Articles de revues : « Diseases, etc., United States »

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Pavlov, Yu A. « THE US ENVIRONMENTAL WAR IN VIETNAM (1961–1975) : RESULTS AND LESSONS ». Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 18, n^o 3 (2021) : 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2021-18-3-89-93.

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In 1961-1975, the government of the United States performs an aggressive environmental war against Vietnam. Herbicides containing dioxins ("Orange agent", etc.) were used. The natural landscape of Vietnam was severely damaged. The flora and fauna of South Vietnam suffered greatly, and in some places were completely destroyed. The victims were many civil inhabitants. War veterans from the United States and Vietnam were injured, became disabled, and acquired chronic diseases. The reckless foreign policy of the United States led to the deterioration of the environmental situation on the Indochina Peninsula for many decades. Even today, the consequences of that war have not been completely overcome.

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Greathead, Arthur S. « Prevention and Management of Diseases on Vegetable Transplants ». HortTechnology 13, n^o 1 (janvier 2003) : 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0055.

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The use of disease-free greenhouse-grown plug transplants for the establishment of field plantings of many vegetable crops in the arid west and southwestern regions of the United States has become a very important part of the agricultural system in these areas. The development of effective disease-control programs for use in the greenhouse involves a broad knowledge of production systems, water management, growing media, cultural techniques, etc., as well as knowledge of the discipline of plant pathology. The consultant in this field also must know the people and organizations with whom he is working. His goal is not simply the passing on of technical information, but also assisting in the incorporation of that information into the total growing program. Good communication skills and the development of an atmosphere of trust between all parties concerned are a vital part of the consultant's work.

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Sadiq Basha G et Srinivasan R. « Assessment of Regulatory Strategies for Orphan Drug Development and Approval Process in USA & ; EU ». International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, n^o 4 (11 novembre 2021) : 2492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4894.

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Orphan medicines are pharmaceutical drugs or vaccines supposed to deal with, preventing or diagnose of a rare disease (viz., ailment, Huntington's disease, syndrome, etc.). The meaning of rare sicknesses varies throughout some jurisdictions, however, generally contemplates the ailment of occurrence, severity, and life of alternate healing options. An uncommon ailment isn't worldwide and depends on the rules and guidelines officially adopted and approved via each region or U.S.A. The Orphan Drug Act, 1983 (ODA) has been recognized and adopted in numerous nations, international (United States of America (USA) and European Union (EU).) in the preceding 35 years, and has effectively advanced R and D ventures to widen new pharmaceuticals for the remedy of rare sickness. The rate of occurrences of such diseases were outpaced at an extra pace than the speed with which medicines are researched and developed to treat rare diseases. One of the main reasons is that the pharmaceutical industry is not interested in researching the enhancement of orphan medicines since they no longer have a significant large market. Despite the multiple incentives provided by the orphan drug act, this is the current reality. However, in this article, we've tried to concentrate on the current regulatory framework, current concepts of rare disease, regulatory challenges for rare disease drug development, and orphan drug approval in the United States & the European Union.

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Gerasimov, G. A. « Thyroxine treatment of patients with thyroid diseases, foreign experience and its use in Russia (lecture) ». Problems of Endocrinology 42, n^o 1 (15 février 1996) : 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11919.

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Thyroxine is one of the 13 most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States. Thyroxine is even more frequently prescribed to patients in several countries of Western Europe, where, due to iodine deficiency, there is a high prevalence of thyroid diseases. Indication for the use of thyroxine is either conventional replacement therapy in patients with hypothyroidism, or blocking the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with nodular goiter or after surgery for thyroid cancer. Hypothyroidism is a common disease: according to foreign authors, from 1.5 to 2% of women and about 0.2% of men suffer from it. Among people over 60, the prevalence of hypothyroidism is even higher: up to 6% of women and 2.5% of men have a TSH level that is 2 times higher than the upper limit of normal. According to foreign studies conducted in areas without iodine deficiency (UK), thyroid nodules are found in 0.8% of men and 5% of women, and the frequency of nodes increases after 45 years. In areas with iodine deficiency in the biosphere, which includes the vast majority of the territory of Russia, the frequency of nodular goiter in women of reproductive age reaches 10% or more. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine localization of malignant tumors. In 1984, 10,000 new cases of thyroid cancer were reported in the United States. For a long time, the selection of thyroxine doses for substitution and suppressive therapy was purely empirical and was based mainly on clinical signs: dynamics of mass, pulse, disappearance of myxedema, etc. At present, there are objective methods for controlling the thyroxine dose.

