Livres : « Dispositional approach »

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Kilduff, Martin. "A dispositional approach to social networks : The case of organisational choice". Fontainbleau : INSEAD, 1986.

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Israel, Susan E. Dynamic literacy instruction : Using a dispositions approach for professional development. Norwood, Mass : Christopher-Gordon, 2008.

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Hebb, Michael. An approach to simulated patient oral examinations in emergency medicine : A management protocol (from initial presentation to disposition) for real or simulated patients. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada : Woodlawn Medical Clinic, 1992.

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Hebb, Michael. An approach to simulated patient oral examinations in emergency medicine : A management protocol (from initial presentation to disposition) for real or simulated patients. 2^e éd. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada : Woodlawn Medical Clinic, 1993.

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5

Bagnati, Gaia, Melania Cassan et Alice Morelli. Le varietà del naturalismo. Venice : Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-325-0.

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‘Naturalism’ is a category that applies to different philosophical perspectives sharing the idea that nature is the primary object of philosophical enquiry. However, the philosophical debate of the second half of the twentieth century, mainly within analytical philosophy, has led towards an identification of naturalism with the sole scientific naturalism. The volume contains the proceedings of a doctoral workshop, in which PhD students and professors of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne critically discussed this tendency. The contributions present some versions of naturalism, from ancient to contemporary philosophy, with the aim of showing how a naturalistic approach, together with some notions it implies (i.e. nature, habits, disposition, behaviour), may constitute valid categories of interpretation of reality out of a scientist paradigm.

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Greg, Andonian, Lasker G. E. 1935-, International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics. et International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics (10th : 1998 : Baden-Baden, Germany), dir. Advances in systems research and cybernetics : Consciousness--cognition--communication--intelli gence, patterns and forms of life, cognition systems research, language, dispositions, adaptation, emergence and representations, third order cybernetics, quantum theory and evolutionary biology, modeling aquatic ecological systems, architecture and cybernetics, transparency, ephemerality & tectonics in architectural design, poetics, color and kinetics : content & computing, digital-human interface in CAAD, computerized communication of design, a new approach to the examination of musical styles. Windsor, Ont : International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 1999.

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Alvarez, Maria. Desires, Dispositions and the Explanation of Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199370962.003.0005.

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We often explain human actions by reference to the desires of the person whose actions we are explaining: “Jane is studying law because she wants to become a judge.” But how do desires explain actions? A widely accepted view is that desires are dispositional states that are manifested in behavior. Accordingly, desires explain actions as ordinary physical dispositions, such as fragility or conductivity, explain their manifestations, namely causally. This paper argues that desires, unlike ordinary physical dispositions, are “manifestation-dependent dispositions”: dispositions whose attribution depends on their having been manifested. This feature of desires, I suggest, favours a “context-placing” approach to understanding how desires explain actions.

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Lau, Hi-Po Bobo, et Cecilia Cheng. The Yin-Yang of Stress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0020.

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Dialectical thinking refers to the (primarily East Asian) tendency to tolerate contradiction, expect change, and perceive interconnections. Drawing upon a process-oriented approach to coping, in this chapter, two pathways through which dialectical thinking may influence East Asians’ ways of coping are proposed. First, dialectical (and holistic) thinking may enable East Asians to attribute events to both situational and dispositional factors. This breadth in attribution may lead to the perception of less personal control, as well as a weaker association between perceived personal control and coping outcomes among East Asians than among Westerners. In addition, dialectical thinking may facilitate complex cognitive processes such as differentiation and integration, and a reduced need for closure. In turn, this facilitates flexibility in appraising the controllability of stressful events and deployment of situation-appropriate coping responses (i.e., coping flexibility). Areas for future research are also discussed in the chapter.

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Lorino, Philippe. Habits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753216.003.0003.

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This chapter presents a brief historical survey of action theorizing in organization research. Although central in the life of organizations, situated action has gradually been set aside by the mainstream of management and organization research as a theoretical object and a managerial issue, and replaced by the paradigm of information processing. The chapter illustrates the paradigm’s limits with two short case studies, setting out the pragmatist theory of action and its fundamental concept of “habit.” For pragmatists, meaningful action is the only way for human beings to be present in the world. They reject the “mind-first” view, where action is preceded and molded by “pure” thought, rooted in the idealist thought/action dualism. They reject the “stimulus–response” model and view habit as strictly dispositional and relational, compatible with situated meaning-making. They establish a constitutive link between belief and habit, thought and action. Their approach poses specific methodological and managerial challenges.

