Articles de revues : « Early injection »

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Li, Y., H. Zhao, N. Brouzos et B. Leach. « Managing controlled auto-ignition combustion by injection on a direct-injection gasoline engine ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, n^o 9 (1 septembre 2007) : 1125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto372.

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Controlled auto-ignition (CAI) combustion in gasoline engines has great potential for reducing both NO x emissions and fuel consumption, but its application is still hindered by the lack of direct control of combustion phasing and by the limited CAI operation range. In this paper, the effect of injection timing and split injection on CAI combustion is presented in a single-cylinder direct-injection gasoline engine with an air-assisted injector. The CAI combustion was achieved by trapping some of the burned gases within the cylinder by using low-lift short-duration camshafts and early closure of the exhaust valves. During the experiments, the engine speed was varied from 1200 to 2400 r/min and the air-fuel ratio was altered from stoichiometric to the misfire limit. Both single and split injections were investigated at different injection timings and fuel quantities. The experimental results show that injection timing has an important effect on CAI combustion for single and split injections. Early injection produces faster and more stable combustion, less hydrocarbon and CO emissions, but very rapid heat release rates and higher NO x emissions. The CAI operation range could be extended significantly by early injection. Split injection gives even further extension of the CAI range in both stoichiometric and lean mixture operations. These results indicate that optimizing the injection timing and using split injection is an effective way to control and extend CAI operation in a direct-injection gasoline engine.

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Carlucci, P., A. Ficarella et D. Laforgia. « Effects on combustion and emissions of early and pilot fuel injections in diesel engines ». International Journal of Engine Research 6, n^o 1 (1 février 2005) : 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x7301.

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Different injection strategies applied to a common rail direct injection diesel engine were tested for different engine torque and speed conditions. The injection strategies differ for the use of early and pilot injections; during the tests the injection parameters were varied, in terms of duration and timing of early, pilot, and main injections. The combustion behaviour and the engine performances, in terms of brake specific fuel consumption, were analysed. In addition, data on nitrogen oxides (NOx), total unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate emissions were collected. The injection strategy based on both early and pilot injections has been compared with the techniques using either pilot or early injections. Results show that, particularly at lower values of engine torque and speed, the small fuel quantity injected during early injection, coupled with the pilot injection, leads to comparable levels or even to a sensible reduction in fuel consumption compared with the only-pilot or only-early injection cases. Furthermore, a reduction in NOx and particulate is generally observed, while the level of unburned hydrocarbons usually increases. Experimental tests have shown that, using the early injection, a very lean premixed charge is obtained, both globally and locally, inside the combustion chamber, thus avoiding diesel problems (in particular, high NOx and soot production), mainly caused by the locally rich mixture. On the other hand, by using the pilot injection the ignition delay of the main injection is reduced, contributing to the NOx reduction.

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Lu, Xiang’an, Hanqiao Jiang et Yanli Pei. « A New Injectivity Prediction Model for Early Polymer Injection ». International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 3, n^o 4 (2015) : 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmmm.2015.v3.204.

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Jeftić, Marko, Zhenyi Yang, Graham T. Reader et Ming Zheng. « Fuel efficiency analysis and peak pressure rise rate improvement for neat n-butanol injection strategies ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, n^o 1 (5 août 2016) : 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016632141.

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Engine tests were conducted to investigate the efficiency and the peak pressure rise rate performance of different fuel injection strategies for the direct injection of neat n-butanol in a compression ignition engine. Three different strategies were tested: a single-shot injection; a pilot injection; a post-injection. A single-shot injection timing sweep revealed that early injections had the highest indicated efficiency while late injections reduced the peak pressure rise rate at the cost of a slightly reduced thermal efficiency. Delayed single-shot injections also had increased emissions of nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. Addition of a pilot injection had a negative effect on the peak pressure rise rate. Because of the low cetane number of butanol and the relatively lean and well-premixed air–fuel mixture, the pilot injection failed to autoignite and instead ignited simultaneously with the main injection. This resulted in slightly increased peak pressure rise rates and significantly increased unburned butanol hydrocarbon emissions. Conversely, the use of an early post-injection produced a noticeable engine power output and allowed the main injection to be shortened and the peak pressure rise rate to be substantially reduced. However, relatively early post-injections slightly reduced the indicated efficiency and increased the nitrogen oxide emissions and the carbon monoxide emissions compared with the single-shot injection strategy. These results recommended the use of a single-shot injection for low loads and medium loads owing to a superior thermal efficiency and suggested that the application of a post-injection may be more suited to high-load conditions because of the substantially reduced peak pressure rise rates.

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Lewis, Emma, Khalid Merghani, Iain Robertson, Jonathon Mulford, Ben Prentice, Ronnie Mathew, Peter Van Winden et Kathryn Ogden. « The effectiveness of leucocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma injections on symptomatic early osteoarthritis of the knee : the PEAK randomized controlled trial ». Bone & ; Joint Journal 104-B, n^o 6 (1 juin 2022) : 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.104b6.bjj-2021-1109.r2.

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Aims Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) intra-articular injections may provide a simple and minimally invasive treatment for early-stage knee osteoarthritis (OA). This has led to an increase in its adoption as a treatment for knee OA, although there is uncertainty about its efficacy and benefit. We hypothesized that patients with early-stage symptomatic knee OA who receive multiple PRP injections will have better clinical outcomes than those receiving single PRP or placebo injections. Methods A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial was performed with three groups receiving either placebo injections (Normal Saline), one PRP injection followed by two placebo injections, or three PRP injections. Each injection was given one week apart. Outcomes were prospectively collected prior to intervention and then at six weeks, three months, six months, and 12 months post-intervention. Primary outcome measures were Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and EuroQol five-dimension five-level index (EQ-5D-5L). Secondary outcomes included visual analogue scale for pain and patient subjective assessment of the injections. Results A total of 102 patients were recruited. The follow-up period was 12 months, at intervals of six weeks, 12 weeks, six months, and 12 months. KOOS-Total significantly improved in all groups at these time intervals compared to pre-injection. There was an improvement in EQ-5D-5L index scores in saline and single injection groups, but not in the multiple injection group. Comparison of treatment groups showed no additional beneficial effect of single or multiple PRP injections above that displayed in the saline injection group. Subjective patient satisfaction and recommendation of treatment received demonstrated a similar pattern in all the groups. There was no indication of superiority of either single or multiple PRP injections compared to saline injections. Conclusion There is no evidence that single or multiple PRP had any additional beneficial effect compared to saline injection up to 12 months, follow-up after treatment of early stage symptomatic OA of the knee. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(6):663–671.

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Finsen, Vilhjalmur, Ante M. Kalstad et Rainer G. Knobloch. « Corticosteroid injection for coccydynia ». Bone & ; Joint Open 1, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2020) : 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.111.bjo-2020-0146.

