Bibliographies thématiques / Distributed estimate

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Distributed estimate »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Distributed estimate"

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Chiun-Chieh, H. « Distributed task assignment using critical path estimate ». Information Sciences 74, no 3 (novembre 1993) : 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0255(93)90095-4.

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Chong, Sang C., et Karla K. Evans. « Distributed versus focused attention (count vs estimate) ». Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Cognitive Science 2, no 6 (23 décembre 2010) : 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.136.

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Zhang, Qiaoling, Zhe Chen et Fuliang Yin. « Global Coherence Field and Distributed Particle Filter-Based Speaker Tracking in Distributed Microphone Networks ». Journal of Computational Acoustics 23, no 03 (25 juin 2015) : 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x15500101.

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Based on the combination of global coherence field (GCF) and distributed particle filter (DPF) a speaker tracking method is proposed for distributed microphone networks in this paper. In the distributed microphone network, each node comprises a microphone pair, and its generalized cross-correlation (GCC) function is estimated. Based on the average over all local GCC observations, a global coherence field-based pseudo-likelihood (GCF-PL) function is developed as the likelihood for a DPF. In the proposed method, all nodes share an identical particle set, and each node performs local particle filtering simultaneously. In the local particle filter, the likelihood GCF-PL for each particle weight is computed with an average consensus algorithm. With an identical particle set and the consistent estimate of GCF-PL for each particle weight, all individual nodes possess a common particle presentation for the global posterior of the speaker state, which is utilized by each node for an estimated global speaker position. Employing the GCF-PL as the likelihood for DPF, no assumption is required about the independence of nodes observations as well as observation noise statistics. Additionally, only local information exchange occurs among neighboring nodes; and finally each node has a global estimate of the speaker position. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
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Berrahmoune, Larbi. « Stabilization and decay estimate for distributed bilinear systems ». Systems & ; Control Letters 36, no 3 (mars 1999) : 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6911(98)00065-6.

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Li, Wenling, Yingmin Jia et Junping Du. « Distributed extended Kalman filter with nonlinear consensus estimate ». Journal of the Franklin Institute 354, no 17 (novembre 2017) : 7983–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2017.09.033.

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Bako, Sunday Samuel, Mohd Bakri Adam et Anwar Fitrianto. « Impact of Dependence on Parameter Estimates of Autoregressive Process with Gumbel Distributed Innovation ». MATEMATIKA 34, no 2 (2 décembre 2018) : 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/matematika.v34.n2.941.

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Recent studies have shown that independent identical distributed Gaussian random variables is not suitable for modelling extreme values observed during extremal events. However, many real life data on extreme values are dependent and stationary rather than the conventional independent identically distributed data. We propose a stationary autoregressive (AR) process with Gumbel distributed innovation and characterise the short-term dependence among maxima of an (AR) process over a range of sample sizes with varying degrees of dependence. We estimate the maximum likelihood of the parameters of the Gumbel AR process and its residuals, and evaluate the performance of the parameter estimates. The AR process is fitted to the Gumbel-generalised Pareto (GPD) distribution and we evaluate the performance of the parameter estimates fitted to the cluster maxima and the original series. Ignoring the effect of dependence leads to overestimation of the location parameter of the Gumbel-AR (1) process. The estimate of the location parameter of the AR process using the residuals gives a better estimate. Estimate of the scale parameter perform marginally better for the original series than the residual estimate. The degree of clustering increases as dependence is enhance for the AR process. The Gumbel-AR(1) fitted to the Gumbel-GPD shows that the estimates of the scale and shape parameters fitted to the cluster maxima perform better as sample size increases, however, ignoring the effect of dependence lead to an underestimation of the parameter estimates of the scale parameter. The shape parameter of the original series gives a superior estimate compare to the threshold excesses fitted to the Gumbel-GPD.
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Duda, Zdzisław. « Hierarchical filtration for distributed linear multisensor systems ». Archives of Control Sciences 22, no 4 (1 décembre 2012) : 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10170-011-0038-7.

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In the paper two filtration algorithms for distributed multisensor system are presented. The first one is derived for a linear dynamical system composed of local subsystems described by local state equations. Local estimates are sent to a central station to be fused and formed an optimal global estimate. The second algorithm is derived for a system observed by local nodes that determine estimates of the whole system using local information and periodically aggregated information from other nodes. Periodically local estimates are sent to the central station to be fused. Owing to this a reduced communication can be achieved
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Lee, Jongmin, Cihan Tepedelenlioglu, Andreas Spanias et Gowtham Muniraju. « Distributed Quantiles Estimation of Sensor Network Measurements ». International Journal of Smart Security Technologies 7, no 2 (juillet 2020) : 38–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsst.2020070103.

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A quantile is a value below which random draws from a distribution falls with a given probability. In a centralized setting where the cumulative distribution function (CDF) is unknown, empirical CDF can be used to estimate quantiles after data aggregation. In a distributed sensor network, it is challenging to estimate quantiles, as each sensor observes local measurement data with limited storage and transmission power, which makes it difficult to obtain the global ECDF. This paper proposes consensus-based quantile estimation for such networks, even when communication links are corrupted by independent random noise. The state-values are recursively updated with two steps: a local update based on measurement data and current state and averaging updated states with local nodes. The estimated state sequence is shown to be asymptotically unbiased and converges toward the sample quantile in the mean-square sense. Applications on the distributed estimation of trimmed mean; computation of median, maximum, or minimum values; and identification of outliers through simulation are also provided.
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des Tombe, Bas, Bart Schilperoort et Mark Bakker. « Estimation of Temperature and Associated Uncertainty from Fiber-Optic Raman-Spectrum Distributed Temperature Sensing ». Sensors 20, no 8 (15 avril 2020) : 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082235.

