Thèses sur le sujet « Ecologia paesaggio »
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Lorenzi, Olga <1992>. « Una nuova prospettiva di turismo sostenibile : la ricerca del concetto di paesaggio fluviale attraverso l'esplorazione dell'area umida situata tra le sponde del Rio Uruguay ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16352.
Texte intégralTOMMASI, NICOLA. « DISENTANGLING THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN-ALTERED ENVIRONMENTS ON POLLINATORS AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH PLANTS : AN INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENT ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/365320.
Texte intégralPollination is mainly mediated by animals and is fundamental for plants reproduction and for maintaining ecosystem resilience and human wellbeing. However, pollinator decline is occurring at the global scale due to multiple threats, related to human activities, with the intensification of land use ranking first. This phenomenon, driven by the growing urbanization and agricultural pressures, directly or indirectly affect pollinator communities, causing biodiversity loss, altering plant-pollinator interactions, and thus impairing the overall pollination service. In this PhD thesis the effects of land use composition and configuration have been investigated at different levels (e.g., species, community, and interactions). A multidisciplinary approach has been adopted, through the integration of field sampling activities and GIS-based analyses, with laboratory ones, such as morphometric evaluations, analysis of pollen deposited on flower’s stigmas and taxonomic identification of pollen and insects through DNA-based tools (e.g., DNA metabarcoding). The general aim of this PhD project was to provide advice for land use management policies has been addressed through intermediate goals, treated in different case studies. In the first study case, the effects of urbanization and agricultural land uses have been addressed by focusing on pollinator insects and plants inhabiting smallholder farms of Tanzania. The obtained plant-pollinator networks indicated a general decrease of pollinator richness with increasing proportion of urban and agricultural land, and an increased competition for resources among individuals. At local scale, the availability of floral resources reversed this trend, thus supporting the adoption of nature-based solutions to create suitable conditions for pollinators. In the second study case, the effects green habitat fragmentation have been investigated in Maldivian islands. Results indicated that low degrees of green areas fragmentation in anthropic habitats promote pollinator richness but reduce the complexity of plant-insect interactions, reflecting a lower pollinators functional redundancy. The pollination efficiency seemed to be indirectly altered by fragmentation, thus, supporting the necessity of conservation efforts to promote and maintain a high pollinator biodiversity. In the third study case, we investigated the pollinator communities along a gradient of urbanization in the metropolitan area of Milan, confirming that low proportion of impervious surface and/or low fragmentation of green areas, may increase pollinators abundance. Pollinators have also been found to collect floral resources from less species in the more urbanized areas, confirming the simplification of plant-pollinator interactions. Flower resources also shaped their nutritional content in response to land use composition, with increasing sugar content in the more urbanized areas. The fourth study case, focused on pollinator morphological response to land use alteration. The higher temperatures resulting from increased proportion of impervious surfaces, shaped the morphological functional traits (i.e., body size and wing asymmetry) in two bumblebee species. Both species were negatively influenced by higher temperatures but showed idiosyncratic responses, with Bombus pascuorum reducing its body size and B.terrestris increasing wing asymmetry but not the body size. These results indicate that the microclimate conditions of urban landscapes influence insects development, likely reducing their dispersal ability. Overall, the results of this PhD thesis provide new insights for the design and management of anthropic landscapes, supporting the connection and maintenance of green spaces and nature-based solutions to reduce the impact on pollinators diversity and interaction with plants. Policy makers should consider these research outcomes in the future and integrate them into management actions, as also claimed by the “One health “concept.
VAJANA, ELIA. « Studio della storia evoluzionistica e conservazione delle specie zootecniche attraverso analisi di genomica del paesaggio e modelli di nicchia ecologica ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/19085.