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Aims We aimed to establish the short- and long-term efficacy of corticosteroid injection for coccydynia, and to determine if betamethasone or triamcinolone has the best effect. Methods During 2009 to 2016, we treated 277 patients with chronic coccydynia with either one 6 mg betamethasone or one 20 mg triamcinolone cortisone injection. A susequent injection was given to 62 (26%) of the patients. All were reviewed three to four months after injection, and 241 replied to a questionnaire a mean of 36 months (12 to 88) after the last injection. No pain at the early review was considered early success. When the patient had not been subsequently operated on, and indicated on the questionnaire that they were either well or much better, it was considered a long-term success. Results At the three- to four-month review, 22 (9%) reported that they had no pain. The long-term success of one injection was 15% and rose to 29% after a second injection. Logistic regression tests showed that both early success (odds ratio (OR) 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1 to 14.4; p = 0.001) and late success (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.7 to 8.3; p = 0.001) was greater with triamcinolone than with betamethasone. Late success was greater for patients with symptoms for less than 12 months (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.7; p = 0.006). We saw no complications of the injections. Conclusion We conclude that the effect of corticosteroid injection for coccygodynia is moderate, possibly because we used modest doses of the drugs. Even so, they seem worthwhile as they are easily and quickly performed, and complications are rare. If the choice is between injections of betamethasone or triamcinolone, the latter should be selected. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-11:709–714.

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An, Seoung Hyun, et Woo Jin Jeong. « Early-scatter laser photocoagulation promotes the formation of collateral vessels in branch retinal vein occlusion ». European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, n^o 2 (5 février 2019) : 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119827857.

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Purpose: To investigate the effect of early-scatter laser photocoagulation on the formation of collateral vessels in branch retinal vein occlusion. Methods: The medical records of 40 cases (40 patients) of branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema were retrospectively reviewed. Of them, 23 patients were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injection and 17 patients underwent intravitreal bevacizumab injection with additional laser treatment. Early-scatter laser photocoagulation was applied for capillary non-perfusion areas, regardless of retinal neovascularization. Collateral vessel presence, recurrence rate of macular edema, and number of intravitreal bevacizumab injections were compared between the groups. Results: During the follow-up period, collateral vessel formation was noted in 10/23 eyes (43.5%) in the intravitreal bevacizumab injection group and 15/17 eyes (88.2%) in the laser combined treatment group ( p = 0.004). The recurrence rate of macular edema was lower in the laser combined treatment group (29.4%) than in the intravitreal bevacizumab injection group (65.2%); this difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.025). The average numbers of intravitreal bevacizumab injections were 3.57 ± 3.23 in the intravitreal bevacizumab group and 2.14 ± 2.26 in the laser combined treatment group ( p = 0.044). Conclusion: Early-scatter laser photocoagulation promotes collateral vessel formation; the presence of collateral vessels seemed to affect the course of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Combined early-scatter laser photocoagulation treatment after intravitreal bevacizumab injection lowered the recurrence rate of macular edema and number of intravitreal bevacizumab injections in the cases of branch retinal vein occlusion.

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Standl, Thomas G., Ernst-Peter Horn, Michael Luckmann, Marc-Alexander Burmeister, Stefan Wilhelm et Jochen Schulte am Esch. « Subarachnoid Sufentanil for Early Postoperative Pain Management in Orthopedic Patients ». Anesthesiology 94, n^o 2 (1 février 2001) : 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200102000-00011.

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Background Continuous spinal anesthesia is frequently used for intraoperative anesthesia but rarely for postoperative pain management. Because even small doses of local anesthetics can be associated with motor deficits, subarachnoid opioid injection may be an alternative. Methods Eighty patients randomly received a subarachnoid injection of 10 microg sufentanil, 5 mg bupivacaine, 2.5 microg sufentanil plus 2.5 mg bupivacaine, or saline through 28-gauge spinal microcatheters for early postoperative pain relief after major lower-limb surgery (n = 20 in each group). Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, pain scores, and motor function were monitored, and sufentanil concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were measured. Ten additional patients received up to three repetitive injections of 10 microg sufentanil over 24 h. Results All drugs provided excellent pain relief within 15 min after injection, lasting 128 +/- 61 min with sufentanil, 146 +/- 74 min with bupivacaine, and 167 +/- 78 min with the mixture. Patients receiving bupivacaine showed the highest cephalad extension of sensory block (median, T6) and the most intense motor block, whereas patients given only sufentanil had no motor deficit. The duration of analgesia was shorter after subsequent sufentanil injection (100-115 min) than after the first injection (198 +/- 70 min). Six of 50 patients with sufentanil experienced a short episode of respiratory depression within 30 min after the first injection. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of sufentanil peaked at 5 min after injection (183 +/- 167 ng/ml) but were at the level of detection in the plasma. Conclusions Sufentanil injected through microspinal catheters provided profound pain relief without impairing motor function when compared with bupivacaine. However, close monitoring remains mandatory in this setting.

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Jenkins, A. K. L., P. M. Forster et L. S. Jackson. « The effects of timing and rate of marine cloud brightening aerosol injection on albedo changes during the diurnal cycle of marine stratocumulus clouds ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, n^o 3 (8 février 2013) : 1659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1659-2013.

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Abstract. The marine-cloud brightening geoengineering technique has been suggested as a possible means of counteracting the positive radiative forcing associated with anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 increases. The focus of this study is to quantify the albedo response to aerosols injected into marine stratocumulus cloud from a point source at different times of day. We use a cloud-resolving model to investigate both weakly precipitating and non-precipitating regimes. Injection into both regimes induces a first indirect aerosol effect. Additionally, the weakly precipitating regime shows evidence of liquid water path gain associated with a second indirect aerosol effect that contributes to a more negative radiative forcing, and cloud changes indicative of a regime change to more persistent cloud. This results in a cloud albedo increase up to six times larger than in the non-precipitating case. These indirect effects show considerable variation with injection at different times in the diurnal cycle. For the weakly precipitating case, aerosol injection results in domain average increases in cloud albedo of 0.28 and 0.17 in the early and mid morning (03:00:00 local time (LT) and 08:00:00 LT respectively) and 0.01 in the evening (18:00:00 LT). No cloud develops when injecting into the cloud-free early afternoon (13:00:00 LT). However, the all-sky albedo increases (which include both the indirect and direct aerosol effects) are highest for early morning injection (0.11). Mid-morning and daytime injections produce increases of 0.06, with the direct aerosol effect compensating for the lack of cloud albedo perturbation during the cloud-free early afternoon. Evening injection results in an increase of 0.04. For the weakly precipitating case considered, the optimal injection time for planetary albedo response is the early morning. Here, the cloud has more opportunity develop into a more persistent non-precipitating regime prior to the dissipative effects of solar heating. The effectiveness of the sea-spray injection method is highly sensitive to diurnal injection time and the direct aerosol effect of an intense aerosol point source. Studies which ignore these factors could overstate the effectiveness of the marine cloud brightening technique.