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Hoefer, Carl. Chance in the World. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907419.001.0001.

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This book argues that objective chance, or probability, should not be understood as a metaphysical primitive, nor as a dispositional property of certain systems (“propensity”). Given that traditional accounts of objective probability in terms of frequencies are widely agreed to be also untenable, there is a clear need for a new account that can overcome the problems of older views. A Humean, reductive analysis of objective chance is offered, one partially based on the work of David Lewis, but diverging from Lewis’ approach in many respects. It is shown that “Humean objective chances” (HOCs) can fulfill the role that chances are supposed to play of being a guide to one’s subjective expectations. In a chapter coauthored by Roman Frigg, HOC is shown to make sense of physics’ uses of objective probabilities, both in statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. And in the final chapter, the relationship between chance and causation is analyzed; it is argued that there is no direct connection between causation and objective chance, but that, instead, causation is related to subjective probability.

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Frost, Alanna, Julia Kiernan et Suzanne Blum-Malley, dir. Translingual Dispositions : Globalized Approaches to the Teaching of Writing. The WAC Clearinghouse ; University Press of Colorado, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/int-b.2020.0438.

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Wenzel, Jennifer. The Disposition of Nature. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286782.001.0001.

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What role have literature and other cultural imagining played in shaping understandings of the world and the planet, for better and for worse? How might the formal innovations, rhetorical appeals, and sociological imbrication of world literature help confront unevenly distributed environmental challenges, including global warming? This book examines the rivalry between world literature and postcolonial theory from the perspective of environmental humanities, Anthropocene anxiety, and the material turn. Drawing its examples primarily from Africa and South Asia, it takes a contrapuntal approach to sites and subjects dispersed in time and space. Reading for the planet means reading from near to there: across experiential divides, between specific sites, at more than one scale. Recurrent concerns across the chapters are the multinational corporation (and the colonial charter company) as a vector of globalization and source of cultural imaginings and environmental harm; who (or what) can be regarded as a person; scenes of world-imagining from below in which characters or documentary subjects situate their experience within a transnational context; and formal strategies that invite reflexivity from the audience, in order to register, at the level of literary form, the uneven universality of vulnerability to environmental harm. The book argues for the relevance of the literary to environmental thought and practice. An understanding of cultural imagining and narrative logics can foster more robust accounts of global inequality, to energize movements for justice and livable futures.

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Frost, Allana, Julia E. Kiernan et Suzanne Blum Malley. Translingual Dispositions : The Affordances of Globalized Approaches to the Teaching of Writing. University Press of Colorado, 2020.

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Chakravartty, Anjan. Saving the Scientific Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796572.003.0003.

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To a great extent, the recent renaissance in the metaphysics of science has been spurred by an interest in the nature of causal powers (dispositions, capacities, tendencies, etc.). In particular, a number of authors have made realism about powers a cornerstone of their interpretations of scientific knowledge (for example, in developing accounts of scientific realism, inter alia). Against the backdrop of an admiration for the explanatory power of powers in this domain, this paper strikes a cautionary note. Is the existence of irreducible powers a commitment that is entailed by taking scientific practice seriously? I consider two approaches to this question: the first concerning the putative requirement of dispositional properties in the context of scientific explanation; the second concerning the putative requirement of these properties in the context of scientific abstraction. Neither, I contend, entails an ontological commitment to powers. This negative, interim conclusion suggests that inferences to the existence of causal powers in scientific contexts are ultimately independent of the science adduced; rather; they are a function of substantive philosophical commitments regarding time-honored disputes between realists and empiricists more generally, about issues such as how trade-offs between ontological commitment and explanatory capacity are properly made. In the philosophical domain, however, the realist has an advantage. For realism about powers better accords with an arguably scientistic consideration of the identities of scientific properties. Thus, interim conclusion notwithstanding, it would seem that powers can do something important for the philosopher of science after all.

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Tugby, Matthew. Putting Properties First. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855101.001.0001.

