativa para investigar los patrones de la represión violenta de las protestas anti-represas a nivel mundial. Se analizan 220 casos de conflictos por represas hidroeléctricas incluídos en el EJAtlas, focalizando principalmente en cuatro categorías de ‘Outcomes’ (represión violenta de la protesta, criminalización, persecución violenta de activistas, y asesinatos); así como también se destacan los grupos movilizados, sus formas de movilización, y los impactos socio-económicos, ambientales y de salud más frecuentemente reportados. Esta sección muestra cómo la violencia aumenta de forma específica en territorios indígenas, y cómo la represión no solamente se dirige a la oposición a determinados proyectos, sino que también se busca deslegitimar otras formas de relacionarse con el territorio, otras visiones del mundo, y otras ontologías. Tercero, esta tesis discute cómo los movimientos anti-represas juegan un rol importante en la generación de fuerzas transformadoras que nacen desde la resistencia. Esta sección se basa en entrevistas a líderes activistas y a miembros de comunidades, y en la participación personal en redes de activistas. Se argumenta que, en respuesta a procesos de acaparamiento de tierra, agua y energía (es decir, de soberanía) por parte de la industria hidroeléctrica, los movimientos apelan de manera creciente a: trabajar transversalmente los temas (tierra, agua, energía) para superar la sectorializacion de los movimientos sociales; ampliar la forma de entender los ‘impactos’ y pasar del concepto de ‘afectado por proyecto’ a ‘afectado por el modelo (energético)’, aumentando el alcance de la resistencia; comprometerse en una lucha epistémica por el reconocimiento de formas plurales de comprender la tierra, el agua y la energía. Esta sección finalmente presenta la ‘soberanía energética’ como un eslogan emergente de la resistencia anti-represas y, por consiguiente, del vocabulario de la justicia ambiental, que reivindica el control popular sobre modelos energéticos y diversas ‘territorialidades’.
Hydropower is undergoing a new construction boom globally and is increasingly promoted as a sustainable and renewable source of energy. Yet construction of hydroelectric dams results in a growing number of ecological conflicts due to both ecological and social impacts. In response, impacted communities and activists are mobilising in social movements and international networks. To date, social research has largely focused on assessing the project-specific impacts of large dams and the associated opposition that has arisen. This research critiques the recent expansion of hydropower that is being legitimised through a discourse of sustainability, takes a territory-wide perspective and focuses on the transformative forces that arise from within anti-dam social movements. This thesis adopts the lens of political ecology and ecological economics and an activist-led research approach to investigate three main dimensions of anti-dam resistance. First, this thesis examines the expansion of hydropower along one recent commodity extraction frontier, the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh in India. This research was done in collaboration with local activists and independent researchers and through participatory regional mapping of 17 cases of conflict using the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice – EJAtlas. It analyses the actors involved and the valuation languages of the impacted communities who protest and mobilise, including concerns over disruption of local ecologies, violation of laws, and the violent character of hydropower expansion. It finally discusses imposed large-scale renewables as additional drivers of a ‘renewables’ extractivism’ promoted as sustainable green energy and by a ‘consensus of infrastructures’, parallel to a ‘consensus of commodities’. Secondly, this thesis adopts a comparative political ecology approach to inquiry trends and patterns of violent repression of the anti-dam protest globally. It analyses 220 cases of ecological conflicts over hydroelectric dams included in the EJAtlas database, focusing on four main categories of the ‘Outcomes’ namely violent repression of protests, criminalization, violent targeting of activists and assassinations, as well as the types of groups mobilizing, the forms of mobilization, and the most frequently reported socio-economic, environmental and health impacts. This section shows how violence particularly increases in Indigenous territories and how repression not only targets the opposition to specific projects but aims at delegitimising other and different relations to the territory, world-visions, and ontologies. Thirdly, this dissertation discusses how anti-dam movements play a central role in the production of forces for transformation that are born out of the resistance. This section is based on interviews with lead activists and community members and through personal participation in activist networks. It argues that in response to the land, water and energy grabbing (alias, sovereignty grabbing) caused by the hydropower industry, movements increasingly call for resistance to: ‘scale out’ across sectors (land, water and energy) to overcome the sectorialisation of social movements; expand the understanding of impacts, not only referring to ‘project-affected’ but to ‘(energy)model-affected people’, in order to widen the outreach of resistance; engage in an epistemic struggle for the recognition of a pluralistic understanding of land, water and energy. This section finally presents ‘energy sovereignty’ as an emerging slogan of anti-dam resistance and thus of the vocabulary of environmental justice to reclaim people’s control over different energy models and diverse and other ‘territorialities’.

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Hansson, Alfred. « Culture and Gender Appropriate Responses in Child Friendly Spaces : An Ecological Comparative Analysis of Guidelines and Manuals ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388655.

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Children around the world suffer greatly due to conflicts. One of the most common interventions to support children affected by conflicts are Child Friendly Spaces (CFSs). Implemented within different cultural contexts, CFSs aim to be both culturally sensitive and contribute to gender equality, an interaction that can be complex. Previous research regarding CFSs is limited. As CFSs are commonly used in Humanitarian Action, further knowledge is central.This thesis aims to explore and compare how culture and gender appropriate responses in CFSs guidelines and manuals are expressed in order to gain an increased understanding of how these guidelines handle the interaction between gender norms in different cultures.In this study I discuss six CFSs guidelines and manuals by conducting comparative analysis and applying the Ecological Resilience Framework.The result suggests that culture and gender appropriate responses are central in all guidelines and manuals but emphasized in different ways. The participation of children, families and communities, as well as the adaption of activities, are all strategies aimed at cultural sensitivity. The result also entails that the equal inclusion of all children is a general gender appropriate approach. In addition, I claim that the main intervention, aiming to be both gender and culture appropriate, is separated groups between boys and girls. Finally, I argue that gender and culture may clash due to different perceptions of gender and culture appropriate responses.

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Даценко, А. О. « Управління конфліктами в соціо-еколого-економічній системі ». Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/49373.

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Актуальність теми полягає у тому, що конфлікти є досить поширеними в суспільстві, майже кожного дня ми стикаємся зі свого роду конфліктами, які не завжди вирішуються, та згодом мають негативний вплив на суспільство. Поняття «конфлікт» було відоме людству ще з давніх часів. Спочатку конфлікти виникали виключно на соціально-економічному ґрунті, до таких можна віднести загарбницькі війни, що забрали мільйони людських життів. З розвитком людства почали виникати конфлікти і з екологічних причин: забруднення атмосфери, морських вод, з приводу вичерпання ресурсів та ін.

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Demaria, Federico. « Social metabolism, cost-shifting and conflicts. The struggles and services of informal waste recyclers in India ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405364.

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La presente tesis contribuye a la comprensión del metabolismo social. Específicamente, analiza el rol de los residuos en el metabolismo. Primero, reflexiona sobre la relación existente entre el metabolismo social y los conflictos ambientales, examinando cómo diferentes estructuras metabólicas condicionan las dinámicas del conflicto; todo ello desde la perspectiva de la ecología política situada en el espacio y el tiempo. En segundo lugar, se investiga una parte olvidada, pero muy importante del metabolismo social que es el reciclaje informal de residuos. Para ello, se evalúa la contribución del reciclaje informal e investigo cómo el poder influye en las relaciones de la producción (o reciclado) de residuos, y cómo éstas desplazan los costos de la producción a los recicladores informales. Por último, se reconoce la importancia de los recicladores informales al contribuir en hacer más circular el metabolismo social; por lo que se propone que se indemnicen debidamente los servicios que prestan los recicladores a la sociedad, en lugar de que se les desposea de sus medios de producción, y se les traspasen los costos sociales de las empresas y los consumidores. Mis casos de estudio presentan una serie de experiencias empíricas, en la India especialmente, que ilustran cómo el medio ambiente se moldea, politiza y disputa.
This thesis contributes to our understanding of social metabolism, and more precisely waste in social metabolism. First, I shed light in particular on the relationship between social metabolism and conflict, looking from a situated political ecology perspective, at how differences in the structure and nature of particular social metabolisms create different conflict dynamics. Second, I look at an often forgotten but very important part of social metabolism which is the informal recycling of waste. I evaluate the contribution of informal recycling, and I investigate how power influences the social relations of production (or recycling), and how these shift costs to informal recyclers. Then, I make a case for the recognition of the important contribution of informal recyclers in making social metabolism more circular, and I call for due compensation of the services they provide, instead of a dispossession from their means of production, and a shifting of social costs of enterprises and consumers to them. My case studies present a range of experiences, mostly in India, to inform theory on how environments are shaped, politicized and contested.

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Floe, Christina E. « Contact and self-segregation in ethnically diverse schools : a multi-methodological approach ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:030ab091-b6e6-4042-85b7-6b5e85f6c3b3.

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This thesis investigates 'self-segregation,' the voluntary separation and clustering of ethnic groups within a diverse environment that ostensibly provides opportunities for intergroup contact. While previous research has demonstrated self-segregation within such settings, using either self-reports, observations of behaviour, or social network analysis (SNA), such studies tend to be mono-methodological and cross-sectional. I review this literature in Chapter 1. I then present three empirical chapters which provide both longitudinal data and comparisons between observations, surveys, and SNA: Chapter 2, with two observational studies of seating patterns in a diverse sixth form cafeteria (Studies 1 and 2), and a third observational study in a diverse secondary school (Study 3); Chapter 3, where I report an SNA study collected from the first-year students at the same secondary school (Study 4); and Chapter 4, where I report the results from a self-report survey in the sixth form college, where students indicate their cafeteria seating preferences (Study 5). In Chapter 5, I discuss these findings, summarising 1) the strong self-segregation, and inclination towards self-segregation, found in all studies; 2) the comparisons between the two educational settings, where younger students were both more likely to be gender segregated, and to increase in ethnic integration over time; 3) the greater inclination of Asian British students than White British students to ethnically integrate; and 4) the need for further research triangulating multiple methods. From these conclusions, I suggest implications for targeted interventions, and argue the continued (and indeed, heightened) need for the contributions of social psychologists in public and policy discourse on ethnic integration.

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González, Hidalgo Marien. « Emotional political ecologies. The role of emotions in the politics of environmental conflicts : two case studies in Chile and Mexico ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457867.