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Shahriar, Hossain, Sarah North et Wei-Chuen Chen. « Early Detection of SQL Injection Attacks ». International Journal of Network Security & ; Its Applications 5, n^o 4 (31 juillet 2013) : 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnsa.2013.5404.

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Biswas, Sanjoy, et Achintya Mukhopadhyay. « ASSESSMENT OF THE QUADRUPLE INJECTION STRATEGY OVER TRIPLE INJECTIONS TO IMPROVE EMISSIONS, PERFORMANCE AND NOISE OF THE AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINE ». Facta Universitatis, Series : Mechanical Engineering 20, n^o 2 (28 juillet 2022) : 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume210329049b.

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The present study aims at investigating effectiveness of the quadruple (early-pilot-main-after [epMa]) injection strategy over three different triple [early-main-after (eMa), early-pilot-main (epM) and pilot-main-after (pMa)] injection scheduling in terms of emissions, performance [brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and fuel economy] and noise. The experimentation was carried out on a heavy-duty BS-IV diesel engine with 45% EGR fraction and fixed main injection (Crank-angle) scheduling at eight different RPMs and three loads of engine (20%, 60% and 100%) using design of experiments(DOE). This comprehensive study showed that the quadruple injection strategy provides optimum results in both performance and emissions compared to the promising three triple injection strategy. The quadruple injection strategy exhibits the best BTE at all operating conditions and best BSFC at medium to high-speed zone around 0.5–1% inline to reduce combustion noise (CN) level, especially at low speeds and low to medium load of 0.2–2.2 dBA. Among triple injections, the pMa shows the best performance in BSFC, BTE, smoke and THC emissions. The epM is the best in the CO emissions and torque performance in the low-speed zone. Smoke value is marginally higher for the epMa at low to medium speed than the pMa, although average smoke emissions were the best. Taken together, the overall PM emission level was marginally better than Triple Injections, due to the impact of double pilots in combination with post-injection. In addition, NOx emissions were improved (around 3–6%) significantly with quadruple than with triple injections. The epMa injection scheduling also showed improvement in constant speed fuel economy and in pass-by-noise at the vehicle.

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Virt, Márton, Gergely Granovitter, Máté Zöldy, Ádám Bárdos et Ádám Nyerges. « Multipulse Ballistic Injection : A Novel Method for Improving Low Temperature Combustion with Early Injection Timings ». Energies 14, n^o 13 (22 juin 2021) : 3727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133727.

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Nowadays, increasingly stricter regulations on emission reduction are inducing rapid developments in combustion science. Low-temperature combustion (LTC) is an advanced combustion technology that increases an engine’s thermal efficiency and even provides low emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). The technology often uses early direct injections to achieve sufficient mixture homogeneity. This leads to increasing wall wetting and lower combustion efficiency. This paper introduces the Multipulse ballistic injection (MBI) method to improve combustion with early injection timings. The research was carried out in a four-cylinder medium-duty diesel engine with high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (HP-EGR). The investigation was divided into two experiments. In the first experiment, MBI was examined without EGR, and in the second, EGR was applied to study its effects. It was found that the MBI strategy decreased wall wetting and increased homogeneity and the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) at early injection angles.

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Sun, Yaying, Shaohua Liu, Shiyi Chen et Jiwu Chen. « The Effect of Corticosteroid Injection Into Rotator Interval for Early Frozen Shoulder : A Randomized Controlled Trial ». American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, n^o 3 (21 décembre 2017) : 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517744171.

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Background: Corticosteroid injection is a common treatment for frozen shoulder, but controversy still exists regarding the injection site with the best outcome. Hypothesis: To treat the frozen shoulder in the freezing stage with corticosteroid injection, a single injection into the rotator interval (RI) could yield better effects in terms of improvement in pain, passive range of motion (ROM), and function than would an injection into the intra-articular (IA) or subacromial (SA) space. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Patients with primary frozen shoulder in the freezing stage were randomized into 3 groups: RI injection, IA injection, or SA injection with corticosteroid. Clinical outcomes were documented at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after intervention, including visual analog scale (VAS) for pain; passive ROM measurements, including external rotation, internal rotation, forward flexion, and abduction; and evaluation with the Disability of Arm, Hand, and Shoulder (DASH) score and Constant score. Results: There were no significant differences in the basic properties of the 3 groups (27 in RI group, 24 in IA group, and 26 in SA group) before injection. Improvements in pain VAS, passive ROM, Constant score, and DASH score were faster and significant in the RI group from 4 weeks after injection, followed by those in the IA group. Passive ROM decreased and DASH score did not change significantly in the SA group, although pain VAS and Constant score improved significantly. Conclusion: To treat frozen shoulder in the freezing stage with corticosteroid injection, a single injection into the RI yielded better effects in terms of improvement in pain, passive ROM, and function than did injections into the IA or SA space.

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Gutierrez, Karina, Werner G. Glanzner, Mariana P. de Macedo, Vitor B. Rissi, Naomi Dicks, Rodrigo C. Bohrer, Hernan Baldassarre, Luis B. Agellon et Vilceu Bordignon. « Cell Cycle Stage and DNA Repair Pathway Influence CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Efficiency in Porcine Embryos ». Life 12, n^o 2 (25 janvier 2022) : 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020171.

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CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a powerful tool used for genome manipulation in different cell types and species. However, as with all new technologies, it still requires improvements. Different factors can affect CRISPR/Cas efficiency in zygotes, which influence the total cost and complexity for creating large-animal models for research. This study evaluated the importance of zygote cell cycle stage between early-injection (within 6 h post activation/fertilization) versus late-injection (14–16 h post activation/fertilization) when the CRISPR/Cas9 components were injected and the inhibition of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway of DNA repair on gene editing, embryo survival and development on embryos produced by fertilization, sperm injection, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and parthenogenetic activation technologies. Injections at the late cell cycle stage decreased embryo survival (measured as the proportion of unlysed embryos) and blastocyst formation (68.2%; 19.3%) compared to early-stage injection (86.3%; 28.8%). However, gene editing was higher in blastocysts from late-(73.8%) vs. early-(63.8%) injected zygotes. Inhibition of the HR repair pathway increased gene editing efficiency by 15.6% in blastocysts from early-injected zygotes without compromising embryo development. Our finding shows that injection at the early cell cycle stage along with HR inhibition improves both zygote viability and gene editing rate in pig blastocysts.

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Fukushima, Kensuke, Gen Inoue, Ayumu Kawakubo, Kentaro Uchida, Tomohisa Koyama, Yoshihisa Ohashi, Katsufumi Uchiyama, Naonobu Takahira et Masashi Takaso. « Assessment of the duration and effectiveness of intra-articular lidocaine injections for groin pain in patients with labral tears involving early osteoarthritis ». SICOT-J 7 (2021) : 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sicotj/2020049.