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Abstract This philosophical work is about the metaphysical preconditions of natural science. It develops and defends a new metaphysical theory of natural modality called ‘Modal Platonism’, which puts properties first in the metaphysical hierarchy. According to this theory, natural properties—such as mass and charge—are ontologically fundamental entities which ground the laws of nature and the dispositions of things. The theory differs from other ‘properties-first’ approaches in two main ways. First, it views properties as Platonic universals, which exist even if they are not instantiated. Second, the theory rejects the popular idea that properties are identical with, or essentially dependent upon, dispositions. Instead, Modal Platonism views properties as qualities which necessarily ground dispositions and other modal phenomena. This theory, it is argued, solves a range of puzzles regarding dispositions and laws. Given that natural modality is a necessary precondition for scientific enquiry, Modal Platonism promises to provide a plausible metaphysical framework for all natural science.

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U. S. Government Accountability Offi Gao. Plutonium Disposition : Proposed Dilute and Dispose Approach Highlighs Need for More Work at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Independently Published, 2019.

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Brady, Michael S. Suffering as a Virtuous Motive. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812807.003.0004.

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This chapter proposes that dispositions to suffer can constitute virtues, and that when they do, experiences of suffering are virtuous motives. Brady illustrates this idea by showing that feelings of physical pain and emotional remorse can constitute ‘faculty virtues’, since they outperform feasible competitors in bringing about valuable goods, such as the avoidance of damage, and the provision of apologies and reparations. He then considers a range of objections to this virtue-theoretical approach to suffering—in particular, that dispositions to feel pain are not aspects of character, and thus not virtues as traditionally conceived; and that virtuous motives are intrinsically good, whilst suffering is intrinsically bad—and argues that none of them are convincing.

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VanHusen, Monica J., John E. McKenna et Walter S. Polka. Managing Yourself and Others During Crises : Key Leadership Visions, Approaches, and Dispositions to Survive and Thrive. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2022.

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VanHusen, Monica J., John E. McKenna et Walter S. Polka. Managing Yourself and Others During Crises : Key Leadership Visions, Approaches, and Dispositions to Survive and Thrive. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2022.

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Schmidt, Patrick. Engaging in Policy-Making Through Community-Oriented Work. Sous la direction de Brydie-Leigh Bartleet et Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.30.

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This chapter argues that community-oriented work should be approached both as a contributor to, and consumer of, policy-thinking and analysis, and would benefit from becoming more broadly conceptualized as an agent within cultural policies, its study, and practice. It highlights the impact of integrative approaches whereby working synergistically within various stakeholders and areas of action we expand our chances to partner with purpose. The chapter suggests that in order to achieve greater engagement with policy, individuals and organizations must focus on how to develop a framing disposition—that is, the wherewithal (individual or organizational) to generate opportunities and put innovative projects to practice.

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Scheffler, Samuel. Attachment and Axiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798989.003.0004.

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Many discussions of future generations attempt to identify a satisfactory population axiology: a principle that would enable us to assess the relative value of total states of affairs that differ in population-related respects. Such an axiology would in turn supply the basis for a principle of beneficence, which would spell out our responsibilities for promoting optimal population outcomes. By contrast, the approach defended in this book is predominantly attachment-based. The reasons for caring about the fate of future generations discussed in previous chapters all depend on our existing values and evaluative attachments and on our conservative disposition to preserve and sustain the things that we value. This chapter appeals to the nature of valuing to clarify these forms of dependence, and it explores the contrast between the axiological and attachment-based approaches.

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Kippes, Michael Eugene. A multivariate approach for the prediction of disposition following evaluation and treatment outcome in a behavioral program for chronic pain. 1986.

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Goodhart, Michael. The Trouble with Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692421.003.0002.

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This chapter offers a review and critique of the core assumptions and procedures of ideal moral theory, the dominant approach to theorizing questions of justice and injustice in global normative theory. It does so with the aim of defamiliarizing readers with this approach, that is, of making it seem less like a natural, sensible, coherent, and necessary approach to theorizing injustice than like a strange, bewildering, and profoundly problematic one. The chapter stresses two important but rarely discussed assumptions of ideal moral theory: it conceptualizes injustice as the absence or opposite of justice, and it presumes that only justified moral principles can provide an adequate and reliable guide for critique and reform. These assumptions are problematic and contribute to three pathologies that cripple ideal moral theory: analytical paralysis, a reflex to subordinate politics to morality, and a disposition to distortional thinking.