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Esta tesis explora el papel, usualmente ignorado o subestimado, que las emociones desempeñan en los conflictos ambientales. Como varios estudios han mostrado recientemente, considerar las emociones en el análisis de los conflictos ambientales facilita la comprensión de cómo se estructura el orden socioeconómico, cómo se construyen las subjetividades políticas y cómo se producen las movilizaciones sociales. Sin embargo, todavía necesitamos comprender mejor, conceptual y empíricamente, las relaciones entre emoción, poder y conflicto ambiental. Esta tesis define inicialmente un marco teórico para la consideración de “lo emocional” en ecología política (lo que llamo Ecologías Políticas Emocionales, EPEms), revisando bibliografía en ecología política feminista, geografías emocionales, antropología social y cultural, psicología social y sobre movimientos sociales. Mi revisión señala que las EPEms necesitan emplear un marco multidimensional que capture las dimensiones psicológica, “más-que-humana”, geográfica, social y política que se entrecruzan en las subjetividades en los conflictos ambientales. Mi revisión también define los vacíos en la literatura identificados en esta tesis: la necesidad de considerar las "emociones negativas" como la rabia o el trauma presentes en los conflictos ambientales, así como explorar las posibilidades de “sanación”. Los capítulos empíricos de esta tesis se desarrollan mediante una metodología de investigación común, adaptando estrategias habituales de investigación en ecología política - estudio de caso con énfasis en métodos etnográficos - para captar "lo emocional". En el primer caso empírico, analizo el desarrollo histórico y contemporáneo del extractivismo forestal en el sur de Chile, en territorios indígenas Mapuche. Mi análisis muestra que la industria forestal avanza asegurando el control del territorio mediante intervenciones disciplinarias, con el objetivo de gobernar subjetividades para que los sujetos colaboren en el proyecto extractivista. Sin embargo, individuos y comunidades interfieren en este proyecto: sus reivindicaciones de soberanía les permiten ejercer control sobre su propio proceso de subjetivación. En este proceso, destaco el papel de la expresión colectiva de emociones "negativas" como la rabia y el dolor, que considero recursos cruciales que ayudan a las comunidades Mapuche a mantener la resistencia. En el segundo caso empírico exploro las formas en que la práctica psicoterapéutica permite entender mejor los procesos de subjetivación indígena y campesina en conflicto, analizando talleres basados en Terapia Gestalt organizados por una ONG en el sur de Chiapas, México. La evidencia empírica sirve para discutir el papel de las intervenciones terapéuticas a la hora de facilitar la reflexividad individual-colectiva y la participación en asuntos comunitarios. Mi análisis también establece que las “intervenciones sanadoras” necesitan abordar explícitamente cuestiones estructurales de poder para ir más allá de una reflexividad des-contextualizada y des-politizada. Mi investigación permite discutir el trabajo político de las emociones en los conflictos ambientales, destacando tres formas simultáneas y contrapuestas en que las emociones interactúan en los conflictos ambientales: gubernamentalidad emocional, opresión emocional y movilización emocional. Esta interacción muestra una ambivalencia, es decir una tensión constante entre el papel de las emociones como canales para la subversión del poder hegemónico y su papel en la reproducción del mismo. Sostengo que considerar "lo emocional" como un espacio de poder y conflicto ofrece oportunidades a los movimientos socio-ambientales para abrir espacios de re-articulación de las relaciones de poder dentro y fuera de los movimientos, así como a la investigación en ecología política, expandiendo el análisis del desarrollo de los conflictos en las esferas privadas/públicas, individuales/colectivas y considerando posiciones inestables y contradictorias en los puntos de vista de diferentes actores sociales. La investigación en el marco de las EPEms que desarrolla esta tesis puede servir de base para futuras investigaciones interesadas en revelar y transformar las sutilezas de las relaciones de poder y los desafíos que implican los conflictos ambientales.
This thesis explores the usually unseen and undervalued political work that emotions do in environmental conflicts. As several feminist and affect political ecologists and geographers have begun to discuss, analysing the role of emotions on environmental conflicts can enable a better understanding of how social and economic orders develop, how political subjectivities are built and how and why social mobilisations take place. However, we still need to better understand, both conceptually and empirically, the relations between emotion, power and environmental conflict. This thesis first draws a theoretical framework for the consideration of emotion in political ecology (what I name Emotional Political Ecologies, EmPEs), reviewing work in the field of feminist political ecology, emotional geographies, social and cultural anthropology, social psychology and social movements. This critical literature review indicates that EmPEs need to employ a multi-dimensional framework that captures the psychological, more-than-human, geographical, social and political dimensions that intersect subjectivities in environmental conflicts. My review also defines the research gaps addressed in this thesis: the need to engage with “negative emotions” – such as anger or trauma – present in environmental conflicts, as well as to further explore the political ecologies of “healing”. The empirical chapters of this thesis are organised under a shared research strategy, adapting established political ecology research strategies – case study method with an emphasis on ethnographic methods – in order to grasp “the emotional”. In the first empirical case of this thesis, I analyse the historical and contemporary development of forestry extractivism in southern Chile, specifically in and around indigenous Mapuche territories. My analysis shows that commercial forestry advances by securing land control through disciplinary interventions, which aim to govern subjectivities and create subjects that can help secure capital accumulation and extractivism. Nevertheless, individuals and communities get in the way of this project as they mobilise sovereignty claims that permit them to exercise control over the process of their own subject-making. My analysis highlights the emotional dimension of the process of political subjectivation, especially via the collective expression of “negative” emotions such as anger and sorrow, which I find to be crucial resources that help Mapuche communities maintain resistance. In the second empirical chapter of this thesis, I explore the ways in which psychotherapeutic practice sheds light on indigenous and peasant subjectivation processes through analysing the Gestalt Therapy workshops organised by a local NGO in southern Chiapas, Mexico. Empirical evidence serves as the basis from which to discuss the role of psychotherapeutic practice in facilitating individual and collective reflexivity, and in fostering political fellowship and participation in community matters. My analysis also establishes that “healing interventions” need to explicitly engage with structural issues of power in order to move beyond de-contextualised, and thus depoliticised, reflexivity. My research serves to discuss the political work of emotions in environmental conflicts, highlighting three simultaneous, contradictory and creative ways in which emotions interplay in environmental conflicts: emotional environmentality, emotional oppression and emotional environmentalism. This interplay highlights a constantly unresolved tension between the role of emotions as a channel for the subversion of hegemonic power and, conversely, their role in reproducing hegemonic power dynamics. I argue that considering “the emotional” as a space of power and conflict offers opportunities for socio-environmental movements to open spaces for re-articulating power relationships inside and outside movements, as well as for political ecologists to further consider the private and public, the individual and collective spheres of environmental conflicts and the unstable standpoints of the different social actors participating in conflicts. Further exploring the field of EmPEs can inform political ecological analysis aimed at unpacking and transforming the subtle power relationships and challenges that environmental conflicts involve.

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Akhlas, M. « Transhumance Pastoralism in the Deosai Plateau : Social, Economic and Ecological Conflicts ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520429.

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This study evaluates diet overlap between Himalayan brown bear and livestock, requirement and competition for forage resources and livestock impacts on habitat suitability for brown bear, economics of the grazing systems and opportunity cost of exclusion and conflicts between pastoralists and Himalayan brown bear. Research questions were tested between resident grazed buffer, nomad grazed buffer, nomad grazed core and ungrazed core. The study area comprised the Deosai National Park (hereafter referred to as the DNP, 2,950 krrr'), the contiguous Sadpara Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS, 300 km2) to the northeast, and the unprotected Chota Deosai (400 km2) to the south (Fig. 1; chapter 1). For the conservation of the Himalayan brown bear, the DNP is divided into strictly protected core zone where any pastoral activities are prohibited, surrounded by buffer zone grazed by resident and nomadic communities. However, nomadic pastoralists encroach upon the protected core and managed to maintain camps. The observed stocking density was greater in resident grazed buffer, followed by nomad grazed core. Resident pastoralists maintained higher stocking rates than the optimum stocking density suggesting their will to maximize income. Among all the grazing categories, off-take was significantly greater in resident grazed buffer. Livestock density was higher in resident grazed buffer than nomad grazed buffer and core. All the vegetation parameters studied showed impact of livestock grazing. Mean sward volume, species diversity (richness, equitability and Simpson's index) were significantly lowest in resident grazed territories. Total percent cover of grass and herb species was higher in ungrazed territories and lower in resident grazed buffer. Sward volume of the vegetation suggested impacts were similar between different grazing regimes. Buffer valleys grazed by residents experienced intense grazing pressure amounting to 90 % of potential biomass production, while buffer and illegally grazed core valleys used by nomads experienced lower but nevertheless substantial rates of biomass removal (40 - 50 %). Dietary overlap was very high between brown bear and each livestock class (Pianka's Index ranged 0.932 - 0.995) as well as among the different classes of livestock (0.891 - 0.983). Accumulated biomass and sward height (within exclosures) was greater in core areas than in the grazed buffer, suggesting that pastoralism has reduced sward productivity and .volume in grazed territories. Costs of livestock predation were less than US$ 973 (± 444 SD) yr") borne disproportionately by nomadic pastoralists, with those grazing within the strictly protected core were particularly vulnerable. Livestock predation, restricted access and crop raiding were the issues of conflicts pastoralist and brown bear. Estimated livestock production value was higher in the resident grazed buffer (35.6 US$ ha") than for nomads in the core (34.5 US$ ha") or buffer (17.4 US$ ha"). Total opportunity cost (2006 and 2007) under complete exclusion of livestock from. DNP scenario is expected to be 1,256,114 and 1,209,805 (US$) for nomads and resident communities respectively.

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Villarreal, Escallón Jose Michael. « Conflicto armado, acaparamiento de tierras y reforma agraria : análisis del caso colombiano desde la perspectiva de la Ecología Política de la Guerra ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673131.