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Introduction: Intra-articular lidocaine injections have been used to confirm the hip pathology and may predict the efficacy of arthroscopic surgery. We have routinely performed the injections as a surgical indicator. The aim of this study was to assess the duration and effectiveness of these diagnostic intra-articular lidocaine injections on groin pain in patients with labral tears involving early osteoarthritis. Methods: A total of 113 patients were included in this study. All patients received one injection of 10 ml of 1% lidocaine into the hip joint under fluoroscopy. The duration and effectiveness of the injection were assessed 2 weeks after the injection and at a minimum of 1 year of follow-up. The effect of the injection was graded as 0: unchanged or worse; 1: an effect only on the day of injection; 2: the effect lasted a few days; 3: the effect lasted about a week; and 4: symptom remission. In addition, we recorded whether hip arthroscopic surgery was eventually performed. Results: The effect was rated as 0 in 19 patients (16.8%), as 1 in 30 patients (26.5%), as 2 in 38 patients (33.6%), as 3 in 13 patients (11.5%), and as 4 in 13 patients (11.5%). Seventy-two patients (63.7%) underwent hip arthroscopic surgery. No relationship with patients’ characteristics was found. Conclusion: In total, 83% of patients experienced some effect of the lidocaine injection. Furthermore, 11.5% of patients experienced complete remission of their symptoms.

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Popov, Yurii M. « The early history of the injection laser ». Physics-Uspekhi 54, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2011) : 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufne.0181.201101m.0102.

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Popov, Yurii M. « The early history of the injection laser ». Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 181, n^o 1 (2011) : 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0181.201101m.0102.

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Sullivan, L., S. P. Kelly, A. Glenn, C. P. R. Williams et M. McKibbin. « Intravitreal bevacizumab injection in unrecognised early pregnancy ». Eye 28, n^o 4 (17 janvier 2014) : 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.311.

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Wang, Buyu, Michael Pamminger, Ryan Vojtech et Thomas Wallner. « Impact of injection strategies on combustion characteristics, efficiency and emissions of gasoline compression ignition operation in a heavy-duty multi-cylinder engine ». International Journal of Engine Research 21, n^o 8 (25 septembre 2018) : 1426–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418801660.

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Gasoline compression ignition using a single gasoline-type fuel for direct/port injection has been shown as a method to achieve low-temperature combustion with low engine-out NOx and soot emissions and high indicated thermal efficiency. However, key technical barriers to achieving low-temperature combustion on multi-cylinder engines include the air handling system (limited amount of exhaust gas recirculation) as well as mechanical engine limitations (e.g. peak pressure rise rate). In light of these limitations, high-temperature combustion with reduced amounts of exhaust gas recirculation appears more practical. Furthermore, for high-temperature gasoline compression ignition, an effective aftertreatment system allows high thermal efficiency with low tailpipe-out emissions. In this work, experimental testing was conducted on a 12.4 L multi-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine operating with high-temperature gasoline compression ignition combustion with port and direct injection. Engine testing was conducted at an engine speed of 1038 r/min and brake mean effective pressure of 1.4 MPa for three injection strategies, late pilot injection, early pilot injection, and port/direct fuel injection. The impact on engine performance and emissions with respect to varying the combustion phasing were quantified within this study. At the same combustion phasing, early pilot injection and port/direct fuel injection had an earlier start of combustion and higher maximum pressure rise rates than late pilot injection attributable to more premixed fuel from pilot or port injection; however, brake thermal efficiencies were higher with late pilot injection due to reduced heat transfer. Early pilot injection also exhibited the highest cylinder-to-cylinder variations due to differences in injector behavior as well as the spray/wall interactions affecting mixing and evaporation process. Overall, peak brake thermal efficiency of 46.1% and 46% for late pilot injection and port/direct fuel injection was achieved comparable to diesel baseline (45.9%), while early pilot injection showed the lowest brake thermal efficiency (45.3%).

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Vamshi, Rentala, Vivekananda Bheemisetty, Raju Bollabathini et Vishwanath Mahadevuni. « A prospective study of intra-articular injections of platelet rich plasma in early osteoarthritis knee joint ». International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 4, n^o 1 (22 décembre 2017) : 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20175661.

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Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a natural concentrate of autologous blood growth factors experimented in different fields of medicine in order to test its potential to enhance tissue regeneration. The aim of our study is to study the effects of intra articular injections of autologous “Platelet Rich Plasma“ in the osteoarthritis of knee joint and to assess the functional outcome after injecting platelet rich plasma in osteoarthritic knee joints and compare the results with standard studies and draw conclusions.Methods: This is a prospective study done on 161 Kellgren-Lawrence radiological grade I and grade II knee joints, between August 2013 and March 2016 which, were treated with PRP intra-articular injections. The procedure consisted of injection of 8 ml platelet concentrate into the knee joint with an 18- gauge needle without local anaesthetic. Patients were assessed with WOMAC (Western Ontario McMaster Universities Arthritis Index) scoring pre injection of PRP and post injection period of 1 month and 6 months. A reduction in WOMAC score is suggestive of improvement in the patient’s condition.Results: There is a significant improvement in WOMAC score of all the patients and the results sustained for more than 6 months. Though there is clinically better results are seen in grade I knee joints than grade II knee joints, these results are statistically not significant.Conclusions: Osteoarthritis (Grade I and Grade II) of Kellgren Lawrence radiological grading does give relief from pain, stiffness and improves functionality without any major side effects and can be recommended as a viable modality of treatment.

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Jenkins, A. K. L., P. M. Forster et L. S. Jackson. « The effects of timing and rate of marine cloud brightening aerosol injection on albedo changes during the diurnal cycle of marine stratocumulus clouds ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, n^o 9 (17 septembre 2012) : 24205–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-24205-2012.

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Abstract. The marine-cloud brightening geoengineering technique has been suggested as a~possible means of counteracting the positive radiative forcing associated with anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 increases. The focus of this study is to quantify the albedo response to aerosols injected into marine stratocumulus cloud from a point source at different times of day. We use a cloud-resolving model to investigate both weakly precipitating and non-precipitating regimes. Injection into both regimes induces a first indirect aerosol effect. Additionally, the weakly precipitating regime shows evidence of the second indirect aerosol effect and leads to cloud changes indicative of a regime change to more persistent cloud. This results in a cloud albedo increase up to six times larger than in the non-precipitating case. These indirect effects show considerable variation with injection at different times in the diurnal cycle. For the weakly precipitating case, aerosol injection results in average increases in cloud albedo of 0.28 and 0.17 in the early and mid morning (03:00:00 local time (LT) and 08:00:00 LT, respectively) and 0.01 in the evening (18:00:00 LT). No cloud develops when injecting into the cloud-free day (13:00:00 LT). However, the all-sky albedo increases (which include both the indirect and direct aerosol effects) are highest for early morning injection (0.11). Mid-morning and daytime injections produce increases of 0.06, with the direct aerosol effect compensating for the lack of cloud albedo perturbation during the cloud-free day. Evening injection results in an increase of 0.04. Penetration and accumulation of aerosols above the cloud top may lead to a reduction of all-sky albedo that tempers the cloud albedo increases. The apparent direct aerosol tempering effect increases with injection rate, although not enough to overcome the increase in all-sky planetary albedo resulting from increases in cloud albedo. For the weakly precipitating case considered, the optimal injection time for planetary albedo response is the early morning. Here, the cloud has more opportunity develop into a more persistent non-precipitating regime prior to the dissipative effects of solar heating. The effectiveness of the sea-spray injection method is highly sensitive to diurnal injection time and the direct aerosol effect of an intense aerosol point source. Studies which ignore these factors could overstate the effectiveness of the marine cloud brightening technique.

