Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Dualismo economico italiano »

Il volume di Frascani ripropone implicitamente la questione di fondo del dualismo economico, culturale e sociale che ha contraddistinto la storia italiana degli ultimi secoli. Lette attraverso la lente di ingrandimento della storia marina, l'evoluzione produttiva e la costruzione simbolica nazionale presentano, una volta di piů, la fisionomia ambigua e differenziata. Le dinamiche del potere e la sua carica disciplinante vengono analizzate con acume e profonditÀ, sollecitando nuovi interrogativi e gettando una luce talvolta inquietante su un tema che, da sempre, la retorica da Belpaese ha piuttosto presentato come unificante e pacificatore.

Lo studio analizza la relazione tra le caratteristiche di alcune fondamentali pratiche di gestione delle risorse umane e il contesto istituzionale italiano e brasiliano in cui si inseriscono le filiali di tre grandi multinazionali. La ricerca affronta in primo luogo il dibattito in merito alla convergenza versus divergenza delle pratiche di gestione delle risorse umane a livello globale e, parallelamente, la relazione tra le linee guide gestionali stabilite dalle "case madri" delle multinazionali e la loro effettiva applicazione a livello delle filiali. Viene sottolineato come la possibilitŕ di ampia convergenza verso un unico modello gestionale abbia trovato sempre meno riscontro, e come anche nelle filiali delle multinazionali l'applicazione delle linee guida fornite dalle case madri trovino dei rilevanti limiti nel contesto istituzionale locale, in primo luogo nazionale. In seguito, lo studio compara le evidenze empiriche rilevate nelle pratiche di reclutamento, formazione e politiche salariali tra le filiali italiane e brasiliane di tre grandi multinazionali. I principali risultati ottenuti mostrano che queste pratiche di gestione di gestione delle risorse umane, anche a fronte di indicazioni comuni diffuse dalle "case madri", si strutturano secondo logiche opposte: una marcata dualitŕ nelle filiali brasiliane, con una netta differenza tra i pochi profili strategici e i molti lavoratori poco qualificati, mentre, comparativamente, tale dicotomia č meno evidente una all'interno delle filiali italiane. La spiegazione di tali differenti logiche viene ricercata guardando all'esterno delle imprese, con un focus specifico sul sistema educativo e sulle relazioni industriali. Il sistema educativo brasiliano č infatti strutturato secondo percorsi molto distinti, fin dai primi anni scolastici, tra classi popolari ed elite, che introducono marcate differenze di risorse di capitale umano nel mercato del lavoro. A ciň si sommano dinamiche di relazioni industriali di origine corporativa, in cui il sindacato č inefficace attore sociale nell'incidere sul crescente dualismo che ha luogo all'interno delle filiali. In Italia, invece, un sistema educativo ampiamente pubblico diviene accessibile opportunitŕ di crescita sociale. L'ambito delle relazioni industriali, inoltre, č caratterizzato dalla prevalenza di ampie dinamiche contrattate, e il sindacato, sia a livello nazionale che nelle singole filiali, agisce come rilevante forza equitativa. Lo studio proposto č un importante contributo alla comprensione delle pratiche di gestione delle risorse umane nelle multinazionali, soprattutto attraverso un approfondimento del caso brasiliano, paese poco studiato in questo ambito e di grande interesse attuale per il suo divenire economico. .

Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of money laundering in Italy. Given the high heterogeneity in terms of economic, social and institutional characteristics, Italy is a compelling case study. Design/methodology/approach By using annual data over the period 2008 to 2013, the authors estimate a balanced panel data linear model using feasible generalized least squares. Following the main literature on the economics of crime, the authors regress the crime rate in each region-year against a set of determinants that include socio-economic, enforcement and crime-specific factors. Findings The authors’ findings reveal that, in most Italian regions, enforcement activities do exert significant deterrence on criminal behaviors: and a negative relationship between enforcement and money laundering can be identified only when there are high levels of enforcement efforts. Moreover, the authors find that the major determinants influencing the rate of money laundering differ between northern, central and southern regions, confirming the existence of regional dualism. In particular, the crime rate in the northern and central area is positively related to the level of corruption and the incidence of mafia-type crimes and negatively related to educational attainment, whereas in the southern regions, money laundering is positively related to the size of the gaming and gambling sector. Originality/value The present paper contributes to the extant literature on the economics of crime in several ways. First, it explicitly analyzes a specific type of financial crime, which presents the higher degree of sanctioning regime in the Italian legislation. Second, Italy offers an important country study because of the forceful presence of mafia clans and organized crime systems operating in the illegal market.