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Goetz, Jennifer L., et Emiliana Simon-Thomas. The Landscape of Compassion. Sous la direction de Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron et James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.1.

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How do we, as scientists, define compassion? Is it an emotional state, a motivation, a dispositional trait, or a cultivated attitude? In this introductory chapter, we set forth a working definition for compassion, situate compassion in the context of related terms and mental experiences, and orient readers to the key questions addressed by the authors in this handbook. Particular attention is paid to the evolutionary origins of compassion, the biological structures and processes implicated in compassion, the degree to which compassion is universal and variable across cultures, and documented approaches to fostering compassion. In closing, we explore the potential impact of training compassion on personal well-being, the quality of relationships, organizational success, and society more broadly.

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Dottin, Erskine S., et Lynne D. Miller. Structuring Learning Environments in Teacher Education to Elicit Dispositions as Habits of Mind : Strategies and Approaches Used and Lessons Learned. University Press of America, Incorporated, 2013.

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Structuring Learning Environments in Teacher Education to Elicit Dispositions As Habits of Mind : Strategies and Approaches Used and Lessons Learned. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2013.

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Dottin, Erskine S. Structuring Learning Environments in Teacher Education to Elicit Dispositions As Habits of Mind : Strategies and Approaches Used and Lessons Learned. University Press of America, Incorporated, 2013.

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Snow, Nancy E. Neo-Aristotelian Virtue Ethics. Sous la direction de Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.34.

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Neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics takes inspiration from Aristotle’s ethical theory. Central to this approach is that virtues, enduring dispositions of character and intellect, are essential, along with external goods, for us to live flourishing lives in accordance with our nature as rational beings. Aristotle’s theory is teleological, for the virtues direct us toward the end or telos of flourishing and enable us to attain it. The theory is naturalistic in the sense that to live a virtuous life is to live a life of natural goodness. This chapter explains these and other ideas by reviewing Rosalind Hursthouse’s view that virtue ethics is a viable alternative to deontology and consequentialism, followed by a discussion of two major themes of Daniel C. Russell’s account of the role of practical reason in virtue ethics. Finally, it turns to ethical naturalism as articulated by Hursthouse, Philippa Foot, and Michael Thompson, with mention of McDowell’s approach.

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Kwame Harrison, Anthony. Writing Up Research Findings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199371785.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 considers the different sensibilities that inform current conventions of ethnographic authorship. The author juxtaposes the “renegade practices” of contemporary ethnographic writing with the more disciplined traditions of standard research reporting. The rest of the chapter elaborates on the ethnographic writing process through two orienting frameworks. The first, organizational approach, emphasizes a need to communicate research results with a measure of empirical precision. This includes discussions of how to develop and organize themes, select useful illustrations, and decide on requisite background and theoretical information. The second, evocative approach, prioritizes the authorial role in communicating meaning and sentiment through effective use of voice, rhythms, textures, and imagination. The author argues that good ethnographic writing must find a productive balance between these competing dispositions. Ultimately ethnography is presented as an adverbial mode of writing that animates social life by describing not only what takes place but also how it occurs.

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Solomon, William. The Politics and Poetics of Attraction I. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040245.003.0003.

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This chapter brings Sergei Eisenstein's concept of “the montage of attractions” to bear on John Dos Passos' Manhattan Transfer (1925). The essence of Eisenstein's approach—the inspiration for which he locates in silent comedy as well as the circus and amusement park rides—is that it subordinates the representational dimensions of the image to its capacity to impact the spectator's emotional disposition. Rather than passively depicted, reality is actively assembled into a spectacular construct designed to affect the audience ideologically, to make them feel less intensely. Manhattan Transfer may be considered a “novel of repulsions,” its series of juxtapositions organized to galvanize collective protest against the current state of the nation.

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Mack, Peter. Rhetorical Training in the Elizabethan Grammar School. Sous la direction de Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.12.