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Les disputes violentes per l'accés i control de la terra i els recursos naturals associats a ella, com l'aigua, els boscos i els minerals, han alimentat els cicles històrics de violència relacionats amb el desenvolupament de l'conflicte armat intern (CAI) colombià. Per tant, aquesta dissertació busca comprendre com els patrons històrics d'accés i control de la terra, i els recursos naturals associats a ella, han influenciat el desenvolupament de cadascuna de les etapes de l'CAI colombià, i com durant el desenvolupament de l'CAI es han modelat els processos d'accés i control de la terra. En aquest sentit, aquesta dissertació ha abastat disciplines com l'ecologia política, els estudis agraris i els estudis de conflicte i pau, per analitzar les relacions entre el CAI colombià i l'acaparament de terres, la reforma agrària i la gestió dels conflictes. La dissertació comença explorant els vincles entre la reforma agrària i el conflicte armat intern en quatre països que van travessar un procés similar a l'colombià, és a dir, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua i Sud-àfrica. Els resultats revelen que la tipologia de la reforma agrària, la relació de poder entre les elits i la desigualtat socioeconòmica són els factors més influents en el post-conflicte colombià. Amb base en aquestes troballes, suggereixo que la nova reforma agrària a Colòmbia no compleix amb les condicions per a la construcció de la pau basada en l'accés i repartiment just de la terra. Després, s'analitzen els processos històrics d'acaparament de terres per identificar els actors, motivacions i principals mecanismes subjacents a aquests processos, així com els seus vincles amb la violència en cadascuna de les etapes de l'CAI. Els resultats obtinguts revelen que fenomen d'acaparament de terres és un procés atemporal i permanent que segueix provocant disputes violentes per l'accés i control de la terra, transgredint d'aquesta forma els propòsits dirigits a la construcció de pau. La dissertació avança explorant les associacions entre les diferents formes de violència associades a l'conflicte armat i la variació de l'àrea collida dels principals cultius agrícoles, entre 1987 i 2015, per a cada un dels departaments que conformen el territori colombià. Les troballes d'aquesta anàlisi suggereixen, d'una banda, que l'expansió de l'cultiu de coca no està vinculada amb el desplaçament massiu de la població rural, per contra, involucren altres formes de violència com els homicidis, les desaparicions forçades i el confinament, que sovint són perpetrades pels actors armats i narcotraficants per obligar la població rural a canviar l'ús tradicional dels seus sòls, de l'altra, que la intensificació dels cultius agro-industrials involucra altres formes de violència que solen ser menys visibles que els desplaçaments forçats, mateixos que sovint envolten ""accions legítimes"" per apropiar-se de la terra com ara la compra-venda, els arrendaments i aliances empresarials entre la població rural i empresaris agrícoles, en condicions de desigualtat. Finalment, la dissertació culmina amb el capítol de conclusions que ofereix algunes contribucions conceptuals i metodològiques als estudis interdisciplinaris que tracten d'explorar la relació entre recursos naturals i conflictes armats interns.
Las disputas violentas por el acceso y control de la tierra y los recursos naturales asociados a ella, como el agua, los bosques y los minerales, han alimentado los ciclos históricos de violencia relacionados con el desarrollo del conflicto armado interno (CAI) colombiano. Por lo tanto, esta disertación busca comprender cómo los patrones históricos de acceso y control de la tierra, y los recursos naturales asociados a ella, han influenciado el desarrollo de cada una de las etapas del CAI colombiano, y cómo durante el desarrollo del CAI se han moldeado los procesos de acceso y control de la tierra. En este sentido, esta disertación ha abarcado disciplinas como la ecología política, los estudios agrarios y los estudios de conflicto y paz, para analizar las relaciones entre el CAI colombiano y el acaparamiento de tierras, la reforma agraria y la gestión de los conflictos. La disertación comienza explorando los vínculos entre la reforma agraria y el conflicto armado interno en cuatro países que atravesaron un proceso similar al colombiano, a saber, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua y Sudáfrica. Los resultados revelan que la tipología de la reforma agraria, la relación de poder entre las élites y la desigualdad socioeconómica son los factores más influyentes en el post-conflicto colombiano. Con base en estos hallazgos, sugiero que la nueva reforma agraria en Colombia no cumple con las condiciones para la construcción de la paz basada en el acceso y reparto justo de la tierra. Luego, se analizan los procesos históricos de acaparamiento de tierras para identificar los actores, motivaciones y principales mecanismos que subyacen en tales procesos, así como sus vínculos con la violencia en cada una de las etapas del CAI. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que fenómeno de acaparamiento de tierras es un proceso atemporal y permanente que sigue provocando disputas violentas por el acceso y control de la tierra, transgrediendo de esta forma los propósitos dirigidos a la construcción de paz. La disertación avanza explorando las asociaciones entre las diferentes formas de violencia asociadas al conflicto armado y la variación del área cosechada de los principales cultivos agrícolas, entre 1987 y 2015, para cada uno de los departamentos que conforman el territorio colombiano. Los hallazgos de este análisis sugieren, por un lado, que la expansión del cultivo de coca no está vinculada con el desplazamiento masivo de la población rural, por el contrario, involucran otras formas de violencia como los homicidios, las desapariciones forzadas y el confinamiento, que a menudo son perpetradas por los actores armados y narcotraficantes para obligar a la población rural a cambiar el uso tradicional de sus suelos, por el otro, que la intensificación de los cultivos agroindustriales involucra otras formas de violencia que suelen ser menos visibles que los desplazamientos forzados, mismos que a menudo envuelven “acciones legítimas” para apropiarse de la tierra tales como la compra-venta, los arrendamientos y alianzas empresariales entre la población rural y empresarios agrícolas, en condiciones de desigualdad. Finalmente, la disertación culmina con el capítulo de conclusiones que ofrece algunas contribuciones conceptuales y metodológicas a los estudios interdisciplinares que tratan de explorar la relación entre recursos naturales y conflictos armados internos.
Violent disputes over access to and control of land and its associated natural resources, such as water, forests, and minerals, have fueled historical cycles of violence related to the development of the Colombian internal armed conflict (IAC). Therefore, this dissertation seeks to understand how the historical patterns of access and control of land, and the natural resources associated with it, have influenced the development of each of the stages of the Colombian IAC, and how during the development of the IAC they have shaped the processes of land access and control. In this sense, this dissertation has covered disciplines such as political ecology, agrarian studies, and conflict and peace studies, to analyze the relationships between the Colombian CAI and land grabbing, agrarian reform, and conflict management. The dissertation begins by exploring the links between agrarian reform and the internal armed conflict in four countries that went through a process like that of Colombia, namely, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and South Africa. The results reveal that the typology of agrarian reform, the power relationship between the elites, and socioeconomic inequality are the most influential factors in post-conflict Colombia. Based on these findings, I suggest that the new agrarian reform in Colombia does not meet the conditions for the construction of peace based on access and fair distribution of land. Then, the historical processes of land grabbing are analyzed to identify the actors, motivations and main mechanisms that underlie such processes, as well as their links with violence in each of the CAI stages. The results obtained reveal that the phenomenon of land grabbing is a timeless and permanent process that continues to provoke violent disputes for access to and control of land, thus transgressing the purposes aimed at building peace. The dissertation advances by exploring the associations between the different forms of violence associated with the armed conflict and the variation of the harvested area of the main agricultural crops, between 1987 and 2015, for each of the departments that make up the Colombian territory. The findings of this analysis suggest, on the one hand, that the expansion of coca cultivation is not linked to the massive displacement of the rural population, on the contrary, they involve other forms of violence such as homicides, forced disappearances and confinement. that are often perpetrated by armed actors and drug traffickers to force the rural population to change the traditional use of their land, on the other hand, that the intensification of agro-industrial crops involves other forms of violence that tend to be less visible than displacement forced, which often involve "legitimate actions" to appropriate land such as buying and selling, leasing and business alliances between the rural population and agricultural entrepreneurs, under conditions of inequality. Finally, the dissertation ends with the conclusions chapter that offers some conceptual and methodological contributions to interdisciplinary studies that try to explore the relationship between natural resources and internal armed conflicts.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals

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Sukhbaatar, Tuul. « Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Opportunities for Reducing Human-Wolf Conflicts in Mongolia ». Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1603982171867841.

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Oliveira, Beatriz Decarli. « Indicadores ambientais como instrumento de avaliação de reservas de desenvolvimento sustentável : estudo de caso do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação Jureia Itatins (2002-2016) ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100136/tde-20062018-123310/.

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Devido à importância da preservação da Mata Atlântica, à biodiversidade na região do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação (MUC) Jureia Itatins e aos conflitos socioambientais presentes na região, torna-se necessário identificar e avaliar a real condição em que se encontram as comunidades humanas ali presentes, analisando as alterações causadas neste ambiente decorrentes da alteração antrópica, de modo a avaliar a implantação de Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) na região do MUC. Para tal, foi utilizada a metodologia de indicadores ambientais, selecionados e avaliados pelo método de Pressão Estado Impacto e Resposta (PEIR), determinando critérios de análise socioambiental e jurídica. Os dados foram levantados de forma primária e secundária, analisados com base nesses critérios, previamente definidos. Após essa análise, obteve-se um diagnóstico socioambiental da região. Com base no diagnóstico e nos critérios estabelecidos de enquadramento socioambiental e jurídico, conclui-se sobre a viabilidade da implantação de um MUC em Jureia Itatins, no que se refere à preservação da biodiversidade, à integridade dos ecossistemas ali existentes e ao bem-estar das populações tradicionais presentes na região
Due to the importance of the preservation of the Atlantic Forest, the intense biodiversity in the region of the Jureia Itatins Conservation Area Moisaic and to the socio-environmental conflicts present in the region, it is necessary to evaluate and identify a reality in which to find themselves as communities there present. Analyzing changes in the market, in accordance with the information published in Sustainable Development Reserves (RDS). Single paragraph, was used in the methodology of environmental indicators, selected and updated by the Pressure State Impact and Response Method (PSIR). Data were collected on a primary and secondary basis, analyzed based on predefined criteria. After this analysis, a socioenvironmental diagnosis of the region was obtained. Based on the diagnosis and the established criteria of socio-environmental and legal framework, it is concluded on a possible viability of the implantation of a MUC in Jureia Itains, with respect to the preservation of the biodiversity, the integrity of the existing ecosystems and the well-being of the populations present in the region

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Leal, Vanda Lúcia Ouriques. « Injustiça ambiental na periferia urbana : avanços e obstáculos na revitalização do Riacho das Piabas-PB ». Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9091.

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This is a study of Environmental Education, management and participation. It is the analysis of a situation of degradation and, at the same time, the revitalization of the “Piabas” Stream, in Campina Grande, PB. It was felt as an environmental injustice and the main concepts that guided the study were perception, (in) environmental justice, environmental education and management, from the perspective of citizenship and participation. The general objective: to Investigate the advances and limitations of the mobilization process/inter-institutional articulation by revitalising the Piabas Stream, in Campina Grande, PB; The specific goals were defined as follows: Analyze the perception and motivation of the Community in the process of revitalization, as well as the existence of channels of access in regards to the public; Characterize the main environmental problems in the riverside communities of the Piabas Stream from the point of view of local residents; Gather information about environmental actions carried out in the area, especially those regarding the Social Environmental mobilization revitalising the Stream of Piabas. As we tried to understand the complexity of the question, we have outlined a methodological path based on bibliographic and documentary research. In addition, we used the technique of participant observation, the application of semi-structured questionnaires and a photographic record. The analysis of the data took place from categories such as satisfaction regarding the situation of pollution, the diagnosis of the situation, and desire for change, critical to the public powers that be, such as State, Legislative, Executive and Judiciary, as well as suggestions for improvement and self-criticism. The results point to the fact that there is a potential conflict, that the definition of roles and responsibilities is not yet clear for the majority, that the public power has been relatively silent, that the schools, the teachers and children are actors with potential for transformation are essential, that the Community, despite being dissatisfied, has little if mobilized and that the linkage came to formalize and to unite forces in a movement of resistance some years ago, but who needs the strength of Community willing to enter and stay in the fight and, above all, modify their way of working and relationship with the environment in which they live, because that is the only way that there will be no transformation and revitalisation of the Piabas Stream and the dignity of the population contingent.
Este é um estudo de Educação Ambiental, gestão e participação. Trata-se da análise de uma situação de degradação e de, ao mesmo tempo, revitalização do Riacho das Piabas, em Campina Grande-PB. Entendeu-se como uma situação de injustiça ambiental e os conceitos principais que nortearam o estudo foram percepção, (in) justiça ambiental, educação ambiental e gestão, na perspectiva da cidadania e da participação. O objetivo geral: Investigar os avanços e limites do processo de mobilização/articulação interinstitucional pela revitalização do Riacho das Piabas, em Campina Grande-PB; Os objetivos específicos foram assim definidos: Analisar a percepção e motivação dos comunitários no processo de revitalização, assim como a (in)existência de canais de acesso à esfera pública; Caracterizar os principais problemas ambientais nas comunidades ribeirinhas do Riacho das Piabas sob o ponto de vista dos moradores locais; Levantar informações acerca das ações socioambientais realizadas na área, especialmente aquelas referentes à mobilização socioambiental pela revitalização do Riacho das Piabas. Como buscou-se compreender a complexidade em questão traçou-se um caminho metodológico baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Além disso, utilizou-se a técnica de observação participante, a aplicação de questionários semiestruturados e o registro fotográfico. A análise dos dados deu-se a partir de categorias como (in)satisfação quanto à situação de poluição, ao diagnóstico da situação, desejo de mudança, críticas ao poder público, sugestões de melhoria e autocrítica. Os resultados apontam para o fato de que existe um conflito potencial, que a definição de papéis e responsabilidades ainda não está clara para a maioria, que o poder público tem sido relativamente omisso as escolas, os educadores e as crianças são atores com potencial de transformação imprescindíveis, que os comunitários apesar de estarem insatisfeitos pouco tem se mobilizado e que a articulação veio para formalizar e somar forças em um movimento que resiste há anos, mas que precisa da força de comunitários dispostos a entrar e permanecer na luta e, acima de tudo, modificar sua forma de atuação e relação com o meio em que vivem, pois só assim haverá transformação e revitalização do Riacho das Piabas e da dignidade daquele contingente populacional.