The paper aims to identify the weight of, and principal dynamics in, the manufacturing and service sectors in the Italian regions, in order to better recognise and define the development paths of individual regional economies. On the basis of data published by the National Statistics Institute, a cluster analysis was carried out. The results show a differentiation in the dynamics of tertiarisation, with some regions ready to strengthen services within a virtuous cycle that also favours the development of manufacturing, while other regions appear anchored to an almost pre-industrial model, where the service sector is principally made up of the public administration.

<p>La storiografia incentrata sul tema della Cassa per il Mezzogiorno è molto ampia e si sviluppa in relazione non solo alle questioni generali riguardanti l’intervento straordinario, ma anche alle molteplici forme di articolazione settoriale e territoriale dell’iniziativa pubblica per la ripresa e lo sviluppo del Sud. Una ricostruzione puntuale delle vicende della Cassa, che per oltre un quarantennio– anche se con diversità di impostazione nelle varie fasi –ha operato come strumento delle strategie per lo sviluppo del Mezzogiorno, richiede un impegno molto approfondito. Tuttavia, anche senza effettuare una dettagliata cronistoria dell’attività dell’Ente, si può ricomporre una visione d’insieme, attraverso l’interpretazione di un modello di intervento pubblico collegato strettamente agli eventi economici concreti e all’andamento dei processi di industrializzazione che hanno interessato i territori meridionali.</p><p>La scelta di una prospettiva di lungo periodo, imperniata sull’analisi dell’intervento straordinario nel suo complesso, ha permesso un giudizio più equilibrato su tutta l’epoca dell’azione “aggiuntiva” dello Stato per il recupero del divario meridionale, superando eccessive semplificazioni nella valutazione di quell’esperienza e confutando pareri sommari sui suoi risultati, spesso privi di fondamento. Al tempo stesso, una visione ampia ha fatto emergere un percorso in grado di associare il caso della Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, controverso e difficile, ma considerato anche un modello tra i più avanzati a livello internazionale, a un tema di grande importanza, come quello delle politiche di sviluppo adottate per affrontare i problemi dell’arretratezza economica e per avviare a soluzione i dilemmi del dualismo.</p><p>L’analisi effettuata ha provato l’esistenza di un indiscutibile progresso economico nel periodo della <em>golden age</em>. Durante quell’epoca di prosperità non solo si realizzò un notevole avanzamento delle aree del Paese che già possedevano un’armatura industriale, ma si ottenne, contemporaneamente, il risultato, per nulla scontato, di una modernizzazione della struttura economica del Mezzogiorno –attraverso la politica delle opere pubbliche, prima, e dell’industrializzazione vera e propria, poi– nonché, di un recupero del divario accumulato con le regioni settentrionali. In questo modo, l’intervento straordinario, indirizzato verso obiettivi macroeconomici e guidato da una tecnostruttura come quella della Cassa, al tempo stesso autonoma e reattiva alle scelte strategiche del governo, si dimostrò lo strumento più efficace e innovativo per fare dell’Italia intera una potenza industriale. L’allontanamento da questi esiti, nella fase successiva dominata dalla crisi petrolifera e dalle politiche di ristrutturazione industriale, pur determinando una netta inversione di tendenza, non ha messo in discussione il valore dell’esperienza iniziale della Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, capace di aprire la strada alla crescita economica italiana negli anni del <em>boom</em>.</p><p>Historiography focusing on the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno is indeed vast and developed not only in regard to the main issues concerning the extraordinary intervention, but also to the various sectorial and territorial articulations public interventions for the recovery of Southern Italy undertook. Achieving a punctual reconstruction of the goings-on of the Cassa, an istitution that, for more than forty years –despite some differences in planning during its various phases– operated as an instrument to implement the strategies focusing on developing Southern Italy, requires a very deep commitment. However, an effective overall view can be reconstructed by interpreting a public intervention model strictly linked to the concrete economic events and to the trends of those industrial processes implemented in Southern Italy, even without going through a detailed chronicle of this entity.</p><p>The choice of a long-term perspective, focused on the analysis of the extraordinary intervention in its entirety, allowed for a more balanced evaluation of all the era regarding the “supplementary” actions the Italian State carried out to bridge the gap of its Southern regions, going beyond the exaggerated simplifications plaguing the evaluations of such an experience and confuting those hasty, often baseless, judgments on the results it achieved. At the same time, a wide viewpoint on the matter let a research path emerge, able to link the specific case of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, itself difficult and controversial, while being considered one of the most advanced models internationally, with a very significant theme, such as the development policies implemented to tackle the problems of economic backwardness and to begin solving the dilemmas brought by the dualism.</p><p>The analysis which was carried out proved the existence of an unquestionable economic progress during the <em>golden age</em>. In that era of prosperity, not only did the areas in Italy already possessing a significant industrial presence experience significant advancement, all the while, the result, by no means granted, of a modernized economic structure in Southern Italy was achieved –first through a policy focused on public works and then by true forms of industrialization– and of a significant recovery of the gap the area had towards the Northern regions of Italy. Thus, the extraordinary intervention, focused on macroeconomic goals and driven by a technical structure such as the Cassa, itself autonomous and reacting towards governmental choices at the same time, revealed itself to be the most effective and innovative tool in turning the whole of Italy into an industrial power. The departure from such results in the following phase, dominated by the oil crisis and by the policies of industrial reconstruction, despite triggering a significant trend inversion, never questioned the value of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno’s initial experience, which was able to open and show the way to economical growth, during the Italian <em>boom </em>years.</p>