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Gardner, Lauren M., David Fajardo, S. Travis Waller, Ophelia Wang et Sahotra Sarkar. « A Predictive Spatial Model to Quantify the Risk of Air-Travel-Associated Dengue Importation into the United States and Europe ». Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/103679.

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The number of travel-acquired dengue infections has been on a constant rise in the United States and Europe over the past decade. An increased volume of international passenger air traffic originating from regions with endemic dengue contributes to the increasing number of dengue cases. This paper reports results from a network-based regression model which uses international passenger travel volumes, travel distances, predictive species distribution models (for the vector species), and infection data to quantify the relative risk of importing travel-acquired dengue infections into the US and Europe from dengue-endemic regions. Given the necessary data, this model can be used to identify optimal locations (origin cities, destination airports, etc.) for dengue surveillance. The model can be extended to other geographical regions and vector-borne diseases, as well as other network-based processes.

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Eggleston, Mark, et Soon-Young Park. « Review of the 4-Quinolones ». Infection Control 8, n^o 3 (mars 1987) : 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700067291.

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AbstractImprovements in antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetics have moved the 4-quinolones into the forefront of antibiotic research. The 4-quinolones are analogues of nalidixic acid, and there are presently at least six agents in this group under investigation in the United States. It is difficult to generalize their clinical usefulness, since these agents exhibit different pharmacokinetic profiles, antimicrobial activity (with varied minimum inhibitory concentrations among similar organisms), and dosage regimens.The 4-quinolones are potential therapeutic alternatives for infections caused by a variety of organisms. They include: Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Haemophilus influenzae; Staphylococcus aureus; common enteric pathogens (salmonella, shigella, Campylobacter, etc); and intracellular bacteria (legionella, chlamydia, mycobacteria, etc).Clinical efficacy has been demonstrated in urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. Future studies will undoubtedly demonstrate effectiveness in numerous additional infectious processes.The purpose of this article is to compare the 4-quinolones in regards to pharmacokinetics and spectrum of activity and review the clinical studies involving these agents.

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Li, Yunzi. « Application of Different Cell Therapies in the Treatment of Covid-19 ». Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 74 (29 décembre 2023) : 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/bh40vd62.

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Covid-19, which erupted in Wuhan, China, in 2019, was highly contagious and caused panic. covid-19 has a sequelae, and the World Health Organization reports that about 10 to 20 percent of crown infections have new crown sequels, including exhaustion, overheart movement, shortness of breath, cognitive difficulties, chronic pain, sensory function, muscle weakness, etc. Research institutions such as the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and other research institutions have released a considerable number of new crown sequels in their own country, and some of the population is already unable to work. There are still no systematic treatment, only some of the symptoms proposed based on the symptoms, these traditional therapies do not treat the sequelae, so some new therapies have been proposed. This paper will revolve around cell therapy. The common methods used in clinical treatment of diseases are surgery, chemical drugs, ion exposure, plant drugs. The development of modern medical theory and technology gradually introduced cell therapy into the clinic. Cell therapy is a treatment with functional cells as the main body. Cell therapy can be used as an independent treatment or combined with the above-mentioned routine treatment. In recent years, cell therapy has shown increasing application value in the treatment of genetic diseases, cancer, tissue injury, diabetes and other diseases, and details current cell therapy and prospects.

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Pendyala, Gowri Swaminatham, Pradeep Kumar, Sourabh Ramesh Joshi, Sonia Godara et Shridhar Shetty. « Periodontal Disease in Medically Compromised Patients and Its Relation with Covid-19 ». Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, n^o 20 (17 mai 2021) : 1558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/325.