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This chapter considers in detail the aspects of rhetoric taught in Elizabethan grammar schools. Pupils were shown the use of rhetorical ideas in practice when teachers pointed out rhetorical features in set texts from Latin literature. While the texts studied in grammar school— Erasmus’De conscribendis epistolisandDe copia, Aphthonius’ Progymnasmata—did not provide a comprehensive account of the whole of rhetorical theory, they gave a great deal of practical help on issues of style, amplification and decorum, on ways of approaching an audience, and on components of larger texts such as narratives, descriptions, comparisons, maxims and examples. They provided some help with argument and a flexible approach to disposition.

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Fleischman, Alan R. Ethical Issues in Creating a Child. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199354474.003.0002.

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This chapter describes the burgeoning field of reproductive technology, the use of medical approaches to assist in the creation of embryos and babies in the face of infertility from a variety of causes. It examines the many religious and ethical concerns of practitioners and patients associated with artificial insemination, gamete and embryo donation, storage and disposition, and the practices of in vitro fertilization, gestational surrogacy, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis.The chapter discusses the arguments against all these approaches, including the religious points of view (Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Muslim). The role of the use of government funds, as well as private insurance to overcome infertility is covered.

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Barbalet, Jack. The Theory of Guanxi and Chinese Society. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808732.001.0001.

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This is the first book to comprehensively and critically examine the nature and background of the Chinese phenomenon of guanxi. It does this by reviewing and taking account of the major theoretical frameworks that relate to these closely bonded long-term relationships that are developed in order to pursue instrumental advantage in a society marked by relatively weak legal and regulatory institutions. The book locates such theorizing in the major features of the rapidly evolving Chinese market society, whilst paying attention to the historical origins and cultural sources of this highly particularistic approach to the acquisition of social and material resources, an approach which relies on obligatory relations of favour exchange between persons who self-consciously and strategically select their associates and goals. The book goes on to develop an improved way of understanding this extremely significant and distinct feature of social, political and economic relations that are characteristic of mainland China’s relentlessly active population. The book uniquely proposes an inclusive approach to guanxi based on comprehensive theorizing which both challenges many conventions and at the same time introduces a research orientation which captures the pertinent psychological dispositions, cultural expressions, and institutional frameworks that underpin guanxi.

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Pouliot, Vincent. Teaching International Political Sociology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.311.

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Teaching international political sociology (IPS) is intellectually rewarding yet pedagogically challenging. In the conventional International Relations (IR) curriculum, IPS students have to set aside many of the premises, notions, and models they learned in introductory classes, such as assumptions of instrumental rationality and canonical standards of positivist methodology. Once problematized, these traditional starting points in IR are replaced with a number of new dispositions, some of which are counterintuitive, that allow students to take a fresh look at world politics. In the process, IPS opens many more questions than it provides clear-cut answers, making the approach look very destabilizing for students. The objective of teaching IPS is to sow the seeds of three key dispositions inside students’ minds. First, students must appreciate the fact that social life consists primarily of relations that make the whole bigger than the parts. Second, they must be aware that social action is infused with meanings upon which both cooperative and conflictual relations hinge. Third, they have to develop a degree of reflexivity in order to realize that social science is a social practice just like others, where agents enter in various relations and struggle over the meanings of the world. There are four primary methods of teaching IPS, each with its own merits and limits: induction, ontology, historiography, and classics.

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Hill, Peter, et Elizabeth K. Laney. Beyond Self-Interest. Sous la direction de Kirk Warren Brown et Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.16.

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Not to be confused with modesty or low self-esteem, humility is a multifaceted construct that is quite different from the misguided caricature that humble people are weak or timid and do not value themselves. In contrast, humility is a hypo-egoic phenomenon that involves a nondefensive willingness to see oneself accurately by acknowledging one’s personal limitations, combined with an appreciation for the strengths and contributions of other people from which one can learn. Research is reviewed that investigates humility both as a general dispositional characteristic, as well as in terms of the two specific domains of intellectual and relational humility. Although research clearly portrays humility primarily as a positive character strength, the potential liabilities of humility are also noted. The chapter also examines efforts to measure humility through self-reports and alternative approaches, along with the significant challenges of creating valid measures of humility.