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Nunes, Edilon Mendes. « Poluição industrial da Bacia do Rio Gramame e conflito socioambiental : análise da complexidade a partir dos atores, impactos e perspectivas ». Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4511.

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This is a case study of Political Ecology, wherein we deal with the analysis of the Social Environmental Conflict of industrial pollution in the Basin of Rio Gramame, in the community of Mumbaba de Baixo. Although, this conflict began in the decade of 1960, it wasn t until recently that it has been recognized. As we have sought to understand the complexities of this study, we draw a methodological road of analysis from the conflict to each part of which it is comprised. In this way, we identify all those involved, their actions, articulations, powers, and their influence on the conflict. From a Social-anthropological methodology, we utilize the participant s observations, with the "snowball" technique, as well as semi-structured interviews, mental models, analysis of perceptions and photographic records. We did this in order to map the conflict and analyze the form of treatment that it was given, the mediation, as well as the perspectives of resolution to the problem of the conflict that, although it is now clear, and it s watched closely, still manages to remain hidden. All those that are involved, are not well versed in their articulation, and the majority of them do not follow their script as defined by legislation, which commits the perspectives of resolution, where as a result, the situation is only perpetuated. However, the State Department (prosecuting counsel) has found a conflict mediator by lawful means, keeping in mind that the fact of this situation is part of a much bigger conflict. This work becomes prominent by bringing to the surface all of the voices that go unheard, and by that, it is in itself a provocative work. The community of Mumbaba, now fits into a much larger political picture, where participation and articulation seek more information from everyone involved, well beyond the act of signing and the consolidation of partnerships. As far as everyone else involved, it falls on the act of rendering it effective, as well as their rights, and a process of a Social Environmental sensitizing. In conclusion, it is a matter of Environmental Justice, where not only an assembly of humans is affected, but a whole ecosystem.
Este é um estudo de Ecologia Política. Trata-se da análise do Conflito Socioambiental de poluição industrial na Bacia do Rio Gramame, na comunidade de Mumbaba de Baixo, iniciado na década de 1960, mas que só muito recentemente passou a ser entendido como tal. Como buscou-se compreender a complexidade do objeto em estudo, traçamos um caminho metodológico de análise do conflito a partir das partes que o compõem. Desta forma, identificamos os atores, suas atuações, articulações, poderes e influência no conflito. A partir de uma metodologia socioantropológica com a utilização da observação participante, técnica bola de neve , realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, modelos mentais, análise de percepções, registros fotográficos e outros, também pudemos mapear o conflito e analisar a forma de tratamento que se tem dado a ele, a mediação, assim como, as perspectivas de resolução do problema e do conflito que ora manifesta-se ora permanece velado, encoberto. Os atores não estão articulados e, em sua maioria não desempenham seu papel definido por legislação, o que compromete as perspectivas de resolução, fazendo com que a situação se perpetue. No entanto, o Ministério Público tem procurado mediar o conflito por meios legais, tendo em vista o fato de esta situação ser parte de um conflito maior. Este trabalho torna-se relevante por trazer à tona vozes que são silenciadas e, por isso, é um trabalho provocativo. À comunidade de Mumbaba, cabe maior participação política, articulação e busca de informações junto aos demais atores, além de a firmação e consolidação de parcerias. Aos outros atores, cabe a efetivação de suas atribuições e a todos, cabe a sensibilização socioambiental, pois se trata de Justiça Ambiental, onde não apenas um conjunto de humanos é afetado, mas todo o ecossistema.

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Fracalanza, Dorotea Cuevas 1943. « Crise ambiental e ensino de ecologia : o conflito na relação homem-mundo natural ». [s.n.], 1992. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253723.

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Orientador : Sergio A. Lorenzato
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Há duas décadas o currículo de Biologia para as escolas de segundo grau não incluía, com o mesmo destaque de hoje, temas como a Ecologia e a Questão Ambiental. A crescente importância desses assuntos e a estreita vinculação entre eles são sinais de uma mudança de sensibilidade na relação entre o Homem e o Mundo Natural. Atualmente, esta se apresenta sob a influência de dois pontos de vista conflitantes: o domínio do Homem sobre a Natureza'e a sujeição do mesmo às leis enunciadas pela Ciência Ecológica Esta representa o ramo do conhecimento científico que mais diretamente tem influído na elaboração de categorias com as quais, recentemente, o Homem passou a apreender e interpretar o Mundo Natural. Admite-se que a atual perspectiva que norte1a a relação Homem-Natureza tenha se organizado a partir da compreensão sistêmica do Mundo Natural. Considerando que a Escola representa uma instância social privilegiada de divulgação de conhecimento ecológico, buscou-se identificar nos 11vros didáticos de Biologia e nas fontes bibliográficas neles referidas: quando e como eles abordam a Teoria dos Ecossistemas; SE incluem o Homem como parte dos Ecossistemas se apresentam e discutem as questões ambientais como manifestam a relação entre Homem e Natureza, principalmente no que se refere ao conflito a ela inerente e às suas implicações
Abstract: Twenty years ago the curriculum for teaching biology in the secondary schools did not include the present-day emphasis on topics such as ecology and enviromental issues. The increasing importance of these topics, with their evident interrelationships, indicates a change in sensitive involving the relationship between. Man and the Natural World. At present this relationship is evidence in two conflicting points of view the domination of Nature by Man and the subjugation of Man to the laws established by the Science of Ecology. Ecology represents the greatest direct influence on the concepts elaborated by society for the interpretation of the World of Nature. The perspectives orienting the relationship between Man and Nature today assume a systematic comprehension of Nature. Since the school represents a socially privileged entity for the divulgations of ecologic concepts, an attempt was made to identify references to various critical aspects involving how these concepts are dealt with in biology textbook and other relevant literature, including how the theory of ecosystems is developed, if Man is included as part of an ecosystem, if environmental questions are Presented and discussed, and how the relationship between Man and Nature is portrayed, especially in relation to its inherent conflicts and implications
Doutorado
Metodologia de Ensino
Doutor em Educação

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Walter, Mariana. « Political ecology of mining conflicts in Latin America an analysis of environmental justice movements and struggles over scales ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145402.

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América Latina es actualmente una de las fronteras mineras más atractivas del mundo, que concentra un tercio de las inversiones mundiales del sector. Sin embargo, mientras la presión por extraer metales aumenta, la región está viviendo una ola de movilizaciones sociales opuesta a la expansión de las actividades mineras a gran escala. Mientras las comunidades denuncian que las actividades mineras ponen en riesgo sus formas de sustento, desprecian sus derechos y su futuro, los gobiernos nacionales y las compañías mineras promueven la actividad como una fuente de desarrollo y bienestar social. Las críticas son vistas como motivadas por intereses políticos o desinformación. Desde un marco de ecología política, nutrido por estudios sobre la política de las escalas, la tesis estudia los movimientos de justicia ambiental que se oponen a las actividades mineras metalíferas de gran escala en América Latina. A tal efecto, recurre a dos aproximaciones diferentes. En una primera aproximación, la tesis analiza cómo y por qué los movimientos de justicia ambiental se forman, sus discursos, sus demandas y sus estrategias y el modo como estos movimientos se involucran en luchas por las escalas disputando su jerarquía y reivindicando el poder de las comunidades locales para decidir sobre los proyectos mineros. Se utilizaron métodos de investigación acción para realizar un estudio de caso del conflicto minero aurífero de Esquel (2001-2003, Argentina), donde se detuvo el proyecto tras un referéndum local. Adicionalmente, fuentes primarias y secundarias fueron utilizadas en un estudio de casos múltiples para analizar la emergencia y el despliegue de casos de consultas/referendo comunitarias sobre minería a gran escala en América Latina. En esta investigación, realizada con Leire Urkidi, estudiamos 68 casos de consultas locales ocurridas entre los años 2002 y 2012 en Peru, Guatemala, Argentina, Colombia y Ecuador. Alrededor de 700.000 personas participaron en estas consultas, expresando un rechazo masivo a las actividades mineras en la región. Se concluyó que las comunidades reclamaban el reconocimiento de sus miradas locales sobre el desarrollo que no eran compatibles con los impactos, riesgos e incertidumbres de la minería a gran escala. Los conflictos se exacerbaban porque los procedimientos de toma de decisiones no permitían incorporar adecuadamente las perspectivas locales sobre los aspectos técnicos y no técnicos que estaban en juego. Analizando la propagación de las consultas, sostenemos que se trata de una institución híbrida, multi-escalar, que simultáneamente construye una nueva escala de regulación (toma de decisiones) consistente en la participación local a través del referendo/consulta. Las consultas surgen como una respuesta de democracia local frente a las injusticias ambientales en contextos de represión y criminalización a activistas que ganan legitimidad en la medida que ofrecen espacios de participación a las comunidades afectadas. Son instituciones híbridas porque son promovidas por alianzas entre movimientos sociales y gobiernos locales que recuperan y resignifican derechos y leyes indígenas y de participación municipales, nacionales e internacionales. Así, las consultas no sólo desafían las escalas de significado hegemónicas que gobiernan a las actividades mineras sino, además, reconstruyen y ponen en práctica una nueva escala de regulación. En una segunda aproximación, en colaboración con Sara Latorre y el apoyo de Giuseppe Munda y Carlos Larrea, se aplicaron técnicas de evaluación social multi-criterio y de construcción de escenarios para estructurar las implicancias multi-dimensionales de desarrollar actividades extractivas en áreas social y ambientalmente sensibles. En el capítulo dedicado al conflicto minero de Íntag (Ecuador), sostenemos que esta aproximación permite hacer visibles escalas, valores sociales e incertidumbres que son opacados por los discursos que hegemonizan el debate minero, enfocados casi exclusivamente en los resultados económicos a nivel nacional.
Latin America is currently one of the most attractive mining frontiers in the World, concentrating one third of global mining investments. However, as the pressure to extract ores grows, the region witnesses a wave of social mobilizations against the expansion of large-scale metal-mining activities. While communities claim that mining activities endanger their livelihoods, and despise their rights and their future, national governments and companies promote this activity as a source of development and wellbeing. Complaints are framed as being politically motivated or based on misinformation. From a political ecology framework, nurtured by politics of scale studies, this thesis studies environmental justice movements contesting large-scale metal-mining activities in Latin America and their struggles over scales. Two different approaches are developed. In a first approach, the thesis addresses how and why environmental justice movements have formed, which are their discourses, their claims and strategies and how these movements engage in struggles over scales, contesting scalar hierarchies and reclaiming communities' power to decide on mining projects. Action research methods were used to conduct an in-depth case study in Esquel gold mining conflict (2001-2003, Argentina) where a project was stopped by a local referendum. Moreover, primary and secondary sources were used to conduct a multiple case study analysis of the emergence and spread of other community consultations/referenda on large-scale mining activities in Latin America. In this research, conducted with Leire Urkidi, we studied the 68 cases of community consultations/referenda that took place between 2002 and 2012 in Peru, Guatemala, Argentina, Colombia and Ecuador. About 700.000 people participated in these consultations, expressing a massive rejection to mining activities. I conclude that communities are demanding recognition for local views on development that are not compatible with large-scale mining, given its impacts, risks and uncertainties. Conflicts are exacerbated by the fact that mining decision-making procedures cannot adequately accommodate local views regarding technical and non-technical issues at stake. Analysing the spread of consultations I claim that they are a multi-scalar institution that constructs a new scale of regulation (decision-making): local participation via referendum/consultation. Consultations emerge as a local democratic response to environmental injustices in contexts of repression and criminalization of activists, and gain legitimacy as they become spaces of participation for affected populations. Consultations are moreover a hybrid institution, promoted by alliances between social movements and local governments that reclaim and re-signify municipal, national and international participation and indigenous rights and legislations. In this vein, consultations not only challenge hegemonic scales of meaning governing mining activities but re-construct and put in practice a new scale of regulation. In a second approach, in collaboration with Sara Latorre and with the support of Carlos Larrea and Giuseppe Munda, social multi-criteria evaluation and scenario techniques were applied to structure the multi-dimensional implications of developing extractive activities in socially and environmentally sensitive locations. In this chapter on the Íntag mining conflict (Ecuador), I claim that this approach is able to make visible scales, social values and uncertainties that are made invisible by hegemonic discourses in the mining debate that focus almost exclusively on economic results at national level.

