Thèses sur le sujet « DTU »

Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Biológicas) - Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 2016.
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Estima-se que 7 a 8 milhões de indivíduos estejam infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da doença de Chagas (DC) (W.H.O., 2014), em especial na América Latina, onde essa doença é endêmica (Schofield e Dias, 1999). Desde a descoberta da DC, em 1909 por Carlos Chagas, a heterogeneidade do parasito foi considerada um fator relacionado às diferentes formas clínicas da doença. A classificação dos subtipos do T. cruzi foi determinada conforme as características biológicas, parasitismo tecidual, morfologia, virulência e patogenicidade do parasito na infecção murina (Brener, 1973; Andrade, 1974). Sendo o T. cruzi foi agrupado em três fenótipos, denominados como Biodemas I, II e III (Andrade e Magalhães, 1997). De modo geral, o Biodema I, correspondente ao Zimodema Z2b, foi caracterizado por apresentar cepas predominantemente de forma fina e macrofagotrópica na fase inicial da infecção, com alta virulência com 100% de mortalidade em 12 dias, e pico de parasitemia e mortalidade entre o 7º e o 11º dia pós-infecção (d.p.i.). O Biodema II, correspondente ao Zimodema Z2, apresenta cepas de forma predominantemente larga, miotrópica, com tropismo pelo músculo cardíaco e taxa de multiplicação lenta, cujo pico de parasitemia ocorre de maneira irregular entre o 12º e o 20º d.p.i. Cepas pertencentes a este tipo de Biodema podem apresentar diferentes níveis de virulência. Já o Biodema III, correspondente ao Zimodema Z1, exibe cepas de forma predominantemente larga e miotrópica, com envolvimento de músculo esquelético, pico de parasitemia tardio entre o 25º e o 30º d.p.i. e baixa mortalidade aos 30 dias (Andrade e Magalhães, 1997). Posteriormente, o parasito foi agrupado em dois grupos principais denominados como T. cruzi I e T. cruzi II, que anteriormente se encaixavam na classificação como Biodema III (Zimodema Z1) e Biodema II (Zimodema Z2), respectivamente. As cepas híbridas e com caracterização incerta foram denominadas apenas como T. cruzi até a realização de novos estudos (Anonymous, 1999). Recentemente, as populações de T. cruzi foram reagrupadas, conforme a expressão fenotípica e as características moleculares, em unidade de tipagem (do inglês “Discrete Typing Units” - DTU), denominadas TcI, TcII, TcIII, TcIV, TcV e TcVI, as quais foram caracterizadas por marcadores genéticos (Zingales et al., 2009). Estudos geográficos e epidemiológicos apontam distribuições distintas dessas DTUs, sendo os TcI e TcII mais abrangentes, visto que o TcI é prevalente na América Central e na região norte do Brasil, e o TcII é encontrado predominantemente na América do Sul (Zingales et al., 2009). Essas distintas DTUs, aparentemente, apresentam diferentes padrões de tropismo e parasitismo tecidual (Vago et al., 2000). O padrão do parasitismo tecidual e o grau de resistência ao tratamento por sua vez tem relação com as propriedades biológicas do parasito, uma vez que de modo geral a infecção com o T. cruzi I e o T. cruzi II estão relacionadas com casos de cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC). Ainda, a DTU I foi considerada resistente frente ao único fármaco disponível comercialmente no Brasilpara o tratamento da DC, o Benznidazol (Bz). Por outro lado, o T. cruzi II foi considerado macrofagotrópico e parcialmente susceptível ao tratamento com Bz (Filardi e Brener, 1987; Toledo et al., 2003; Toledo et al., 2004). Em estudos clínicos randomizados, o tratamento com Bz na fase aguda favorece a redução da carga parasitária e sororeversão dos pacientes tratados (de Andrade et al., 1996; Coura et al., 1997; Sosa-Estani et al., 1998). Sugere-se que o tratamento etiológico com Bz deva ser iniciado nos estágios iniciais da DC, pois quando iniciado na fase aguda pode alcançar níveis de 70% de cura (Rodrigues Coura e de Castro, 2002). Outros trabalhos tem revelado que a intervenção com o tratamento de pacientes na forma indeterminada melhora o prognóstico da doença (Lana et al., 1992; Macchado-de-Assis et al., 2013). O Bz ativa a resposta imune inata com aumento dos níveis de monócitos, todavia com diminuição dos monócitos TNF-γ + e IL-12+ (Sathler-Avelar et al., 2009). Na resposta imune adaptativa, o tratamento com Bz favorece mecanismos imunomoduladores mediados por IL-10 produzido por linfócitos T CD4 e B, além de aumentar o número de células NK ativas no sangue periférico, que tem participação na produção e citocinas pró-inflamatórias e moduladoras (Sathler-Avelar et al., 2006). Isto demonstra a importância da inter-relação entre a resposta imune inata e adaptativa no controle da resposta imune exacerbada, que poderá acarretar na lesão tecidual (Sathler-Avelar et al., 2009). Por outro lado, os casos de falha terapêutica, aparentemente, dependem de mecanismos que interferem na expressão de genes relacionados à resistência de algumas cepas do parasito (Campos et al., 2014). Apesar de estar elucidado que o Bz alcança níveis de cura importantes nos pacientes tratados na fase aguda da DC, ainda se faz necessário compreender a participação das diferentes DTUs de T. cruzi na patogênese da doença, bem como elucidar as alterações imunológicas e histopatológicas cardíacas frente ao tratamento na infecção com cepas do T. cruzi que apresentam diferentes graus de susceptibilidade ao tratamento com Benznidazol. Portanto, neste trabalho avaliamos a infecção com duas cepas de DTUs distintas, a cepa Y, caracterizada como TcII e considerada parcialmente resistente ao tratamento com Bz no modelo murino e susceptível no modelo canino, e a cepa Colombiana, classificada como TcI e resistente à terapia com Bz nos modelos murino e canino (Filardi e Brener, 1987; Veloso et al., 2001; Guedes et al., 2002). _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: Trypanosoma cruzi infection may be caused by different strains of distinct discrete typing units (DTUs), characterized by different biological and genetic patterns, which result in variable clinical forms of chronic Chagas disease. These biological differences of the parasite are apparently related to the distinct patterns of resistance to the Benznidazole treatment, the only drug available for Chagas disease treatment in Brazil. In randomized clinical trials, Benznidazole treatment presents a higher cure rate in the acute phase, with reduction of the parasite load and negative seroreversion of treated and cured patients, but there are still questions about the immunopathological changes resulting from this treatment. This study evaluates the immune response and cardiac lesions in dogs experimentally infected with different strains of distincts T. cruzi DTUs that showing different degrees of susceptibility to treatment with Benznidazole, namely Y and Colombian from TcI and TcII DTU, respectively. For this, mongrel dogs were experimentally infected with 2000 Y or Colombian T. cruzi trypomastigotes and undergoing Benznidazole treatment at oral dose of 7 mg/kg, divised in two by day, for 45 days. The infection with the Y strain led to increased levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, leucopoenia, thrombopoenia, inversion of the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes and alterations in monocyte number. In addition, Y strain infection stimulated the production of IFN-γ by CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and IL-4 by CD8+ T-cells. In the chronic phase, significant heart inflammation and fibrosis were observed. During infection with the Colombian strain, increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, erythrocytes, haematocrit and haemoglobin were observed. In addition, CD8+ T-lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood produced higher levels of IL-4. The latter results suggests that during the acute phase, infection with the Colombian strain may remain unnoticed by circulating mononuclear cells. In the chronic phase, a significant increase in the number of inflammatory cells was detected in the right atrium, demonstrating that strains of different DTUs interact differently with the host. When was evaluated the Benznidazole treatment of dogs infected with the Y strain it was observed increase levels of alanine aminotransferase, urea and hemoglobin, lymphopenia, neutropenia, monocytopenia and inversion of the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes. The infection with the Y strain and Benznidazole treatment stimulated the production of IFN-γ and IL-4 by CD4+ T-lymphocytes. In dogs infected with the Colombian strain and Benznidazole treatment, it was observed increase of alanine aminotransferase and hemoglobin, and decrease the monocyte number. So the treatment in Colombian infection controlled the increased amount of red blood cells. Moreover, in chronic phase, dogs with Y and with Colombian strains infection and Benznidazole treatment do not showed significant difference in the number of inflammatory cells and collagen area in the right atrium compared to the not infected and treated group. Therefore, the Benznidazole treatment despite having changed some cell populations in peripheral blood, had significant participation for decrease the IgG level and the inflammation and cardiac fibrosis. So, in this work, the Y strain was apparently first recognized by the immune system, while the Colombian strain escaped from the immune response in the acute phase of Chagas disease, which would impact the progression of cardiomyopathy in the chronic phase. Moreover, the Benznidazole treatment in acute experimental infection controlled the cardiac damage in chronic phase.