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M, Shabibi. « Investigation of Different Scenarios in Simulation of Controlling Water Production in Oil Wells Using Silica Gel Treatments ». Petroleum & ; Petrochemical Engineering Journal 5, n^o 1 (2021) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000253.

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Excess water production is one of the limiting factors in oil recycling, which reduces production efficiency and leaves a lot of costs. In this paper, water control methods were investigated in order to find the best way to control excess water production. For this propos first, a real model was made using the history match of one of Iran's oil fields that produced excess water because of canalization and different simulation scenarios for gel treatment have been investigated. In the study of more scenarios, comparing the water production in the early times and later injecting the gel, the percentage of water production for injection in the early times has been further reduced. When the gel is injected for a fixed period of 6 months in the production and injection wells The best results for lowering the rate of production water are obtained when the gel is injected simultaneously into the injection and production well, which reduces the water production rate by 12,000 barrels, and the best oil production efficiency for when simultaneous injection is performed in the production and injection well. The best treatment method is injection of high concentration gel in the early stages of water production and it's better to inject gel in deeper wells.

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Malik, Sanjeev, Y. M. M. Zhang, Mohammed Al Asimi et Thomas L. Gould. « Steamflood With Vertical Injectors and Horizontal Producers in Multiple Zones ». SPE Reservoir Evaluation & ; Engineering 14, n^o 02 (31 mars 2011) : 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/129248-pa.

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Summary The Mukhaizna heavy-oil field in the Sultanate of Oman desert has three distinct zones that require steam injection to enhance oil recovery. A new, geocellular-based reservoir description was prepared to evaluate the steamflood performance of these three zones using different horizontal- and vertical-well configurations. On the basis of the results of thermal simulations, the final design called for vertical wells injecting steam into all three zones, with three stacked horizontal production (HP) wells, one for each zone. One advantage of this design is the ability to control the steam flux from each vertical injector (VI) into each zone to mitigate early steam breakthrough and optimize recovery. After 2 years of steam injection, oil production is tracking the thermal model nicely.

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Gao, Tongyang, Shui Yu, Tie Li et Ming Zheng. « Impacts of multiple pilot diesel injections on the premixed combustion of ethanol fuel ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, n^o 6 (3 juillet 2017) : 738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017706858.

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Engine experiments were carried out to study the impact of multiple pilot injections of a diesel fuel on dual-fuel combustion with a premixed ethanol fuel, using compression ignition. Because of the contrasting volatility and the reactivity characteristics of the two fuels, the appropropriate scheduling of pilot diesel injections in a high-pressure direct-injection process is found to be effective for improving the clean and efficient combustion of ethanol which is premixed with air using a low-pressure port injection. The timing and duration of each of the multiple pilot injections were investigated, in conjunction with the use of exhaust gas recirculation and intake air boosting to accommodate the variations in the engine load. For correct fuel and air management, an early pilot injection of fuel acted effectively as the reactivity improver to the background ethanol, whereas a late pilot injection acted deterministically to initiate combustion. The experimental results further revealed a set of pilot injection strategies which resulted in an increased ethanol ratio, thereby reducing the emission reductions while retaining a moderate pressure rise rate during combustion.

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Chen, Yicheng, Gaurav K. Shah, Vaishali Shah, Kevin J. Blinder, Abdallah M. Jeroudi, Anthony Leonard, Marina Gilca et al. « Outcomes and Practice Preferences After Endophthalmitis Following Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Injection ». Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases 3, n^o 6 (30 août 2019) : 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2474126419858492.

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Purpose: This study examines treatment-based outcomes of endophthalmitis due to antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injection and its effect on subsequent management of neovascular disease. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study was conducted of 157 patients with a diagnosis of endophthalmitis following anti-VEGF intravitreal injection at 10 major ophthalmic centers. Results: The median number of injections before endophthalmitis was 10 (range, 1 to 84 injections). Initial treatment with tap and inject with or without subsequent vitrectomy trended toward smaller visual acuity changes from baseline (4 ETDRS [Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study] letter difference vs 19 ETDRS letter difference) compared with initial vitrectomy, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant change in medication choice among injections after endophthalmitis. There was a statistically significant shift away from regular interval (1- to 2-month) injections and a shift toward treat-and-extend and as-needed injection algorithms. Conclusions: The visual outcomes were not significantly different between patients who initially underwent tap and injection of antibiotics and those who underwent vitrectomy. There was no significant change in medication choice before and after endophthalmitis but there was a shift toward lower-frequency injection algorithms after postintravitreal injection endophthalmitis compared with prior.

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Belzile, Etienne L., Robert T. Deakon, Christopher Vannabouathong, Mohit Bhandari, Martin Lamontagne et Robert McCormack. « Cost-Utility of a Single-Injection Combined Corticosteroid-Hyaluronic Acid Formulation vs a 2-Injection Regimen of Sequential Corticosteroid and Hyaluronic Acid Injections ». Clinical Medicine Insights : Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders 10 (1 janvier 2017) : 117954411771299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179544117712993.

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Research has shown early and sustained relief with a combination therapy of a corticosteroid (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. This can be administered via a single injection containing both products or as separate injections. The former may be more expensive when considering only product cost, but the latter incurs the additional costs and time of a second procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare the cost-utility of the single injection with the 2-injection regimen. The results of this analysis revealed that the single-injection formulation of a CS and HA may be cost-effective, assuming a willingness-to-pay of $50 000 per quality-adjusted life year gained, for symptomatic relief of OA symptoms. This treatment may also be more desirable to patients who find injections to be inconvenient or unpleasant.

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Beavis, Nicholas J., Salah S. Ibrahim et Weeratunge Malalasekera. « Impingement characteristics of an early injection gasoline direct injection engine : A numerical study ». International Journal of Engine Research 18, n^o 4 (19 août 2016) : 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416663325.