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Belchior, Verônica. « Comunidades de seringueiros das reservas extrativistas do Rio Cautário, RO : aspectos socioeconômicos, percepção ambiental e potenciais conflitos na interação com a fauna ». Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2459.

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As pesquisas etnoecológicas baseiam-se na visão de que a conservação da natureza vincula-se diretamente a questões sociais, econômicas, culturais e biológicas. Define-se o conhecimento tradicional como um saber-fazer a respeito do mundo que rodeia as populações envolvidas e é transmitido oralmente através das gerações. Os seringueiros da Amazônia são extrativistas e agricultores, que produzem em regime familiar. Nas reservas extrativistas, desenvolvem suas atividades e conhecem os detalhes e particularidades do ambiente. Conhecer a relação que estas comunidades possuem com o meio e o modo como conduzem suas práticas é de suma importância para a manutenção de Unidades de Conservação. Além disto, o modo de vida dos seringueiros favorece a hipótese de que existam conflitos entre estas populações e os animais que vivem no entorno de suas moradias. O presente estudo foi realizado nas Reservas Extrativistas Federal e Estadual do Rio Cautário, em Rondônia, e utilizou como ferramenta entrevistas guiadas por questionários previamente elaborados. Foi dividido em dois capítulos temáticos. O primeiro traçou um perfil sócio-econômico dos moradores e investigou a percepção ambiental dos mesmos em relação às reservas. O segundo abordou potenciais conflitos homem-animal e suas implicações para conservação de espécies ameaçadas. Foi visto que há conflitos consideráveis entre estas populações e animais silvestres e que, dentre medidas tomadas em retaliação a estes eventos, matam-se muitos animais. Dos animais citados, 23,3% encontra-se em categorias de ameaça da IUCN. O conhecimento de que tais relações existem é de suma importância para que medidas sejam tomadas pelos órgãos competentes pelas reservas do estudo. Instruções sobre manejo das criações, roças, educação ambiental e acompanhamento da situação foram apontadas como de relevado potencial para mitigar tais eventos.
Ethnoecological researches are based on the view that nature conservancy is directly linked to biological, cultural, economical and social issues. In this sense, traditional knowledge can be defined as knowledge and know-how concerning natural and supernatural world, orally passed down from generation to generation. Rubber tappers in the Amazon are gatherers and agriculturists, who produce under family, selling the surplus for additional income. They live in wooden houses built on stilts, most adapted to the system of flood. In the extractive reserves rubber tapper develops their own activities and knows the details and peculiarities of the environment. Knowing the relationship that these communities have with the environment and the way they conduct their practices, besides presenting the situation in which they live, is of paramount importance for the conservation of protected areas. Knowing their needs and how to improve their conditions may reflect upon the maintenance of environmental integrity as well. Moreover, the livelihood of rubber tappers and the fact that they have livestock, small gardens and simple houses favor the hypothesis that conflicts exist between those populations and animals that live around their homes. This study was conducted at Federal and State Extractive Reserves of Cautário River, in Rondônia. It has been divided into two chapters. The first depicts a socio-economic profile of residents and investigates the environmental perception of ourselves in relation to reserves. The second deals with potential human-animal conflict and its implications for the conservancy of endangered species. It was seen that there is a considerable number of conflicts between these populations and wildlife, and that among the measures being taken in retaliation to these events, they kill many animals. Out of the animals mentioned, 23.3% are in the IUCN categories of threat. Knowing that such relationships exist is of paramount importance in order that measures are taken by the competent agents in the reserves of the study. Instructions on the handling of livestock, gardens, environmental education and monitoring the situation were highlighted as notably potential to mitigate such events.

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Kubo, Rumi Regina. « Coletores de samambaia-preta e a questão ambiental : estudo antropológico na área dos Fundos da Solidão, município de Maquiné, Encosta Atlântica no Rio Grande do Sul ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14998.

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Este trabalho consiste em um estudo antropológico sobre os moradores dos Fundos da Solidão, uma localidade do município de Maquiné, RS. Essa área encontra-se dentro dos limites da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica e sua identidade e condições de existência são tensionadas pela prática de uma atividade específica: a coleta de samambaia-preta - que sofre restrições sob ponto de vista da legislação ambiental. Caracteriza-se assim, um grupo social, envolto por um problema que tem conotação ambiental. Reconhecendo o caráter polissêmico do termo ambiental, parte-se do pressuposto de que esse grupo, encontra-se atravessado por ditames gestados por um campo circunscrito como ambiental. Tais ditames, tendo abrangência ampla, atingem esferas sociais diversas, e diante de situações locais específicas, como no caso deste grupo, apresentam-se na forma de conflito e dilemas que evidenciam modos de vida diferenciados e submetidos às condições assimétricas constitutivas da sociedade, transfigurando-se como um problema social. O recorte e a abordagem ocorrem, portanto, sob o horizonte de uma prática especifica, a extração de samambaia-preta, a partir da qual, buscou-se o desvendamento de seu universo social. Nesse percurso, não se buscou apenas, resgatar as práticas sócio-culturais desses extrativistas frente a um processo que tende à sua exclusão social, mas procurou-se uma aproximação a estes sujeitos “em processo” que percebem determinadas mudanças em seu meio ecológico e sócio-político, e que frente às intimações de seu tempo, constituem um devir, através da luta pela permanência de determinadas práticas locais, a adesão a outras práticas sociais e aliança com novos mediadores e interlocutores, tudo isto, num clima de constante conflito e re-acomodações.
This work is an anthropological study on the inhabitants of Fundos da Solidão, locality of the city of Maquiné (Brazil), whose territory are inside of the limits of the Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlantica and its identity and life conditions are pressured by the practical one of a specific activity: the Samambaia-preta harvest. This activity is prohibited under point of view of the current forest legislation. We have thus, a social group crossed for environmental questions. Such questions reach diverse social spheres, and in contact with specific local situations, as in the case of this group, results in the conflict form. The clipping and boarding of this group occur, therefore, under the horizon of practical one specify, the Samambaiapreta harvest, from which, your social universe are disclosed. In this situation, one does not only search, to rescue cultural pratices of the these harvesters in front to a process that tends to its social exclusion, but to search an approach to these citizens "in process" that they perceive changes in course in its ecological and social context. In this way, they constitute your future, either through the fight for the permanence of determined local practices and knowledges, the adhesion to social practical others and alliance with new mediators and interlocutors, everything this, in a conflict condition and re-adaptations.

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ROMAGNOLI, Fernanda Carneiro. « A vida flutuante na várzea : readaptação como elemento fundamental para a conservação de recursos aquáticos ». Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/7786.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A crise socioambiental instalada no mundo tem exigido a reflexão sobre outras formas de relacionamento da sociedade com a natureza. Modelos de economia e sociedade mais integrados ao equilíbrio natural se tornaram um desafio a ser alcançado. Diante desta necessidade, olhar para grupos que mantêm uma intrínseca relação com o meio em que vivem mesmo no contexto da modernidade pode indicar possíveis caminhos. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi compreender como a percepção e a relação da comunidade Água Preta (Santarém, Pará) com a fauna aquática podem contribuir para planos de uso, manejo e conservação destes recursos. Os objetivos específicos foram: (1) entender a construção histórica da relação dos comunitários da Água Preta com a fauna aquática; (2) compreender o surgimento de conflitos comunitários envolvendo a fauna aquática; (3) averiguar como conflitos comunitários envolvendo a fauna aquática influenciam as possibilidades de manejo; (5) demonstrar e compreender valores plurais existentes na relação dos ribeirinhos com a fauna aquática; (6) verificar como valores plurais existentes na relação dos ribeirinhos com a fauna aquática implicam nas suas formas de uso e manejo; (7) relacionar a percepção e a relação da comunidade Água Preta com a fauna aquática à compreensão local de desenvolvimento. A metodologia foi baseada na percepção dos moradores locais, utilizando observação participante, entrevistas abertas e semi-estruturadas e análise documental. Os resultados mostraram a identidade coletiva da comunidade como uma identidade móvel, capaz de combinar valores sociais estabelecidos historicamente com as transformações do cenário em que vivem. Essa forma de identidade tem implicações na relação estabelecida com a fauna aquática- nas percepções e nos valores a ela atribuídos, favorecendo a pluralidade de valores. Esta pluralidade está associada à capacidade de resiliência do grupo, mas também ao aumento da vulnerabilidade, na medida em que interesses distintos têm ganhado mais força. Assim, um sistema de manejo comunitário historicamente resiliente estaria reduzindo sua capacidade de resposta. Contudo, a reelaboração do capital adaptativo da comunidade com base na memória e no aprendizado social pode ajudar esta comunidade a novamente fortalecer uma forma adaptativa de manejo e governança dos recursos comuns. Concluiu-se que o modelo da Água Preta pode mostrar um caminho para formas de desenvolvimento além da modernidade.
The world's social environmental crisis requires other forms of society's relationship with nature. More integrated models of Economy and Society to nature have become a challenge. Facing this necessity, look for people who maintain a close relationship with nature even in the context of modernity, may indicate possible ways. The overall goal of this study was to understand how the perception and the relationship between Agua Preta community (Santarém, Para) with aquatic fauna can contribute to management and conservation plans. The specific goals were: 1) to understand the historic construction of the relationship between the Agua Preta community people and the aquatic fauna; (2) to comprehend the starting up of conflicts involving community and the aquatic fauna; (3) to investigate how conflicts involving the aquatic fauna affects the management possibilities; 4) to demonstrate and understand plural values existing on the relation between riverine people and aquatic fauna ; 5) to verify how the plural values existing on the relationship between riverine people and aquatic fauna affects the possible ways of use and management of natural resources; 6) to establish the correlation between the perception and relationship of the Agua Preta comunity residents and the aquatic fauna with local comprehension of development. The methodology was based on the local resident’s perception, through direct observation, open and semi-structured interviews and documental analysis. The results showed that the collective identity of Agua Preta community is a mobile identity that can combine historical social values with the transformations of the scenario where they are living. This kind of identity has implications on the established relation with the aquatic fauna, on the perceptions and on his attributed values, enhancing the values plurality. This plurality is associated to the resilience capacity of the group, but is also associated to the vulnerability increasing, because of the increase empowerment of different interests. On this way, a historically resilient management system would have more and more reduced his capacity of response. In spite of this, the reconstruction of community adaptive capital based on the social memory and the social learning can help this community to recover and reinforce his adaptive way of management and governance of his resources. The conclusion is that the way of living of Agua Preta community can show the way to different forms of development beyond the modernity.