La enfermedad de Chagas, o tripanosomiasis americana, es una zoonosis producida por el parásito protozoario flagelado denominado Trypanosoma cruzi, su principal vector es un insecto hematófago de la subfamilia Triatominae, principalmente los géneros Rhodnius (R. prolixus), Triatoma (T. infestans), y Panstrongylus (P. megistus). De las 40 especies de triatominos reconocidos como vectores de la enfermedad, 28 especies se encuentran exclusivamente en México, y 8 son compartidos con los EE.UU. (Ibarra Cárdenas et al., 2009), además de contar con un gran número de reservorios domésticos y silvestres sinantrópicos, dentro de los cuales se encuentra las especies del género Didelphis, desempeñando un papel importante en la transmisión de la enfermedad en hábitats peridomésticos, debido a que pueden actuar simultáneamente como reservorios y vector de Trypanosoma y ser considerados junto con los armadillos y osos hormigueros, como los reservorios más antiguos del parasito. La determinación de la prevalencia de Trypanosoma cruzi en marsupiales de una región determinada, permite tener una aproximación del riesgo que corren otras especies de mamíferos de ser infectadas por este parásito en dicha región. Por otro lado, dado que el genotipo de los parásitos ha sido asociado a la presentación de variaciones en la virulencia y patogenicidad del parásito, la identificación de los linajes de T. cruzi en los marsupiales de la región en estudio, contribuye a conocer los riesgos de salud que corren las especies susceptibles de ser infectadas con las cepas parasitarias circulantes. Se determinó la prevalencia puntual de T. cruzi en las especies de marsupiales presentes en la reserva ecológica El Zapotal e identificar los linajes del parásito circulantes en estos animales. Se hizo un estudio estratificado dentro de la reserva ecológica “El Zapotal”, ubicada en la ciudad de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. Se muestrearon 60 marsupiales en un período comprendido de junio a septiembre del 2014. Para determinar la prevalencia se utilizó el gen miniexón para ampolificar una secuencia de 197 pb (ref). La identificacion de los linajes se realizó amplificndo un fragmento de 832pb del gen TcSC5D y se secuenció. El análisis de las secuencias se realizó con el Software Mega 6.06 mediante cálculos de distancia por el método Maximum Likelihood, con el algoritmo de Tamura de tres parámetros y máxima verosimilitud, con un bootstraping de 500 repeticiones. Para calcular la correlación entre dos matrices de proximidad, se generó una matriz de identidad/similitud utilizando el software MatGAT (Matrix Global Alignment Tool) v2.01 y se realizó un análisis de Mantel. La prevalencia puntual de infección por T. cruzi para el conjunto de los marsupiales presentes en El Zapotal, Tuxtla Gutiérrez en Chiapas, fue de 40%. La prevalencia fue mayor para Philander oposum (57.10%), seguido de Didelphis marsupialis (39.5%) y Didelphis virginiana (30%). Se determinó la presencia del Linaje TCl del Trypanosoma cruzi en l6 de los 60 marsupiales muestreados.

Estudos termoanalíticos de alguns aditivos alimentares da classe dos realçadores de sabor foram desenvolvidos visando avaliar sua estabilidade e resistência durante o preparo de alimentos a quente assim como investigar os eventuais intermediários de decomposição que poderiam resultar destes processos. Os sais foram obtidos de fontes industriais ou sintetizados e submetidos à caracterização por análise elementar, espectrometria vibracional na região do infra-vermelho, termogravimetria/termogravimetria derivada, análise térmica diferencial e em alguns casos, calorimetria exploratória diferencial. Foram estudados o ácido glutâmico e seus sais de amônio, lítio e sódio mono e dissubstituídos. Em todos os casos observou-se uma conversão a piroglutamato após desidratação dos sais monossubstituídos, a qual ocorre via a a-carboxila. A estabilidade térmica destes sais foi da ordem de 190-200 °C. No caso dos sais dissubstituídos de lítio e sódio não houve conversão ao piroglutamato pois as duas carboxilas estão salificadas. Os glutamatos de magnésio, cálcio estrôncio e bário, também foram preparados e investigados quanto ao seu comportamento térmico. Os sais se formaram na estequiometria 2:1 (ligante:metal), apresentando águas de hidratação em número característico e foram estáveis até 190- 200 °C. Finalmente foram estudados os mecanismos de decomposição térmica do inosinato-monofosfato de sódio e do guanilato-monofosfato de sódio, dois nucleotídeos que apresentam a propriedade de realçar o sabor de alimentos. Ambos apresentaram elevado grau de hidratação, para o qual foi possível distinguir mecanismos característicos de desidratação. A decomposição dos sais anidros ocorreu com saída do grupo purínico, seguida da decomposição do restante da molécula e formação de pirofosfato de sódio como resíduo final.
Thermal analytical studies of some food addictives of the flavor enhancer class were developed in order to evaluate their stability and resistance to the hot cooking process, as well as to identify the intermediaries of thermal decomposition that could remain at the end of such processes. The salts were obtained from industrial sources or synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infra-red spectroscopy, thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and in some opportunities to differential scanning calorimetry. The glutamic acid and its ammonium, lithium and sodium salts mono and disubstituted were investigated. In all cases a conversion to pyroglutamate has been observed in the free acid and its monosubstituted salts after dehydration. The conversion undergoes by the ?-carboxyl group. The thermal stability was observed to be as high as 190-200 °C. In the case of the lithiu m and sodium dissubstituted salts any conversions to pyroglutamates were observed, once both carboxyl groups were salified. Magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium glutamates has also been synthesized and investigated in relation to its thermal behavior. The salts were formed in the 2:1 stoichiometry (ligand:metal), presenting hydration waters in a characteristic content and showed to be stable up to 190-200 °C. Finally the thermal decomposition mechanisms of dissodium inosinatemonophosphate and dissodium guanilate-monophosphate two nucleotides with flavor enhancement properties in food were also investigated. Both presented high degree of hydration, to which it was possible to propose a water release mechanism. The decomposition of the anhydrous salts occurred with release of the purine group followed by the decomposition of the rest of the molecule generating sodium pyrophosphate as residue.

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Bioidentical hormones are defined as compounds that have exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body. It is believed that the use of hormones may be safer and more effective than the non-bioidentical hormones, because binding to receptors in the organism would be similar to the endogenous hormone. Bioidentical estrogens have been used in menopausal women, as an alternative to traditional hormone replacement therapy. Thermal data of these hormones are scarce in literature. Thermal analysis comprises a group of techniques that allows evaluating the physical-chemistry properties of a drug, while the drug is subjected to a controlled temperature programming. The thermal techniques are used in pharmaceutical studies for characterization of drugs, purity determination, polymorphism identification, compatibility and evaluation of stability. This study aims to characterize the bioidentical hormones estradiol and estriol through thermal techniques TG/DTG, DTA, DSC, DSC-photovisual. By the TG curves analysis was possible to calculated kinetic parameters for the samples. The kinetic data showed that there is good correlation in the different models used. For both estradiol and estriol, was found zero order reaction, which enabled the construction of the vapor pressure curves. Data from DTA and DSC curves of melting point and purity are the same of literature, showed relation with DSC-photovisual results. The analysis DTA curves showed the fusion event had the best linearity for both hormones. In the evaluation of possible degradation products, the analysis of the infrared shows no degradation products in the solid state
Horm?nios bioid?nticos s?o compostos que t?m exatamente a mesma estrutura qu?mica e molecular dos horm?nios end?genos humanos. Acredita-se que a utiliza??o desses horm?nios pode ser mais segura e eficaz que os horm?nios n?o-bioid?nticos, pois a liga??o aos receptores no organismo se daria de forma semelhante aos horm?nios end?genos. Estrog?nios bioid?nticos v?m sendo utilizado, em mulheres na menopausa, como uma alternativa ? terapia de reposi??o hormonal tradicional. Dados t?rmicos desses horm?nios s?o escassos na literatura. A an?lise t?rmica ? um conjunto de t?cnicas que possibilita medir as propriedades f?sico-qu?micas de uma subst?ncia em fun??o da temperatura. As t?cnicas t?rmicas v?m sendo utilizadas na ?rea farmac?utica em diversas aplica??es, como na caracteriza??o de f?rmacos, determina??o do grau de pureza, identifica??o de polimorfismo, estudos de estabilidade e compatibilidade. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a caracteriza??o dos horm?nios bioid?nticos estradiol e estriol atrav?s das t?cnicas t?rmicas TG/DTG, DTA, DSC, DSC-fotovisual. A partir da an?lise das curvas TG, foi poss?vel calcular os par?metros cin?ticos para as amostras. Os dados cin?ticos mostraram boa correla??o entre os diferentes modelos empregados. Tanto para o estradiol como para o estriol, foi encontrada ordem zero de rea??o, o que possibilitou a constru??o das curvas de press?o de vapor. Dados das curvas DSC e DTA sobre ponto de fus?o e pureza s?o condizentes com a literatura, sendo poss?vel correlacionar estes resultados com o DSC-fotovisual. As an?lises das curvas DTA mostraram o evento de fus?o como o de melhor linearidade para os dois horm?nios. Na avalia??o dos poss?veis produtos de degrada??o, a an?lise do infravermelho mostra que n?o houve produtos de degrada??o no estado s?lido