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Periodontal diseases can have systemic effects on our body. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension etc., have a history of being associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal disease could indicate the severity of Covid-19. There has been no previous reporting of oral health status in Covid-19 patients. The knowledge of association of periodontal disease with severe Covid-19 could be an important contribution to slowing down the rate and spread of infection. Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease which involves gingiva and the supporting tissues like cementum, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. It has affected nearly about 10 - 12 % of the total population in the world. Periodontal disease is more prevalent in medically compromised patients with diseases like asthma, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. The other risk factors for the occurrence of periodontal disease are tobacco smoking, ageing, poor oral hygiene, obesity etc.1 Coronavirus (CoV) belongs to Coronaviridae family which are RNA viruses. Their size varies from 60 - 140 nanometre with spike-like projections on its surface. This strain of viruses is considered to be zoonotic in nature and cause respiratory illness in humans.1 This viral disease has affected lakhs of people in United States and had resulted in a high mortality rate. It was declared a pandemic by WHO on the 11th of March 2020. Comorbid conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma, ageing, obesity and gender pose a greater risk for Covid-19. We wanted to evaluate as to whether periodontal disease along with comorbid conditions share a contributing risk factor for developing Covid-19.

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Wei, Chenyu, Jianing Wu, Chaoyang Zhang, Yinshen Zhao, Chunzheng Li et Xianguang Yang. « Therapeutic targets for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and their roles in hepatocellular carcinoma ». Exploration of Digestive Diseases 2, n^o 5 (13 décembre 2023) : 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37349/edd.2023.00031.

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Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. Over time, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of MASLD. It has become one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. Globally, the incidence of HCC related to MASLD may further increase with the growing prevalence of obesity. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an important stage of MASLD, which is more likely to cause cirrhosis and even HCC. And patients with NASH cirrhosis have a much higher incidence of hepatocellular cancer than patients with non-cirrhotic MASLD. As a result, it is critical to investigate the targets of MASLD therapy in HCC. This article reviews therapeutic targets of MASLD, such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), etc., and introduces the drugs related to these targets and their mechanisms of action in HCC. In addition, the developmental process and pathogenesis of MASLD, as well as risk factors for HCC development, are discussed. These are of great significance for the prevention and treatment of HCC.

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Udawatta, Ranjith P., Dusty Walter et Shibu Jose. « Carbon sequestration by forests and agroforests : a reality check for the United States ». Carbon Footprints 1 (2022) : 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2022.06.

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Climate change is a major global threat affecting food security and sustainability. Land use systems involving trees have the potential to positively impact climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and providing long-term carbon (C) storage. This review evaluated the C sequestration potential of two major land use systems of the United States (US) involving trees, forests and agroforests, which can also provide other ecosystem services.The estimated total forest C stock on forest land in the US in 1990 was 50,913 Tg and another 1885 Tg remained in harvested wood and discarded wood products. From 1990 to 1995, total C stock rose by 2%, and from 2000 to 2005, it rose by 1.7%. The US forests collectively lose (flux) about 200 Mg C y-1 from disturbance and harvesting. Currently, about 12% of the conterminous US forest land is at high or very high risk of wildfire. Annually, insects and diseases could transfer ~ 21 Tg of live aboveground biomass to litter and woody debris pools. A scenario that targets an afforestation policy for rural landowners in the eastern US and a reforestation policy targeting understocked federal forest lands in the western would improve US annual sequestration compared to the baseline of 323 Tg CO2 eq yr-1 in 2015 to 469 Tg CO2 eq yr-1 in 2050.Agroforestry offers greater potential to increase C sequestration of predominantly agriculture-dominated landscapes than monocrop agriculture by storing C in above- and belowground biomass, soil, and living and dead organisms and further extending the duration of C in soils. The estimated total C sequestration of current alley cropping (211,938 ha), riparian buffers (640,732 ha), silvopasture (34 Mha), and windbreak (2.37 Mha) practices is 219 Tg C yr-1. The total C sequestration would be 240 Tg C yr-1 with 5% of the US cropland converted to alley cropping (3.7 Tg yr-1), 15-m wide riparian buffers on both sides of 5% of the total stream length (4.75 Tg yr-1), 34 Mha converted to silvopasture (207 Tg yr-1), and windbreaks on 5% (7.45 Mha) of the cropland (25 Tg yr-1). Despite many limitations including uncertainty of land areas under agroforestry, lack of standardized estimation protocols, and lack of accountability on various C stocks (source-sink services, detritus C, insect/pest damages, etc.), we believe these new accrual rates and the land areas under each practice are much more realistic as new information became available over the last decade.The total C sequestration by forests (776) and agroforests (219) is 995 Tg yr-1 and represents approximately 15% of the US CO2 emissions. This review highlights the importance of sustainable management of forests and integration of agroforestry on agricultural lands to mitigate climate challenges further while meeting society’s need for food and a healthy environment.