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Saatkamp, Barbara Simone. « A aplicação da mediação como meio alternativo de solução de conflitos socioambientais no direito brasileiro ». Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/4040.

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Faced with the development of the relationship between the individual and the environment, the conflicts became more complex and recurrent, which led to an increasing search for the Judiciary to resolve disputes. However, the judicial process is not satisfactory, due to the technical and formal rigor, the high costs and the delay in the jurisdictional rendering, which end up not meeting the urgency that the case requires, as well as the real interest of the parties, alternative means to solve these conflicting interests, among them mediation. However, the Federal Constitution of 1988 recognized the environment as being very common use of the people, categorizing it as a good of interest or diffuse right, which, in a positivist interpretation, prevents the application of alternative means, as well as have their own characteristics , such as multiplicity of actors and social groups and, in some cases, the participation of the Public Power, where dialogue and cooperation are relevant in order to find a consensual and peaceful solution that serves the interests of those involved and ensures the quality of life and the maintenance of the ecologically balanced environment. Thus, to answer the guiding question of the study, from a bibliographical and documentary research, in the perspective of the qualitative approach, based on the techniques of description and comparative analysis of doctrine and legislation focused on the subject matter, if it intends to discuss the possibility of applying the method of conflict mediation as an alternative means of solution of social and environmental conflicts, highlighting the gains derived from the application of this technique and the benefits of its insertion in both judicial and extrajudicial proceedings, since it seeks to meet the real interest of those involved, with the consequent pacification and social harmonization. In order to achieve the general objective, the following specific objectives were established: a) to define socio-environmental conflicts and alternative means of conflict resolution; b) to differentiate between alternative means of self-settlement and conflict resolution; c) to propose the feasibility of using the mediation method as an alternative means of solving socio-environmental conflicts, in view of the current understanding of the relation between person and nature, even when dealing with the environment of good of common use, categorized as diffuse right. Thus, from the study carried out, it was possible to apply mediation as an alternative means of self-settlement for the solution of socio-environmental conflicts, mainly because the matter is directly linked to fundamental rights, such as the right to life and the environment ecologically balanced, priority and urgency in resolving conflicts are intrinsic.
Diante do desenvolvimento das relações entre o indivíduo e o meio ambiente, os conflitos se tornaram mais complexos e recorrentes, o que gerou cada vez mais a busca do Poder Judiciário para solução dos litígios. Porém, a via judicial não vem sendo satisfatória, em razão do rigor técnico e formal, dos altos custos e da demora na prestação jurisdicional que, acabam por não atender a urgência que o caso exige, bem como o real interesse das partes, surgindo a necessidade de serem estudados meios alternativos para solução desses interesses conflitantes, dentre eles a mediação. Contudo, a Constituição Federal de 1988, reconheceu o meio ambiente como sendo bem de uso comum do povo, o categorizando como bem de interesse ou de direito difuso o que, numa interpretação positivista, impede a aplicação dos meios alternativos, bem como apresentam características próprias, tais como multiplicidade de atores e grupos sociais e, em alguns casos, a participação do Poder Público, onde o diálogo e a cooperação se mostram relevantes para se buscar uma solução consensual e pacífica, que atenda os interesses dos envolvidos e assegure a qualidade de vida e a manutenção do meio-ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Assim, para responder a pergunta norteadora do estudo, a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, na perspectiva da abordagem qualitativa, com base nas técnicas de descrição e análises comparativas da doutrina e da legislação voltados à temática abordada, se pretende discorrer sobre a possibilidade de aplicação do método da mediação de conflitos como meio alternativo de solução de conflitos socioambientais, apontando-se os ganhos advindos com a aplicação dessa técnica e os benefícios de sua inserção tanto no processo judicial quanto no extrajudicial, vez que busca atender o real interesse dos envolvidos, com a consequente pacificação e harmonização social. Para se chegar ao objetivo geral, foram estabelecidos como objetivos específicos: a) definir conflitos socioambientais e os meios alternativos de solução de conflitos, b) diferenciar os meios alternativos autocompositivos de solução de conflitos, c) propor a viabilidade de uso do método da mediação como meio alternativo de solução de conflitos socioambientais, em vista da atual compreensão da relação pessoa-natureza, mesmo tratando-se o meio ambiente de bem de uso comum, categorizado como direito difuso. Desse modo, a partir do estudo realizado, constatou-se ser possível a aplicação da mediação como meio alternativo autocompositivo para solução de conflitos socioambientais, sobretudo pelo fato da matéria estar diretamente vinculada a direitos fundamentais, tais como direito à vida e ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, a prioridade e urgência na solução dos conflitos são intrínsecas.

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Silva, Marina Barbosa e. « \"Orixás, guardiões da ecologia\" : um estudo sobre conflito e legitimação das práticas religiosas afro-brasileiras em Porto Alegre ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8134/tde-15042013-115440/.

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No Rio Grande do Sul, a criação de leis que tentam coibir a prática dos cultos afros por políticos evangélicos somada a visão preconceituosa da população em geral de que estas religiões são atrasadas e possuem rituais maléficos, suscitaram a reação dos adeptos desses cultos que passaram a lutar pela garantia ao direito da liberdade religiosa e contra o estigma de que as religiões afros são cruéis e prejudiciais. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar de que forma os adeptos das religiões afro-brasileiras em Porto Alegre, conhecidos como batuqueiros, legitimam sua religião para defendê-la dos ataques evangélicos e também amenizar alguns conflitos entre prática religiosa afro-brasileira e sociedade em geral. No entanto, a visão de que o culto está se deturpando nos dias atuais também faz com seus adeptos lutem pelo que consideram a autêntica forma de culto, em contraste com as inovações rituais criadas pelas novas gerações de batuqueiros. Essas duas lutas inserem os batuqueiros na esfera pública porto alegrense a partir da visão do que são as religiões afros para eles: a herança africana que carregam consigo e que são responsáveis por preservar e dar continuidade, modelando seus discursos e práticas para além da esfera habitual dos terreiros. É a partir desse argumento, para dentro e para fora, que os adeptos das religiões afros vão legitimar sua prática religiosa perante eles mesmos e a sociedade em geral, lutando a favor do direito à liberdade religiosa.
In Rio Grande do Sul, the creation of laws to repress the practice of afro cults by evangelic politicians along with the based vision of the population that sees these religions as backward and as having malefic rites, gave rise to reactions from the followers of these cults who struggled for the freedom of religion and against the stigma of cruelty and prejudice that is said to come from the afro-religions. The objective of this dissertation is to study in which way the followers of the Afro- Brazilian religions in Porto Alegre, known as batuqueiros, legitimize their religion to defend it against attacks from evangelicals and to harmonize some conflicts between the Afro- Brazilian religious practice and the society. However, the vision that today the cult is misrepresenting itself obliges its followers to struggle for what they understand is the authentic form of the cult, in contrast with innovations in the ritual, created by the new generations of batuqueiros. These two struggles place the batuqueiros in the public sphere of Porto Alegre from the point of view of what are the afro religions for them: the African inheritance that they carry with themselves and that they are responsible for preserving and continue. This models their discourses and practices beyond the customary sphere of the terreiros. it is from this argument, directed to the inside and to the outside, that the followers of the Afro- religions will legitimize their religious practice to themselves and to the society, struggling for the freedom of religion.

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Baptista, Gualter Barbas. « Bridging environmental conflicts with social metabolism : forestry expansion and socioeconomic change ». Doctoral thesis, FCT - UNL, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5891.

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Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ciências do Ambiente, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Environmental conflicts have traditionally been approached from several scientific fields. However, the different theoretical and empirical developments have proceeded in parallel, with often competing descriptive languages. Furthermore, they tend to focus on resolution, while neglecting the role of conflicts as an expression of groups facing social and ecological injustices perpetrated by the hegemony. This research attempted to build a politically useful understanding of why and how environmental conflicts appear, through interdisciplinary bridging and the avoidance of the post-political hegemony. By focusing on an ex-post historical analysis of the conflicts against eucalyptus plantations in Portugal in the late 1980s, it attempted to identify patterns and dynamics that relate to conflicts. Theories were anchored along the concepts of social metabolism and, more particularly, the framework of multiple scale integrated assessment of societal and ecological metabolism (MuSIASEM). An adaptation of MuSIASEM for conflict analysis was iteratively developed with the empirical analysis of the political ecology of the case study. During the pre-analytical phase, an open information space is developed, comprising environmental conflicts literature, as well as the environmental history and institutional analysis of the case study. The information space is subjected to successive compressions before reaching a relevant structure of the problem. A storyteller is defined according to the relative power imbalances of the conflict situation. Theoretical pathways are created to serve as auxiliaries for the formalization process and for structuring the analysis. The analysis process navigates through the formalizations within each theoretical pathway. Impredicative loop analysis (ILA) is used to expose tensions and constraints generated by emerging hypercycles or clashing metabolic profiles. Finally, the results are subjected to a dialectical discussion, allowing the communication between different pathways. Dialectical discussion along the pathways is particularly useful for promoting interdisciplinary dialogue. The political ecology analysis of the case study has revealed that the higher intensity of conflicts in the late 1980s was due to a series of factors. The immediate cause was resource xii scarcity, which led to a speculative race for lands that included land grabbing strategies. The growing environmental movement in Portugal has provided the rural and peasant identities (the storytellers), with new languages that empowered their struggles. Institutional changes contributed to conflicts attenuation in the 1990s. However, a growing global consumption of paper continues to push the frontiers of industrial forestry around the world. Latin America and Eastern Europe have increased their peripheral position in the world-system of the paper industry, as suppliers of cheap pulp and land for fast-growth tree plantations. Packaging, as a main end-use of paper, can be used to hide from the consumer the impacts of production. This end-use of paper might intensify unequal ecological exchange in different areas and commodities, while being reinforced by it. In this context, conflicts might lead to a relocation of impacts, leaving the hegemony untouched.

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Lee, Taehwa. « The conflicts and dialogues among techno-developmental, ecological, and indigenous paradigms in a globalized modernity a case study of the U'wa people's resistance against oil development in Colombia / ». Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company ; downloadable PDF file, 314 p, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1992491951&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Dimitropoulou, Anna. « Addressing ecological uncertainty and nature conservation conflicts : adaptive management models for English nature conservation law and policy and practice : a case study of the Humberhead Levels Nature Improvement Area ». Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21943/.

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This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the complexity of nature conservation within a regulatory context by exploring the capacity of English nature conservation law and policy to support the adaptation of decisions to constantly changing ecological conditions and competing interests. The researcher undertook a case study in the Humberhead Levels Nature Improvement Area in order to explore how conservation management operates in practice within the legal framework for nature conservation and how different nature conservation is on the ground. Law’s traditionally adversarial, linear and reductionist approach makes it ill-equipped to respond to these manifestations of social-ecological complexity. Adaptive management is proposed in this thesis as capable of responding to the challenges of uncertainty and conflict. Two models are identified: one that highlights the need for evolving scientific knowledge and another that provides a framework for conflict resolution, stressing the need for collaboration. The thesis suggests that within the English nature conservation legal framework adaptive management, albeit not prescribed, can apply. The thesis also suggests that law primarily sets a framework that delineates action. There are only a few cases where administrative action is prescribed by law. Even within designated areas, the approach taken is one of ‘regulated flexibility’. Wide administrative discretion, underpinned by judicial deference, allows for variable implementation, nevertheless against a set of firm rules to prevent abuse by all parties involved. Within this framework, it lies with the administration to set thresholds of flexibility and choose which of an array of available instruments to implement. The end result can be anywhere across a continuum from technocratic to collaborative, from static to adaptive decision making. The empirical study in the HHL NIA suggests that the scale is tipped in favour of the latter. Both models of adaptive management were evident, each being more prominent in certain stages of decision making. Finally, the thesis proposes that amendments such as a statutory requirement of proactive coherent management planning and the introduction of multilateral and collective agreements are some of the ways that the regime can “adapt” in order to become 'adaptive'.

