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1
Magnaghi, Alberto, et Sara Giacomozzi, dir. Un fiume per il territorio. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-033-8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book illustrates the study carried out to define the project guidelines for the river park of the Arno and its tributaries the Pesa and the Elsa in the Empoli area, and has been produced by liaison between the territorial Planning Department and the Municipalities of the Empoli district. The integrated analysis of local resources scheduled, on the one hand the identification of the criticalities of the territorial system, and on the other the conscious and distinctly interpretational representation of the local cultural bedrock. The definition of scenarios for the entire territory has made it possible to demonstrate the outcomes of complex dynamics in a synthetic manner, moving on to the individual integrated projects and specific sectorial policies. It is precisely this recourse to scenarios, seen as the embodiment of a phase of project sharing and definition, that is the innovative feature of the «River Contract» proposed as a tool for the management and implementation of the plan.
2
Manuel, Peter. Chowtal and the Dantāl. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038815.003.0003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter discusses two distinct traditional entities in Indo-Caribbean music culture—the antiphonal folksong genre called chowtal and the dantāl, a common metallophone—which have flourished in the diaspora. In fact, they have become considerably more widespread, on a per capita basis, than their counterparts in North India. In the process, they illustrate how the neotraditional stratum of the international Bhojpuri diaspora—including both the Caribbean and Fiji—can constitute an entity that shares features that, despite being of traditional Indian origin, nevertheless are distinct from the Bhojpuri ancestral culture. These phenomena illustrate how, in this sense, neotraditional Bhojpuri diasporic music culture is best seen not as a microcosm of its nineteenth-century Bhojpuri-region ancestor, but as an entity with its own distinctive features, in which inherited features may assume trajectories quite distinct from their North Indian counterparts.
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Mataix-Cols, David, et Odile A. van den Heuvel. Neuroanatomy of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders. Sous la direction de Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0027.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shares features and often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, as well as with other psychiatric conditions classified elsewhere in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the so-called “OCD spectrum disorders.” Neurobiologically, it is unclear how all these disorders relate to one another. The picture is further complicated by the clinical heterogeneity of OCD. This chapter will review the literature on the common and distinct neural correlates of OCD vis-à-vis other anxiety and “OCD spectrum” disorders. Furthermore, the question of whether partially distinct neural systems subserve the different symptom dimensions of OCD will be examined. Particular attention will be paid to hoarding, which is emerging as a distinct entity from OCD. Finally, new insights from cognitive and affective neuroscience will be reviewed before concluding with a summary and recommendations for future research.
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Ho, Christopher P. Milk of Calcium. Sous la direction de Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman et Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0035.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Milk of calcium (MOC) is simply calcium oxalate crystals precipitated within the microcysts (acini) of the breast lobules. MOC has a very distinct mammographic appearance. It is a benign entity, and when seen and properly identified, it requires no further workup or follow-up. It is, however, important to recognize the proper initial evaluation of MOC so as to avoid misdiagnosis or potential unnecessary biopsies.This chapter, appearing in the section on calcifications, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for milk of calcium. Topics discussed include appropriate use of magnification views, hints to recognize the distinct appearance of milk of calcium, and management.
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Roopnarine, Lomarsh. The Indian Caribbean. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496814388.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book tells a distinct story of Indians in the Caribbean—one concentrated not only on archival records and institutions, but also on the voices of the people and the ways in which they define themselves and the world around them. The book explores previously marginalized Indians in the Caribbean and their distinct social dynamics and histories, including the French Caribbean and other islands with smaller South Asian populations. It pursues a comparative approach with inclusive themes that cut across the Caribbean. In 1833, the abolition of slavery in the British Empire led to the import of exploited South Asian indentured workers in the Caribbean. Today India bears little relevance to most of these Caribbean Indians. Yet, Caribbean Indians have developed an in-between status, shaped by South Asian customs such as religion, music, folklore, migration, new identities, and Bollywood films. They do not seem akin to Indians in India, nor are they like Caribbean Creoles, or mixed-race Caribbeans. Instead, they have merged India and the Caribbean to produce a distinct, dynamic local entity. The book does not neglect the arrival of nonindentured Indians in the Caribbean since the early 1900s. These people came to the Caribbean without an indentured contract or after indentured emancipation but have formed significant communities in Barbados, the US Virgin Islands, and Jamaica. The book contributes a thorough analysis of the Indo-Caribbean, among the first to look at the entire Indian diaspora across the Caribbean.
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Hannigan, Brenda. Company Law. 6e éd. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198848493.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Company Law brings clarity and analysis to the ever-changing landscape of this field. The text aims to capture the dynamism of the subject, places the material in context, highlights its relevance and topicality, and guides readers through all the major issues. From incorporation through to liquidation and dissolution, the work explores the workings of the corporate entity. The book is divided into five distinct sections covering corporate structure (including legal personality and constitutional issues), corporate governance (including directors’ duties and liabilities), shareholders’ rights and remedies (including powers of decision-making and shareholder petitions), corporate finance (including share and loan capital), and corporate insolvency.
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Yang, Lynda J.-S. Peripheral Nerve Neurosurgery. Sous la direction de Thomas Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book presents cases in peripheral nerve surgery divided into four distinct areas of pathology: entrapment and inflammatory neuropathies, peripheral nerve pain syndromes, peripheral nerve tumors, and peripheral nerve trauma. Each chapter also presents pearls for the accurate diagnosis of, successful treatment of, and effective complication management for each clinical entity. The latter three focus areas will be especially helpful to neurosurgeons preparing to sit for the American Board of Neurological Surgery oral examination, which bases scoring on the three areas. Finally, each chapter contains a review of the medical evidence and expected outcomes, which is helpful for counseling patients and setting accurate expectations. Rather than exhaustive reference lists, the authors provide selected references recommended to deepen understanding.