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Choi, Erin, Sonia Khan, Laxmi Chintakayala, Katherine Holder, Bernardo Galvan et Steven Berk. « Classic clinical descriptions of disease : curing medical education with a dose of the past ». Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles 9, n^o 37 (28 janvier 2021) : 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12746/swrccc.v9i37.799.

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The importance of clinical skills, including obtaining patient history and performing physical examination, has been de-emphasized in the modern medical school curriculum. With advancements in diagnostic technologies, the clinical presentation of diseases in medical textbooks has been simplified, diminished, and largely replaced with detailed pathophysiology and laboratory findings. The implementation of the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 has also contributed in pushing medical education toward classroom-based learning rather than emphasizing clinical experience. Clinical skills competency is crucial to accurately diagnose patients and simultaneously lowers health care costs by not relying on unneeded diagnostic tests. To address this gap in medical knowledge, a group of students at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, have created a website documenting classic clinical disease descriptions written by some of the renowned physicians from the 19th and 20th centuries, including Osler, Flint, Gowers, etc. This website will continue to grow and will be a useful tool for professors, physicians, and medical students.

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Hartman, Daniel A., Nicholas A. Bergren, Therese Kondash, William Schlatmann, Colleen T. Webb et Rebekah C. Kading. « Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus ». PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n^o 10 (25 octobre 2021) : e0009837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009837.

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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Mosquito vectors transmit RVFV between vertebrates by bite, and also vertically to produce infectious progeny. Arrival of RVFV into the United States by infected mosquitoes or humans could result in significant impacts on food security, human health, and wildlife health. Elucidation of the vectors involved in the post-introduction RVFV ecology is paramount to rapid implementation of vector control. We performed vector competence experiments in which field-collected mosquitoes were orally exposed to an epidemic strain of RVFV via infectious blood meals. We targeted floodwater Aedes species known to feed on cattle, and/or deer species (Aedes melanimon Dyar, Aedes increpitus Dyar, Aedes vexans [Meigen]). Two permanent-water-breeding species were targeted as well: Culiseta inornata (Williston) of unknown competence considering United States populations, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett as a control species for which transmission efficiency is known. We tested the potential for midgut infection, midgut escape (dissemination), ovarian infection (vertical transmission), and transmission by bite (infectious saliva). Tissues were assayed by plaque assay and RT-qPCR, to quantify infectious virus and confirm virus identity. Tissue infection data were analyzed using a within-host model under a Bayesian framework to determine the probabilities of infection outcomes (midgut-limited infection, disseminated infection, etc.) while estimating barriers to infection between tissues. Permanent-water-breeding mosquitoes (Cx. tarsalis and Cs. inornata) exhibited more efficient horizontal transmission, as well as potential for vertical transmission, which is contrary to the current assumptions of RVFV ecology. Barrier estimates trended higher for Aedes spp., suggesting systemic factors in the differences between these species and Cx. tarsalis and Cs. inornata. These data indicate higher potential for vertical transmission than previously appreciated, and support the consensus of RVFV transmission including a broad range of potential vectors.

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Dugga, Princy, Shamsh Pervez, Rakesh Kumar Sahu, Madhuri Verma, Shahina Bano et Manas Kanti Deb. « Spatiotemporal Variation In Groundwater Quality Of India During Last 15 Years : A Review ». Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 30, n^o 1 (30 janvier 2021) : 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2017-30-1-5.