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Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems can be used to estimate the temperature along optic fibers of several kilometers at a sub-meter interval. DTS systems function by shooting laser pulses through a fiber and measuring its backscatter intensity at two distinct wavelengths in the Raman spectrum. The scattering-loss coefficients for these wavelengths are temperature-dependent, so that the temperature along the fiber can be estimated using calibration to fiber sections with a known temperature. A new calibration approach is developed that allows for an estimate of the uncertainty of the estimated temperature, which varies along the fiber and with time. The uncertainty is a result of the noise from the detectors and the uncertainty in the calibrated parameters that relate the backscatter intensity to temperature. Estimation of the confidence interval of the temperature requires an estimate of the distribution of the noise from the detectors and an estimate of the multi-variate distribution of the parameters. Both distributions are propagated with Monte Carlo sampling to approximate the probability density function of the estimated temperature, which is different at each point along the fiber and varies over time. Various summarizing statistics are computed from the approximate probability density function, such as the confidence intervals and the standard uncertainty (the estimated standard deviation) of the estimated temperature. An example is presented to demonstrate the approach and to assess the reasonableness of the estimated confidence intervals. The approach is implemented in the open-source Python package “dtscalibration”.
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Ouzahra, M., A. Tsouli et A. Boutoulout. « Stabilisation and polynomial decay estimate for distributed semilinear systems ». International Journal of Control 85, no 4 (avril 2012) : 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207179.2012.656144.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Distributed estimate"

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Carlson, Benjamin Richards. « Development of a Passive Surface Flux Meter to estimate spatially distributed nutrient mass fluxes ». Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2452.

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Due to recent changes in agricultural practices the nutrient load in our waterways has increased causing eutrophication and hypoxia. Many legislative actions have taken place because of this problem, including the Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA), and many different nutrient reduction plans. The CWA governs that impaired waterways must be monitored to meet total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for each watershed. TMDL's must be assessed using data collected over a period of time so that reduction techniques can be administered. TMDL assessments are usually conducted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) through many different monitoring programs. The USGS programs include collecting streamflow and nutrient concentration data and using the information to estimate nutrient loads. Generally, grab sampling is the method of choice for concentrations. Grab samples do not accurately assess the total load as generally only 6-8 samples can be collected over a year due to financial and logistical constraints, while concentrations vary within a span of hours and days. Research applications involve the use of automated sensors (e.g., ISCO) that allow for more frequent sampling in order to overcome this issue but are expensive to purchase and maintain. Thus the development of an inexpensive, passive sampler would be of much interest in estimating load. The Passive Surface Flux Meter (PSFM), an integrative sampler that estimates the total solute load over a storm event, is such an alternative. The PSFM is composed of two sorbents one to collect the contaminant of choice and another to determine the flow through the device. Ion-exchange resin was used to collect nitrates, while Granular Activated Carbon dosed with a suite of alcohols were used to determine flow through the sampler. This thesis sets forth the fundamental theories behind the PSFM, and investigates its ability to measure nutrient fluxes in the field. In-situ deployments within Clear Creek watershed in Iowa were conducted using a modification of the PSFM design by Boland (2011). There was a strong linear relationship between the loads estimated by the PSFM, and "true" load based on USGS stream gage data, and Nitratax sensor data. This implies that the device could be calibrated to work in the field. However, it was determined that the design underestimated the true load in the stream by 29%. This was attributed to the nonlinear relationship between the external velocity and the flow through the sampler, which weighted the results towards the high flow events. To overcome this constraint, a new design is proposed in which flow through the sampler varies linearly with the transient head at the inlet. Flume experiments done under different flow depths proved that linearity conditions were satisfied. Using the results from the laboratory experiments recommendations were made for design of an in-situ deployment of the new design.
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Weideman, Craig Ivan. « Linking satellite and point micrometeorological data to estimate : distributed evapotranspiration modelling based on MODIS LAI, Penman-Monteith and functional convergence theory ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012078.