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Burnett, Charles Mountford 1807-1866. Philosophy of Spirits in Relation to Matter : Shewing the Real Existence of Two Very Distinct Kinds of Entity Which Unite to Form the Different Bodies That Compose the Universe, Organic and Inorganic, by Which the Phenomena of Light, Heat, ... Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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9
Mawson, Michael. The Concrete Community. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826460.003.0008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter, ‘The Concrete Community’, turns to and examines Bonhoeffer’s emphasis on the empirical or existing church. For Bonhoeffer, the church is established by God only as an existing community or empirical entity. In developing and deepening this insight, Bonhoeffer again draws upon his earlier engagement with social theory. In particular, the chapter indicates how he relies upon the social-philosophical concept of objective spirit. This concept allows him to attend to the church in its concrete forms and functions (i.e. preaching and the sacraments). Moreover, this concept allows him to reflect on what kind of social formation the existing church is. Accordingly, the chapter examines what is at stake with Bonhoeffer’s claim in Sanctorum Communio that the church presents a distinct sociological type.
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Quarrell, Oliver W. J. Juvenile Huntington’s Disease. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0004.
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In approximately 5% of cases of Huntington’s disease, onset is before 20 years of age, and these cases are defined as juvenile Huntington’s disease (JHD). The clinical and pathologic features of JHD overlap with those of typical adult-onset disease, so it is not a distinct entity. As a generalization, however, dystonia and bradykinesia are more likely to occur earlier in the disease process, epilepsy is more frequent, the average CAG repeat length is longer, and the pathology within the brain is more widespread. There are conflicting reports in the literature regarding both disease duration and disease progression. Management of JHD patients, and their families, requires a multidisciplinary, symptomatic, and supportive approach. Despite the lack of an evidence base for pharmacologic management and other interventions, helpful reviews and suggestions are available.
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Markman, John D. Diagnostic and Clinical Scales for Peripheral Neuropathy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0120.
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Due to the absence of a definitive pathological finding, objective biomarker, or imaging correlate, neuropathic pain syndromes may be graded as possible or probable depending on the results of neurological assessment. It is important to acknowledge the diagnostic uncertainty inherent in such a grading system based on probability in a condition for which there is no “gold standard” upon which to base validation studies. Neuropathic pain is a multidimensional entity, and specific syndromes may have distinct sensory profiles (i.e. different combinations of sensory signs and symptoms). Clinical suspicion for an underlying neuropathic mechanism increases when pain is characterized by features such as numbness, paresthesias, and allodynia and when the symptoms are generally resistant to standard over-the-counter and prescribed analgesics. In this chapter a variety pain scales are reviewed.
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Bell, Adam Patrick. Track 2. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190296605.003.0004.
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Tara, a twenty-seven-year-old classically trained pianist with a masters degree in music, subscribes to the Tin Pan Alley method of music production, conceptualizing the song as a distinct entity from the recording. In search of a more polished sound than she has been able to achieve recording herself with Logic, Tara hired a friend of a friend to serve as the sound engineer for a week of home recording sessions. Battling the unflattering acoustics of a concrete loft apartment, noisy neighbors, the unapologetic New York subway, the trappings of perfectionism, and the creeping resentment that stems from communication breakdowns, Tara questioned if she would be better off going to a professional recording studio, but persevered to see her project through to the stage of mixing.
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Grenby, M. O. Children’s and Juvenile Literature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0027.
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This chapter examines children's and juvenile literature. Many pre-Victorian children did not encounter children's fiction at all. A substantial number, of course, were largely disconnected from literary culture by indigence or illiteracy. However, lots of those young people who did consume books continued to use material designed primarily for adults. What confuses the matter is that the distinction could be very blurred between literature for adults and literature for ‘young gentlemen and ladies’. What would now be called ‘crossover’ works were common: titles originally aimed at adults that were quickly appropriated by or for young readers. By 1820, the novel for children was establishing itself as a distinct entity, but had not quite disconnected itself from the mainstream. Children's fiction was still shadowing the novel for adults, imitating its genres, and sharing its concerns.
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Shorter, Edward, et Max Fink. Symptoms and Diagnoses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190881191.003.0010.
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Even as researchers became aware that the neuroleptic drug–induced neurotoxic syndrome was best treated as catatonia, signs of catatonia were found more often among depressed and manic populations than among the schizophrenic. Catatonia as a sign of schizophrenia was challenged, with calls for catatonia to be recognized as a systemic independent syndrome. In 1987, James Lohr and Alexander Wisniewski laid a heavy thumb on the independent-disease side of the scales in a book, citing evidence that catatonia represents a distinct entity, but that it should be diagnosed on the basis of motor signs alone. These challenges questioned the connection of catatonia to schizophrenia. The increasing reports of deaths as a consequence of treating catatonia with potent neuroleptics stimulated interest in effective treatments and forced the separation of catatonia from schizophrenia.