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Groundwater resource in this few decades has been challenging in India due to intense agricultural, industrial and mining activities which make groundwater quality exposed to contaminants. This review article deals with results of groundwater quality monitoring and assessment works conducted in India during the year 2000 to 2015. Previously published research articles of study region with the theme of groundwater quality have been discussed for concentrations of heavy metals, ions, water-soluble organics and inorganics along with its associated health impacts. Several methodologies were used for various chemical contaminants quantification and a wide range of statistical approaches was also applied for their source identification and/or apportionment. The major groundwater pollutants were F? , NO? , As, V, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) etc. monitored in India in higher concentration than standard permissible limits regulated by various international and national agencies like World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), American Publi c Health Association (APHA) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Studies reported that millions of people are suffering from chronic heavy metal poisoning causing cancer, cardiovascular diseases, affecting central nervous system, brain, liver, kidney etc., while 1.6 million children expire every year from ailment for which polluted drinking water is a primary cause.

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Henderson, Kaemmer N., Lauren G. Killen, Eric K. O’Neal et Hunter S. Waldman. « The Cardiometabolic Health Benefits of Sauna Exposure in Individuals with High-Stress Occupations. A Mechanistic Review ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 3 (27 janvier 2021) : 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031105.

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Components of the metabolic syndrome (i.e., hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis) are a leading cause of death in the United States and result in low-grade chronic inflammation, excessive oxidative stress, and the eventual development of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). High-stress occupations (HSO: firefighters, police, military personnel, first responders, etc.) increase the risk of developing CMD because they expose individuals to chronic and multiple stressors (i.e., sleep deprivation, poor nutrition habits, lack of physical activity, psychological stress). Interestingly, heat exposure and, more specifically, sauna bathing have been shown to improve multiple markers of CMD, potentially acting as hormetic stressors, at the cellular level and in the whole organism. Therefore, sauna bathing might be a practical and alternative intervention for disease prevention for individuals with HSO. The purpose of this review is to detail the mechanisms and pathways involved in the response to both acute and chronic sauna bathing and collectively present sauna bathing as a potential treatment, in addition to current standard of care, for mitigating CMD to both clinicians and individuals serving in HSO.

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Ashique, Sumel, Navjot K. Sandhu, Supratim Das, Sk Niyamul Haque et Kartick Koley. « Global Comprehensive Outlook of Hantavirus Contagion on Humans : A Review ». Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 22, n^o 3 (mai 2022) : 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526522666220105110819.

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Abstract: Hantaviruses are rodent viruses that have been identified as etiologic agents of 2 diseases in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and nephropathiaepidemica (NE) in the Old World and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Orthohantavirus is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Hantaviridae of the order Bunyavirales. The important reservoir of Hantaviruses is rodents. Each virus serotype has its unique rodent host species and is transmitted to human beings with the aid of aerosolized virus, which is shed in urine, faeces and saliva and hardly by a bite of the contaminated host. Andes virus is the only Hantavirus identified to be transmitted from human-to-human and its major signs and symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, lungs filled with fluid, etc. In early 1993, this viral syndrome appeared in the Four Corner location in the southwestern United States. The only accepted therapeutics for this virus is Ribavirin. Recently, serological examinations to identify Hantavirus antibodies have become most popular for investigation among humans and rodent reservoirs.

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Giroux, Emily, et Guillaume J. Bilodeau. « Whole Genome Sequencing Resource of the European Larch Canker Pathogen Lachnellula willkommii for Molecular Diagnostic Marker Development ». Phytopathology® 110, n^o 7 (juillet 2020) : 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-19-0350-a.