L'obiettivo di questo contributo è esaminare se e come si è modificata negli ultimi decenni la posizione dei giovani nel mercato del lavoro italiano. A partire dall'esame di alcuni indicatori generali e dalle risultanze delle più rilevanti indagini empiriche, l'analisi si è focalizzata sui più importanti nodi critici che ormai da alcuni decenni rendono il mercato del lavoro italiano un luogo decisamente poco accogliente per i giovani. Innanzitutto, l'attenzione si concentrerŕ sulle cosiddette barriere all'ingresso e sulla durevole presenza, tra le giovani generazioni, di preoccupanti aree di inattivitŕ. In secondo luogo, sarŕ evidenziata la persistente differenza tra giovani uomini e giovani donne, nonché il resistente divario territoriale presente nel nostro paese. Infine, sarŕ presa in esame la forte concentrazione fra i giovani delle forme di lavoro atipiche introdotte a partire dalla seconda metŕ degli anni Novanta e il ruolo ancora determinante della famiglia per affrontare la fase di transizione al lavoro. Se ne deduce che i meccanismi di funzionamento del mercato del lavoro italiano, con le sue differenziazioni territoriali e il forte dualismo generazionale e di genere, non possono risolvere, senza importanti e mirati interventi esterni, il problematico rapporto tra i giovani e il lavoro nel nostro paese.

- This work provides results from a survey based on a very large sample (25,000 firms) of Italian manufacturing firms carried out by MET in 2008. This survey, completed straight before the deepening of the financial crisis, aims to offer a detailed picture of the Italian industrial system with its regional, dimensional and sector-based variability. We show some evidence related to innovation and R&D activities. Intense heterogeneity among Italian regions is identified (other than north/south dualism). The main contribution of the work is to provide some measures of innovation and R&D for the smallest firms. Firm size is particularly relevant in explaining the intensity of R&D and the spread of innovation. Nevertheless, there is a key role of small firms in explaining the aggregate innovation performance both at regional and national level. Strong links between Innovation, R&D and Internationalisation are confirmed. R&D activities among small firms have specific characteristics: external research is widespread with an important role played by laboratories shared with other firms.

Questo lavoro presenta un'analisi territoriale della produttivitŕ totale dei fattori (PTF) in Italia dal 1998 al 2006, utilizzando dati di impresa. L'aspetto territoriale č approfondito scomponendo la PTF negli effetti within-firms e between-firms, calcolati per l'intero campione e per sottogruppi di imprese secondo l'appartenenza settoriale, il contenuto innovativo delle produzioni e la loro internazionalizzazione. I risultati sono tre. Il primo conferma il ruolo della PTF quale fattore esplicativo dell'andamento della produttivitŕ del lavoro. Il secondo indica l'avvio di un ammodernamento del sistema industriale che ha consentito di ridurre gli effetti del rallentamento della produttivitŕ. Infine, questo processo di ristrutturazione ha avuto esiti differenti nelle diverse aree del paese, senza modificare il dualismo tecnologico dell'economia italiana.

This article deals with the COVID-19 pandemic as a point of acceleration for the emergence of a distinctive and yet unstable problematization of the 20th-century school form. Focusing on the Italian public and policy debate on education and adopting an archaeological analytics, it explores what ‘other’ coordinates for the forms of schooling are emerging through the encounters, clashes and co-options between different epistemological standpoints. Mapping the knowledge production about the space(s), time(s) and subjectivity(/ies) of schooling, we discuss the emergence of a problematization of the school form articulated around the concept of ‘blending’ and unfolding around a distinctive set of organizing dualisms: developmentalizing/securing, normalization/pluralization and individual/population. We offer a preliminary sketch of the contours and tensions that constitute the epistemic space where this problematization unfolded. First, we show how medical, economic, digital and educational knowledges converge around the imperative to blend the school form and make it secure and productive through the ‘digital’. Second, we describe the paradoxical traits of the emerging figure of the blended-school form at the intersection between different possible configurations of the space(s) and time(s) of schooling and isolate four strategies for the (self-)governing of its subjectivities: therapy, prudentialism, discipline and enhancement.