O tipo de crescimento da haste da soja é característica diferenciadora de cultivares. Os genes, Dt1 e Dt2, afetam a terminação da haste, visto que os tipos de crescimento são classificados em determinado, semideterminado e indeterminado. O tipo de crescimento determinado predominou no Brasil até o início dos anos 2000, ao passo que, na contemporaneidade, há preferência pelo tipo de crescimento indeterminado, principalmente na região centro sul do Brasil. No entanto, a dificuldade de seleção e a tendência de se utilizar com maior frequência cultivares indeterminadas e semideterminadas, nos programas de melhoramento, têm provocado a caracterização fenotípica errônea dos genótipos. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (a) mapear e validar marcadores moleculares para classificar a soja quanto ao tipo de crescimento, buscando facilitar a descrição de cultivares e a seleção genotípica; (b) avaliar características agronômicas de progênies e suas linhas irmãs contrastantes para o gene Dt1 identificadas pelo fenótipo dos respectivos tipos de crescimento. Para mapeamento e validação dos marcadores moleculares, foram utilizadas duas populações F2:3: T 117 (tipo de crescimento semideterminado) x Igra RA 518 RR (tipo de crescimento indeterminado) e CD 235RR (tipo de crescimento determinado) x Igra RA 518 RR. O estudo evidenciou que a associação do marcador molecular ao gene GmTFL1b foi eficiente na classificação dos tipos de crescimento em soja. O marcador sat_064 está ligado ao gene Dt2, localizado no Grupo de Ligação G do mapa consenso da soja, com frequência de recombinação de 19,4%. Os marcadores moleculares para os genes Dt1 e Dt2 são eficientes na descrição de genótipos quanto ao tipo de crescimento da haste da soja bem como para serem utilizados na seleção em programa de melhoramento. Na avaliação das características de três progênies F4:6:9 de soja, cada uma com três linhas irmãs as quais contrastam para o gene Dt1, utilizando para diferenciação dos tipos de crescimento o fenótipo. Nas progênies avaliadas, não houve diferenças entre os tipos de crescimento indeterminado (Dt1Dt1) e determinado (dt1dt1) na massa de planta, diâmetro da haste e massa total de grãos. Quanto as linhas com tipo de crescimento semideterminado (Dt1dt1), apresentaram massa de planta, diâmetro da haste, número de vagens, número de ramos e massa total de grãos maiores que as linhas com tipo de crescimento indeterminado, e altura de plantas foram maiores que linhas com tipo de crescimento determinado. Além disso, comprimento do racemo da haste é maior nas plantas com tipo de crescimento determinado que em plantas com tipo de crescimento semideterminado. Entre as progênies avaliadas, as do tipo de crescimento determinado apresentam racemos apicais nos ramos nas plantas e as com tipos de crescimento semideterminado e indeterminado não apresentam racemos apicais nos ramos. Nessas linhagens avaliadas, havia um nível de homozigose de 98,4375%, a segregação foi basicamente para o gene Dt1 de modo a facilitar a classificação de tipos de crescimento.
The type of stem growth of soybean is a distinguishing feature of cultivars. The genes Dt1 and Dt2 affect termination of the stem, and the types of growth are classified in determinate, semi-determinate and indeterminate. The predominant type of determinate growth in Brazil until the early 2000's. Nowadays preference for type of indeterminate growth is mainly in the central southern Brazil. The difficulty of a precise indication for the growth type in cultivars of soybean is offently present in breeding programs. Phenotypic characterization is sometimes erroneously described. This study aimed to: (a) map and validate molecular markers to classify the type of soybean growth, seeking to facilitate the description of cultivars and genotypic selection, (b) evaluate agronomic characteristics and their sisters contrasting progeny lines for sisters Dt1 gene identified by the phenotype of the respective types of growth. For mapping and validation of molecular markers were used two populations F2:3: T 117 (semi-determinate growth type) x Igra RA 518 RR (sort of indeterminate growth) and CD 235RR (determinate growth type) x Igra RA 518 RR. The study revealed that the association of the molecular marker to the gene GmTFL1b was efficient in the classification of types of growth in soybean. The marker sat_064 was connected to Dt2 gene which is located in the Liaison Group G of the consensus map of soybeans with recombination frequency of 19.4%.The Molecular markers for genes dt1 and dt2 were efficient in describing the genotypes for of soybean stem growth, as well as, for use in selection of a breeding program. The characteristics of three soybean progeny F4:6:9, each one with three sisters contrasting lines for gene Dt1, using for differentiation of phenotype growth type have been evaluated. Results indicated that there were no differences between indeterminate (Dt1Dt1) and determinate (dt1dt1) growth types when the mass of plant, stem diameter and total mass of grains. On the other side, semi-determinate growth type lines (Dt1dt1) has shown mass of plant, stem diameter, number of pods, number of branches and the total mass of grains larger than of indeterminate soybean growing type. The height of plants were greater on plants of semi determinate growth type. The length of the stem raceme was greater on determinate than plants of semi determinate growth type. The three evaluated progenies exhibited apical racemes on the branches of determinate with semi-determinate. Indeterminate growth types did not show apical racemes in the branches. These strains reached a level of homozygosis of 98.4375%. Segregation was basically for gene Dt1 which facilitated the classification in soybean of different growth type.

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Since its synthesis over 48 years rifampicin has been extensively studied. The literature reports the characterization of thermal events for rifampicin in nitrogen atmosphere, however, no characterization in synthetic air atmosphere. This paper aims to contribute to the thermal study of rifampicin through thermal (TG / DTG, DTA, DSC and DSC - FOTOVISUAL ) and non-thermal (HPLC, XRPD , IR - FTIR , PCA) and its main degradation products ( rifampicin quinone , rifampicin N-oxide 3- formylrifamicin). Rifampicin study was characterized as polymorph form II from techniques DSC, IR and XRPD. TG curves for rifampicin in synthetic air atmosphere showed higher thermal stability than those in N2, when analyzed Ti and Ea. There was characterized as overlapping events melting and recrystallization under N2 with weight loss in the TG curve, suggesting concomitant decomposition. Images DSCFotovisual showed no fusion event and showed darkening of the sample during analysis. The DTA curve in synthetic air atmosphere was visually different from DTA and DSC curves under N2, suggesting the absence of recrystallization and melting or presence only decomposition. The IV - FTIR analysis along with PCA analysis and HPLC and thermal data suggest that rifampicin for their fusion is concomitant decomposition of the sample in N2 and fusion events and recrystallization do not occur in synthetic air atmosphere. Decomposition products studied in an air atmosphere showed no melting event and presented simultaneously to the decomposition initiation of heating after process loss of water and / or solvent, varying the Ti initiating events. The Coats - Redfern , Madsudhanan , Van Krevelen and Herwitz - Mertzger kinetic parameters for samples , through the methods of OZAWA , in an atmosphere of synthetic air and / or N2 rifampicin proved more stable than its degradation products . The kinetic data showed good correlation between the different models employed. In this way we contribute to obtaining information that may assist studies of pharmaceutical compatibility and stability of substances
estudada. H? relatos de estudos focando o desenvolvimento de metodologias anal?ticas, novas aplica??es farmac?uticas, bem como, desenvolvimento de novas formas farmac?uticas. A busca pelo entendimento dascaracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas das subst?ncias tem auxiliado no desenvolvimento de novos produtos farmac?uticos, com seguran?a, efic?cia e qualidade,fornecendo informa??es ?teis sobre s?ntese e armazenamento. Dentre os produtos de decomposi??o j? conhecidos para rifampicina, temos a rifampicina quinona, rifampicina N-?xido e 3-formilrifampicina, para tais, dados t?rmicos s?o escassos na literatura. As t?cnicas t?rmicas v?m sendo utilizadas na ?rea farmac?utica em diversas aplica??es, como na caracteriza??o de f?rmacos, determina??o do grau de pureza, identifica??o de polimorfismo, estudos de estabilidade, compatibilidade e cin?tica de degrada??o. Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir com o estudo t?rmico da rifampicina atrav?s das t?cnicas t?rmicas (TG/DTG, DTA, DSC, DSC-Fotovisual)e n?o t?rmicas, e seus principais produtos de degrada??o (rifampicina quinona, rifampicina N-?xido 3-formilrifamicina). A partir de an?lises DSC, DRX e FTIR foi poss?vel caracterizar a rifampicina estudada como polimorfo II. O conjunto de t?cnicas t?rmicas e n?o t?rmicas auxiliaram a verificar que parte da rifamipicina ? decomposta durante o processo de fus?o, em atmosfera de nitrog?nio, bem como que, os eventos de fus?o e recristaliza??o n?o ocorrem em atmosfera de ar sint?tico passando a amostra diretamente a decomposi??o. Os produtos de decomposi??o estudados, quando em atmosfera de ar, n?o apresentaram evento de fus?o e, apresentaram v?rios passos de decomposi??o, com a ocorr?ncia de eventos exot?rmicos e endot?rmicos. A partir de curvas TG din?micas, foi poss?vel calcular os par?metros cin?ticos para as amostras, atrav?s dos m?todos de OZAWA, Coats-Redfern, Madsudhanan, Van Krevelen e Herwitz-Mertzger, em atmosfera de ar sint?tico e/ou nitrog?nio. Os dados cin?ticos mostraram boa correla??o entre os diferentes modelos empregados. Tanto para rifampicina quanto os produtos de degrada??o estudados, foi caracterizado rea??o de ordem um

Die verformungsinduzierten Phasenumwandlungen und die Zwillingsbildung wurden in drei metastabilen austenitischen Cr-Mn-Ni-Stählen mit unterschiedlichem Nickelgehalt im breiten Temperaturbereich untersucht. Die entwickelten STU- und DTU-Diagramme fassen die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zusammen und charakterisieren die verformungsinduzierten Gefügeänderungsprozesse in Abhängigkeit von der Spannung und der Temperatur. Die thermodynamischen Berechnungen bestätigen die Unterschiede in der chemischen Triebkraft für die Martensitumwandlung zwischen den Stählen und erklären unterschiedliches Werkstoffverhalten. Ein thermodynamisch-mechanisches Modell der verformungsinduzierten α‘-Martensitbildung wurde entwickelt. Der maximale α‘-Martensitanteil wird als Funktion der Gesamttriebkraft und der Temperatur mit einer guten Genauigkeit beschrieben. Des Weiteren wurde ein Modell der Umwandlungsplastizität mit Berücksichtigung der Plastizitätsverringerung infolge der isothermen oder spannungsinduzierten Martensitbildung entwickelt. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss von Mikroseigerungen auf die verformungsinduzierte Martensitbildung anhand drei Modellstähle untersucht und bestätigt.