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This article describes the use of a Lagrangian discrete droplet model to evaluate the liquid fuel impingement characteristics on the internal surfaces of an early injection gasoline direct injection engine. This study focuses on fuel impingement on the intake valve and cylinder liner between start of injection and 20° after start of injection using both a single- and a multi-component fuels. The single-component fuel used was iso-octane and the multi-component fuel contained fractions of iso-pentane, iso-octane and n-decane to represent the light, medium and heavy fuel fractions of gasoline, respectively. A detailed description of the impingement and liquid film modelling approach is also provided. Fuel properties, wall surface temperature and droplet Weber number and Laplace number were used to quantify the impingement regime for different fuel fractions and correlated well with the predicted onset of liquid film formation. Evidence of film stripping was seen from the liquid film formed on the side of the intake valve head with subsequent ejected droplets being a likely source of unburned hydrocarbons and particulate matter emissions. Differences in impingement location and subsequent location of liquid film formation were also observed between single- and multi-component fuels. A qualitative comparison with experimental cylinder liner impingement data showed the model to well predict the timing and positioning of the liner fuel impingement.

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Ekblom, Charlotta, Kenneth Söderhäll et Irene Söderhäll. « Early Changes in Crayfish Hemocyte Proteins after Injection with a β-1,3-glucan, Compared to Saline Injected and Naive Animals ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n^o 12 (16 juin 2021) : 6464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126464.

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Early changes in hemocyte proteins in freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, in response to an injection with the fungal pattern recognition protein β-1,3-glucan (laminarin) were investigated, as well as changes after saline (vehicle) injection and in naïve animals. Injection of saline resulted in rapid recruitment of granular hemocytes from surrounding tissues, whereas laminarin injection on the other hand induced an initial dramatic drop of hemocytes. At six hours after injection, the hemocyte populations therefore were of different composition. The results show that mature granular hemocytes increase in number after saline injection as indicated by the high abundance of proteins present in granular cell vesicles, such as a vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 homolog, mannose-binding lectin, masquerade, crustin 1 and serine protease homolog 1. After injection with the β-1,3-glucan, only three proteins were enhanced in expression, in comparison with saline-injected animals and uninjected controls. All of them may be associated with immune responses, such as a new and previously undescribed Kazal proteinase inhibitor. One interesting observation was that the clotting protein was increased dramatically in most of the animals injected with laminarin. The number of significantly affected proteins was very few after a laminarin injection when compared to uninjected and saline-injected crayfish. This finding may demonstrate some problematic issues with gene and protein expression studies from other crustaceans receiving injections with pathogens or pattern recognition proteins. If no uninjected controls are included and no information about hemocyte count (total or differential) is given, expressions data for proteins or mRNAs are very difficult to properly interpret.

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Yamane, K., et Y. Shimamoto. « Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Direct-Injection Compression Ignition Engines by Means of Two-Stage Split and Early Fuel Injection ». Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, n^o 3 (19 juin 2002) : 660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1473157.

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The objective of this study was to experimentally clarify the effect of two-stage split and early injection on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine. Engine tests were carried out using a single-cylinder high-speed DI diesel engine and an injection system, combining an ordinary jerk pump and an electronically controlled high-pressure injection system, KD-3. In these experiments to compare the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics with two-stage split and early injection, a single-stage and early injection was tested. The FT-IR exhaust-gas analyzer simultaneously measured the exhaust emissions of 26 components. The results showed that HCHO, CH3CHO, and CH3COOH were emitted during the very early stage of both single injection and two-stage injection. These concentrations were higher than those from diesel combustion with ordinary fuel injection timings. These exhaust emissions are characteristic components of combustion by premixed compression ignition with extremely early injection. In particular, the HCHO concentration in exhaust was reduced with an increase in the maximum rate of heat release after cool flame due to pre-reaction of pre-mixture. At extremely early injection, the NOx concentration was extremely low; however, the indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) was higher than that of ordinary diesel combustion. In the case of two-stage injection, the degree of constant volume is increased, so that ISFC is improved. These results also demonstrated the possibility of reducing HCHO, NOx, and smoke emissions by means of two-stage split and early injection.

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Riazi-Esfahani, Hamid, Arash Mirzaei, Masoud Mirghorbani, Fariba Ghassemi, Mohammad Zarei, Elias Khalili Pour et Nazanin Ebrahimiadib. « The Role of Early Vitrectomy in the Healing of Retinal Lesions in Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis ». Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2022 (27 février 2022) : 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7636052.

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Purpose. To report on the efficacy of early pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), silicone oil (SO) tamponade, and intravitreal ganciclovir injection in the treatment of a case with progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN). Case Presentation. A 33-year-old man with a history of shingles on the chest skin 2.5 months ago presented with progressive vision loss in both eyes over the past 20 days. Fundus examination revealed retinal necrosis with perivascular clearance. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was confirmed by western blot analysis. Treatment with intravenous acyclovir and intravitreal ganciclovir injections was unable to stop the progression of retinitis. Along with highly active antiretroviral therapy, the patient underwent PPV with SO tamponade and intravitreal ganciclovir injection in both eyes. A few days after surgery, retinal lesions started to improve. Conclusion. Early PPV, SO tamponade, and intravitreal ganciclovir injection may be considered an effective intervention in PORN patients with an unfavorable response to medical treatment.

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Nie, Chaoqun, Gang Xu, Xiaobin Cheng et Jingyi Chen. « Micro Air Injection and Its Unsteady Response in a Low-Speed Axial Compressor ». Journal of Turbomachinery 124, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2002) : 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1508383.

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A new approach, steady micro air injection from the casing, is proposed to improve the stability of a three-stage low-speed axial compression system. Although the injection rate is designated to be only a few ten thousandth of the compressor flow rate, such an injection is able to trigger the unsteady response and thus lower the mass flow rate at stall for up to 5.83%. At the same time, it keeps the steady compressor characteristic with no injection unchanged. In order to verify that the compressor response is indeed unsteady, experiments at various injection configurations are performed, which include different injection angles, axial gaps between injector and blade leading edge, radial penetration of injector and the amount of injected air. Evidences of the unsteady response are further demonstrated through dynamic signal analysis using a wavelet-based method to show the behavior of early flow disturbances under the influence of injection. Numerical analyses performed at near stall condition show that the tip clearance vortices do response to the micro-injection, and thus delay the inception of stall.

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Liang, Xingyu, Zhiwei Zheng, Hongsheng Zhang, Yuesen Wang et Hanzhengnan Yu. « A Review of Early Injection Strategy in Premixed Combustion Engines ». Applied Sciences 9, n^o 18 (7 septembre 2019) : 3737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183737.