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Recent advances in satellite sensor technology and micrometeorological instrumentation for water flux measurement, coupled with the expansion of automatic weather station networks that provide routine measurements of near-surface climate variables, present new opportunities for combining satellite and ground-based instrumentation to obtain distributed estimates of vegetation water use over wide areas in South Africa. In this study, a novel approach is tested, which uses satellite leaf area index (LAI) data retrieved by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to inform the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation for calculating reference evaporation (ET₀) of vegetation phenological activity. The model (ETMODIS) was validated at four sites in three different ecosystems across the country, including semi-arid savanna near Skukuza, mixed community grassland at Bellevue, near Pietermaritzburg, and Groenkop, a mixed evergreen indigenous forest near George, to determine potential for application over wider areas of the South African land surface towards meeting water resource management objectives. At Skukuza, evaluated against 170 days of flux data measured at a permanent eddy covariance (EC) flux tower in 2007, the model (ETMODIS) predicted 194.8 mm evapotranspiration relative to 148.9 mm measured fluxes, an overestimate of 31.7 %, (r² = 0.67). At an adjacent site, evaluated against flux data measured on two discrete periods of seven and eight days in February and May of 2005 using a large aperture scintillometer (SLS), ETMODIS predicted 27.4 mm and 6.7 mm evapotranspiration respectively, relative to measured fluxes of 32.5 and 8.2 mm, underestimates of 15.7 % and 18.3 % in each case (r² = 0.67 and 0.34, respectively). At Bellevue, evaluated against 235 days of evapotranspiration data measured using a surface layer scintillometer (SLS) in 2003, ETMODIS predicted 266.9 mm evapotranspiration relative to 460.2 mm measured fluxes, an underestimate of 42 % (r² = 0.67). At Groenkop, evaluated against data measured using a SLS over three discrete periods of four, seven and seven days in February, June and September/October respectively, ETMODIS predicted 9.7 mm, 10.3 mm and 17.0 mm evapotranspiration, relative to measured fluxes of 10.9 mm, 14.6 mm and 23. 9 mm, underestimates of 22.4 %, 11.2 % and 24.1 % in each case (r² = 0.98, 0.43 and 0.80, respectively). Total measured evapotranspiration exceeded total modelled evapotranspiration in all cases, with the exception of the flux tower site at Skukuza, where evapotranspiration was overestimated by ETMODIS by 31.7 % relative to measured (EC) values for the 170 days in 2007 where corresponding modelled and measured data were available. The most significant differences in measured versus predicted data were recorded at the Skukuza flux tower site in 2007 (31.7 % overestimate), and the Bellevue SLS flux site in 2003 (42 % underestimate); coefficients of determination, a measure of the extent to which modelled data are able to explain observed data at validation periods, with just two exceptions, were within a range of 0.67 – 0.98. Several sources of error and uncertainty were identified, relating predominantly to uncertainties in measured flux data used to evaluate ETMODIS, uncertainties in MODIS LAI submitted to ETMODIS, and uncertainties in ETMODIS itself, including model assumptions, and specific uncertainties relating to various inputs; further application of the model is required to test these uncertainties however, and establish confidence limits in performance. Nevertheless, the results of this study suggest that the technique is generally able to produce estimates of vegetation water use to within reasonably close approximations of measurements acquired using micrometeorological instruments, with r² values within the range of other peer-reviewed satellite remote sensing-based approaches.
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Bordallo, Micó Alejandro. « Intention prediction for interactive navigation in distributed robotic systems ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28802.

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Modern applications of mobile robots require them to have the ability to safely and effectively navigate in human environments. New challenges arise when these robots must plan their motion in a human-aware fashion. Current methods addressing this problem have focused mainly on the activity forecasting aspect, aiming at improving predictions without considering the active nature of the interaction, i.e. the robot’s effect on the environment and consequent issues such as reciprocity. Furthermore, many methods rely on computationally expensive offline training of predictive models that may not be well suited to rapidly evolving dynamic environments. This thesis presents a novel approach for enabling autonomous robots to navigate socially in environments with humans. Following formulations of the inverse planning problem, agents reason about the intentions of other agents and make predictions about their future interactive motion. A technique is proposed to implement counterfactual reasoning over a parametrised set of light-weight reciprocal motion models, thus making it more tractable to maintain beliefs over the future trajectories of other agents towards plausible goals. The speed of inference and the effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated via physical robot experiments, where computationally constrained robots navigate amongst humans in a distributed multi-sensor setup, able to infer other agents’ intentions as fast as 100ms after the first observation. While intention inference is a key aspect of successful human-robot interaction, executing any task requires planning that takes into account the predicted goals and trajectories of other agents, e.g., pedestrians. It is well known that robots demonstrate unwanted behaviours, such as freezing or becoming sluggishly responsive, when placed in dynamic and cluttered environments, due to the way in which safety margins according to simple heuristics end up covering the entire feasible space of motion. The presented approach makes more refined predictions about future movement, which enables robots to find collision-free paths quickly and efficiently. This thesis describes a novel technique for generating "interactive costmaps", a representation of the planner’s costs and rewards across time and space, providing an autonomous robot with the information required to navigate socially given the estimate of other agents’ intentions. This multi-layered costmap deters the robot from obstructing while encouraging social navigation respectful of other agents’ activity. Results show that this approach minimises collisions and near-collisions, minimises travel times for agents, and importantly offers the same computational cost as the most common costmap alternatives for navigation. A key part of the practical deployment of such technologies is their ease of implementation and configuration. Since every use case and environment is different and distinct, the presented methods use online adaptation to learn parameters of the navigating agents during runtime. Furthermore, this thesis includes a novel technique for allocating tasks in distributed robotics systems, where a tool is provided to maximise the performance on any distributed setup by automatic parameter tuning. All of these methods are implemented in ROS and distributed as open-source. The ultimate aim is to provide an accessible and efficient framework that may be seamlessly deployed on modern robots, enabling widespread use of intention prediction for interactive navigation in distributed robotic systems.
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Tesfa, Teklu K. « Distributed Hydrological Modeling Using Soil Depth Estimated from Landscape Variable Derived with Enhanced Terrain Analysis ». DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/616.