Cette étude porte sur la modélisation numérique du creusement de tunnels à l'aide de boucliers a front pressurise et notamment sur l'adaptation de la méthode du ramollissement, initialement mise au point pour le calcul, en coupe bidimensionnelle, de tunnels creuses à l'aide de procédés non mécanisés. La thèse est composée de 8 chapitres et comprend une étude bibliographique concernant le calcul des ouvrages souterrains, une analyse de la réponse du terrain a une pressurisation du front de taille à partir des calculs axisymétriques, la mise au point d'une méthode permettant de reproduire, dans un calcul plan, en coupe transversale, les effets mis en évidence en conditions axisymétriques et l'application de cette méthode a l'analyse d'un ouvrage instrumente dans le département du val de marne. Cet ouvrage a été équipe d'inclinomètres et d'extensomètres installes dans le terrain, ainsi que de témoins à cordes vibrantes disposes dans un anneau de revêtement. Les mesures ont permis d'analyser la réponse du massif encaissant et de l'ouvrage de soutènement au cours des différentes étapes de creusements. Le creusement de cet ouvrage a été simule à l'aide de la méthode de calcul développée dans le cadre de ce travail et les résultats de calculs confrontes a ceux donnes par les mesures

Analisi generale della struttura e realizzazione dei file DTM, del campionamento dei dati atti alla realizzazione dei modelli digitali del terreno e panoramica sull'applicazione dei DTM nelle varie discipline.

As redes ATM têm se constituído na solução tecnológica ideal para o desenvolvimento da RDSI-FL. O ATM foi desenvolvido para dar suporte, com altas velocidades e com garantia de qualidade, a uma ampla variedade de serviços. A demanda por serviços de comunicação de dados, em velocidades maiores do que as redes de pacotes atuais são capazes de oferecer, tem crescido rapidamente, estimulando o desenvolvimento da tecnologia ATM, que tem sido muito promissora, devida a sua flexibilidade e eficiência. Para dar suporte à comunicação de dados em redes ATM, foram desenvolvidas soluções, como a emulação de redes locais (LANE), a interconexão de redes locais (LAN) e metropolitanas (MAN), e o protocolo IP sobre ATM. O ATM utiliza multiplexação estatística (assíncrona) para inserir os dados nos canais de comunicação de forma otimizada. Esta técnica, permite atender uma quantidade maior de fontes heterogêneas sob num único canal, porém, pode causar congestionamento na rede. O uso da multiplexação estatística, aliada à necessidade de garantir níveis de qualidade diferentes, para cada tipo de serviço, torna necessária a adoção de uma combinação de técnicas de controle de tráfego e congestionamento. Com este propósito, foram desenvolvidos diversas funções e mecanismos, como, por exemplo, controle de acesso (CAC), controle dos parâmetros de uso (UPC), descarte seletivo de células e conformação de tráfego (TS), os quais necessitam conhecer as características do tráfego emitido pela fonte. Por esta razão, toda e qualquer conexão ATM está associada a um contrato de tráfego, que especifica as exigências do usuário, quanto à qualidade de serviço (QoS) a ser oferecida pela rede, através de um descritor de tráfego. O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação, tem por objetivo propor uma metodologia capaz de discriminar um fluxo de células ATM arbitrário, visando a obter os parâmetros descritores de UPC do mesmo. A discriminação de tráfego é relevante à medida que todos os usuários de redes ATM necessitam, de alguma forma, determinar os parâmetros que caracterizam seu fluxo, para poder negociar o contrato de trafego. Infelizmente, a maioria das aplicações ATM, não tem condições prévias de fornecer dados sobre o comportamento do fluxo que geram. Para estas situações, estamos propondo um Discriminador de Tráfego ATM (DTA), que infere a partir de uma amostra inicial do fluxo um conjunto mais provável de parâmetros, os quais constituirão o descritor de tráfego da fonte (STD).

(Introdução): O projecto de D. João II, tinha como objectivo o caminho marítimo que possibilitasse as trocas comerciais com a Ásia, numa tentativa de monopolizar o comércio das especiarias. Deu-se o início do Império português do Orien-te, com a expansão de rotas comerciais para além dos negó-cios existentes no Norte de África e Guiné. O domínio dos Otomanos limitou as trocas comerciais de Veneza e Génova, permitindo aos portugueses estabelecer uma rota marítima praticamente limitada aos perigos do mar e na qual iria ligar directamente as regiões produtoras de especiarias aos seus mercados na Europa; os Otomanos viriam a ser os grandes adversários no mediterrâneo e mar vermelho. Já no reinado de D. Manuel e com Vasco da Gama na liderança da armada portuguesa, iniciou-se a Carreira da Índia (1497-1499). Calecute e Goa foram os primeiros pontos da construção de uma feitoria; o avanço português foi feito de Sul para Norte, estruturando o conjunto de fortalezas e formando uma rede defensiva, coincidente com a rede urbana.

L’efficacité d’une enceinte de traitement thermique dépend des conditions thermo-aérauliques de l’écoulement interne des phases en réaction. De ce fait, la détermination de la Distribution des Temps de Séjour (DTS) de phases a été une méthode d’analyse globale longtemps utilisée en Génie des Procédés. Elle est un paramètre essentiel pour une bonne interprétation des processus macroscopiques réactionnels dans les unités de traitement. Elle permet aussi de diagnostiquer et d’optimiser les conditions de fonctionnement des installations thermiques. Les techniques pour la détermination de la DTS des phases solides sont plus complexes à mettre en œuvre que celles des phases gaz. Le choix du traceur dépend alors de la méthode utilisée pour détecter le lot de particules traçantes à l’entrée et à la sortie du réacteur. Certaines techniques ont été développées dans le but d’une détermination simple de la DTS solide, mais la plupart des techniques perturbatrices de l’écoulement principal. Dans ce travail, on développe un nouvel outil pour la détermination de la distribution des temps de séjour de la phase solide, basée sur la luminescence de particules préalablement enrobées de pigments phosphorescents. Cette méthode optique, non intrusive et souple d’emploi, a été d’abord mise en place à l’échelle laboratoire, sur un banc d’essais aéraulique. Elle a ensuite été appliquée sur un Lit Fluidisé Circulant (LFC), en vue d’une validation à l’échelle semi-industrielle. Son couplage avec une technique DTS gaz par traçage à l’hélium, a permis de déduire certains paramètres d’écoulement tels que la vitesse moyenne de glissement solide/gaz et le taux du transport diphasique
The efficiency of a heat treatment chamber depends on thermo-aeraulic conditions of the internal flow of phases in reaction. Thus, the determination of the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) was a global method of analysis used a long time in process engineering. It is a key parameter for a good interpretation of the macroscopic reactional processes in the processing units. It permits also to diagnose and to optimize the functioning conditions of thermal installations. The techniques for the determination of the RTD of solid phases remain delicate and complex to implement than those of gas phases. The choice of tracer depends then on the method used to detect the batch of tracer particles at the inlet and outlet of reactor. Some techniques were developped with the goal of as a simple determination of the solid RTD, but most are disruptive methods of the main flow. In this work, we develop a new tool for determining the distribution of residence time of the solid phase, based on the luminescence of the particles previously coated with phosphorent pigments. This optical method, non-intrusive and flexible employment, was first put in place at the laboratory scale, on an aeraulic trial bench. It was then applied on a circulating fluidized bed (CFB), in order of the validation at the semi-industrial scale. Its coupling with a gas RTD technique by tracing with the helium, has permit to deduct flow parameters such as average speed slip solid / gas and the void fraction of the diphasique transport

Ceir yn y traethawd hwn olygiad beirniadol 0 gerddi mawl 0 waith dilys Robin Ddu 0 Fon. Cynhwyswyd y cerddi sydd yn moli pobl yn unig, a hepgorwyd y cerddi hynny sydd yn moli gwrthrychau eraill, megis llong. Ceir deuddeg cerdd yn y casgliad, gan gynnwys un cywydd crefyddol, sydd yn fawl i Dduw (cerdd 1); cywydd brud, sydd yn farwnad i Owain Tudur (cerdd 11); a golygiad Bleddyn Owen Huws 0 gywydd gofyn (cerdd 12). Ceir nifer 0 gerddi brud a briodolir i Robin Ddu sydd hefyd yn cyfeirio at gymeriadau blaenllaw yn Rhyfeloedd y Rhosynnau, ac yn eu moli - y Tuduriaid, er enghraifft. Fodd bynnag, ni ellir eu cyfrif hwy yn gerddi mawl. Lluniwyd rhagymadrodd i'r testun, sydd yn ymdrin a'r hyn sydd yn hysbys am Robin Ddu. Ceir ymdriniaeth a'r cerddi nas golygwyd; yna, ceir gwybodaeth am y llawysgrifau a ddefuyddiwyd wrth lunio'r golygiad. Ar 01 y testun, ceir nodiadau esboniadol ar y cymeriadau a'r lleoedd a enwir yn y cerddi, ynghyd a geiriau sydd a'u hystyron yn amwys. Lluniwyd geirfa ar ddiwedd y gwaith.