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The filamentous ascomycete fungus Lachnellula willkommii is the causal agent of European larch canker (ELC), one of the most destructive diseases of larch in Europe and a regulated plant pathogen of quarantine significance in Canada and the United States. L. willkommii was first detected in Massachusetts, North America in 1927 on a larch plantation cultivated with nursery stock imported from Great Britain. Despite the decades of practices aimed at eliminating the pathogen, it has reappeared in coastal areas of Canada and the United States. There is concern ELC could spread throughout the range of eastern larch, a transcontinental species typical of the Boreal forest that spans the North American landscape. There is geographic range overlap between several nonpathogenic indigenous Lachnellula species and the reported distribution of L. willkommii in North America. Morphological and biological methods to distinguish L. willkommii are often inadequate as the fungus does not always produce the phenotypic structures that distinguish it from these other saprophytic Lachnellula species. Whole genome sequencing technologies were used to obtain the draft genome sequences of L. willkommii and six other Lachnellula species. Molecular markers identified from the genomic data may be used to discriminate L. willkommii from its nonpathogenic relatives.

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Davis, Amy J., Jordona D. Kirby, Richard B. Chipman, Kathleen M. Nelson et Amy T. Gilbert. « Data-Driven Management—A Dynamic Occupancy Approach to Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Prioritization ». Viruses 13, n^o 9 (9 septembre 2021) : 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091795.

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Rabies lyssavirus (RABV) is enzootic in raccoons across the eastern United States. Intensive management of RABV by oral rabies vaccination (ORV) has prevented its spread westward and shown evidence of local elimination in raccoon populations of the northeastern US. The USDA, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program (NRMP) collaborates with other agencies to implement broad-scale ORV and conducts extensive monitoring to measure the effectiveness of the management. Enhanced Rabies Surveillance (ERS) was initiated during 2005 and updated in 2016 to direct surveillance efforts toward higher-value specimens by assigning points to different methods of encountering specimens for collection (strange-acting, roadkill, surveillance-trapped, etc.; specimen point values ranged from 1 to 15). We used the 2016–2019 data to re-evaluate the point values using a dynamic occupancy model. Additionally, we used ERS data from 2012–2015 and 2016–2019 to examine the impact that the point system had on surveillance data. Implementation of a point system increased positivity rates among specimens by 64%, indicating a substantial increase in the efficiency of the ERS to detect wildlife rabies. Our re-evaluation found that most points accurately reflect the value of the surveillance specimens. The notable exception was that samples from animals found dead were considerably more valuable for rabies detection than originally considered (original points = 5, new points = 20). This work demonstrates how specimen prioritization strategies can be used to refine and improve ERS in support of wildlife rabies management.

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Bozhenko, Victoria. « Tackling corruption in the health sector ». Health Economics and Management Review 3, n^o 3 (2022) : 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2022.3-03.

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Corruption in the health sector is unique because it includes abuse by public officials and unscrupulous behavior by other actors (drug manufacturers, health professionals, patients, etc.). The urgency of solving the scientific problem lies in the fact that financial relations in the medical field arise between a wide range of persons who can act as initiators of corruption decisions and/or their executors. The study’s main goal is to analyze the forms of corruption in the healthcare system and their consequences for society, as well as to assess the degree of interrelationship between the level of corruption and indicators of financial support in the healthcare sector. The methods of structural and comparative bibliometric analysis and correlation analysis became the methodical tools of the conducted research. The object of research is 140 countries in the world. The conducted bibliometric analysis testified to the permanent growth of the study of the issue of corruption in medicine in the scientific environment. Scientists from the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have implemented the largest number of works on a certain topic. The conducted correlation analysis also empirically confirmed that an increase in the level of corruption in the country leads to an increase in the share of household expenses for financing their own medical needs. The article founds that the population in countries with a low level of corruption (the corruption promotion index is closer to 100) has a higher level of provision of vital medical services (reproductive health, health of women, newborns, and children, infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases and opportunities provision of services and access to them). Countries with a high level of anti-corruption and coverage of medical services include Finland, Sweden, Germany, and Great Britain. The results of the research can be useful for state regulatory bodies, specialized organizations in the field of health care, as well as public organizations.

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Pugliese, Michela, Vito Biondi, Enrico Gugliandolo, Patrizia Licata, Alessio Filippo Peritore, Rosalia Crupi et Annamaria Passantino. « D-Penicillamine : The State of the Art in Humans and in Dogs from a Pharmacological and Regulatory Perspective ». Antibiotics 10, n^o 6 (28 mai 2021) : 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060648.