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Yona, Sergio. Horace’s Epicurean Moral Credentials in Satires 1.4 and 1.6. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786559.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the reasons underlying Horace’s justification, as he explains in the Satires, for his role as critic of others’ vices and imperfections. This begins with the poet’s consideration of his version of satire in contrast with that of his predecessor Lucilius, who censured everyone, and proceeds to look more closely at his own approach to criticism, which has everything to do with his upbringing. Horace’s father’s pedagogical method, which, according to Horace, heavily emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain as communicated through healthy frankness, is essentially an expression of Epicurean ethics as Philodemus explains in his treatises On Choices and Avoidances and On Frankness. This method results in Horace’s virtuous disposition, which in turn leads to his successful encounter with his patron Maecenas and incorporation into his circle of friends.

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Dietrich, Ann, dir. Pediatric Traumatic Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190946623.001.0001.

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Part of the “What Do I Do Now?: Emergency Medicine” series, Pediatric Traumatic Emergencies uses a case-based approach to cover common and important topics in the examination, investigation, and management of injured children. Each chapter provides a discussion of the diagnosis, key points to remember, and selected references for further reading. Areas of controversy are clearly delineated with a discussion regarding evidence-based options and a balanced view of treatment and disposition decisions. The book addresses a wide range of topics including hemorrhage, chest trauma, abdominal marks, clavicle fractures, and more. Pediatric Traumatic Emergencies is an engaging collection of thought-provoking cases which clinicians can utilize when they encounter difficult pediatric patients. The volume is also a self-assessment tool that tests the reader’s ability to answer the question, “What do I do now?”

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Davis, Jake H. The Embodiment of Virtue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190490447.003.0012.

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This chapter surveys some specific ways in which virtue can be, and can fail to be, embodied by human beings. Much of the discussion of ethics in modern Western philosophy has focused on applying abstract principles of right and wrong to outward actions. Adopting a cross-cultural and empirically-based approach to ethics opens up a range of less obvious and perhaps philosophically more interesting ways in which virtue depends on, and can be supported by, our human embodiment. I survey three areas where drawing on sources such as early Confucian and Buddhist texts may prove particularly useful in pushing our investigation of virtue beyond its current confines. These include the training of behavioral dispositions in social contexts; the training of habits of attention in relation to embodied emotion; and finally an examination of internal ethical conflict as embodied emotional motivations.

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Hoinski, Ronald, et Ronald Polansky. The Modern Aristotle : Michael Polanyi’s Search for Truth against Nihilism. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474412094.003.0010.

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David Hoinski and Ronald Polansky’s “The Modern Aristotle: Michael Polanyi’s Search for Truth against Nihilism” shows how the general tendencies of contemporary philosophy of science disclose a return to the Aristotelian emphasis on both the formation of dispositions to know and the role of the mind in theoretical science. Focusing on a comparison of Michael Polanyi and Aristotle, Hoinski and Polansky investigate to what degree Aristotelian thought retains its purchase on reality in the face of the changes wrought by modern science. Polanyi’s approach relies on several Aristotelian assumptions, including the naturalness of the human desire to know, the institutional and personal basis for the accumulation of knowledge, and the endorsement of realism against objectivism. Hoinski and Polansky emphasize the promise of Polanyi’s neo-Aristotelian framework, which argues that science is won through reflection on reality.

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Zuber, Christina Isabel. Ideational Legacies and the Politics of Migration in European Minority Regions. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847201.001.0001.

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In this book, Christina Zuber outlines a theory of ideational policy stabilization to explain stable policy choices despite changing incentives. Historical legacies are frequently invoked in popular and academic accounts of the politics of migration, but the mechanisms of transmission are left underspecified. This work contributes to research on migration and to theories of public policy by arguing that the missing link between past events and present choices is ideational: initially a historical constellation of interests leads actors to defend policy ideas that match the historical environment, but over time, ideas can detach themselves from interests and stabilize into societal dispositions (shared values and identities). This occurs if elites build a discursive consensus around a policy idea, and if bureaucrats develop concomitant policy practices. The book’s empirical section analyses ideational stabilization in Catalonia (Spain), which takes an inclusive approach to immigration, and in South Tyrol (Italy), where immigration is framed as a threat. The comparison shows that these differences can be explained by the political economy of historical industrialization and internal migration. Catalans were in the driving seat of industrialization, receiving unskilled migrant workers from the rest of Spain to boost their own economy. South Tyroleans, on the other hand, were in the passenger seat, perceiving incoming Italians as colonizers. Over time, socioeconomic conditions changed, and internal migration was replaced with international migration. Yet with historical ideas having stabilized into dispositions, political and administrative elites continued to understand immigration through the now-obsolete perspective of economic opportunity in Catalonia and ethnic competition in South Tyrol.