ITC/USA 2013 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Ninth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 21-24, 2013 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV
Modern aircraft are both bigger in some dimensions and smaller in others than previous generations of aircraft. With earlier airplanes we were able to centrally locate a data acquisition system and bring wires from all of the transducers to a central location. With more recent airplanes two factors have combined to make this impossible. First, each new program requires more transducers and thus more cables: it is no longer possible to bring that many wires to a single location. The other problem is that airplane wings and control surfaces have become thinner leaving less room for cables. To date we have been able to get around the problem by using physically small Data Acquisition Units (DAUs) that are distributed around the aircraft. However, it is now reaching the point where the space available in the airplane to run wires is becoming so limited that we need to use DAUs that have a small number of channels as well. What is being proposed is that the test community develop or adopt a standard that will allow systems to be built that look to the higher level elements of the system as a single DAU but in reality are composed of several small nodes that are distributed around the airplane and connected by some communications medium.

L'établissement de la similarité entre séries temporelles est au cœur de nombreuses tâches d'analyse de données. Les mesures permettant d'établir des similitudes entre les séries temporelles sont spécifiques en ce sens qu'elles doivent pouvoir prendre en compte les différences entre les valeurs constituant la série, ainsi que les distorsions selon l'axe du temps. La mesure de similarité la plus répandue est la mesure Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). Cependant, son calcul est coûteux et son application à des séries temporelles nombreuses et/ou très longues est difficile en pratique. Malgré de nombreuses contributions visant l'accélération de la DTW, réussir son passage à l'échelle de la DTW reste une difficulté majeure. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse s'appuie sur l'idée de transformer les séries temporelles à l'aide de shapelets. Il montre comment des shapelets préservant les mesures DTW peuvent être utilisées dans le contexte spécifique de la recherches de séries temporelles similaires à une série utilisée comme requête, et cela dans un contexte grande échelle. Il s’agit de plonger les séries temporelles dans un espace euclidien construit de telle manière que les distances entre les séries selon la métrique DTW s’y trouvent préservées. Ce manuscrit apporte des contributions majeures : (1) il explique comment les shapelets préservant la DTW peuvent être utilisées dans le contexte spécifique de la recherche de séries temporelles similaires ; (2) il propose des stratégies de sélection de ces shapelets pour faire face à l’échelle, c’est-à-dire pour traiter une collection extrêmement vaste de séries temporelles ; (3) il explique en détail comment gérer les séries temporelles univariées et multivariées, couvrant ainsi tout le spectre des problèmes de recherches et facilitant la moise au point d'applications très diverses. Le coeur de la contribution présentée dans ce manuscrit permet de compenser facilement la complexité du processus de plongement par un jeu sur la précision de la recherche. Des expérimentations utilisant les jeux de données UCR et UEA démontrent l’amélioration considérable des performances par rapport aux techniques de pointe
Establishing the similarity of time series is at the core of many data mining tasks such as time series classification, time series clustering, time series retrieval, among others. Metrics to establish similarities between time series are specific in the sense that they must be able to take into account the differences in the values making the series as well as distortions along the timelines. The most popular similarity metric is the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) measure. However, it is costly to compute, and using it against numerous and/or very long time series is difficult in practice. There has been numerous attempts to accelerate the DTW, yet, scaling DTW remains a major difficulty. An elegant research direction proposes to change the representation of time series such that it is much cheaper to establish similarities. This typically relies on an embedding process where vectorial representations of time series are constructed, allowing then to estimate their similarity using e.g. L2 distances, much faster to compute than DTW. Naturally, the quality of this representation largely depends on the embedding process, and the family of contributions relying on the concept of shapelets prove to work particularly well. Shapelets, and the transform operation materializing the embedding process, were originally proposed for time series classification. Shapelets are independent subsequences extracted or learned from time series to form discriminatory features. Shapelets are used to transform time series in high dimensional (Euclidean) vectors. Recently, it was proposed to embed time series into an Euclidean space such that the distance in this embedded space well approximates the true DTW. This contribution targets time series clustering. The work presented in this Ph.D. manuscript builds on the idea of transforming time series using shapelets. It shows how shapelets that preserve DTW measures can be used in the specific context of large scale time series retrieval. This manuscript is making major contributions: (1) it explains how DTW-preserving shapelets can be used in the specific context of time series retrieval; (2) it proposes some shapelet selection strategies in order to cope with scale, that is, in order to deal with extremely large collection of time series; (3) it details how to handle both univariate and multivariate time series, hence covering the whole spectrum of time series retrieval problems. The core of the contribution presented in this manuscript allows to easily trade-off the complexity of the transformation against the accuracy of the retrieval. Experiments using the UCR and the UEA datasets demonstrate the vast performance improvements compared to state of the art techniques

The purpose of this study was to obtain greater accuracy in the measurement of the heat of reaction by combining data from various thermal analysis techniques. Conventional equations that calculate heat of reaction are limited because they do not take in to account mass change. Therefore, an enhanced equation was developed to integrate mass (weight) change to provide greater accuracy. The path chosen to implement this new equation employed simultaneous Thermogravimetric / Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) that could provide both ΔT and weight data simultaneously. Computer programs were written in C and Pascal languages to provide communication capabilities between computers and to calculate heat of reaction using various equations. This included a qualitative to quantitative (ΔT to ΔH) conversion which was performed to the DTA data file to which the enhanced equation was applied. Various samples were used to test and monitor the performance of the developed equations.

At the present time in Australia (1992) there exists no undergraduate training for dental students in auxiliary utilisation. The result of this is that new dental graduates have no understanding of the concept of practicing sit-down four-handed dentistry in a comfortable and efficient manner. This compares with the United States of America (USA) where, since 1961, every dental student receives formal instruction in Dental Assistant Utilisation (DAU) and, since 1973, Training in Expanded Auxiliary Management. In this treatise the history and development of “four-handed dentistry” is presented along with a literature review of the fundamental principles of DAU. The intial pilot programmes and the subsequent federally funded national DAU programme in the USA are analysed. Four undergraduate DAU programmes from the USA and the current graduate continuing education DAU programme at Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School are examined. Finally, guidelines for the establishment and operation of a DAU programme are outlined. The aim of this treatise therefore, is to provide the necessary information for a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and philosophy of Dental Assistant Utilisation. This information is presented in the hope that at some stage in the future training in assistant utilisation would become an integral and important part of the undergraduate dental curriculum in Australia. The purpose of this would be to fill a major void that currently exists in the undergraduate training of dental students in auxiliary utilisation.

Master of Dental Surgery
At the present time in Australia (1992) there exists no undergraduate training for dental students in auxiliary utilisation. The result of this is that new dental graduates have no understanding of the concept of practicing sit-down four-handed dentistry in a comfortable and efficient manner. This compares with the United States of America (USA) where, since 1961, every dental student receives formal instruction in Dental Assistant Utilisation (DAU) and, since 1973, Training in Expanded Auxiliary Management. In this treatise the history and development of “four-handed dentistry” is presented along with a literature review of the fundamental principles of DAU. The intial pilot programmes and the subsequent federally funded national DAU programme in the USA are analysed. Four undergraduate DAU programmes from the USA and the current graduate continuing education DAU programme at Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School are examined. Finally, guidelines for the establishment and operation of a DAU programme are outlined. The aim of this treatise therefore, is to provide the necessary information for a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and philosophy of Dental Assistant Utilisation. This information is presented in the hope that at some stage in the future training in assistant utilisation would become an integral and important part of the undergraduate dental curriculum in Australia. The purpose of this would be to fill a major void that currently exists in the undergraduate training of dental students in auxiliary utilisation.

In this work, the design of a CMOS broadband low noise amplifier with inherent high performance single-to-differential conversion is presented. These characteristics are driven by the double quadrature single conversion digital television tuner which requires accurately balanced differential signals to perform its function and to improve image rejection. A three-stage amplifier is designed to satisfy several requirements of front-end circuits at the same time. The resistive shunt-feedback topology is adopted to implement a single-ended broadband low-noise amplifier as the first stage. The second stage is an on-chip single-to-differential converter, which employs a novel method to improve its balancing performance. A fully differential buffer capable of driving heavy loads is used as the third stage to further suppress the phase and magnitude errors of output differential signals. Fabricated in 0.35??m TSMC standard CMOS technology, the designed broadband front-end amplifier manages to limit the phase error to within ??1.5?? and magnitude error ??0.75dB over 50~850 MHz frequency range, with 16dB gain and a noise figure of 4dB.

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
Networks have become an integral part of life today. However, connectivity problems arise in rural areas or battlefields where wired networks do not exist and wireless networks have limited coverage. In this regime, research into delay/disruption tolerant networking (DTN) techniques can help maintain opportunistic connectivity with eventual delivery of information. However, current generations of DTN routing techniques have several weaknesses of their own; particularly when the network is under high demand, both message losses and message delays rise quickly. This thesis investigates the potential of a message priority system to maintain delivery rate delays in proportion to message priority. Currently, the priority field exists in the standardized DTN metadata bundle header, but no implementation exists to use message priority as a forwarding criterion. In this thesis, using an eight node PC-based test-bed, we examine performance using existing DTN forwarding strategies, and then implement two new forwarding strategies of our own. Using these two new strategies we repeat the baseline testing using simulated data and disruptions, and observe the results. Our research aims to provide service estimations in terms of delivery rates and comparative delivery times for all levels of priority through all regimes of network demand.

ITC/USA 2012 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Eighth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2012 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
Telemetry networks often operate in challenged wireless environments, resulting in periods of disconnection. Our delay tolerant networking (DTN) gateway dynamically detects disruptions in connectivity and buffers telemetry data until connectivity is reestablished. When the connection is resumed, all buffered data is transmitted automatically in order to backfill any gaps in the telemetry stream. A DTN gateway may operate as a standalone device with multiple DTN client applications, or as a network of mobile DTN gateways which will perform multi-hop ad-hoc routing to deliver telemetry data across the telemetry network system (TmNS). Our DTN gateway also provides conventional IP routing and forwarding capabilities, including support for standard dynamic routing protocols, eliminating the need for a stand-alone IP router on the test article (TA). This paper presents the system architecture of our DTN gateway, along with several deployment scenarios for telemetry environments.