Over many years the neoclassical theory has provided a model on consumer behaviour that has allowed economists to study the market dynamics. Nevertheless, in this context, characterized by increasing complexity, a set of variables not covered by the neoclassical model, has become relevant. It is important to consider that there are several limitations to the rationality of economic behaviour, as imperfect and asymmetric information are standard examples of market failure. An uninformed consumer, indeed, is not able to optimize his preferences and could make unhealthy choices. In relation with these studies, it is important, on one hand, add a clear message on food packaging and, on the other hand, to highly educate consumer to understand the nutritional information and to limit unhealthy choices (Drichoutis et al. 2005 and 2008). Several studies showed that inadequate information could lead consumers to make uninformed choices and so could favour an increase of obesity. The difficulty to access to information and the consequent asymmetric information are examples of market failure, as well as the difficulty to access to shops. Related to this concept, it was introduced the term “food desert”, used to describe urban areas where it is difficult to buy certain food products, necessary for a healthy diet, at a reasonable price (Wrigley, 2000, Reisig et al., 2000, Guy et al., 2004). Moreover, it was found that some foods are less available in lower income areas. There is also a difference in the foods availability related to the sale point; indeed the largest shops usually have a high availability of these products and lower prices. The first purpose of this work is to analise the role of information in the process of allocation of free time. The second aim is to evaluate if a high level of knowledge about food products is linked with a lower possibility to incur in condition of overweight and obesity. The third purpose of the work is to examine the relationship between obesity rates and the kind of food shops, by studying the criteria used by consumers in choosing the store. The analysis focuses on the Italian population, though the gap in term of socio-economic conditions between the region of Northern and Southern Italy could have effect on the results of the study. For this reason, empirical investigation takes into account one region of the North and one of the South of Italy. The study was conducted through an empirical analysis and the sample is composed by 300 Italian consumers, 150 resident in Lombardy, and 150 in Puglia. The sampling unit is represented by the places of purchase divided into little shops and big retailers. For larger retailers, supermarkets and hypermarkets were selected, whereas, for little shops, greengroceries, butcher shops and dairies were included. For each type of these retailers the location of each was extracted. The questionnaire is composed by 80 questions. According to recent economic literature concerning consumers, for testing the first purpose we utilised the section of the questionnaire regarding the allocation of time and the occupation. For the second aim, we used the part concerning nutritional knowledge and diet quality and, for the third aim, a section with the self-evaluation of health status, fitness activity, transports used for travels, and the part regarding the factors affecting the choice of the store. The work is organized as follows: the first chapter shows some of the most important literature contributions concerning consumer’s behaviour. The second chapter introduces the possible situations of market failures and the strategies for public intervention. The third chapter describes the methodology and the empirical model utilized, whereas the fourth and the fifth chapters report the results of the empirical analysis; in the sixth chapter concluding remarks are set down. With regard to socio-demographic variables, the results showed, in line with data from Istat, a different distribution between Puglia and Lombardy in terms of BMI. Indeed, in the Southern region rates of obesity are found higher than in the North. Furthermore, the results highlight that disadvantaged social categories such as elderly people and those with a low level of education and low food knowledge are more susceptible to the problem of overweight and obesity. Concerning the first purpose, the work showed that time constraints affect the possibility to read the labelling; indeed, the kind of job and the lack of flexibility affect the time spent on this activity. Referring to second aim, on the relationship between obesity and information, the analysis revealed that the condition of overweight or obesity is determined by a lack of information, causing unhealthy choices. Regarding the third objective of the survey, in particular the accessibility of shops, the results showed that the distance and the health condition can lead the possibility to go to hypermarkets and that the principal determinants that affect the choice of the shops are quality and price of food products. A policy implication of the analysis, to limit the spread of obesity, could lie in programs aimed at improving health and food awareness and focused on the minority groups. On the other hand programs aimed at encourage the fruit and vegetable consumption.

Si sono studiati due settore del made in Italy (industria alimentare e della moda), in due regioni, per capire i presupposti socio/istituzionali dello sviluppo economico e reinterpretare il problema storico della questione meridionale