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The spatial patterns of land surface and subsurface characteristics determine the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological processes. Soil depth is one of these characteristics and an important input parameter required by distributed hydrological models that explicitly represent spatial heterogeneity. Soil is related to topography and land cover due to the role played by topography and vegetation in affecting soil-forming processes. The research described in this dissertation addressed the development of statistical models that predict the soil depth pattern over the landscape; derivation of new topographic variables evaluated using both serial and parallel algorithms; and evaluation of the impacts of detailed soil depth representation on simulations of stream flow and soil moisture. The dissertation is comprised of three papers. In paper 1, statistical models were developed to predict soil depth pattern over the watershed based on topographic and land cover variables. Soil depth was surveyed at locations selected to represent the topographic and land cover variation at the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed, near Boise, Idaho. Explanatory variables were derived from a digital elevation model and remote sensing imagery for regression to the field data. Generalized Additive and Random Forests models were developed to predict soil depth over the watershed. The models were able to explain about 50% of the soil depth spatial variation, which is an important improvement over the soil depth extracted from the SSURGO national soil database. In paper 2, definitions of the new topographic variables derived in the effort to model soil depth, and serial and Message Passing Interface parallel implementations of the algorithms for their evaluation are presented. The parallel algorithms enhanced the processing speed of large digital elevation models as compared to the serial recursive algorithms initially developed. In paper 3, the impact of spatially explicit soil depth information on simulations of stream flow and soil moisture as compared to soil depth derived from the SSURGO soil database has been evaluated. The Distributed Hydrology Vegetation Soil Model was applied using automated parameter optimization technique with all input parameters the same except soil depth. Stream flow was less impacted by the detailed soil depth information, while simulation of soil moisture was slightly improved due to the detailed representation of soil depth.
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Fisher, James I. « The use of remote sensing and other system state estimates in the calibration of a distributed hydrological model ». Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307699.

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Hayakawa, Tomohiro. « Adaptation of a group to various environments through local interactions between individuals based on estimated global information ». Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259039.

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付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第22771号
工博第4770号
新制||工||1746(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻
(主査)教授 松野 文俊, 教授 椹木 哲夫, 教授 泉田 啓
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Krishnan, Rajet. « Problems in distributed signal processing in wireless sensor networks ». Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1351.

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SILVA, Elson Natanael Moreira. « ESTIMAÇÃO PROBABILÍSTICA DO NÍVEL DE DISTORÇÃO HARMÔNICA TOTAL DE TENSÃO EM REDES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO SECUNDÁRIAS COM GERAÇÃO DISTRIBUÍDA FOTOVOLTAICA ». Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1296.

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A problem of electric power quality that always affects the consumers of the distribution network are the harmonic distortions. Harmonic distortions arise from the presence of socalled harmonic sources, which are nonlinear equipment, i.e., equipment in which the voltage waveform differs from the current. Such equipment injects harmonic currents in the network generating distortions in the voltage waveform. Nowadays, the number of these equipment in the electrical network has increased considerably. However, the increasing use of such equipment over the network makes systems more vulnerable and prone to quality problems in the supply of electricity to consumers. In addition, it is important to note that in the current scenario, the generation of electricity from renewable sources, connected in the secondary distribution network, is increasing rapidly. This is mainly due to shortage and high costs of fossil fuels. In this context, the Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (PVDG), that uses the sun as a primary source for electric energy generation, is the main technology of renewable generation installed in distribution network. However, the PVDG is a potential source of harmonics, because the interface of the PVDG with the CA network is carried out by a CC/CA inverter, that is a highly nonlinear equipment. Thus, the electrical power quality problems associated with harmonic distortion in distribution networks tend to increase and be very frequent. One of the main indicators of harmonic distortion is the total harmonic distortion of voltage ( ) used by distribution utilities to limit the levels of harmonic distortion present in the electrical network. In the literature there are several deterministic techniques to estimate . These techniques have the disadvantage of not considering the uncertainties present in the electric network, such as: change in the network configuration, load variation, intermittence of the power injected by renewable distributed generation. Therefore, in order to provide a more accurate assessment of the harmonic distortions, this dissertation has as main objective to develop a probabilistic methodology to estimate the level of in secondary distribution networks considering the uncertainties present in the network and PVDG connected along the network. The methodology proposed in this dissertation is based on the combination of the following techniques: three-phase harmonic power flow in phase coordinate via method sum of admittance, point estimate method and series expansion of Gram-Charlier. The validation of the methodology was performed using the Monte Carlo Simulation. The methodology was tested in European secondary distribution network with 906 nodes of 416 V. The results were obtained by performing two case studies: without the presence of PVDG and with the PVDG connection. For the case studies, the following statistics for nodal were estimated: mean value, standard deviation and the 95% percentile. The results showed that the probabilistic estimation of is more complete, since it shows the variation of due to the uncertainties associated with harmonic sources and electric network. In addition, they show that the connection of PV-DG in the electric network significantly affects the levels of of the electric network.
Um problema de qualidade de energia elétrica que afeta os consumidores da rede de distribuição secundária são as distorções harmônicas. As distorções harmônicas são provenientes da presença das chamadas fontes de harmônicas que são equipamentos de características não-lineares, ou seja, equipamentos em que a forma de onda da tensão difere da de corrente. Tais equipamentos injetam correntes harmônicas na rede produzindo, portanto distorções na forma de onda da tensão. Nos dias atuais, a quantidade desses equipamentos na rede elétrica tem aumentado consideravelmente. Porém, o uso crescente desse tipo de equipamento ao longo da rede torna os sistemas mais vulneráveis e propensos a apresentarem problemas de qualidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores. Além disso, é importante destacar que no cenário atual, a geração de energia elétrica a partir de fontes renováveis, conectada na rede de distribuição secundária, está aumentando rapidamente. Isso se deve principalmente devido a escassez e altos custos dos combustíveis fosseis. Neste contexto, a Geração Distribuída Fotovoltaica (GDFV), que utiliza o sol como fonte primária para geração de energia elétrica, é a principal tecnologia de geração renovável instalada na rede de distribuição no Brasil. Contudo, a GDFV é uma potencial fonte de harmônica, pois a interface da GDFV com a rede CA é realizada por um inversor CC/CA, que é um equipamento altamente não-linear. Desde modo, os problemas de qualidade de energia elétrica associados à distorção harmônica nas redes de distribuição tendem a aumentar e a serem bem frequentes nos consumidores da rede de distribuição secundárias. Um dos principais indicadores de distorção harmônica é a distorção harmônica total de tensão ( do inglês “Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage”) utilizada pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica para quantificar os níveis de distorção harmônica presentes na rede elétrica. Na literatura técnica existem várias técnicas determinísticas para estimar a . Essas técnicas possuem a desvantagem de não considerar as incertezas presentes na rede elétrica, tais como: mudança na configuração da rede, variação de carga e intermitência da potência injetada pela geração distribuída renovável. Portanto, a fim de fornecer uma avaliação mais precisa das distorções harmônicas, este trabalho tem como principal objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia probabilística para estimar o nível de em redes de distribuição secundária considerando as incertezas presentes na rede e na GDFV conectada ao longo da rede. A metodologia proposta nesta dissertação se baseia na combinação das seguintes técnicas: fluxo de potência harmônico trifásico em coordenadas de fase via método de soma de admitância, método de estimação por pontos e expansão em série de Gram-Charlier. Além disso, a validação da metodologia foi realizada utilizando a Simulação Monte Carlo. A metodologia desenvolvida foi testada na rede de distribuição secundária europeia com 906 nós de 416 V. Os resultados foram obtidos realizando dois casos de estudos: sem a presença de GDFV e com a conexão de GDFV. Para ambos os casos de estudo as seguintes estatísticas do nodal foram estimadas: valor médio, desvio padrão e o percentil de 95%. Os resultados demonstraram que a estimação probabilística da é mais completa, pois mostra a variação da devido às incertezas associadas com as fontes de harmônicas e as da rede elétrica. Os resultados também mostram que a conexão da GDFV afeta significativamente os níveis de da rede elétrica
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Al, Hosani Mohamed. « Transient and Distributed Algorithms to Improve Islanding Detection Capability of Inverter Based Distributed Generation ». Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6235.