The space environment has always been one of the most challenging for communications, both at physical and network layer. Concerning the latter, the most common challenges are the lack of continuous network connectivity, very long delays and relatively frequent losses. Because of these problems, the normal TCP/IP suite protocols are hardly applicable. Moreover, in space scenarios reliability is fundamental. In fact, it is usually not tolerable to lose important information or to receive it with a very large delay because of a challenging transmission channel. In terrestrial protocols, such as TCP, reliability is obtained by means of an ARQ (Automatic Retransmission reQuest) method, which, however, has not good performance when there are long delays on the transmission channel. At physical layer, Forward Error Correction Codes (FECs), based on the insertion of redundant information, are an alternative way to assure reliability. On binary channels, when single bits are flipped because of channel noise, redundancy bits can be exploited to recover the original information. In the presence of binary erasure channels, where bits are not flipped but lost, redundancy can still be used to recover the original information. FECs codes, designed for this purpose, are usually called Erasure Codes (ECs). It is worth noting that ECs, primarily studied for binary channels, can also be used at upper layers, i.e. applied on packets instead of bits, offering a very interesting alternative to the usual ARQ methods, especially in the presence of long delays. A protocol created to add reliability to DTN networks is the Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP), created to obtain better performance on long delay links. The aim of this thesis is the application of ECs to LTP.

Hemispheric lateralisation in the human brain has been a focus of interest in different fields of neurosciences since a long time (Galaburda, LeMay, Kemper, & Geschwind, 1978; Rubino, 1970). One of the most studied and earliest observed lateralised brain functions is language. Reported in the nineteenth by the French physician and anatomist Paul Broca (1861) and by the German anatomist and neuropathologist Carl Wernicke (1874), language was found to be more impaired following tumours or strokes in the left hemisphere. In recent years, a number of studies have employed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to characterize left hemisphere language-related white matter pathways (Barrick, Lawes, Mackay, & Clark, 2007; Bernal & Altman, 2010; Catani et al., 2007; Glasser & Rilling, 2008; Hagmann et al., 2006; Parker et al., 2005; Propper et al., 2010; Upadhyay, Hallock, Ducros, Kim, & Ronen, 2008; Vernooij et al., 2007). In addition, lesion and fMRI studies in healthy subjects have indicated that speech comprehension and production are lateralised to the left brain hemisphere (A. U. Turken & Dronkers, 2011). The main aim of the present doctoral work is to better delineate the relationship between anatomical and functional correlates of hemispheric dominance in the perisylvian language network. To this purpose a multi-modal neuroimaging approach including DTI and fMRI on a population of 23 healthy individuals was applied. In the first study, a virtual in vivo interactive dissection of the three subcomponents of the arcuate fasciculus was carried out and measures of perisylvian white matter integrity were derived from tract-specific dissection. Consistently with previous studies (Barrick, et al., 2007; Buchel et al., 2004; Catani, et al., 2007; Powell et al., 2006), a significant leftward asymmetry in the fractional anysotropy (FA) value of the long direct segment of the arcuate fasciculus (AF) has been found. In addition, I found another significant leftward lateralisation in the streamlines (SL) of the posterior segment and a rightward distribution of the SL index of the anterior segment of the AF. Finally, I found no evidence of a significant relationship between the leftward lateralisation indeces and any measures of language and verbal memory performance in my group. In the second study, I implemented functional connectivity analysis to test whether leftward lateralisation of connectivity indeces between perisylvian regions can be observed in individuals performing a language-related task. The main finding of the functional connectivity analysis is a significant rightward lateralisation (left, 0.347 ± 0.183; right, 0.493 ± 0.228; P = 0.037) in the anterior connection, between the the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the inferior parietal lobe (IPG). In the third study, I combined DTI and fMRI data to examine whether a significant relationship is present between these measures of perisylvian connectivity and it significantly differs between hemispheres. The correlation analysis demonstrated significant negative relations between the mean FA values in the long segment of the AF and the strength of inter-regional coupling between the IFG and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) in the left hemisphere, and between the mean FA values in the anterior segment of the AF and the strength of regional coupling between IFG and IPL in the right hemisphere. Finally, there were no significant correlations between laterality indices estimated on FA and functional connectivity values.
La lateralizzazione emisferica cerebrale è un grande tema d’interesse nelle neuroscienze da molto tempo (Galaburda, et al., 1978; Rubino, 1970) e una delle funzioni cerebrali lateralizzate storicamente e maggiorment studiate è il linguaggio. Recentemente, diversi studi hanno utilizzato la tecnica di diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) per descrivere i tratti di materia bianca correlati al linguaggio nell’emisfero sinistro (Barrick, et al., 2007; Bernal & Altman, 2010; Catani, et al., 2007; Glasser & Rilling, 2008; Hagmann, et al., 2006; Parker, et al., 2005; Propper, et al., 2010; Upadhyay, et al., 2008; Vernooij, et al., 2007). Inoltre, studi su lesioni e studi fMRI in soggetti sani hanno dimostrato che la comprensione e la produzione linguistica sono funzioni che pertengono all’emisfero sinistro (A. U. Turken & Dronkers, 2011). L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di dottorato consiste nell’approfondire la relazione tra correlati anatomici e funzionali della dominanza emisferica nel circuito linguistico persilviano. A questo scopo è stato utilizzato un approccio multimodale con DTI e fMRI applicate in una popolazione di 23 individue sani. Nel primo studio, ho eseguito una dissezione virtuale in vivo dei tre sottocomponenti del fascicolo arcuato. In accordo con gli studi precedenti (Barrick, et al., 2007; Buchel, et al., 2004; Catani, et al., 2007; Powell, et al., 2006), ho trovato una lateralizzazione sinistra significativa nei valori di anisotropia frazionale (FA) del segmento diretto del fascicolo arcuato. Inoltre, ho trovato un’altra lateralizzazione significativa a sinistra nei valori di streamlines (SL) del segmento posteriore e una lateralizzazione significativa a destra nei valori di SL del segmento anteriore. Infine, non è stata riscontrata alcuna evidenza di una relazione tra gli indici di lateralizzazione e le misure di performance linguistica e di memoria verbale. Nel secondo studio, ho implementato un’analisi di connettività funzionale per testare se la lateralizzazione a sinistra negli inidici di connettività fra le regioni perisilviane prese in considerazione si osservasse mentre gli individui eseguivano un compito linguistico. Il risultato principale di questo secondo studio è stata una lateralizzazione significativa a destra nella connessione anteriore, quindi tra il giro frontale inferiore (IFG) e il lobo parietale inferiore (IPL). Nel terzo studio, ho combinato i dati DTI e fMRI per verificare se ci fosse una relazione significati tra misure di connettività strutturale e funzionale nel circuito perisilviano e se differisse tra i due emisferi. L’analisi di correlazione ha dimostrato correlazioni negative significative tra valori medi di FA nel segmento diretto del fascicolo arcuato e la forza della connettività funzionale tra il IFG e il giro temporale medio nell’emisfero sinistro, e tra valori di FA nel segmento anteriore e la connettività funzionale tra il IFG e il IPL nell’emisfero destro. Infine, non sono emerse correlazioni significative tra gli indici di lateralizzazione calcolati sui valori di FA e di connettività funzionale.

Current views in cognitive neuroscience assume that many high level cognitive functions, such as learning, language, or memory are anatomically widely distributed across the whole brain, interacting and overlapping with different large-scale functional systems. These functional specific brain networks are believed to be implemented in the brain by the segregation of different brain regions, that is, groups of neurons or cortical columns with common functional properties. It is the integration of these distal segregated regions, which might define the different cognitive processes. Moreover, these regions are also connected by the presence of specific neural pathways, which permits the information flow between areas. The lack of an anatomical support of these networks makes a direct functional connection biologically impossible. Indeed, unique afferent and efferent connections might define the connectivity patterns used to convey information to other cortical and subcortical regions. In this framework, it is the integration of the distributed neural network, linked anatomically and functionally in a precise way, which largely may define the brain's function.

More concretely, by combining functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) information, this dissertation aims to examine possible functional and micro-structural interactions in the human brain in order to reach a better understanding of the organization and dynamics of the distributed neural systems that subserve neural functions and human behaviour.

This dissertation should not be considered as a treatise on functional and structural integration but rather as a launching point in order to begin to understand human functional and structural brain connectivity.

KEY WORDS: Diffusion Tensor imaging (DTI); functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI); functional connectivity; micro-structure; neuroimaging; reward processing
Les tendències actuals en ciència cognitiva donen suport a la idea que la majoria de les funcions cognitives d'alt nivell, com ara l'aprenentatge, el llenguatge o la memòria estan sostingudes per circuits funcionals que estan distribuïts i interactuen entre si en el cervell humà. Es creu que aquestes xarxes cerebrals podrien estar segregades en unitats funcionals caracteritzables tant per la seva localització com per les seves interaccions amb diferents poblacions neuronals. La integració d' aquestes unitats funcionals a través de feixos específics de substància blanca modularien el flux d'informació dins la xarxa neuronal, donant lloc al processament de les diferents funcions cognitives. En aquest marc, la dinàmica i l'arquitectura cerebral funcional són essencials per l'estudi dels processos cognitius.