Texte intégralBiodiversity is quickly disappearing due to human impact on the biosphere, and to market pressure. Consequently, the protection of both wild and domestic species needs to become a priority in order to preserve their evolutionary potential and, ultimately, guarantee a sustainable future for coming human generations. To date, tens of methods have been proposed to prioritize biodiversity for conservation purposes. Here, an ontology for priority setting in conservation biology is provided with the aim of supporting the selection of the most opportune methodologies given specific conservation goals. Further, two case studies are presented characterizing neutral and adaptive genomic diversity in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) and indigenous Ugandan cattle (Bos taurus L.), respectively. In particular, two independent domestication centres (North-western India and Indochina) and separate migration routes are suggested for the ‘river’ and ‘swamp’ water buffalo types. In the case of indigenous Ugandan cattle, the integration of species distribution modelling and landscape genomics techniques allowed the identification of PRKG1 and SLA2 as candidate genes for local adaptation to East Coast Fever, a vector-borne disease affecting bovine populations of Sub-Saharan Africa. Results are discussed for their implications in water buffalo conservation and Ugandan cattle adaptive management.
Campagnaro, Thomas. « Forest habitat management and conservation priorities : a multi-scale and multi-taxon approach ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422761.
Texte intégralLe principali cause della perdita di biodiversità sono la degradazione, la frammentazione e la distruzione degli habitat naturali e semi-naturali. In tal senso, loro gestione è fondamentale per preservarne la diversità di caratteri distintivi, nonché per controllare gli impatti del disturbo antropico. Le azioni di conservazione della biodiversità devono essere individuate alle diverse e molteplici scale spaziali alle quali gli effetti della gestione sulle specie e sui processi ecologici si manifestano. La normativa europea, attraverso alcuni importanti strumenti giuridici per la protezione e il miglioramento degli habitat, richiede l'attuazione di specifiche misure di gestione. Ad oggi, le conoscenze degli effetti sulla biodiversità derivanti dalle attività gestionali risultano però limitate e lacunose. Pertanto è necessario che gli sforzi della ricerca siano focalizzati sulla gestione degli habitat, tenendo conto della dinamicità e complessità ambientale e sociale. Ad esempio, le specie esotiche invasive, una delle più importanti minacce alla biodiversità, rappresentano una odierna sfida a livello gestionale. Gli habitat forestali, tra gli altri, meritano una particolare attenzione, in quanto sono ampiamente diffusi e ospitano un elevato numero di specie. La presente ricerca applica un approccio multi-disciplinare ed integrato alla gestione per la conservazione degli habitat, in particolare forestali. La tesi ha l’obiettivo di (i) proporre e testare l'applicazione di approcci integrati allo scopo non solo di identificare una gestione appropriata per la conservazione degli habitat naturali e semi-naturali, ma anche di (ii) conoscere in modo più approfondito gli effetti dell’abbandono delle attività antropiche sulla biodiversità. La tesi è composta da sei articoli scientifici pubblicati o in pubblicazione, dettagliati nel seguito. Nel primo articolo viene presentato e discusso un nuovo approccio metodologico, applicato alle regioni biogeografiche italiane alpina e continentale, allo scopo di identificare gli habitat con maggiori esigenze gestionali finalizzate alla loro conservazione. Nel secondo articolo viene proposto un metodo utile a valutare gli effetti dell’attività antropica sugli habitat e sulle specie utilizzando come caso di studio un piano della viabilità forestale all'interno di un'area protetta. Il terzo articolo offre una visione sulle potenzialità che la gestione forestale può avere nel mitigare gli effetti delle specie esotiche invasive. Attraverso un analisi di paesaggio a più scale spaziali, nel quarto articolo si identificano l’evoluzione degli habitat sottoposti a diverse intensità di gestione, evidenziandone le possibili implicazioni per la conservazione della biodiversità. Nel quinto articolo viene presentata una ricerca che analizza gli effetti dell’abbandono selvicolturale sulle comunità di tre gruppi tassonomici (carabidi, cerambicidi e scolitidi) e il loro habitat di specie. Infine, nel sesto articolo viene investigata la composizione delle comunità della flora vascolare dei boschi che si sono sviluppate a seguito dell’abbandono di aree urbane e peri-urbane. Questa ricerca sottolinea l’importanza che la gestione ha nel mantenere la varietà degli habitat naturali che semi-naturali, in coerenza con gli obiettivi di conservazione europei. Gli approcci innovativi, come quelli presentati nella tesi, sono indispensabili per adeguarsi ai cambiamenti delle condizioni giuridiche, economiche, sociali ed ambientali. Infine, una conoscenza approfondita degli effetti che la gestione e la pianificazione producono sugli habitat e sulle specie è essenziale per perseguire il mantenimento della complessità del paesaggio europeo.