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Recently, a lot of research work has been dedicated toward enhancing performance, reliability and integrity of distributed energy resources that are integrated into distribution networks. The problem of islanding detection and islanding prevention (i.e. anti-islanding) has stimulated a lot of research due to its role in severely compromising the safety of working personnel and resulting in equipment damages. Various Islanding Detection Methods (IDMs) have been developed within the last ten years in anticipation of the tremendous increase in the penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) in distribution system. This work proposes new IDMs that rely on transient and distributed behaviors to improve integrity and performance of DGs while maintaining multi-DG islanding detection capability. In this thesis, the following questions have been addressed: How to utilize the transient behavior arising from an islanding condition to improve detectability and robust performance of IDMs in a distributive manner? How to reduce the negative stability impact of the well-known Sandia Frequency Shift (SFS) IDM while maintaining its islanding detection capability? How to incorporate the perturbations provided by each of DGs in such a way that the negative interference of different IDMs is minimized without the need of any type of communication among the different DGs? It is shown that the proposed techniques are local, scalable and robust against different loading conditions and topology changes. Also, the proposed techniques can successfully distinguish an islanding condition from other disturbances that may occur in power system networks. This work improves the efficiency, reliability and safety of integrated DGs, which presents a necessary advance toward making electric power grids a smart grid.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
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Lei, Jiansheng. « Using graph theory to resolve state estimator issues faced by deregulated power systems ». [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1292.

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Livres sur le sujet "Distributed estimate"

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Venkatram, Akula. Improvement of short-range dispersion models to estimate the air quality impact of power plants in urban environments : PIER collaborative report. [Sacramento, Calif.] : California Energy Commission, 2008.

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Hevesi, Joseph A. Preliminary estimates of spatially distributed net infiltration and recharge for the Death Valley Region, Nevada-California. Sacramento, Calif : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Hevesi, Joseph A. Preliminary estimates of spatially distributed net infiltration and recharge for the Death Valley Region, Nevada-California. Sacramento, Calif : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Allowing members of Congress to use the franking privilege to distribute copies of the Constitution : Report (to accompany H.R. 1149) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C. ? : U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Lemeshko, Boris, et Irina Veretel'nikova. Criteria for testing hypotheses about randomness and the absence of a trend. Application Guide. ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1587437.

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The monograph discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing hypotheses about the absence of a trend in the analyzed samples. The rejection of such a hypothesis gives grounds to consider the analyzed data as samples of independent equally distributed random variables. We consider a set of special criteria aimed at testing such hypotheses, as well as a set of criteria for the uniformity of laws, the uniformity of averages and the uniformity of variances, which can also be used for these purposes. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are emphasized, the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Estimates of the power of the criteria are given, which allows you to navigate when choosing the most preferred criteria. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and increase the validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It is intended for specialists who are interested in the application of statistical methods for the analysis of various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality and who are in contact with the processing of experimental results, the need for data analysis in their activities. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists of various profiles (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.) who face the need for statistical analysis of experimental results in their activities. It will also be useful for university teachers, graduate students and students.
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autores, Varios. A practical guidance on estimation of european wild ungulate population density. Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/atenea_2022.41.00.