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és explorar possibles interaccions entre funció i micro-estructura fent ús de la tècnica de ressonància magnètica, concretament, combinant imatges de ressonància magnètica funcional i del tensor de difusió. Així, es pretén aprofundir en la comprensió de l'organització i la dinàmica dels diferents sistemes neurals que suporten les funcions cognitives i per tant el comportament humà.
Aquesta tesi no s'ha d'entendre com un tractat d'integració funcional i estructural sinó com un punt de partida en l'estudi de la connectivitat funcional i estructural a partir de tècniques de ressonància magnètica.
RESUMEN:

Las tendencias actuales en ciencia cognitiva dan soporte a la idea que la mayoría de las funciones cognitivas de alto nivel, como por ejemplo el aprendizaje, el lenguaje o la memoria, se sostienen a través de circuitos funcionales que están distribuidos e interactúan en el cerebro humano. Se cree que estas redes neuronales podrían estar segregadas en unidades funcionales que se caracterizarían tanto por su localización como por sus interacciones con diferentes poblaciones neuronales. La integración de estas unidades funcionales a través de haces específicos de sustancia blanca modularían el flujo de información en la red neuronal, dando lugar al procesamiento de diferentes funciones cognitivas. Es en este marco donde la arquitectura cerebral y su dinámica son claves en el estudio de los procesos cognitivos.

El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es investigar posibles interacciones entre función y microstructura utilizando la técnica de resonancia magnética, concretamente combinando imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional así como del tensor de difusión. Se pretende profundizar en la compresión y la organización de la dinámica de los diferentes sistemas neuronales que soportan diferentes funciones cognitivas y por tanto el cerebro humano.

Esta tesis no se ha de considerar como un tratado de integración funcional y estructural sino como el punto de partida en el estudio de la conectividad funcional y estructural a partir del uso de técnicas de resonancia magnética.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Tensor de difusión, Resonancia Magnética funcional (RMf), conectividad funcional, microestructura, neuroimagen, procesamiento de la recompensa.

Distress tolerance (DT) is the perceived ability to withstand psychological stress, and has been studied for its relationship to psychopathology, personality features, mood states, and behaviors. Previous work suggests that the two existing modalities of DT measurement (behavioral and self-report) are tapping conceptually and empirically different constructs. The current developed a novel, self-report measure of DT that conceptually mapped onto behavioral DT in two samples: community participants (N = 982) and undergraduates (N = 282). Two separate factors emerged, non-goal oriented distress intolerance (DI), and goal-oriented distress tolerance (DT). Fit indices were acceptable in the community sample, but poor in the college sample. Both factors showed associations with existing self-report (SR) DT measures, behavioral outcomes, and behavioral tasks (in the college sample) supporting construct validity. Associations with the DT personality network were similar to that of the existing DT-SR measures, and failed to support discriminant validity. Likewise, the documentation of the novel measures with the broad DT nomological network showed predicted associations with personality, mood, and psychopathology, supporting existing literature. Novel measures predicted some significant variance in DT outcomes (psychopathology, behavioral outcomes), above and beyond existing DT-SR, however magnitude was small in nature, and the college sample failed to replicate these results. Measurement invariance testing showed failure at the scalar level in college students. Overall, novel measures did not provide clear support for a separate behavioral definition of DT, and corroborated prior studies investigating extant DT measures and the broad DT nomological network.

This dissertation introduces an innovative technique to extract ground elevation models using small-footprint LIDAR data. This technique consists of a preprocessing step, ground modeling, and interpolation. In the preprocessing step, much of the non-terrain points are eliminated using a histogram-based clustering technique. Then, in the ground modeling stage, the information such as elevation and slope between nearest neighbor points is extracted. This step corresponds to an outlier detection process. In this stage, residuals and gradient indices for elevation and slope, are introduced. These indices are investigated for a constructed 95% confidence interval to discard the remaining non-terrain points. Finally, using spline interpolation, a smooth ground surface is generated. Experimental results show that the presented technique is more robust and yields better results compared to existing techniques, such as linear prediction, modified linear prediction, and adaptive smoothing, in terms of the root mean squared error, absolute mean, and absolute standard deviation. Furthermore, the possibility of using a ground trend model developed from specific tree height measurements is investigated. For this analysis, a statistical regression analysis model is used. Performing this analysis, a 0.63 R-squared value is obtained. This result indicates that the LIDAR ground surface obtained from the presented algorithm is related to the true ground surface.

Renewable energy is being seen as a transformative solution to meet energy as well as climate challenges, both globally and nationally. Solar photovoltaics (PV) technology is emerging as an extremely attractive option, particularly with abundantly available solar resource, modular technology and zero fuel costs for alternative source of energy. The accessibility of shadowfree rooftop region is one of the greatest difficulties in deployment of rooftop solar PV system. In this study three step methodology is adopted to find the total roof top solar PV potential and total solar insolation of DTU campus. In the first step, the calculation of the potential rooftop area available on DTU Campus was done by relying exclusively on freely available satellite imagery (Google Maps, Google Earth, and Wikimapia). The open source instruments are sufficient to estimate the rooftop potential of locations without the need for costly satellite imagery or time-consuming and complex image processing algorithms. In the second step the 3D model of the building is created and the shape and size of shadow area is found at different time to calculate total shade free region. The shadow is mainly due adjacent buildings or due to objects on roof. In the third step, we further revised the estimate using 3D simulation and shading analysis of building clusters to identify discounting factors that account for inter-building shading. The total solar insolation for the topography of the DTU campus is also determined in Arc Map. The total shade free region from 2D mapping is 38099.3 square meter and from 3D simulation is 37112.8 square meter the maximum and minimum deviation in shade free region from both methods are 12.3% and -13.60% respectively. The total solar radiation on the rooftop is found to be 10201.33 MWh/year while the Photovoltaic potential is 3711.28kWp. The total solar radiation for the topography of DTU campus is found to be 58.5 GWh.

In the present study, 23 tree and shrub species were collectively evaluated for air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index (API) analysis which proves to be a practical approach for maintaining air quality and developing a sink for air pollution control. On the basis of APTI, tree species were classified as sensitive and tolerant with respect to air pollution. The results of the study show M. indica, Eucalyptus and F.benghalensis as best performers and more tolerant species with APTI values above 10.0 and API grade above 4, although lower relative water content (RWC). The species were observed to have high ascorbic acid content which helps in maintaining good chlorophyll levels. More than 75% of species had good RWC. On the other hand, C. indica, Thevetia peruviana and B. variegata were least scorers in analysis which can prove to be good for biomonitoring of air quality in the campus. It was observed that the trees with broad leaves and thick canopy had higher chlorophyll concentration compared to the trees with compound leaves and cone-type canopy. About 35% of the studied plants were classified as moderately tolerant to tolerant and rest as intermediately tolerant which may be a cause concern if the concentration of air pollutants rise. On an average the species studied are considered good for green belt development in and around the DTU campus area.

Melanins are composed of polymerized phenolic and/or indolic compounds, commonly found in organisms across all biological kingdoms. In this study, a total of 11 melanin producing bacterial strains were screened from lake water sample collected from DTU Lake, Delhi Technological University, India, using nutrient media supplemented with LTyrosine. Further these pigment producing strains were subjected for various biochemical tests to indicate the organism. Two strains RT3 and Ep1 were sent for microbial identification based on 16S rDNA molecular techniques, consensus sequences were obtained and were utilized for 16S rRNA sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis. After phylogenetic identification, these two bacterial strains RT3 and Ep1 were identified as Stenotrophomonas spp. and Bacillus oleronius respectively. All the screened bacterial strains produced nearly black colored pigment which was tentatively inferred to as melanin only due to its ability to utilize L-tyrosine as precursor. One of the strains, designated RT 3, produced the maximum amount of pigment ~ 149μg/mL of bacterial culture utilized. The pigment was further characterized by UV and FT-IR spectroscopy, and its qualitative analysis was done by performing Thin Layer Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. UV-vis wavelength scan showed the strong absorbance peaks in the region 200 to 240 nm, and further gradual decline when the wavelength is increased towards the infrared region. FT-IR and Thin Layer Chromatography results also confirmed the pigment to be melanin. However, after performing High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the synthetic and bacterial melanin pigment, no trend could be obtained for significant peak analysis in order to quantify the pigment. It still needed further improvisation by trying more solvent systems, so that the results obtained could be relatable.

Liquefaction of soil is one of the major factor of the failure of structures, occurring in the loose saturated sand deposits due to generation of excess pore water pressure. This pore water pressure generates when external shaking like earthquake forces are applied on the soil mass. Although the prevention of this phenomenon can be done by proper soil investigation and analysis. In this study empirical formulas are used for the assessment of liquefaction potential of the soil locally available at Delhi Technological University. SPT ‘N’ values, obtained from DTU soil report have taken for the analysis. Along with that the bearing capacity analysis is carried out using shear wave velocity and obtained results are compared with classical approach results. The shear wave velocity of the soil is evaluated using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW), which is the seismic technique to evaluate the shear wave velocity. Geophones are used for picking up seismic energy coming from active source. These energies are converted into the dispersion curve from where shear wave velocity evaluation along the depth is carried out using Winmasw software. The shear wave velocity is evaluated for four different locations of DTU. After getting adequate shear wave velocity values for these location allowable bearing capacity has been calculated by an empirical formula. Approach using seismic wave velocity is useful in saving the time and cost. Results shows the average shear wave velocity for the Delhi Technological area has found to be nearly to 300 m/s. This comparative study of evaluation of allowable bearing by using shear wave velocity with the classical Terzaghi approach showed that the alteration in allowable bearing capacity has found in very nominal range at these four specific location. Factor of safety from different analytical methods are presented, showing the difference in FOS value at various depth due to change in formulation of CSR (cyclic resistance ratio) and CRR (cyclic resistance ratio).