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Khan, Geoffrey. Judaeo-Arabic and Judaeo-Persian. Sous la direction de Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0024.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The term ‘Judaeo-Arabic’ refers to a type of Arabic that was used by Jews and was distinct in some way from other types of Arabic. The Arabic language was used by Jews in Arabia before the rise of Islam. From the point of view of linguistic form, the following characteristic features of written Judaeo-Arabic can be identified: it is written in Hebrew script; it exhibits deviations from Classical Arabic; and it contains Hebrew and Aramaic elements. ‘Judaeo-Persian’ refers to Persian used by Jews. Like Judaeo-Arabic, Judaeo-Persian is not a uniform linguistic entity. The term is used to refer to both a written and a spoken form of language. The geographical area in which it was used extended beyond the boundaries of Iran and included Afghanistan, part of the Caucasus, and much of Central Asia. Judaeo-Persian in its written form is represented in Hebrew script.
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Meiton, Fredrik. Electrical Palestine. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520295889.001.0001.
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Like electricity, political power travels through physical materials whose properties govern its flow. Electrical Palestine charts the construction of Palestine’s electric grid in the interwar period and its implication in the area’s rapid and uneven development. It does so in an effort to rethink both the origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict and the interplay of politics, capital, and technology more broadly. The study follows the coevolution of the power system and Zionist state building efforts in Palestine on the conceptual and material level. Conceptually, the design and construction of the system shaped Palestine as a precisely bounded entity with a distinct political, social, and economic character. Materially, the borders of the mandate were mapped onto the power system and structured an ethno-national division of capital, land, and labor. In 1948, these coevolving forces ultimately carried over into Jewish statehood and Palestinian statelessness.
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Tara, Davenport. 7 The Archipelagic Regime. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.003.0007.
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The archipelagic regime in Part IV of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) was aimed at resolving an issue that had long challenged the international community, namely, whether a group of islands should be considered a single entity and thus subject to a special regime distinct from the rules applicable to continental land masses and individual islands. This chapter examines the critical issues associated with the implementation of Part IV as well as future issues that may arise. It first discusses the development of the archipelagic regime. It then addresses the definition of an archipelago and an archipelagic State, archipelagic baselines, and archipelagic waters, respectively, and examines issues in implementation. It considers the issue of ‘dependent archipelagos’ and whether there is a lacuna in LOSC in this regard. The chapter concludes with a discussion on future areas of focus for the archipelagic regime.
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Bickerton, James, et Alain-G. Gagnon. 15. Regions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0017.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter explores the concept of region, defined as a territorial entity distinct from both locality and nation-state. The region constitutes an economic, political, administrative, and/or cultural space, within which diffrent types of human agency interact, and towards which individuals and communities may develop attachments and identities. Regionalism is the manifestation of values, attitudes, opinions, preferences, claims, behaviours, interests, attachments, and identities that can be associated with a particular region. The chapter first reviews the main theories and approaches that are used to understand the political role and importance of regions, including the modernization paradigm, Marxism, and institutionalism. It then considers the various dimensions and aspects of regions and regionalism, with particular emphasis on regionalism from below vs regionalization ‘from above’. It also examines the political economy of regions, tracing the changing economic role and place of regions within the national and global economy.
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Khan, Geoffrey. Judaeo-Arabic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The term ‘Judaeo-Arabic’ refers to a type of Arabic that was used by Jews and was distinct in some way from other types of Arabic. It is by no means a uniform linguistic entity and the term is used to refer to both written forms of Arabic and also spoken dialects. The first section of the chapter examines the various forms of written Judaeo-Arabic and their importance for the history of Middle Arabic and Arabic dialects. A classification of written texts into three broad periods may be made: these periods being Early Judaeo-Arabic, Classical Judaeo-Arabic, and Late Judaeo-Arabic. The second section of the chapter gives an overview of the Arabic dialects spoken by Jewish communities in the Middle East. Most of these dialects differ in some way from the dialects spoken by their Muslim and Christian neighbours. They are far more diverse in their structure than the various literary forms of Judaeo-Arabic.
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Dame Rosalyn, DBE, QC, Higgins, Webb Philippa, Akande Dapo, Sivakumaran Sandesh et Sloan James. Part 2 The United Nations : What it is, 9 Powers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808312.003.0009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter examines the powers or competences of the United Nations as a separate legal entity. Its possession of legal personality, its specialized agencies, and some of the separate legal entities in the UN family are concepts that are related but distinct from the powers of these bodies. The possession of international legal personality means that these bodies have their own rights and duties, and powers vested in them in their own right. However, the possession of legal personality does not define the particular powers of the organization, nor does it mean that they have plenary competence under international law or in municipal legal systems. The chapter discusses the relationship to legal personality; nature and scope; purposes and principles of the organization; division of competence between principal organs and subsidiary organs; domestic jurisdiction limitation of Article 2(7); substantive content of powers internationally and in domestic law; consequences of ultra vires acts.
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Wilson, Jessica M. Metaphysical Emergence. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823742.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The special sciences and ordinary experience present us with a world of macro-entities trees, birds, lakes, mountains, humans, houses, and sculptures, to name a few which materially depend on lower-level configurations, but which are also distinct from and distinctively efficacious as compared to these configurations. Such appearances give rise to two key questions. First, what is metaphysical emergence, more precisely? Second, is there actually any metaphysical emergence? In Metaphysical Emergence, Jessica Wilson provides clear, compelling, and systematic answers to these questions. Wilson argues that there are two and only two forms of metaphysical emergence making sense of the target cases: ‘Weak’ emergence, whereby a macro-entity or feature has a proper subset of the powers of its base-level configuration, and ‘Strong’ emergence, whereby a macro-entity or feature has a new power as compared to its base-level configuration. Weak emergence unifies and accommodates diverse accounts of realization (e.g., in terms of functional roles, constitutive mechanisms, and parthood) associated with varieties of nonreductive physicalism, whereas Strong emergence unifies and accommodates anti-physicalist views according to which there may be fundamentally novel features, forces, interactions, or laws at higher levels of compositional complexity. After defending each form of emergence against various objections, Wilson considers whether complex systems, ordinary objects, consciousness, and free will are actually either Weakly or Strongly metaphysically emergent. She argues that Weak emergence is quite common, and that Strong emergence, while in most cases at best an open empirical possibility, is instantiated for the important case of free will.