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Given the diversity of available methods and the geographical diversity of Europe, methodological harmonization is duly needed. The general aim of this guidance is to review the methods for estimating density in European wild ungula¬tes. This guidance is based in previous comprehensive reviews carried out by the ENETWILD Consortium, which propo¬sed general recommendations for practical implementation of methods to estimate wild ungulate density. We present 9 methods used in nineteen wild ruminant species and wild boar distributed across Europe, paying special attention to most practical methods for further implementation in the field to calculate reliable and accurate density estimates, allowing further comparable results over their distribution ranges. This guidance provides recommendations to select the methods to estimate the density and its implementations for ungulate populations with the aim of increasing the output quality (good accuracy and precision). The method should be used in a harmonized way: we provide detailed instructions for the design of most recommended methods, but specific protocols must be specifically adapted to local conditions. Every method on estimating reliable and comparable wild ungulate population density has some advanta¬ges and disadvantages depending on the habitat, the weather conditions and the benefit and do not discard their use if applied in a harmonized way. It arises from this guidance the need of developing a permanent network and a data platform to collect and share local density estimates, so as abundance in the EU.
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Cheng, Russell. Standard Asymptotic Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0003.

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This book relies on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of parameters. Asymptotic theory assumes regularity conditions hold when the ML estimator is consistent. Typically an additional third derivative condition is assumed to ensure that the ML estimator is also asymptotically normally distributed. Standard asymptotic results that then hold are summarized in this chapter; for example, the asymptotic variance of the ML estimator is then given by the Fisher information formula, and the log-likelihood ratio, the Wald and the score statistics for testing the statistical significance of parameter estimates are all asymptotically equivalent. Also, the useful profile log-likelihood then behaves exactly as a standard log-likelihood only in a parameter space of just one dimension. Further, the model can be reparametrized to make it locally orthogonal in the neighbourhood of the true parameter value. The large exponential family of models is briefly reviewed where a unified set of regular conditions can be obtained.
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van Dorp, Eveline L. A., Douglas Eleveld, Erik Olofsen et Jaap Vuyk. Drug distribution and elimination in anaesthetic practice. Sous la direction de Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0012.

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An understanding of pharmacokinetics is vital for the practice of anaesthesia. Drugs are, after administration, distributed throughout the body to the effect site (mostly the brain) to exert their effects. This can be influenced by differences in protein binding, systemic blood flow, and concomitant medication. Elimination of drugs from the body is through two main routes: either unchanged through the kidneys or through metabolism by the liver (and consecutive excretion through the kidneys). This process depends on the amount of hepatic blood flow and the amount of hepatic extraction. This in turn depends on the amount of protein binding and the intrinsic hepatic clearance. The cytochrome P450 enzyme family also plays an important role in drug elimination. Individual differences in enzyme activity can lead to differences in drug effect and clearances. Changes in enzyme activity by enzyme induction and inhibition can also be of influence on drug clearance. Compartmental, non-compartmental, and physiologically based models, and various statistical approaches to estimate these models, may be used to analyze the distribution and elimination of anaesthetic agents.
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Anderson, Siwan, et Debraj Ray. Excess Female Mortality in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0017.

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Building on and extending the detailed work of demographers on sex ratios, Amartya Sen coined the phrase ‘missing women’. Relative to developed countries, there are far fewer women than men in parts of the developing world. Estimates suggest that more than 200 million women are demographically ‘missing’ worldwide. To explain the global phenomenon, research has mainly focused on excess female mortality in Asia. However, as emphasized in the authors’ earlier research (Anderson and Ray 2010), at least 30 per cent of the missing women are ‘missing’ from Africa. This chapter employs a novel methodology to determine how the phenomenon of missing women is distributed across Africa. Moreover, it provides estimates of the extent of excess female mortality within different age groups and by disease category. The empirical results reiterate the importance of excess female mortality for women in Africa.
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Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman et John Cairney. Generalizability theory. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0009.

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This chapter is a detailed review of generalizability theory (G theory), an extension of classical reliability theory originally devised by Cronbach. The basic concept is that any measurement contains multiple sources of error, and through the use of G theory these various sources can be calculated in a single study. This permits the researcher to examine the relative magnitude of different sources of error and the relation among them. The power of the method rests in its ability to use these estimates to devise optimal strategies for distributing observations. That is, G theory can be used to determine how a fixed number of observations should be distributed across raters, occasions, or cases to optimize reliability.
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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Distributed estimate"

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Zhu, Weiping. « A Distributed Approach to Estimate Link-Level Loss Rates ». Dans Distributed and Parallel Computing, 386–95. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11564621_45.

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Aihara, Kenro, Piao Bin, Hajime Imura, Atsuhiro Takasu et Yuzuru Tanaka. « Collecting Bus Locations by Users : A Crowdsourcing Model to Estimate Operation Status of Bus Transit Service ». Dans Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions : Understanding Humans, 171–80. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91125-0_14.

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Lasiecka, Irena, Roberto Triggiani et Peng-Fei Yao. « An Observability Estimate in L 2(Ω) × H −1(Ω) for Second-Order Hyperbolic Equations with Variable Coefficients ». Dans Control of Distributed Parameter and Stochastic Systems, 71–78. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35359-3_9.

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Kalyon, Gabriel, Tristan Le Gall, Hervé Marchand et Thierry Massart. « Global State Estimates for Distributed Systems ». Dans Formal Techniques for Distributed Systems, 198–212. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21461-5_13.