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Wachbroit, Robert, et David Wasserman. Reproductive Technology. Sous la direction de Hugh LaFollette. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284238.003.0007.

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Reproductive technologies enable a couple to have, or avoid having, a particular kind of child. Couples can learn much about some of the medical problems their offspring might have even before their child is born; and, in some cases, even before conception. These developments have had a profound effect in framing reproductive decisions. This article focuses the discussion on these issues, which arise directly from the convergence of reproductive and genetic technologies. But it also explores some important, and related, implications that convergence has for the other three groups of issues: the moral assessment of risks, the involvement of third parties, and the status and disposition of various reproductive materials. In examining these issues, the article distinguishes concerns about the products, processes, and reasons involved in the use of new reproductive and genetic technologies, an approach which is described here.

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Medvetz, Thomas. Bourdieu and the Sociology of Intellectual Life. Sous la direction de Thomas Medvetz et Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.20.

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Chapter abstract Having grown up in the relative cultural backwater of Béarn, in southwestern France, Pierre Bourdieu found himself wrenched and jolted by his earliest encounters with French intellectual society. His perceptions, tastes, and dispositions offered constant reminders that he had not been made for this world. But the same disjuncture yielded productive insights and made Bourdieu into an accidental anthropologist of intellectual life. This chapter thematizes “the social relations of intellectual life” as a linchpin of his work, first tracing the sociobiographical roots of this interest and dividing Bourdieu’s career into four successive but overlapping phases, each defined by a particular approach to the subject. The chapter then highlights several moments in his theory where the focus on intellectual life holds the key to its deeper purpose or meaning. A key task for sociology after Bourdieu is to develop a more advanced theory of “intellectual practical sense.”

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Gooley, Dana. The School of Abbé Vogler. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633585.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 tracks a line of improvisational influence that issued from the organ playing and theoretical teachings of Georg Joseph (Abbé) Vogler, whose most famous students were Carl Maria von Weber and Giacomo Meyerbeer. Although Vogler was in many respects a product of eighteenth-century aesthetic and theoretical dispositions, he also had a progressive, even experimental streak that manifested itself in his improvisations. He anticipated the figure of the modern virtuoso by touring and playing organ concerts that featured dramatic improvisations depicting biblical narratives. Most important, he made keyboard improvisation an integral part of his pedagogical method, requiring students to improvise simultaneously with him and with each other. While Vogler instructed his students in thoroughbass methods, his improvisational teaching featured freer types of contrapuntal and figural elaboration that influenced their performances and compositions. Vogler’s approach to improvisation encouraged harmonic experimentation that influenced Weber’s and Meyerbeer’s expanded use of tonality.

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Wedgwood, Ralph. Rationality as a Virtue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0007.

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A concept that can be expressed by the term ‘rationality’ plays a central role in both epistemology and ethics—especially in formal epistemology and decision theory. It is argued here that when the term is used in this way, it expresses the concept of a kind of virtue, that has the central features that are ascribed to virtues by Plato and Aristotle, among others. Like other virtues, rationality comes in degrees. Just as Aristotle distinguished ‘just acts’ from acts that ‘manifest the virtue of justice’, we can distinguish the ‘abstract rationality’ from the manifestation of rational dispositions; this is the best account of the distinction between ‘propositional’ and ‘doxastic justification’. This approach also helps us to understand the relations between ‘rationality’ and ‘rational requirements’, and to answer further objections to the thesis that ‘rationality’ is a normative concept that are based on the principle that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’.

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Mackay, Ronnie, et Warren Brookbanks. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788478.003.0014.

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This concluding chapter offers a synthesis of the law around fitness to stand trial drawn from the different jurisdictions surveyed in the book. While individual jurisdictions have crafted their own solutions to questions of definition, procedure, and disposition, a range of specific issues have come to the fore requiring further analysis and resolution. These include the permissibility or otherwise of compulsorily medicating incapacitated defendants to restore competence, the desirability of disaggregating the unitary test for fitness, the movement from cognition to decision-making capacity as the focus of unfitness, the utility of the decisional competence construct, and the parameters of effective participation. While no single jurisdiction offers an entirely satisfactory way of dealing with the unfit to plead, what the differing approaches show is how important it is to endeavour to find approaches to the problems in the law and procedure in this complex area.