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Siraj, Asifa. Sexuality. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427234.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter explores how three Scottish Muslim gay men struggle to integrate their sexual and religious identities as they navigate their sexual orientation within an existing condemnatory religious, social and cultural context. The present study illuminates the heterogeneity and diversity of experiences within the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) population. It further raises the importance of providing a nuanced portrayal of the lives of men, who do not necessarily incorporate Western discourses into making sense of their identity as gay men (Rahman, 2015). The chapter begins by highlighting the very limited research carried out on the lives of gay people in Scotland. This is followed by an overview of the theory of intersectionality in order to understand and situate how sexuality is not a separate entity of one’s identity, but is interconnected to other parts. Adopting an intersectional framework allows us to appreciate how gay men experience different forms of oppression in relation to their race/ethnicity and sexuality in ways that are distinct from their White counterparts and/or heterosexual men (cf. Crenshaw,1996).
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Ackland, Gareth L. Neural and endocrine function in the immune response to critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0310.
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The neurohormonal physiological response to various stressors is pivotal for maintaining homeostasis. However, the advent of modern critical care has distorted evolutionary biology by generating the entirely new (patho)physiological entity of critical illness. By extending the biological features of the ‘fight or flight’ response beyond the acute phase, distinct neurohormonal, and immune profiles have become increasingly apparent. Both direct and off-target effects of neurohormonal control on immune function are implicated in the disruption of bidirectional links between neurohormones and immune effectors that limit organ dysfunction. Iatrogenic factors introduced by critical care therapy may exacerbate neurohormonal dysregulation, further distorting the biology of the ‘fight or flight’ response. Neural mechanisms underlying this newly-characterized clinical syndrome remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the same neurohormonal responses are chronically dysregulated in pre-existing comorbidities diseases associated with an increased risk of sepsis, multi-organ failure and critical illness. Off-target local immune effects may explain the failure of clinical trials aimed at altering systemic neurohormonal physiology. Recent laboratory and translational human clinical studies, particularly in diseases characterized by chronic neurohormonal dysregulation, have provided new insights into the possibility of therapeutic interventions that could minimize the pathophysiological features of critical illness.
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Cummings, Jeffrey L., et Jagan A. Pillai, dir. Neurodegenerative Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With an increasingly aging population, neurodegenerative diseases-such as Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Parkinson’s disease-are becoming more prevalent in the world. This is an area of rapidly growing high-impact research as these neurodegenerative diseases are a huge burden for individuals, families, and societies both in quality of life and in healthcare costs. Finding novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases is the premier medical challenge for this century. Classically each of these diseases has been viewed as a distinct entity with well-delineated clinical and pathological features. Recent research findings have revealed multiple commonalities across them; proteomic, genetic, cellular, and network mechanisms across neurodegenerative diseases. This conceptual revolution in our understanding of these neurodegenerative diseases as sharing unifying features is underpinned by underlying protein misfolding dysfunction and its consequences over time. As we search for new therapies and management of these neurodegenerative diseases, this book provides an effective source book of insights from experts that have played key roles in this conceptual revolution. Our goal is to enable better care of patients and to help build collaboration across research in multiple specializations that could help advance future insights and facilitate novel therapeutics.
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Morse, Geoffrey. Partnership and LLP Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198744467.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Partnership and LLP Law, which is now in its eight edition, covers the essential principles of both partnership law and the law relating to limited liability partnerships. In addition to explaining established principles it explores the unresolved issues in partnership law, including fixed share partnerships and whether partners can be workers, dissolution by acceptance of repudiatory breach, abandonment and mutuality, liability for equitable wrongs, the authority of a partner winding up a partnership, and the availability of equitable or common law remedies for breaches of the partnership agreement. The new edition includes a greatly expanded analysis of limited liability partnerships signifying the growth in importance of this type of entity and the development of a distinct area of law. LLP law is still evolving and combines both corporate and partnership elements which creates legal and practical difficulties. The book considers and provides answers to these problems. It analyses for example, the question as to whether a person can be both a member and an employee of an LLP. Limited partnerships are also considered in detail in response to their recent revival as investment vehicles and recent developments on access to information and derivative actions by limited partners.
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Tülümen, Erol, et Martin Borggrefe. Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases : genetics of arrhythmias—short QT syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0150.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is a very rare, sporadic or autosomal dominant inherited channelopathy characterized by abnormally short QT intervals on the electrocardiogram and increased propensity to atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias and/or sudden cardiac death. Since its recognition as a distinct clinical entity in 2000, significant progress has been made in defining the clinical, molecular, and genetic basis of SQTS. To date, several causative gain-of-function mutations in potassium channel genes and loss-of-function mutations in calcium channel genes have been identified. The physiological consequence of these mutations is an accelerated repolarization, thus abbreviated action potentials and shortened QT interval with an increased inhomogeneity and dispersion of repolarization. Regarding other rare monogenetic arrhythmias, a genetic basis of atrial fibrillation was considered very unlikely until very recently. However, in the last decade the heritability of atrial fibrillation in the general population has been well described in several epidemiological studies. So far, more than 30 genes have been implicated in atrial fibrillation through candidate gene approach studies, and 14 loci were found to be associated with atrial fibrillation through genome-wide association studies. This genetic heterogeneity and the low prevalence of mutations in any single gene restrict the clinical utility of genetic screening in atrial fibrillation.