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Due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection, limitations on exhaust emissions of diesel engines have become increasingly stringent. This challenges diesel engine manufacturers to find a new balance between engine performance and emissions. Advanced combustion modes for diesel engines, such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), which can simultaneously reduce exhaust emissions and substantially improve thermal efficiency, have drawn increasing attention. In order to allow enough time to prepare the homogeneous mixture, the early injection strategy has been utilized widely in HCCI and PCCI diesel engines. This paper is aimed at providing a comprehensive review of the effects of early injection parameters on the performance and emissions of HCCI and PCCI engines fueled by both diesel and alternative fuels. Various early injection parameters, including injection pressure, injection timing, and injection angle, are discussed. In addition, the effect of the blending ratio of alternative fuels is also summarized. Every change in parameters has its own advantages and disadvantages, which are explained in detail in order to help researchers choose the best early injection parameters for HCCI and PCCI engines.

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Taylor, David M., Corina L. Young, Shubhra Mace et Maxine X. Patel. « Early Clinical Experience With Risperidone Long-Acting Injection ». Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, n^o 8 (15 août 2004) : 1076–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v65n0808.

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Pickett, Lyle M., Sanghoon Kook et Timothy C. Williams. « Transient Liquid Penetration of Early-Injection Diesel Sprays ». SAE International Journal of Engines 2, n^o 1 (20 avril 2009) : 785–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0839.

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Moayeri, N., A. C. Krediet, J. C. Welleweerd, R. L. A. W. Bleys et G. J. Groen. « Early ultrasonographic detection of low-volume intraneural injection ». British Journal of Anaesthesia 109, n^o 3 (septembre 2012) : 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes208.

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Broadhurst, Matthew. « Early Office-Based Injection for Vocal Cord Paralysis ». Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 143, n^o 2_suppl (août 2010) : P81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.06.122.

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Emspak, Jesse. « Early Earth got an injection of heavy metal ». New Scientist 236, n^o 3155 (décembre 2017) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(17)32382-5.

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Newcomer, Karen L., Edward R. Laskowski, David M. Idank, Timothy J. McLean et Kathleen S. Egan. « Corticosteroid Injection in Early Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis ». Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 11, n^o 4 (octobre 2001) : 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200110000-00002.

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Petrou, Petros, Ilias Georgalas, Georgios Giavaras, Eleni Anastasiou, Zoi Ntana et Constantinos Petrou. « Early loss of pregnancy after intravitreal bevacizumab injection ». Acta Ophthalmologica 88, n^o 4 (9 septembre 2009) : e136-e136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01572.x.

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Dey, Sudhansu K. « Visualizing Early Embryo Implantation Sites by Dye Injection ». Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, n^o 2 (juillet 2006) : pdb.prot4361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4361.

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Suan, Guillaume, Boris L. Nikitenko, Mikhail A. Rogov, François Baudin, Jorge E. Spangenberg, Valeriy G. Knyazev, Larisa A. Glinskikh et al. « Polar record of Early Jurassic massive carbon injection ». Earth and Planetary Science Letters 312, n^o 1-2 (décembre 2011) : 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.050.

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Yu, Hanzhengnan, Xingyu Liang et Gequn Shu. « Numerical study of the early injection parameters on wall wetting characteristics of an HCCI diesel engine using early injection strategy ». International Journal of Automotive Technology 18, n^o 5 (9 juillet 2017) : 759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-017-0075-8.

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Lim, Yi Wen, Pooi Wah Lott, Nor Fadhilah Mohamad et Tajunisah Begam Iqbal. « A case series with literature review on adjunctive usage of intravitreal ceftazidime in ocular syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection ». International Journal of STD & ; AIDS 32, n^o 10 (8 mai 2021) : 968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09564624211011917.

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Background: Penicillin is the conventional treatment for all stages of syphilis, including ocular and neurosyphilis, according to the recommendations by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Disease. This case series highlighted three cases of ocular syphilis which showed prompt treatment response as early as 24 h after the adjunctive intravitreal ceftazidime injection. Methods: Case Series. Results: In case 1, there was significant improvement in the vision and vitritis after 24 h of a single intravitreal ceftazidime injection. In case 2, the patient achieved his best vision after a total of three intravitreal injections in his left eye and one in his right eye. In case 3, there was a further resolution of perivascular sheathing and retinal haemorrhages seen 1 week after a single intravitreal ceftazidime injection. Conclusion: The efficacy of intravitreal ceftazidime injection as a local adjunctive therapy in ocular syphilis treatment is noteworthy. It can be considered in cases which show suboptimal or slower treatment response despite early commencement of systemic penicillin to prevent devastating ocular sequelae.

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Shakeel, Hussain, et T. Sara Ahmad. « Steroid Injection Versus NSAID Injection for Trigger Finger : A Comparative Study of Early Outcomes ». Journal of Hand Surgery 37, n^o 7 (juillet 2012) : 1319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.03.040.

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Ritter, Zsombor, Katalin Zámbó, Xinkai Jia, Dávid Szöllősi, Dániel Dezső, Hussain Alizadeh, Ildikó Horváth et al. « Intraperitoneal Glucose Transport to Micrometastasis : A Multimodal In Vivo Imaging Investigation in a Mouse Lymphoma Model ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n^o 9 (23 avril 2021) : 4431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094431.

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Bc-DLFL.1 is a novel spontaneous, high-grade transplantable mouse B-cell lymphoma model for selective serosal propagation. These cells attach to the omentum and mesentery and show dissemination in mesenteric lymph nodes. We aimed to investigate its early stage spread at one day post-intraperitoneal inoculation of lymphoma cells (n = 18 mice), and its advanced stage at seven days post-inoculation with in vivo [18F]FDG-PET and [18F]PET/MRI, and ex vivo by autoradiography and Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI). Of the early stage group, nine animals received intraperitoneal injections, and nine received intravenous [18F]FDG injections. The advanced stage group (n = 3) received intravenous FDG injections. In the early stage, using autoradiography we observed a marked accumulation in the mesentery after intraperitoneal FDG injection. Using other imaging methods and autoradiography, following the intravenous injection of FDG no accumulations were detected. At the advanced stage, tracer accumulation was clearly detected in mesenteric lymph nodes and in the peritoneum after intravenous administration using PET. We confirmed the results with immunohistochemistry. Our results in this model highlight the importance of local FDG administration during diagnostic imaging to precisely assess early peritoneal manifestations of other malignancies (colon, stomach, ovary). These findings also support the importance of applying topical therapies, in addition to systemic treatments in peritoneal cancer spread.

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Teichner, Paula, Amy Cutrell, Ronald D’Amico, David Dorey, Sandy Griffith, Conn M. Harrington, Jenny Huang et al. « 884. Patient Adherence to Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir + Rilpivirine Through 48 Weeks of Maintenance Therapy in the Phase 3 ATLAS and FLAIR Studies ». Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (octobre 2019) : S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz359.043.