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Gorbunova, A. V., et A. V. Lebedev. « Response Time Estimate for a Fork-Join System with Pareto Distributed Service Time as a Model of a Cloud Computing System Using Neural Networks ». Dans Communications in Computer and Information Science, 318–32. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97110-6_25.

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Bo, Li, Jun Chen, Man Yang et Erfei Wang. « Incentives to Tight the Runtime Estimates of EASY Backfilling ». Dans Distributed Computing and Networking, 193–99. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92295-7_24.

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Zhu, Jun-Wei, Xin Wang et Guang-Hong Yang. « Distributed IE for Complex Networks ». Dans Fault Estimation for Network Systems via Intermediate Estimator, 55–75. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6321-6_5.

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Bagchi, Susmit, et Mads Nygaard. « Designing the MDVM-Stub and Memory Estimator ». Dans Distributed Computing - IWDC 2004, 397–411. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30536-1_45.

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Komornik, Vilmos. « Decay Estimates for the Wave Equation ». Dans Control and Optimal Design of Distributed Parameter Systems, 153–69. New York, NY : Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8460-1_7.

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Zhu, Jun-Wei, Xin Wang et Guang-Hong Yang. « Distributed IE for MASs with Undirected Graph ». Dans Fault Estimation for Network Systems via Intermediate Estimator, 77–95. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6321-6_6.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Distributed estimate"

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McLoughlin, Terence, et Mark Campbell. « Distributed Estimate Fusion Filter for Large Spacecraft Formations ». Dans AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-6666.

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Fu, Shu-Huan, et Jia-He Cao. « VaR and CVaR Estimate Based on Distributed Parallel Algorithm ». Dans 2012 11th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering & Science. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcabes.2012.73.

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Kloubert, Marie-Louise. « Fast Point Estimate Method for Correlated Multimodally Distributed Input Variables ». Dans 2020 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps47429.2020.9183681.

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Jahangir, Mohammed, et David Blacknell. « Optimum parameter estimate for K-distributed clutter using multiple moments ». Dans Satellite Remote Sensing III, sous la direction de Giorgio Franceschetti, Christopher J. Oliver, Franco S. Rubertone et Shahram Tajbakhsh. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.262723.

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Chun Yuan et Xin Wang. « A distributed video coding algorithm based on bilateral motion estimate ». Dans 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmt.2011.6002189.

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de Souza Brito, Jose Benedito, et Aleteia Patricia F. Araujo. « Model to estimate the size of a Hadoop cluster - HCEm ». Dans 2014 20th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/padsw.2014.7097897.

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Han, Yinghua, Jinkuan Wang, Qiang Zhao et Bin Wang. « A two-stage approach to estimate parameters of locally distributed source ». Dans 2010 International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsc.2010.5461558.

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Pannell, C. N., J. Dhliwayo et D. J. Webb. « How to estimate the accuracy of a Brillouin Distributed Temperature Sensor ». Dans Optical Fiber Sensors. Washington, D.C. : OSA, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofs.1997.othc30.

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Liu, Kai, et Hock Beng Lim. « Positioning accuracy improvement via distributed location estimate in cooperative vehicular networks ». Dans 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2012.6338743.

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Bogachkov, I. V., S. V. Ovchinnikov et N. I. Gorlov. « Increase of accuracy for estimate of distributed irregularities in optical fibers ». Dans 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apeie.2012.6628958.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Distributed estimate"

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Mathew, Sonu, Srinivas S. Pulugurtha et Sarvani Duvvuri. Modeling and Predicting Geospatial Teen Crash Frequency. Mineta Transportation Institute, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2119.

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This research project 1) evaluates the effect of road network, demographic, and land use characteristics on road crashes involving teen drivers, and, 2) develops and compares the predictability of local and global regression models in estimating teen crash frequency. The team considered data for 201 spatially distributed road segments in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA for the evaluation and obtained data related to teen crashes from the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) database. The team extracted demographic and land use characteristics using two different buffer widths (0.25 miles and 0.5 miles) at each selected road segment, with the number of crashes on each road segment used as the dependent variable. The generalized linear models with negative binomial distribution (GLM-based NB model) as well as the geographically weighted negative binomial regression (GWNBR) and geographically weighted negative binomial regression model with global dispersion (GWNBRg) were developed and compared. This research relied on data for 147 geographically distributed road segments for modeling and data for 49 segments for validation. The annual average daily traffic (AADT), light commercial land use, light industrial land use, number of household units, and number of pupils enrolled in public or private high schools are significant explanatory variables influencing the teen crash frequency. Both methods have good predictive capabilities and can be used to estimate the teen crash frequency. However, the GWNBR and GWNBRg better capture the spatial dependency and spatial heterogeneity among road teen crashes and the associated risk factors.
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Patel, Reena, David Thompson, Guillermo Riveros, Wayne Hodo, John Peters et Felipe Acosta. Dimensional analysis of structural response in complex biological structures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), juillet 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41082.

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The solution to many engineering problems is obtained through the combination of analytical, computational and experimental methods. In many cases, cost or size constraints limit testing of full-scale articles. Similitude allows observations made in the laboratory to be used to extrapolate the behavior to full-scale system by establishing relationships between the results obtained in a scaled experiment and those anticipated for the full-scale prototype. This paper describes the application of the Buckingham Pi theorem to develop a set of non-dimensional parameters that are appropriate for describing the problem of a distributed load applied to the rostrum of the paddlefish. This problem is of interest because previous research has demonstrated that the rostrum is a very efficient structural system. The ultimate goal is to estimate the response of a complex, bio-inspired structure based on the rostrum to blast load. The derived similitude laws are verified through a series of numerical experiments having a maximum error of 3.39%.
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Waganet, R. J., John Duxbury, Uri Mingelgrin, John Hutson et Zev Gerstl. Consequences of Nonequilibrium Pesticide Fate Processes on Probability of Leaching from Agricultural Lands. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568769.bard.