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Tillett, William, et Neil McHugh. Plain radiography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0016.
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Psoriatic arthritis is a destructive inflammatory arthritis that can affect the peripheral and axial skeleton of patients with psoriasis. Plain radiography has formed an important part in defining psoriatic arthritis as a distinct clinical entity, from early work reporting on distinguishing features to more recent inclusion of osteoproliferation in the CASPAR classification criteria. Plain radiography is accessible, inexpensive and remains the standard measure of assessing damage in inflammatory arthritis. Originally considered a benign disease psoriatic arthritis is now recognised to be destructive and progressive, though not as aggressive as rheumatoid arthritis. Peripheral joint damage is characterised by erosions, joint space narrowing, osteoproliferation, osteolysis and ankylosis. Approximately twenty percent of patients have erosive disease at diagnosis progressing to approximately half of all patients by three years disease duration. In its most severe form, psoriatic arthritis mutilans, digits become shortened from gross bone resorption (osteolyisis) leading to severe functional impairment and disability. Spondyloarthritis may affect between 25-70% of patients with PsA. The radiographic features of Psoriatic Spondyloarthritis differ from Ankylosing Spondylitis, in that sacroiliitis is often asymmetrical and less severe, the cervical spine is frequently involved and syndesmophytes are asymmetrical and para-marginal. Overall radiographic features are less severe than ankylosing spondylitis. The natural history of both peripheral and axial radiographic damage in psoriatic arthritis in the modern era of early diagnosis, tight disease control and biologic drugs has yet to be established.
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Winning, Jo. Afterword : The Body and The Senses. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0018.
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What IS a body? What are its boundaries and its contours? Can we ever really know the body in its entirety, or only ever in its parts? How do we come to know the body through the senses? And what does it mean to be a body and to encounter the body of the Other? Such questions resonate across the divide between the domains of philosophical and critical thought and clinical medicine, as likely to be asked by a doctor as by a humanities scholar. Yet the answers either might give would be spoken in radically different locations, utilise separate vocabularies and registers, and draw on distinct paradigms and histories, suggesting that there is no way to talk across these different domains. It is one of the key tasks of the critical medical humanities to establish a transdisciplinary dialogue across this divide, offering clinical medicine new terms and concepts to strengthen its ongoing dealings with the human body. An initial entry point into the drama and complexity of the questions
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Sybert, Virginia. Genetic Skin Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195397666.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This lavishly-illustrated resource represents a comprehensive survey of well over 300 distinct inherited dermatologic conditions. Each disease entry follows a consistent format, containing sections devoted to dermatologic features, associated clinical abnormalities, histopathology, biochemical and molecular information, treatment, mode of inheritance and recurrence risk, prenatal diagnosis, and information on differential diagnosis. Any clinician faced with a patient in whom the possibility for a genetic disorder of the skin exists will find this book a practical tool of immense interest.
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Jeremy, Jennings-Mares, Pinedo Anna T et Ireland Oliver. 14 The Single Point of Entry Approach to Bank Resolution. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754411.003.0014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter analyses the single point of entry (SPOE) approach to bank resolution. The strategy involves the application of resolution powers at the level of the top holding or parent company by a single resolution authority. This resolution authority would probably be located in the jurisdiction responsible for the global consolidated supervision of the banking group. The assets and the continuity of operations of subsidiaries are preserved, which avoids the need to commence distinct resolution proceedings at lower levels within the group. Although a resolution led by the home resolution authority may require assistance from a host authority, in terms of the application of resolution tools locally to support the top level resolution, or to bail-in intra-group debt claims, the principle is that no distinct, independent resolution proceedings should be required, as regards local subsidiaries of the group. The chapter addresses both the UK and US approach to SPOE.
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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.3 : Assignment of contracts, Art.9.3.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0194.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This commentary analyses Article 9.3.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning exclusion in the assignment of contracts. Art 9.3.2 clarifies that Section 9.3 of the PICC does not apply to transfers made under special (domestic) rules governing the transfer of contracts in the course of transfer of business. These types of assignment are generally subject to specific and distinct rules under the applicable domestic law, under which all contracts are transferred under certain conditions in their entirety by operation of law. However, the PICC apply to the transfer of any individual or specific contracts pertaining to the transferred business.
32
Anest, Trisha, et David Scordino. Plague. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0065.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Plague has three distinct clinical forms. Bubonic plague may resemble many viral syndromes; a distinct feature is buboes. Buboes are swollen lymph nodes filled with multiplying bacteria. They form near the bacteria’s entry point into the bloodstream. Septicemic plague symptoms can include abdominal pain and shock, with bleeding into skin and internal organs. Tissue manifestations include fingers, toes, or other areas turning black and necrotic. Bubonic and septicemic forms are transmitted by flea bites or the handling of infected animals. Pneumonic plague is easily transmitted from human to human by the inhalation of infectious droplets. Pneumonic plague is often lethal, resulting in respiratory failure and shock. Antibiotic treatment should be started as soon as plague as suspected. A vaccine, which is no longer being manufactured, was effective against the bubonic plague but not pneumonic plague. Research is ongoing for a vaccine effective against pneumonic plague, the form most likely to be utilized as a biological weapon.