PANICCIA, Chiara. « Small mammals in a changing landscape : monitoring communities from local to large scale ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/90937.
Texte intégralSmall mammals are an extremely diverse non-taxonomic group, which provide many ecosystem services and play important ecological roles. Rodents and insectivores are generally characterized by small body size, high litter size, high prolificity, arboreal or fossorial habits. Some of them possess a specialized diet, a trait linked to climate and land-use changes vulnerability. Despite these characteristics make small mammal communities’ make good candidates as ecological indicators, few studies have explored this aspect, i.e. environmental factors affecting species composition and abundance, especially in Mediterranean ecosystems. My Ph.D. project was aimed at collecting and archiving a large data set on small mammal occurrences in south-central Italy, and investigating how they are affected by human activities at different spatial scales, from local (i.e. stand scale - forest management) to broad scale (i.e. landscape scale-land-cover/land-use change), and thus how this diverse group could be used as ecological indicator of human driven environmental changes. The specific aims of my Ph.D. project were: i) Developing of an open-access georeferenced database of small mammal occurrences, abundance, and functional traits based on owl-pellet data; ii) Analyzing the influence of micro-habitat characteristics and sustainable forest management practices on arboreal rodents to evaluate how these species could act as bio-indicator of alternative forest management practices. This project has a focus on a Molise region’ forested areas; iii) Investigating the relationships between small mammal communities and landscape heterogeneity at large geographic scale in three south-central Italian regions (Lazio, Abruzzo, and Molise). During my research project, I implemented and designed the first standardized and accessible georeferenced database of small mammal communities based on owl pellets covering the years 1972 to 2017, including nearly 2000 records for 190 sites of south-central Italy. The relational OpenMICE database has made more widely available a remarkable amount of small mammal data to the scientific community that usually are accessible only to a restricted audience. OpenMICE will likely help in gaining a better understanding of ecological processes occurring in human-impacted landscapes. It also filled part of the knowledge gap on small mammals’ occurrence in the study area to guide future sampling and conservation efforts. The results of my project may serve to prioritize conservation areas for small mammals and to design adaptive management of EU habitats and species. At a fine-scale, I investigated niche similarity of two forest dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius and Glis glis) in a mixed deciduous forest of Molise, and how accounting for imperfect detection can improve the statistical significance and interpretability of niche overlap estimates based on occurrence data. I combined two different modelling approaches: ‘Occupancy models’ and ‘General Linear Mixed Models’. Arboreal rodents were surveyed in a forest of south-central Italy, and relative abundances were compared to a set of forest structural factors and habitat requirements. The key output was the definition of species-specific habitat relationships that refined information on arboreal rodent species and their distribution, and their response to forest structure and practices. In such a perspective, our findings offered a methodological framework to assess the degree of forests naturalness and to explore effects of alternative forest management systems, highlighting the importance of sustainable use of forest products in maintaining crucial biodiversity resources. In a forest management context, our quantification of niche overlap provided useful information to assess the effects of different management practices on the occurrence of these arboreal species. At a broad-scale, the research project was focused on the effect of landscape composition and structure (i.e. measured by landscape metrics) on small mammal communities. This study will provide insights on the small mammal complex responses to habitat change from the community-level of view and represents a baseline to future predictions of possible trends under future scenarios. Finally, results may potentially provide a powerful method in support of management and planning options for land-use change mitigation and adaptation.
Iacopino, Simone. « Exploring the multiple effects of the invasive alien black locust tree ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425418.