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Abstract Background Cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RPV) are under development as a novel long-acting (LA) regimen for maintenance of HIV virologic suppression. Pooled Week 48 data from pivotal Phase 3 trials demonstrated noninferiority of CAB LA + RPV LA vs. current antiretroviral regimen (CAR) on the primary endpoint, proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA ≥50 c/mL (1.9% and 1.7%, respectively). Adherence to dosing visits, use of oral dosing (bridging) to cover planned missed injections and injection tolerability were examined for subjects in the ATLAS and FLAIR studies. Methods Virologically suppressed subjects (HIV-1 RNA < 50 c/mL) were randomized to switch to CAB LA + RPV LA or to continue CAR. On-time injections occurred Q4 weeks within a +7-day dosing window of the projected dosing date. Adherence to LA therapy was calculated as the number of on-time injection visits divided by the number of expected dosing visits through Week 48. Injection visits outside the pre-specified window and missed injection visits with/without the use of oral dosing were quantified. Injection tolerability was assessed via adverse event reporting. Results A total of 14,682 injections of CAB and RPV were administered to 581 subjects during 6,920 injection visits. 98% of injection visits took place within the allowed ±7-day dosing window with 3,194 (46%) on the projected dosing date. Forty-six (<1%) injection visits were early and 106 (2%) were late. Oral bridging was used in 16 subjects overall; 8 planned missed injection visits were successfully covered, with no change to virologic suppression status. No subject with HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 c/mL at Week 48 had missed/late injection visits. 25% (3,663/14,682) of injections were associated with local injection site reactions (ISRs). The most common ISR was pain (3,087/3,663 = 84%). Most ISRs were grade 1–2 (99%), short duration (median 3 days), with few associated discontinuations (<1%). Conclusion Subjects receiving CAB LA + RPV LA demonstrated high rates of adherence to injection visits through week 48, with 98% of injections occurring within the ±7-day dosing window. Oral bridging with CAB and RPV was an effective strategy for maintaining viral load suppression to cover missed injection visits. Injections were well-tolerated with few associated discontinuations. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

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Ryall, James G., Jonathan D. Schertzer, Tammy M. Alabakis, Stefan M. Gehrig, David R. Plant et Gordon S. Lynch. « Intramuscular β2-agonist administration enhances early regeneration and functional repair in rat skeletal muscle after myotoxic injury ». Journal of Applied Physiology 105, n^o 1 (juillet 2008) : 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2007.

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Systemic administration of β2-adrenoceptor agonists (β2-agonists) can improve skeletal muscle regeneration after injury. However, therapeutic application of β2-agonists for muscle injury has been limited by detrimental cardiovascular side effects. Intramuscular administration may obviate some of these side effects. To test this hypothesis, the right extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle from rats was injected with bupivacaine hydrochloride to cause complete muscle fiber degeneration. Five days after injury, half of the injured muscles received an intramuscular injection of formoterol (100 μg). Muscle function was assessed at 7, 10, and 14 days after injury. A single intramuscular injection of formoterol increased muscle mass and force-producing capacity at day 7 by 17 and 91%, respectively, but this effect was transient because these values were not different from control levels at day 10. A second intramuscular injection of formoterol at day 7 prolonged the increase in muscle mass and force-producing capacity. Importantly, single or multiple intramuscular injections of formoterol did not elicit cardiac hypertrophy. To characterize any potential cardiovascular effects of intramuscular formoterol administration, we instrumented a separate group of rats with indwelling radio telemeters. Following an intramuscular injection of formoterol, heart rate increased by 18%, whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 31 and 44%, respectively. These results indicate that intramuscular injection can enhance functional muscle recovery after injury without causing cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, if the transient cardiovascular effects associated with intramuscular formoterol administration can be minimized, this form of treatment may have significant therapeutic potential for muscle-wasting conditions.

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Martini, Liborio, Alessio Via, Chiara Fossati, Filippo Randelli, Pietro Randelli et Davide Cucchi. « Single Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection for Early Stage of Osteoarthritis of the Knee ». Joints 05, n^o 01 (mars 2017) : 002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1601405.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the safety efficacy and outcomes of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) intra-articular injections for early stages of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Twenty-five patients affected by grade I and II knee primary OA according to the Kellgren–Lawrence scale received a single intra-articular PRP injection. Patients were prospectively evaluated for 6 months. Visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) scoring scales were used to evaluate clinical outcomes. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to evaluate significance of improvement of WOMAC, KOOS, and VAS scores. Results Twenty-one patients completed 6-months follow-up. The median WOMAC score improved from 29.1 points (range: 17.4–60.4; standard deviation [SD] = 13.0) at baseline to 42.41 (range: 24.3–71.2; SD = 12.5) at final follow-up. Improvements in median KOOS and VAS score have been also found, from 37.49 points and 64.2 mm before injection to 59.71 points and 42.8 mm, respectively. All these improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.05). No adverse reactions have been observed. Conclusion Treating knee OA with PRP injection is safe. A single dose of PRP seems to be effective in managing pain and improving quality of life in patients with low-grade knee OA. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.

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Topol, Gastón Andrés, Ines Guerrero Pestalardo, Kenneth Dean Reeves, Fernando Elias, Neven J. Steinmetz, An-Lin Cheng et David Rabago. « Dextrose Prolotherapy for Symptomatic Grade IV Knee Osteoarthritis : A Pilot Study of Early and Longer-Term Analgesia and Pain-Specific Cytokine Concentrations ». Clinics and Practice 12, n^o 6 (14 novembre 2022) : 926–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract12060097.

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Background: Neurocytokines may upregulate or downregulate neuropathic pain. We hypothesized that dextrose (D-glucose) injections for therapeutic purposes (dextrose prolotherapy: DPT) in painful knee osteoarthritis (KOA) would favorably affect synovial-fluid neurocytokine concentrations. Methods: Twenty participants with grade IV symptomatic KOA received synovial-fluid aspiration followed by dextrose or simulated dextrose injections, followed by the reverse after one week. All participants then received open-label dextrose injections monthly for 6 months, with serial assessments of walking pain at 20 min for 9 months, as well as synovial-neurocytokine-concentration measurements (calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY)) at one week and three months. Results: Clinically important analgesia was observed at 20 min and for 9 months post dextrose injection. One -week synovial-fluid SP concentration rose by 111% (p = 0.028 within groups and p = 0.07 between groups) in the dextrose-injected knees compared to synovial-fluid aspiration only. Three-month synovial-fluid NPY concentration dropped substantially (65%; p < 0.001) after open-label dextrose injection in all knees. Conclusions: Prompt and medium-term analgesia after intra-articular dextrose injection in KOA was accompanied by potentially favorable changes in synovial-fluid neurocytokines SP and NPY, respectively, although these changes were isolated. Including neurocytokines in future assessments of DPT to elucidate mechanisms of action is recommended.

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Saporito, Andrea, Christian Quadri, Thorsten Steinfeldt, Thomas Wiesmann, Laura Micòl Cantini et Xavier Capdevila. « Early detection of intraneural and intravascular injections with real‐time injection pressure monitoring in cadavers ». Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 64, n^o 10 (19 août 2020) : 1513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.13681.

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