33
Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2 : Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0186.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This commentary analyses Article 9.2.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning exclusion in the transfer of an obligation. According to Art 9.2.2, Section 9.2 of the PICC does not apply to transfers made under special (domestic) rules governing the transfer of obligations in the course of transferring a business. Hence, these types of assignment are generally subject to specific and distinct rules under the applicable domestic law, under which all (rights and) obligations are transferred under certain conditions in their entirety by operation of law. However, the PICC apply to the transfer of any individual or specific obligations pertaining to the transferred business.
34
Galpin, Timothy. Winning at the Acquisition Game. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858560.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Winning at the Acquisition Game is a collection of the best materials, insights, tools, and templates which comprise the popular Mergers and Acquisitions course taught in the MBA and Executive MBA programs at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. Each chapter provides readers with practical knowledge and tools to help them understand the entire mergers and acquisitions (M&A) process from pre-deal strategy and due diligence, through transaction valuation, negotiations, and closing, to post-deal implementation, workforce motivation, innovation for revenue growth, and results measurement and reporting. As a result, readers will gain valuable insights into the entire M&A process, from beginning to end, connecting traditionally distinct, “siloed” functional expertise across the process. Case examples in the chapters describe how each stage of the process has been implemented by companies across various industries. Each chapter concludes with a set of discussion questions and a self-assessment that readers can use to determine their firm’s current level of M&A capability. Practical frameworks, tools, and templates are also provided in an “M&A Workbook” that readers can apply to their own transactions, now or in the future.
35
Tieku, Thomas Kwasi, et Linnéa Gelot. An African Perspective on Global Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793342.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter examines the challenging idea of an African perspective on global governance. The extraordinary diversity of continental Africa in terms of religious beliefs, political institutions, social structures, and economic outlooks makes it a daunting task to discern a distinct African perspective. To avoid overgeneralization, homogenization, and essentialization of the different views that may exist, the chapter focuses on the African Union (AU) to represent a collective African position on global governance, arguing that global governance is thus viewed in relational terms. In this context, the steering capacity (i.e. governance) is the responsibility of the entire community and not the responsibility of a select few. This collectivist-driven conception of global governance is reflected in the way African states seek to exercise their agency on global issues and in the global system. The relational idea adds another dimension to the rationalistic ideas embedded in conventional narratives of global governance.
36
Jockers, Matthew L. Macroanalysis. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter discusses the potentials of a computer-based macroanalytic approach to the study of literature. It first compares macroanalysis to macroeconomics as opposed to microeconomics, which can be seen as analogous to the study of individual texts via “close readings” whereas macroeconomics is about the study of the entire economy. It then proposes a blended approach that combines the macro and micro scales and promises a new, enhanced, and better understanding of the literary record. It also explains how macroanalysis yields specific insights into some important literary historical questions and considers the distinct advantages of a macroanalytic approach over the more traditional practice of studying literary periods and genres. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book's exploration of macroanalysis and its argument that literary studies should be approached not simply as an examination of seminal works but as an examination of an aggregated ecosystem or “economy” of texts.
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Padgett, John F. The Emergence of Organizations and States. Sous la direction de Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery et Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Organizations and states emerge, exist, and evolve through dynamic processes operating across multiple network domains (e.g., political, economic, kinship, religion, and war). Autocatalytic networks—sets of nodes that reproduce themselves through ties—create and sustain organizations, but also contain the seeds of their evolution and destruction. Change occurs through novelty, which can take the form of innovation (transposition of ties or feedback among network domains) or invention (when innovation spills over to alter organizations across an entire domain). Equilibrium (through autocatalysis) and change (through novelty) are not different phenomena in this process-oriented view; they are distinct moments in the same underlying cycle. This chapter first develops a multiple-network perspective about the emergence of organizational novelty and autocatalysis, then applies this perspective to the comparative analysis of communist reform transitions in the Soviet Union under Stalin and Gorbachev, and in China under Mao and Deng Xiaoping.
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Burns, Jennifer. Italy. Sous la direction de Waïl S. Hassan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.41.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter focuses on the development of the Italian novel identified with the Arab Diaspora. Literature in Italian by Arab writers is associated with the large-scale immigration from outside the European Union that the country began to experience in the late 1970s. As distinct from the traditions of Anglophone and Francophone literature, the notion of Italophone literature has acquired little currency, despite the focus of the definition of “migration literature in Italian” on the common language of writing. This chapter explores the reasons for this, and looks at the works of some Maghrebi and Middle Eastern male writers who have successfully explored the novel as a form in recent Italian literature. It also considers the role of language as a point of entry of Arabic culture into the Italian novel, along with the distinctive contribution of novels by Arab women writers.
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Trestman, Robert, Kenneth Appelbaum et Jeffrey Metzner, dir. Oxford Textbook of Correctional Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Oxford Textbook of Correctional Psychiatry addresses the history, structure, and processes of correctional psychiatry, including case law, human rights, ethics, organization and funding of systems, as well as stages of patient management that cover initial assessments through re-entry. It also discusses management issues, emergencies, psychopharmacology topics, sleep, detoxification, reassessment of community diagnoses and treatments, diversion programs, levels of care, malingering, substance use within facilities, and formulary management. It also covers common psychiatric disorders, relevant medical disorders, pain management, psychotherapeutic options, suicide risk management, and addictions treatment. Specific focus is given to aggression, self-injury, and other behavioral challenges, and it also reviews unique assessment and treatment needs of many distinct population groups. Special topics such as forensics, psychological testing, sexual assaults, quality improvement, training, and research are also covered, followed by a section devoted exclusively to current resources in correctional healthcare.