Texte intégralLa robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) è una delle specie arboree aliene invasive più diffuse in Europa e nel mondo. La diffusione di questa specie è stata favorita dalla sua amplitudine ecologica e dai suoi diversificati interessi economici, determinandone conseguenze positive e negative. Lo scopo della tesi è di approfondire le conoscenze sui fattori ecologici ed economici che hanno causato e caratterizzano la sua distribuzione. Sono state prese in considerazione diverse scale di studio, una scala di popolamento, una di paesaggio e una nazionale. A scala di popolamento, sono stati valutati gli impatti ecologici sulla comunità vegetale seguendo un metodo comparativo, basato su un campione di coppie di boschi, invasi o meno dalla robinia. È stato condotto un confronto degli impatti di robinia in diversi contesti ambientali mediante un approfondimento su un campione di tre tipi di paesaggio (rurale, fluviale e urbano). Un secondo approfondimento su un campione di tre città europee (Berlino, Padova e Roma) ha permesso invece di indagare gli impatti della copertura di robinia e delle proprietà della matrice urbana in contesti urbani a latitudini molto diverse. I fattori socio-economici sono stati indagati al livello nazionale italiano, collegandoli con i cambiamenti della copertura del suolo e della distribuzione della robinia. Le conoscenze sulle cause della diffusione della robinia e dei suoi effetti sulle risorse naturali vengono approfondite offrendo spunti di riflessione su un auspicabile bilanciamento tra conservazione della biodiversità e valorizzazione socio-economica di questa specie, a molteplici scale e contesti.
Borghesi, Roberta <1980>. « Paesaggi agrari. Nuove prospettive per i sistemi territoriali : agricoltura ecologica, saperi tradizionali, scambio locale ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2927/1/Roberta_Borghesi_tesi.pdf.
Texte intégralMany researchers consider landscape as a complex object, like an opportunity to link different subjects, in order to produce a representation which results holistic and systemic. In this way the work looks at the relation nature and society through the agricultural landscapes observation. Rural landscape, in fact, can be considered as a language able to communicate the relation man-nature itself and which can facilitate in an ethical reflexion on development model. Therefore, the work aims to study not only territory visible characteristics but the idea of landscape suggested is that a universe of relations (ecological, social, economical, etc.). The description of agricultural ecosystems, agro-ecosystems, in this sense, can be seen as an opportunity to think about the relation between practice (agricultural technologies but also social and economical relations and practices) and cultural representations. The aim is to study cognitive maps and spatial configurations which create territorial asset. Agriculture appears important in this way not only because it produces commodities (food) but also commons (environment, landscape). The awareness of landscape economic value, therefore, should be considered not in the sense of its commercial exploitation, rather in order to promote environment politics aware of its limits, which means sustainable development politics.
Borghesi, Roberta <1980>. « Paesaggi agrari. Nuove prospettive per i sistemi territoriali : agricoltura ecologica, saperi tradizionali, scambio locale ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2927/.
Texte intégralMany researchers consider landscape as a complex object, like an opportunity to link different subjects, in order to produce a representation which results holistic and systemic. In this way the work looks at the relation nature and society through the agricultural landscapes observation. Rural landscape, in fact, can be considered as a language able to communicate the relation man-nature itself and which can facilitate in an ethical reflexion on development model. Therefore, the work aims to study not only territory visible characteristics but the idea of landscape suggested is that a universe of relations (ecological, social, economical, etc.). The description of agricultural ecosystems, agro-ecosystems, in this sense, can be seen as an opportunity to think about the relation between practice (agricultural technologies but also social and economical relations and practices) and cultural representations. The aim is to study cognitive maps and spatial configurations which create territorial asset. Agriculture appears important in this way not only because it produces commodities (food) but also commons (environment, landscape). The awareness of landscape economic value, therefore, should be considered not in the sense of its commercial exploitation, rather in order to promote environment politics aware of its limits, which means sustainable development politics.
RIVA, FEDERICA. « Agri-culture della montagna e paesaggi di genere nel Garhwal Himalaya ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/196449.