Energy plays a key role in both the economic growth & prosperity of the country. It determines the pace of development of the developing countries. There is a close relation between the Energy & future growth of a nation. Not only in India but also in the whole world, there is a never-ending and diverging need for energy. Since, ancient times, the energy are derived from one source or another. In much older periods, the demand for light & fuel was met with traditional sources like wood or animal dung or waste plants. Later they got replaced by coal, water & nuclear energy which were then available in abundance. But, as the time goes on, the limitations & drawbacks are stepping forward making the hunt for alternative sources of energy a must, considering the future generation & their needs with a long term vision. As its high time to think upon the quality of the environment, more and more awareness is generating for making the use of the environment friendly resources and products. Though sunlight is considered to be a “convincing solution” to the “need for clean, abundant, cheaper, renewable and environment friendly source of energy,” solar energy currently provides only about 0.01 percent of the total electricity supply needs; this indicates the huge scope of solar SPV in a sub-tropical country like India and rest of the world. Further, recent market trends, regulatory pressures, consumer incentives, and rapid technological advancements are together driving solar energy costs drastically down relative to conventional fossil fuel-derived energy. Now Solar Power is more affordable to common people as compared to the previous era and the only thing, which is missing, is the awareness to be spread about this environment friendly and clean source of energy. Compared to conventional and other renewable energy sources, solar power is especially attractive because it can be easily scaled up Solar electricity can also be generated nearer to consumers and even on site, which greatly reduces or eliminates transmission costs and losses. It always available to us as ready to use source of energy in the daytime. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of variable pricing or net metering schemes also favours solar electricity. Under these schemes electricity rates are higher when peak demand is highest and this generally correlates to when more solar energy is available and electric output highest. Solar PV/module costs are also presently being lowered through higher volume production, improved manufacturing techniques, and alternative solar technologies, reduced size of solar V | P a g e panels due the lesser use of semiconductor material and increased efficiencies of the solar panels. Total costs of installed system of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) systems are further being minimized through economical “balance-of-system” components such as inverters through improved design and installation techniques. Fundamentally, the solar industry as a whole has advanced and grown to the point where solar solutions are not only an environment friendly option but also a cost effective too. The Ministry of Power (MoP) has an obligation to promote and support co-generation technologies and renewable sources for Power generation under the supervision of Nodal agencies and henceforth it will play a major role in mainstreaming renewable energy sector with other conventional energy sources in India. In view of the efforts of government and favourable government policies in renewable sector has compelled various agencies and institutions to look forward in this regard. Delhi technological University has took a step forward and decided to have a SPV rooftop system of 432 KW power. Assuring robust project design, reliability and best support, M/s Hero Future Energies Limited got this opportunity to implement a 432 kW SPV power Plant under the supervision and guidance of the esteemed professors on the rooftops of the buildings of the Delhi Technological University. This research work brings out the technical details & overall cost mitigating this pioneer project. The total power to be produced by the solar cells will be 432 kW. The cell technology, which is being used, is crystalline type. The main objective of this project is to study the economic feasibility and practicality of the of the rooftop solar power systems, also to assess the environmental impact of these type of SPVs. Now days we are in the era of rapid development, which require exponential growth of energy demand. Due to this increasing energy demand the burden on fossil fuels is rising which is a major concern for the sustainable development and healthy environment. Therefore, to avoid this huge concern a way out is to be required some reliable, renewable and clean energy sources is required. Solar power is one the best solution of this problem and must be focused to make it more practical and accessible to the common people. Keeping this thing in mind this particular project related to 432 KWp rooftop solar photovoltaic power plant installed at the campus of Delhi Technological University is chosen so as to enhance the understanding in the practicality of the PV modules and to analyse their design and feasibility in the real world. VI | P a g e As we, all are aware that government is also serious in this regard & has taken many game changer decisions in this field like subsidised solar panels, industry favoured policies for the SPV manufacturers etc. Government of India has recently started JNNSM program to promote solar projects in India. Under this program, many policies are coming in MW scale project as well as in roof top level. Most of industries are running on conventional sources like coal-based energy, diesel sets etc. According to this policy, any industry, commercial, domestic can plan to set up a solar project for their captive consumption. For this purpose, they can use their un-utilized space like space available on roof, sheds, BIPV etc. Till the time all rooftop policies are for captive consumption only. Some of state governments have started some initiatives for net metering policy. Under this scheme, if any solar project has excess generation (which is more than their individual load demand), they can feed that generation to utility grid. This scheme will take some time to finalize. All solar projects that are to be implemented under this policy will be mounted on roofs; sheds etc. only and total power generation from solar will be used in-house only. There is a huge potential available for generating solar power using unutilized space on wastelands, shedding and rooftops around buildings. In fact, small quantities of power generated by each individual household, industrial building complex, commercial building complex or any other type of building can be utilized to partly fulfil the power requirement of the building occupants and surplus, if available, can be fed into the grid. The rooftop SPV systems on building’s rooftops can be installed to substitute DG’S for operation during load shedding. As an advantage setting up the grid interactive solar power plants on the rooftops would help in reducing the consumption of diesel fuel during the day time in the areas where grid power is intermittent. If the grid power is continuous, the solar power generated will be utilized along with the grid power and accordingly the proportionate amount of grid power usage will be reduced. During minimum load periods (e.g. during weekends, holidays etc.), the excess/surplus power generated from solar systems (SPVs) could be fed into the grid. In turn, the State Government can compensate the consumer for the exported/traded power as per policy. Connectivity of these projects to the grid also has to be in agreement with the prevailing CEA guidelines or policy by the State regulators/ DISCOMs. VII | P a g e The work for making DTU a clean energy developing university was assigned to M/s Hero Solar Energy Pvt. Ltd. Who is pioneer in this field and has working parallel on many other projects like as follows: 1. Indraprastha University (GGSIPU, Dwarka, Delhi) 2. Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (NSIT, Dwarka, Delhi) Delhi Technological University (DTU) until 1962, the college was under the direct control of Ministry of Education, Government of India. But, in 1963 the administration/command of the college was handed over to Delhi Administration. Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) was under the direct administrative control of Department of Technical Education & Training, Govt. of NCT of Delhi. For academic purposes, the college was initially affiliated to University of Delhi since 1952. Whereas, from July 2009, the Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) has become Delhi Technological University (DTU) vide Delhi act 6 of 2009. The erstwhile Delhi College of Engineering has functioned/operated from its historic Kashmiri Gate Campus for about 55 years and has shifted in 1996 to its lush green sprawling campus of 164 Acres at Bawana Road, adjoining Sector-17, Rohini, Delhi-110042. Its shifting to its new campus has added new dimensions of research and triggered innovations in plenty, which has received high national and international acclaim. As Delhi Technological University (DTU), it has the desired self-sufficiency to outshine and shape itself as a world class Technological University. Now DTU is heading towards the green and clean energy university title. Therefore, it was decided to conduct detailed study on this rooftop SPV system to analyse its mathematical analysis, feasibility and profitability.

A ATM é uma das articulações mais complexas do corpo humano com alto poder de adaptação por remodelação, em resposta a forças que atuam sobre ela. Quando esse limite de adaptação é ultrapassado, as forças atuantes podem causar injúrias, favorecendo o aparecimento das DTMs. Tais desordens podem ser de origem inflamatória, ou podem ocorrer por alterações na posição do disco articular, ou ainda por incompatibilidade das superfícies articulares. A etiologia da DTM é multifatorial e não há um consenso no que se refere a ação do tratamento ortodontico sobre a ATM. Enquanto alguns autores apontam a mecânica ortodontica como fator causal da DTM, outros defendem a ortodontia como auxiliar no tratamento para tal disfunção. É fundamental que o tratamento ortodontico seja bem conduzido e bem finalizado de forma a buscar a máxima harmonia do sistema estomatognático, evitando assim, danos a ATM.
The TMJ is one of the most complex joints of the human body with high adaptive power by remodeling in response to forces acting on it. When this limit of adaptation is exceeded, the acting forces can cause insults, causing the appearance of TMDs. Such disorders may be of inflammatory origin, or may occur by changes in the position of the articular disc, or by incompatibility of the articular surfaces. The etiology of TMD is multifactorial and there is no consensus regarding the action of orthodontic treatment on TMJ. While some authors point to orthodontic mechanics as a causal factor of TMD, others advocate orthodontics as an aid in the treatment of such dysfunction. It is essential that the orthodontic treatment be well conducted and well finalized in order to seek the maximum harmony of the stomatognathic system, avoiding damages to TMJ.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
華語文教學研究所
90
The thesis deals with the ‘lian…dou/ye …’ construction in modern Chinese. In order to clarify the informational status of ‘lian…’, issues on topic and focus are shown in the first part of this thesis. Then, discussions on semantic functions and conversational implicatures of this construction constitute the sencond part. Lastly, the formal complexity and pedagogical instructions will be presented as well.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
93
This thesis applies a finite difference time domain simulation software package, XFDTD to design the concealed on glass printed automobile antennas for the use of receiving digital video broadcasting. In this study, antenna diversity for the purpose of improving the mobile reception of the digital video broadcasting is evaluated. Also, the return loss, radiation patterns and actual receiving performances of the designed antennas are measured. Those antennas may be applied in automobiles for receiving the wireless digital TV signals. Since the advantage of the wireless digital video broadcasting is to provide high quality mobile receiving, the design of concealed on glass printed automobile antennas may therefore expand remote business and the market of the RV van.