40
Witmore, Michael, Jonathan Hope et Michael Gleicher. Digital Approaches to the Language of Shakespearean Tragedy. Sous la direction de Michael Neill et David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.20.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We are living through a revolution in our ability to study Early Modern literature and culture: EEBO‒TCP offers the possibility of searching something close to the entire corpus of surviving Early Modern printed books. Such access enables us to consider questions involving larger numbers of documents than have hitherto been the norm. However, investigating at scale requires different approaches to scholarship: it is not practical to close-read tens of thousands of texts. To make the most of these new resources, we must integrate traditional literary scholarship with new approaches. This chapter gives an example of such a combined approach. We consider the language of 554 printed plays from the Early Modern period. We explore two research questions: (a) is there a distinct ‘language of tragedy’? (b) is there a distinctively Shakespearean language of tragedy? We aim to show how computational and traditional literary techniques can be combined to answer these questions.
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Debaise, Didier. Pure Potentiality and Actuality. Traduit par Tomas Weber. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423045.003.0008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the chapter titled ‘The Categorial Scheme’, Whitehead introduces a new distinction, doubtless the most important in Processand Reality as well as the most difficult to understand: actual entities are distinct from what he terms ‘eternal objects’. This unequivocally expresses the importance of eternal objects. They are placed on the same plane as actual entities, with which they share a common characteristic of being the ‘fundamental types of entities’: ‘actual entities and eternal objects stand out with a certain extreme finality’ (PR, 22). We are now at a point where there can be no doubt as to the place occupied by actual entities in Process and Reality. They form the centrepiece of the entire speculative construction. When Whitehead writes in the preface that the ‘positive doctrine of these lectures is concerned with the becoming, the being, and the relatedness of “actual entities”’, it is now clear that he was literally expressing the project of the book.
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Biernacki, Richard. Rationalization Processes inside Cultural Sociology. Sous la direction de Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs et Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article examines the use of analytic continua with spatial scaling and with potentially similar reifying effects to rationalize social meaning rather than just sound or sight in cultural sociology. It considers the use of the figure of spatial scaling as a point of entry to elucidate the basic logic by which many sociologists interpret the relation between what is culturally meaningful and what lies “outside” culture (or our concept of culture). Four case studies that illustrate how cultural practices generate meanings and reference in social life are presented: one relating to the creation of distinct color categories from the spectrum of hues in the rainbow as a paradigm for cultural analysis, and the other three relating to the views of Pierre Bourdieu, Randall Collins, and Philip Gorski. These four exemplars suggest that cultural sociology would benefit from dialogue with skeptical counter-principles for establishing—and questioning—our objects of explanation.
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Massa, Mark S. Germain Grisez and the “New Natural Law”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851408.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter is an extended examination of a revisionist approach to natural law, explored by Germain Grisez and John Finnis. Grisez and Finnis elucidated an entirely new paradigm that they believed to be both sounder intellectually than the paradigms of the neo-scholastics and revisionists and much closer in outline to the paradigm offered by St. Thomas Aquinas. This approach is usually labeled the “new natural law.” The author proposes that the entire “new natural law” project undertaken by Grisez and Finnis could be viewed as being about saving natural law by reestablishing it on distinctly different foundations that avoided any appeal to metaphysical claims, which modern science had long rejected as outdated and unscientific.
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Watson, J. Australian Dragonflies. CSIRO Publishing, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100701.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dragonflies are conspicuous insects. Many are large; they fly strongly; most are brightly coloured. As a result, they have been collected extensively. Their larvae are less familiar. 'Mud-eyes', as some are called, are drab, and almost all live in fresh
waters, out of sight. They are, perhaps, best known as bait for freshwater fish. The dragonflies constitute a very distinct order of insects, the Odonata. In Australia, two suborders are represented: damselflies (Zygoptera), generally very slender insects, the fore- and hindwings similar in shape and venation and commonly held closed above the body at rest (Figs 46-63), the larvae with external gills on the end of the abdomen (Figs 4A-C, E); and dragonflies proper (Anisoptera), stouter, stronger-flying insects, the fore- and hindwings more or less dissimilar in shape and venation and commonly held spread at rest (Figs 64-101), the larvae with internal,
rectal gills (see Chapter 2). Living representatives of the third suborder (Anisozygoptera) are confined to Japan and the Himalayas. The term 'dragonfly' is commonly applied to the entire order.