Texte intégralLuotto, Enrico. « Pianificazione ecologica e disegno della città : Ravenna e lo studio della componente acustica ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21188/.
Texte intégralMalvezzi, Monica Carmen. « Salvaguardia delle utenze deboli e fruibilità del paesaggio rurale : progettazione di un itinerario ciclo-pedonale protetto in Comune di Castel San Pietro Terme ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Trouver le texte intégralMEI, GIACOMO. « Vegetation, Soil and Pedofauna as Proxy to Understand Ecology of Ostrya Carpinifolia Forests in Europe ». Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/263606.
Texte intégralHaving identified the Ostrya carpinifolia forests as one of the most widespread forest types in the Apennines-Balkan bio-geographical region and having highlighted the shortage of studies, and the lack of inclusion of these coenoses in the habitats described at European level, the main purpose of the Ph.D research project, summarized in this work, was to provide useful data to understand the ecological value, the dynamics, the potentiality and the threats of these coenoses. In order to provide an image as complete as possible, the project was articulated into three key points. (I) The analysis of the dynamics related to traditional coppice management, its modification and abandonment, useful to identify the optimum duration of the rotation and the ecological effects of the abandonment, carried out through the in-depth study of coenoses during different moments of the rotations examined and after a decades of abandonment in the Apennines areas. (II) The investigation of the effects of ecological isolation on these coenoses, useful in establishing the ecological value of the existing isolated coenoses, the current dynamics and the identification of a minimal area of intervention, carried out by in-depth study of the residual Ostrya carpinifolia woods present in the territory of the Marche region. (III) A preliminary census of these forest formations along the Italian and Balkan territories, carried out by collecting floristic-vegetational, pedological, structural and management data of these coenoses at the whole geographic distribution range. The main result of this large data collection campaign is the creation of datasets related to the ecological and management characteristics, regarding the entire distribution area and all the different management phases. The interpolation and reworking of these data allow to increase the understanding of these forest formations, making it possible to interpret dynamics and evaluate the real ecological value characterizing the Ostrya carpinifolia forests. These aspects are still difficult to deal with, given the data presently available in literature, but fundamental to build dynamic forecast models. Models necessary for the drafting of real useful management and landscaping plans. The studies carried out and here reported show how these formations, commonly labelled as not very interesting under the ecological point of view, are instead characterized by a particularly rich flora, a very lively dynamism and highlight a strong resilience. Therefore, these coenoses should not be interpreted as transitory or recovery phases of more "mature" coenoses, but real stable semi-natural forest formations very rich in terms of biodiversity, now threatened by widespread abandonment, exactly like the secondary prairies habitats.
NOFRONI, LORENZO. « Paesaggi delle eco-povertà nel Mediterraneo. Il paesaggio come strumento di osservazione e di proiezione strategica per il superamento delle iniquità eco-sociali ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/943234.
Texte intégralThe present study aims to introduce a new concept for study interactions and downward spirals between human deprivation and environmental degradation. The concept of landscape of Ecopoverty is based on two hypothesis, the first is the peculiar capacity of landscape to represent a synthesis of local specific human and nature co-evolution (Norgaard R. B., 1994), the second is the concept for which human poverty and environmental conditions are frequently connected and depend on the interaction between socio-economic and environmental factors (Boyce J. K., 1994; Duraiappha A. K., 1998, Toman M. A., 1995, Reardon T., Vosti S. A., 1995; Prakash S., 1997; Barbier E. B., 2000; Kates R. W., 2000; Martinez-Alier J., 2014; Nixon R., 2011). The article offers a logical framework that evaluates the complexity of interactions between socio-economic and environmental factors, to identify shapes and processes that may determinate the conditions for the creation of a landscape of eco-poverty.
CELESTI, Laura. « Studio ecologico su flora e paesaggio vegetale della città di oma ». Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/412395.
Texte intégralPILI, SILVIA. « Frammentazione e perdita di spazi aperti nelle metropoli mediterranee : indici e metriche del paesaggio quali strumenti di analisi e per la valutazione di scenari di pianificazione resiliente ». Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1266173.
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