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Yona, Sergio. Flattery, Patronage, Wealth, and Epicurean Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786559.003.0005.

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Having examined Horace’s ethical credentials and his positive relationship with Maecenas, which the poet claims is based on virtue alone as opposed to poetic talent, this chapter looks at Horace’s ultimately self-serving portrayal of flatterers, which draws heavily from Philodemus’ treatise On Flattery. This begins with his negative but entertaining character portrait of an opportunistic toady, who accosts Horace in the street and whose methods for gaining Maecenas’ attention provide stark contrast with the disposition and approach of Horace as described previously. Next comes Horace’s exposition of the tactics employed by legacy-hunters, which again serves to promote his own agenda as a true friend of Maecenas. The proof of this relationship is given in the next satire, in which Horace thanks his generous patron for the gift of the Sabine estate, which itself becomes the venue for withdrawal and philosophical discussion as Philodemus recommends in On Property Management.

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de Vignemont, Frédérique. Bodily Space. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735885.003.0005.

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Imagine that two pressures of equal intensity are applied on your cheek and on your knee inducing two tactile sensations. In what sense do these two sensations feel different? In other words, is there a specific spatial phenomenology that is constitutive of bodily sensations? If one replies negatively, then one would expect free-floating sensations but there seems to be no such thing. But if one replies positively, then one has to explain what grounds this spatial phenomenology that seems to differ on many respects from the one encountered in visual experiences. One may then suggest accounting for it in terms of dispositions to direct actions at the locations of bodily sensations. However, sensorimotor approaches to bodily awareness face major conceptual and empirical difficulties.

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Wortley, Richard. Child Sexual Abuse and Opportunity. Sous la direction de Gerben J. N. Bruinsma et Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.29.

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Explanations of child sex abuse typically focus on the offenders’ presumed pathological dispositions that are seen to drive their offending behavior, and pay little attention to the role played by opportunity and other situational factors. It is argued in this chapter that child sexual abuse, like all behavior, is the product of a person-situation interaction and as such can be analysed using the theories and approaches of environmental criminology. Child sexual abuse is found to occur in contexts where potential victims can be easily accessed and where personal, social, situational, and legal controls over potential offenders are weak. Establishing a situational basis for child sexual abuse opens the way for the application of situational crime prevention strategies to create safer places for children.

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Shah, Dhavan V., Kjerstin Thorson, Chris Wells, Nam-jin Lee et Jack McLeod. Civic Norms and Communication Competence. Sous la direction de Kate Kenski et Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.008.

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The chapter examines the extant literature on political socialization, focusing on the role of communication in this process. Reviewing a wide range of approaches to socialization—from those stressing the role the institutions that teach young people civic values and practices to those emphasizing the role of dispositions that encourage political development and learning—we highlight communication’s influence in establishing civic norms and competencies. Increasingly, digital, social, and mobile media are implicated in these dynamics. We first define core concepts such as civic norms and the various sources from which they are acquired, communication competence and the challenges of navigating an increasingly complex media environment, socialization and attention to this ongoing process into adulthood, and citizenship and its changing styles and expanding boundaries. These core concepts provide the basis for considering the major points of development and dispute over political socialization.

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Adelstein, Richard. Trials and Bargains. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.003.0011.

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Almost every criminal conviction in the United States is achieved by guilty plea, and the system of plea bargaining that creates this outcome is closely examined in this chapter and briefly compared with case dispositions in inquisitorial systems. Adversarial and inquisitorial trials as ways to determine criminal liability and liability prices are compared, and the origins of plea bargaining in rising caseloads and elaborate rights and procedures in adversarial trials are discussed. How plea bargaining works and whether it puts a price on the right to trial are examined, and the Supreme Court’s effort to regulate it for efficiency and fairness is reviewed. Bargaining in the United States and England are compared, and European approaches to rising caseloads are considered in light of the imperatives of inquisitorial procedure. Plea bargaining is a window on criminal liability everywhere, a last give-and-take over price in a system of involuntary entitlement exchange.

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