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Moskopp, Rainer. « Relationship between ecology and security shown by the example of the Central Asian region and policy-oriented global approaches to prevent ecologically induced conflicts ». Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA333999.

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Martínez, Iglesias Camilo. « El conflicto entre conservación y desarrollo en las Islas Galápagos. Usando el análisis de los sistemas metabólicos socio-ecológicos ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665954.

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Se considera a las islas Galápagos, como un sistema socio ecológico cuyo motor productivo gira en torno a las actividades turísticas. Las mismas que, influyen mucho sobre la economía local, por la producción de flujos monetarios, por la demanda de bienes y servicios necesarios para sostener sus actividades, por la cantidad de trabajos asociados o indirectos y finalmente los impactos ambientales que genera. En esta tesis se escogió a la isla Isabela como un caso de estudio replicable para el resto del Archipiélago, para medir los flujos metabólicos de su sistema socio-ecológico. El capítulo dedicado a este caso de estudio, se basa en la adopción de una metodología innovadora de investigación para Galápagos, llamada “Análisis Integrado Multi-Escala del Metabolismo Social y Ecológico” (MuSIASEM), la cual integra el análisis de flujos críticos: 1) flujos materiales como el agua, alimento, 2) flujos de energía como los combustibles y la electricidad y 3) flujos de residuos, asociados con el metabolismo de actividades humanas y su impacto en el metabolismo de los ecosistemas naturales. De esta forma, combinaciones de diferentes tipologías de actividades humanas (tipologías de residentes, migrantes y turistas), pueden asociarse a diferentes combinaciones de flujos, que conllevan diferentes tipos de impacto ambiental. Como resultados se destaca el enorme impacto que causa el turismo, al demandar prácticamente el doble de los recursos antes mencionados, en comparación con los residentes locales, aumentando la demanda de importación de dichos recursos del exterior del sistema Galápagos. Así se pudo generar un análisis integral del metabolismo social y ecológico. Para el resto de capítulos el análisis gira en torno a todo el sistema socio económico de Galápagos. Se analizan los flujos monetarios del sistema productivo y los subsidios, enfocándonos en las actividades turísticas, como el máximo generador de divisas de la economía local. A pesar de lo cual, se observó que pueden estar ingresando a Galápagos, apenas entre el 9 al 12% del total generado por esta actividad y de estos flujos, solamente el 2% estarían destinados a proyectos de carácter ambiental. Frente a esto, discutimos si las actividades turísticas están aportando económicamente al cuidado y conservación de las islas, como se asume que lo hace. Con respecto a los subsidios, analizamos estas herramientas económicas que, si bien cumplen los objetivos de suplir deficiencias y balancear la economía local, también pueden generar una idea ficticia de “una sociedad con capacidad de auto abastecimiento”, con consecuencias sociales y ambientales. Finalmente vinculo estos análisis anteriores y discuto bajo este contexto, del papel histórico que ha jugado el discurso conservacionista sobre la configuración de la sociedad galapagueña actual y la construcción discursiva de una sociedad que busca alcanzar el desarrollo sustentable, dentro del cual se propone el ecoturismo como la base de la economía local. Mediante la metodología de análisis de discurso se analizaron un grupo de entrevistas realizadas a los habitantes de Galápagos y se comprobó el peso de una narrativa largamente construida sobre la perspectiva ambiental de los pobladores. Esta tesis sugiere también algunas acciones prácticas a considerar, que puedan representar como alternativas a ciertos criterios que discutimos y consideramos críticos pero viables de cambios.
This thesis approaches the Galapagos Islands as a socio-ecological system whose productive engine revolves around tourism activities. It has a greatest weight in terms of the generation of direct employment, tourism activities greatly influence the local economy, the production of monetary flows, the demand for goods and services and the creation of environmental impacts. In this thesis I measure the metabolic fluxes of Isabela Island’s socio-ecological system, as it is a replicable case study for the rest of the Galapagos Archipelago. The chapter dedicated to this case study is based on the adoption of an innovative research methodology for the Galapagos. Called "Integrated Multi-Scale Analysis of Social and Ecological Metabolism" (MuSIASEM), this methodology integrates critical flow analysis in three dimensions: 1) material flows like water and food, 2) energy flows such as fuels and electricity and 3) waste materials, associated with the metabolism of human activities and their impact on the metabolism of natural ecosystems. Through this approach, combinations of different types of human activities (typologies of residents, migrants and tourists) can be related to different combinations of flows, which entail different types of environmental impact. The analysis in the remaining chapters revolves around the entire socioeconomic system of the Galapagos. The monetary flows of the productive system and subsidies are analysed, focusing on tourism activities, as the maximum generator of foreign currency in the local economy. Yet in spite of this, I observed that only between 9% and 12% of the total generated by this activity enters the Galapagos, and of these flows, only 2% are destined to environmental projects. I discuss if tourist activities are truly contributing economically to the care and conservation of the islands, a point often taken for granted. In terms of subsidies, I analyze these economic tools that, while meeting the objectives of filling gaps and balancing the local economy, can also generate a fictitious idea of "a society with the capacity to supply and sustain itself", with social and environmental consequences. Finally, I link these previous analyses and discuss them from the historical role that the conservation-based discourse has played in the configuration of the current Galapagos society and the discursive construction of a society that seeks to achieve sustainable development, within which ecotourism is proposed as the basis of the local economy.. Through the discourse analysis methodology, a group of interviews I conducted with the inhabitants of Galapagos was analyzed and the weight of a long-constructed narrative on the environmental perspective of the inhabitants was verified. This thesis also suggests some practical actions to consider, which may be alternatives to certain criteria that I discuss and consider critical, but att he same time viable to change.

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Araújo, Maria Estélia. « A trajetória de luta e as experiências agroecológicas do assentamento "14 de agosto" em Ariquemes- Rondônia / ». São Paulo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148003.

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Orientador: João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes
Resumo: Esta dissertação discute as experiências agroecológicas e a vivência comum do “Grupo Coletivo 14 de Agosto”, situada no Assentamento 14 de Agosto, localizado no município de Ariquemes, em Rondônia. Parte do esforço da pesquisa direcionou-se para a reconstrução do processo histórico da luta social encampada por militantes do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), iniciada em 1992 e que resultou na conquista do Assentamento 14 de Agosto no ano de 2009. A pesquisa também atentou para o processo de construção coletiva da terra e do trabalho, uma vez que o Grupo analisado fez a opção pela coletivização de diferentes esferas de sua vida social. A pesquisa buscou, ainda, conhecer os caminhos da experimentação da produção agroecológica adotados pelo Grupo, discutidos aqui como uma potente estratégia de permanência no campo, pautados pela produção de alimentos saudáveis e diversificados, em oposição aos desertos do agronegócio. Por sua vez, a pesquisa considerou também os limites e os desafios para que as tecnologias agroecológicas sejam acessíveis e viáveis aos camponeses. Tendo em vista o histórico de ocupação recente de Rondônia, pautado em políticas oficiais de colonização direcionadas pelo Estado e pela crescente ênfase política e econômica do agro e hidronegócio nesta localidade, esta pesquisa adquire sentido político ao destacar uma experiência alternativa que vem sendo gestada no interior da Amazônia por outrora migrantes indesejáveis e que hoje afirmam outras pos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre

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Dell'Aglio, Denise Dalbosco. « Ecologia comportamental e diversidade em um sistema hospedeiro-parasitóide : vespas parasitóides de Schismatodiplosis lantanae Rübsaamen, 1916 (Cecidomyiidae) em Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60549.

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Este estudo investigou a ecologia de vespas parasitóides ocorrentes em galhadores Schismatodiplosis lantanae Rübsaamen, 1916 (Cecidomyiidae) em folhas de Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Dessa forma, o primeiro artigo trata da ecologia comportamental da vespa parasitóide Torymus sp. (Torymidae, Hymenoptera), onde foi avaliado como as fêmeas dessa espécie defendem seu recurso de oviposição no hospedeiro. Foi analisado mudanças no comportamento devido à presença de outra fêmea coespecífica no local, ser residente do recurso, tamanho das vespas e número e tamanho das galhas através de filmagens dos experimentos realizados em laboratório. Com esse trabalho observou-se que fêmeas mudam seu comportamento quando estão na presença de um competidor em um território com hospedeiros. A estratégia de ataque foi através da ameaça, na qual suas antenas e asas são levantadas para expulsar o competidor do local. A probabilidade de haver ataques a fêmeas coespecíficas depende do tempo prévio de exploração da galha e da permanência na folha. O interesse no hospedeiro pelas invasoras foi a principal causa de conflitos com a residente. O segundo artigo trata da diversidade de vespas parasitóides e de um ciclo parasita-hospedeiro observado no período de um ano no sistema de L. camara. Foram encontradas nove espécies de vespas parasitóides, divididas em quatro famílias. Ocorreu um ciclo no parasitismo das espécies de vespas sobre seu hospedeiro no ano amostrado, podendo ser observado que são mais elevadas nos meses de Julho a Janeiro e a sobrevivência do hospedeiro foi maior nos meses de Fevereiro a Maio. As estratégias comportamentais de fêmeas de uma vespa parasitóide em relação a seus hospedeiros foram analisadas, bem como um sistema composto de diversas espécies parasitóides e sua variação no tempo. Estas observações podem contribuir para um melhor entendimento da ecologia comportamental e do padrão temporal das vespas parasitoides, e também para futuros programas de controle biológico mais eficientes.
We investigated the ecology of parasitoid wasps attacking Schismatodiplosis lantanae Rübsaamen, 1916 (Cecidomyiidae) galls on leaves of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). The first article discusses the behavioral ecology of the parasitoid wasp Torymus sp. (Torymidae, Hymenoptera), reporting how their females defend oviposition resources on the hosts, changing their behavior due to the presence of a conspecific female in the patch. The identity of the wasp (resident or intruder) on the resource, female size and number and size of galls in the patch were factors studied through analysis of the behaviors revealed by video recordings of the laboratory experiments. Females change their behavior in the presence of a competitor in a territory with hosts. The strategy was to threat, raising their antennae and wings to expel the competitor of the patch. The probability of an attack on a conspecific females depended on the host exploitation time and time spent on the galled leaf. Interest in host by intruders was the main cause for conflicts. The second article reports the diversity of parasitoid wasps and a host-parasite cycle during one year period in the L. camara leaf galls system. Nine parasitoid wasp species were found, divided in four families. A cycle between parasitism and host survival was found during the sampling period. Wasp species are more abundant from July to January and host survival higher from February to May. Behavioral strategies of parasitoid wasp females toward their hosts and conspecifics have been elucidated, with the system composed of different parasitoid wasp species apparently going through an annual cycle of parasitism rate. These observations may contribute to a better understanding of parasitoid behavioral ecology and host-parasitoid dynamics, enabling more efficient future biological control programs.