45
Fehér, Bence, et Gábor Ferenczi, dir. Our Ancient Writings. Magyarságkutató Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53644/mki.oaw.2022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
While records of Hungarian writing in Latin script date back one thousand years in Hungary, there is also contemporaneous or even earlier evidence of writing in Hungarian and unknown languages from the entire territory of the Carpathian Basin, written in different scripts. For obvious reasons, these writings are of particular interest for the lay audience, but they are also of great significance for scientific research. This increased publicity and closer cooperation between researchers is indeed needed, as the field is developing at a rapid pace. Today, there are at least three distinct types of the runiform script known in Hungary alone, and every year, four or five new inscriptions are guaranteed to emerge. The Institute of Hungarian Research organised a conference on 12–13 December 2019, the lectures of which are included in this volume. Our original purpose was declaredly bold: everyone should come together, and everyone who has contributed important new findings to our knowledge base should now think together. But this work is in no way complete: we intend to continue and organise further conferences, further research and further volumes. We have so many common tasks ahead, in linguistic deciphering, research methodology, documentation, and even popularisation.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins et Sarah Nield. 14. Registered land and priorities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter explores the defences against pre-existing property rights that are available to a purchaser of registered land. It is concerned with priority rules in registered land. The LRA 2002 offers a distinct set of priority rules for one category of transaction: a registrable disposition of a registered estate for valuable consideration. The chapter analyses the priority rules applicable to such transactions, including the effect of limitations on owner's powers, entry of a land registry notice and the category of ‘overriding interests’, in relation to which there is no defence. The chapter concludes by examining the policy of the LRA 2002 to transactions that are tainted by fraud or wrongdoing that is not such as to invalidate the transaction. Such transactions may result, under the general law, in the imposition of personal liability on the registered proprietor, or the creation of new direct rights in favour of a third party.
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Raeder, Lisa, et Celia Roberts. Hormonal Theory. Sous la direction de Andrea Ford, Roslyn Malcolm et Sonja Erikainen. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350323025.
Texte intégralRésumé :
From angiotensin to cortisol, testosterone to xenoestrogens, and dopamine to endocrine disruptors, hormones are everywhere. These chemical entities are foundational to biological life and shape social, cultural, and political forces, while simultaneously being shaped by them. Hormones are increasingly central not only to medical and other body-shaping practices and contemporary science, but also environmentally-oriented conversations. Throughout Hormonal Theory, authors trace how biomedical, social, political, and experiential forces entangle to produce hormones as we know them today. It illuminates how hormones emerge and exist as complex entities that permeate every sphere of our lives. Each glossary entry takes a particular hormonal compound as its starting point, yet works to elaborate and complicate understandings of hormones as distinct biological or chemical entities. The entries collectively show how hormones never operate in isolation from other hormones, nor bodies in isolation from other human and non-human bodies and their socio-ecological surroundings. Indeed, they “cascade” into one another. This volume, then, is not simply a qualitatively-rich companion to medical knowledge about hormones, but a challenge to the conceptual underpinnings of current dominant understandings of disease, wellness, and normalcy.
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Sheppard, W. Anthony, dir. Sondheim in Our Time and His. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603192.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Sondheim in Our Time and His offers a wide-ranging historical investigation of the landmark works and extraordinary career of Stephen Sondheim, a career that has spanned much of the history of American musical theater. Each contributing author uncovers the aspects of biography, collaborative process, and contemporary context that impacted the creation and reception of Sondheim’s musicals. In addition, several authors explore in detail how Sondheim’s shows have been dramatically revised and adapted over time. Multiple chapters invite the reader to rethink Sondheim’s works from a distinctly contemporary critical perspective and to consider how these musicals are being reenvisioned today. Through chapters focused on individual musicals and others that explore a specific topic as manifested throughout his entire career; by digging deep into the archives and focusing intently on his scores; and from interviews with performers, directors, and bookwriters to close study of live and recorded productions, the authors have aimed to bring together Sondheim’s past with the present, thriving existence of his musicals.
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Anderson, Greg. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
After summarizing the book’ s overall case for an ontological turn in history, the conclusion briefly discusses four wider intellectual implications of this paradigm shift. First, this shift fundamentally changes the way we think about the past, from an ongoing story of a single humanity, inhabiting a single, continuous metaphysical conjuncture, to stories of multiple different humanities, each one inhabiting its own distinct world of experience. Second, the shift duly changes our sense of the relationship between present and past, whereby our modern world is no longer the ultimate telos of our species journey but an exotic metaphysical anomaly, a world that is no more “true to life/nature” than any other. Third, the shift lends significant support to broader calls for a more post-disciplinary intellectual environment, since it implicitly questions the modern metaphysical commitments which undergird our entire apparatus of mainstream knowledge production and its conventional division of intellectual labor. Finally, the paradigm shift can make a significant contribution to contemporary critical theory. By forcing us to take seriously the metaphysical and ontological commitments of extinct past peoples, it raises the possibility of a non-modern critique of the modern. Moreover, by drawing our attention to the past’ s many different ways of being human, it should significantly broaden our capacity to imagine more sustainable, more equitable worlds of the future.
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Gottlieb, Michah. The Jewish Reformation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199336388.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Beginning in the late eighteenth century, Jews entered the German middle class with remarkable speed. This process has often been identified with Jews’ increasing alienation from religion and Jewish nationhood. In fact, this period was one of intense engagement with Jewish texts and traditions. An expression of this was the remarkable turn to Bible translation. In the century and a half between Moses Mendelssohn’s pioneering translation and the final one by Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig, German Jews produced fifteen different translations of at least the Pentateuch. Buber and Rosenzweig famously critiqued bourgeois German Judaism as a craven attempt to establish social respectability to facilitate Jews’ entry into the middle class through a vapid, domesticated account of Judaism. Exploring Bible translations by Moses Mendelssohn, Leopold Zunz, and Samson Raphael Hirsch, the author argues that each sought to ground a “reformation” of Judaism along bourgeois lines, which involved aligning Judaism with a Protestant concept of religion. They did so because they saw in bourgeois values the best means to serve God and the authentic actualization of Jewish tradition. Through their learned, creative Bible translations, Mendelssohn, Zunz, and Hirsch presented distinct visions of middle-class Judaism that affirmed Jewish nationhood while lighting the path to a purposeful, emotionally rich, spiritual life grounded in ethical responsibility.