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Pesticide leaching in heterogeneous field soils is relatively unstudied and is the focus of this project. A wide variety of heterogeneous soils exist, characterized by processes that result from the presence of structural cracks, worm holes, and other preferred pathways within which the majority of transport can occur (called physical non-equilibrium processes), along with the presence of sorption processes that are both equilibrium and kinetic (chemical non-equilibrium processes). Previous studies of pesticide leaching have focused primarily on relatively homogeneous soils, which are less widely distributed in nature, but more studied due to the relative ease with which quantitative theory can be applied to interpret experimental results. The objectives of the proposed project were: first, to gain greater insight into the basic physical and chemical processes that characterize non-equilibrium systems, second, to improve our ability to predict pesticide leaching in heterogeneous field soils, and third, to estimate the consequences of non-equilibrium processes at the field scale by conducting an analysis of the probability of pesticide leaching when non-equilibrium processes prevail. The laboratory, theoretical and modelling aspects of the project were successful; the field aspects less so. We gained greater insight into basic processes in heterogeneous field soils, and we improved and tested tools (simulation models) and the methodology of using such tools for assessing the probability of pesticide leaching as a contribution to broader risk analysis efforts.
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Meliopoulos, Sakis, George Cokkinides, Bruce Fardanesh et Clinton Hedrington. Distributed Dynamic State Estimator, Generator Parameter Estimation and Stability Monitoring Demonstration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), décembre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1176943.

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Allik, Mirjam, Dandara Ramos, Marilyn Agranonik, Elzo Pereira Pinto Junior, Maria Yury Ichihara, Mauricio Barreto, Alastair Leyland et Ruth Dundas. Developing a Small-Area Deprivation Measure for Brazil. University of Glasgow, mai 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.215898.

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This report describes the development of the BrazDep small-area deprivation measure for the whole of Brazil. The measure uses the 2010 Brazilian Population Census data and is calculated for the smallest possible geographical area level, the census sectors. It combines three variables – (1) percent of households with per capita income ≤ 1/2 minimum wage; (2) percent of people not literate, aged 7+; and (3) average of percent of people with inadequate access to sewage, water, garbage collection and no toilet and bath/shower – into a single measure. Similar measures have previously been developed at the census sector level for some states or municipalities, but the deprivation measure described in this report is the first one to be provided for census sectors for the whole of Brazil. BrazDep is a measure of relative deprivation, placing the census sectors on a scale of material well-being from the least to the most deprived. It is useful in comparing areas within Brazil in 2010, but cannot be used to make comparisons across countries or time. Categorical versions of the measure are also provided, placing census sectors into groups of similar levels of deprivation. Deprivation measures, such as the one developed here, have been developed for many countries and are popular tools in public health research for describing the social patterning of health outcomes and supporting the targeting and delivery of services to areas of higher need. The deprivation measure is exponentially distributed, with a large proportion of areas having a low deprivation score and a smaller number of areas experiencing very high deprivation. There is significant regional variation in deprivation; areas in the North and Northeast of Brazil have on average much higher deprivation compared to the South and Southeast. Deprivation levels in the Central-West region fall between those for the North and South. Differences are also great between urban and rural areas, with the former having lower levels of deprivation compared to the latter. The measure was validated by comparing it to other similar indices measuring health and social vulnerability at the census sector level in states and municipalities where it was possible, and at the municipal level for across the whole of Brazil. At the municipal level the deprivation measure was also compared to health outcomes. The different validation exercises showed that the developed measure produced expected results and could be considered validated. As the measure is an estimate of the “true” deprivation in Brazil, uncertainty exists about the exact level of deprivation for all of the areas. For the majority of census sectors the uncertainty is small enough that we can reliably place the area into a deprivation category. However, for some areas uncertainty is very high and the provided estimate is unreliable. These considerations should always be kept in mind when using the BrazDep measure in research or policy. The measure should be used as part of a toolkit, rather than a single basis for decision-making. The data together with documentation is available from the University of Glasgow http: //dx.doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.980. The data and this report are distributed under Creative Commons Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be freely used by researchers, policy makers or members of public.
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Hevesi, J. A., A. L. Flint et L. E. Flint. Preliminary estimates of spatially distributed net infiltration and recharge for the Death Valley region, Nevada-California. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juillet 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/797779.

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Wu, Yuehua. On Strongly Consistent Estimates of Regression Coefficients when the Errors are not Independently and Identically Distributed. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mars 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada170076.

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Zisman, Sagi, Caleb Phillips, Heidi Tinnesand et Dmitry Duplyakin. Bias Characterization, Vertical Interpolation, and Horizontal Interpolation for Distributed Wind Siting Using Mesoscale Wind Resource Estimates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1760659.

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Abur, Ali, Jianzhong Tong, David Kelle, Andre Langner et Ramtin Khalili. Robust Distributed State Estimator for Interconnected Transmission and Distribution Networks (Final Report RPPR-1). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), février 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1772562.

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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen et Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures : measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.
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