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Quintana, Ramírez Ana Patricia. « Conflicto por la gestión del servicio de acueducto en Dosquebradas (Risaralda-Colombia). Un estudio desde la ecología política, El ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/718.

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La investigación sobre el conflicto por la gestión del servicio de acueducto en Dosquebradas, es un estudio que aprovecha el enfoque ofrecido por la ecología política, para explicar la manera como en un municipio colombiano se presentan desacuerdos entre la administración municipal y las asociaciones de acueductos comunitarios para la solución del problema de desabastecimiento de agua potable para los habitantes pobres de la localidad.

Este conflicto ambiental aparece por la presencia principalmente de tres factores: En primer lugar, la urbanización del municipio de Dosquebradas en manos de particulares, sin control y orientación estatal obligó a los pobladores a construir sus propios sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable. Se trata de asentamientos periurbanos, en muchos casos sin licencias ni permiso de urbanismo, que convirtió el territorio biquebradense desde 1948 en una feria de predios. Como consecuencia de ello, una gran proporción de urbanizaciones se han construido sin garantía de acceso a los servicios públicos de agua.

En segundo lugar, esta situación se ha dado en el marco de unas políticas ambientales y de servicios públicos municipales, regionales y nacionales que han favorecido progresivamente la mercantilización del sector en general y del servicio público en particular, y su traspaso a manos de actores privados o empresas mixtas. Con ello, se debilitó la responsabilidad estatal en la prestación de los servicios públicos a la población más pobre.

Estos dos antecedentes, contrastaron con un modelo de gestión colectiva del servicio de acueducto, que en Dosquebradas comenzó desde 1925. Para los habitantes de diferentes zonas de Dosquebradas, la autogestión fue y continúa siendo la solución más efectiva para cubrir muchas de sus necesidades básicas como apertura de brechas, caminos, vías y saneamiento básico, construcción de acueducto y alcantarillado. Sin embargo, este modelo de gestión colectiva se debilitó a medida que parte de los líderes de las Juntas de Acción Comunal y de las Asociaciones de acueductos comunitarios, ante la urgencia por satisfacer las múltiples necesidades de los pobladores pobres a quienes representaban y mantener las infraestructuras necesarias para garantizar el servicio de acueducto a mayor número de habitantes, se articularon a redes clientelares de políticos que ofrecían solución a las demandas de la población en épocas electorales, para luego generalmente incumplirlas durante el desarrollo de la gestión pública. A cambio de ello, los directivos redujeron la autonomía política que caracteriza al modelo de gestión colectiva del agua, ya que su gestión para sostener la infraestructura dependió en algunos casos de promesas irresueltas por parte de los políticos de turno.

El conflicto ambiental que afronta hoy el municipio de Dosquebradas contrapone a distintos prestadores que gestionan el servicio de acueducto, a la sociedad civil y las instituciones públicas, y se manifiesta como una competencia entre dos modelos de prestación del servicio público de agua potable, el estatal-empresarial y el colectivo. Cada uno de estos modelos supone esquemas distintos de propiedad de la infraestructura, de administración y de organización social. Se encuentra conectado con una problemática más global de confrontación por el manejo y la administración de los recursos naturales, que forma parte del proceso de mercantilización y privatización del agua y los servicios públicos en Colombia, América Latina y el mundo.

NOTA BENE: En la actualidad, la autora es docente de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.
The research about the Dosquebradas conflict for management aqueduct service to be considering from theory politics ecology, for to explain in a Colombian municipality the way disagreement between city hall and community aqueduct association for solution the abasto problem the potable water for poor resident of this locality.

This environmental conflict emerges because: one, the particular cultural and socio-politics characteristics of housing development. The private person has had responsibility of housing development and the poor person was not having aqueduct service. It neither has had state control. Two, the politics environmentalist and public's services municipal, regional and national has evolution for privateers. Three, the collective systems of administration for abasto of water was debilitate.

The environmental conflict of Dosquebradas is principality one confrontation between civil society and public's institution, one competition between the state model and collective model for to pay attention the public's services. Each model has different types of infrastructure property, administration and social organization. The environmental conflict of Dosquebradas is communicate with the grown-ups problems is concerned to negotiations of natural resources, also with the water privatization, as well with to attend public's services for poor people in Colombia, Latin America and the world.

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Silva, Michelle Tatiane Jaber da. « O mapeamento dos conflitos socioambientais de Mato Grosso : denunciando injustiças ambientais e anunciando táticas de resistência ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1780.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso
The State of Mato Grosso-Brazil, locus of this research, is singular from the ecological point of view, encompassing three important biomes: Amazon, Cerrado (Savannah) and Pantanal, and also a peculiar ecosystem called Araguaia. However, in this landscape there is a contrast between the results of the search for economic growth strongly centred on the activities of the agribusiness, of the power plants and other activities that are the driving force of significant socio-environmental conflicts. These conflicts that emerge when at least one of the groups has the continuity of their ways of life threatened by undesirable environmental impacts, due to the action of other groups. The understanding of such a diverse dynamic that is present in this territory is emphasized in this research, since the main aim of this thesis is to map the main social environmental conflicts that are in the 12 planning regions of Mato Grosso, from the narratives of the vulnerable social groups. In this context, we consider that the vulnerable social groups are the most affected by this model and we presuppose that in places where the conflicts are more intense, the tactics of resistance and organized forms are also more expressive. So, in order to investigate such issues, we started in 2008 a research Project Mapping of identities and territories of the State of Mato Grosso , developed by the Environmental Education, Communication and Arts Research Group of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, sponsored by the Mato Grosso State Research Support Foundation. In this project we have promoted two Seminars on Social Mapping, which occurred in the city of Cuiabá-MT, in 2008 and 2010. In each one about 250 people took part in the seminar, representatives of several social groups of the State. To understand this vigorous broth we used a methodological complexity which composes the epistemological contribution provided by the phenomenology, linked to the praxis of the social map and by the axiological values inspired in the cartography of the imaginary. In this way, we presented in this thesis a general view of the socio-environmental conflicts that were mapped, allowing for a picture of the global landscape of MT. Besides, we offered some settings of the local landscape, showing the struggles of some specific social groups, which are: Mata Cavalo Slave`s Descendant Black Community (Quilombo), Pantanal`s Community of São Pedro de Joselândia Community, Xavante People of the Indigenous Land of Marãwaitsédé and Rubbertappers of Guariba & Roosevelt Extractivist Reserve. Subsidized by the use of technologies of the geo-referenced database processing, we presented a spatialization of the Map on the socioenvironmental conflicts of the State of Mato Grosso with 194 points of conflicts identified, places where death threatens and slave work exists. The participant`s narratives point to the understanding that the mapped conflicts are expressions of the development model that leads to the destructions of the ecosystems and the annihilation of singular forms of life. The mapping reveals that the main direct driving forces of the conflicts are: dispute for the land, dispute for water, deforestation, burning and abusive use of agricultural pesticides. Opposite to the striking practices, several tactics of resistance appear, that go from the legal procedures to the most subversive ones. Thus, from an environmental education point of viewthat aims for the social changes with ecological responsibility, we consider that the results shown in this study may become a referential to the researchers, governments and civil society; that when elaborating public policies, they can take into account the socio-environmental conflicts in their decisionmakings, seeking for the participation as one of the driving forces of the conceptual, political and scientific for the world transformation.
O Estado de Mato Grosso-Brasil, lócus desta pesquisa, é singular do ponto de vista ecológico, abrangendo três importantes biomas: Amazônia, Cerrado e Pantanal, além de um peculiar ecossistema chamado Araguaia. Entretanto, contrastam nessa paisagem os resultados da busca pelo crescimento econômico, centrada fortemente na atividade do agronegócio, das usinas hidrelétricas e de outras atividades que são propulsoras de significativos conflitos socioambientais. Conflitos estes, aflorados quando pelo menos um dos grupos tem a continuidade do seu modo de vida ameaçada por impactos ambientais indesejáveis, decorrentes da ação de outros grupos. A compreensão dessa dinâmica tão diversa que se faz presente neste território ganha relevo nesta pesquisa, pois, o objetivo central desta tese é mapear os principais conflitos socioambientais presentes nas 12 regiões de planejamento de Mato Grosso e suas causas propulsoras, a partir das narrativas dos grupos sociais vulneráveis. Avaliamos essencial dar visibilidade a estes dilemas, denunciando os conflitos socioambientais de MT, desvelando os riscos que os ecossistemas mato-grossenses estão expostos, as mazelas a que os grupos sociais vulneráveis estão subjugados, e, anunciando novas formas de supressão das violências desenvolvimentistas, agora sob a égide da sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, consideramos que os grupos sociais vulneráveis são os principais atingidos por esse modelo e presumimos que em locais onde os conflitos são mais intensos, as táticas de resistência e formas organizativas são também mais expressivas. Assim, a fim de investigar tais questões, iniciamos em 2008 o projeto de pesquisa Mapeamento das identidades e territórios do Estado de Mato Grosso , desenvolvido pelo Grupo Pesquisador em Educação Ambiental, Comunicação e Arte, da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, sob financiamento da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso. Neste projeto promovemos dois Seminários de Mapeamento Social, ocorridos na cidade de Cuiabá-MT, nos anos de 2008 e 2010. Em cada um deles reunimos aproximadamente 250 pessoas, representantes dos diversos grupos sociais do Estado. Para uma compreensão deste caldo vigoroso recorremos a uma complexidade metodológica que compõe o aporte epistemológico propiciado pela fenomenologia, aliada à práxis do mapa social e pelos valores axiológicos inspirados na cartografia do imaginário. Deste modo, apresentamos nesta tese um panorama geral dos conflitos socioambientais mapeados, possibilitando um retrato da paisagem global de MT. Além disso, oferecemos alguns cenários da paisagem local, evidenciando as lutas de alguns grupos sociais específicos, sendo eles: Comunidade Quilombola de Mata Cavalo, Comunidade Pantaneira de São Pedro de Joselândia, Povo Xavante da Terra Indígena de Marãwaitsédé e Seringueiros da Reserva Extrativista Guariba & Roosevelt. Subsidiados pelo uso de tecnologias de processamento de dados georreferenciados, apresentamos uma espacialização do Mapa dos conflitos socioambientais do Estado de Mato Grosso com os 194 pontos de ocorrência de conflitos identificados, locais em que existem ameaças de morte e trabalho escravo. As narrativas dos entrevistados apontam a compreensão de que os conflitos mapeados são expressões do modelo de desenvolvimento que levam a destruição dos ecossistemas e o aniquilamento de formas singulares de vidas. O mapeamento revela que as principais forças motrizes diretas (driving forces) dos conflitos são: disputas por terra, disputa por água, desmatamento, queimada e uso abusivo de agrotóxicos. No contraponto às práticas impactantes, surgem diversas táticas de resistência que vão desde as vias legais até as mais subversivas. Assim, inscritos em uma educação ambiental que almeja a transformação social com responsabilidade ecológica, consideramos que os resultados apontados neste estudo podem se tornar um referencial aos pesquisadores, governos e sociedade civil; que ao elaborarem as políticas públicas, consigam considerar os conflitos socioambientais nas tomadas de decisão, buscando a participação como uma das molas propulsoras da guinada conceitual, política e científica.

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