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Chelant agents are the mainstay of treatment in copper-associated hepatitis in humans, where D-penicillamine is the chelant agent of first choice. In veterinary medicine, the use of D-penicillamine has increased with the recent recognition of copper-associated hepatopathies that occur in several breeds of dogs. Although the different regulatory authorities in the world (United States Food and Drugs Administration—U.S. FDA, European Medicines Agency—EMEA, etc.) do not approve D-penicillamine for use in dogs, it has been used to treat copper-associated hepatitis in dogs since the 1970s, and is prescribed legally by veterinarians as an extra-label drug to treat this disease and alleviate suffering. The present study aims to: (a) address the pharmacological features; (b) outline the clinical scenario underlying the increased interest in D-penicillamine by overviewing the evolution of its main therapeutic goals in humans and dogs; and finally, (c) provide a discussion on its use and prescription in veterinary medicine from a regulatory perspective.

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Imran, Mohd, Shah Alam Khan, Mohammed Kanan Alshammari, Ashwaq Muiedh Alqahtani, Turkiah Abdullah Alanazi, Mehnaz Kamal, Talha Jawaid, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Sultan Alshehri et Faiyaz Shakeel. « Discovery, Development, Inventions and Patent Review of Fexinidazole : The First All-Oral Therapy for Human African Trypanosomiasis ». Pharmaceuticals 15, n^o 2 (21 janvier 2022) : 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15020128.

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Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or ‘sleeping sickness’) is a neglected tropical disease. If untreated, it is always fatal and leads to death. A few treatments are available for HAT, but most of them require a skilled professional, which increases the financial burden on the patient. Recently, fexinidazole (FEX) has been approved by the European Medicine Agency (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) as the first all-oral therapy for the treatment of stage-1 (hemolymphatic) as well as stage-2 (meningoencephalitic) of HAT. Before the FEX approval, there were separate treatments for stage-1 and stage-2 of HAT. This study reviews the discovery, development timeline, inventions, and patent literature of FEX. It was first approved by EMA and USFDA in 2018 and 2021, respectively. FEX was also added to the World Health Organization’s list of essential drugs in 2019. The patent literature search revealed many types of patents/patent applications (compound, salt, process, method of treatment, drug combinations, and compositions) related to FEX, which have been summarized in this article. The authors foresee a great scope to develop more inventions based on FEX (novel salts, polymorphs, drug conjugates, cyclodextrin complex, etc.) for the treatment of many protozoal diseases (Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease), inflammatory diseases, and other microbial infections. New combinations of FEX with other treatments of HAT may also provide fruitful results. This review might be useful to the scientists working on the HAT and other neglected diseases to develop novel inventions and innovations of therapeutic relevance.

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Shaheen, Bashar W., Rajesh Nayak, Steven L. Foley, Ohgew Kweon, Joanna Deck, Miseon Park, Fatemeh Rafii et Dawn M. Boothe. « Molecular Characterization of Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins in Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates from Companion Animals in the United States ». Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, n^o 12 (26 septembre 2011) : 5666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00656-11.

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ABSTRACTResistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) among members of the familyEnterobacteriaceaeoccurs worldwide; however, little is known about ESC resistance inEscherichia colistrains from companion animals. Clinical isolates ofE. coliwere collected from veterinary diagnostic laboratories throughout the United States from 2008 to 2009.E. coliisolates (n= 54) with reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime or cefotaxime (MIC ≥ 16 μg/ml) and extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotypes were analyzed. PCR and sequencing were used to detect mutations in ESBL-encoding genes and the regulatory region of the chromosomal geneampC. Conjugation experiments and plasmid identification were conducted to examine the transferability of resistance to ESCs. All isolates carried theblaCTX-M-1-group β-lactamase genes in addition to one or more of the following β-lactamase genes:blaTEM,blaSHV-3,blaCMY-2,blaCTX-M-14-like, andblaOXA-1.DifferentblaTEMsequence variants were detected in some isolates (n= 40). Three isolates harbored ablaTEM-181gene with a novel mutation resulting in an Ala184Val substitution. Approximately 78% of the isolates had mutations in promoter/attenuator regions of the chromosomal geneampC, one of which was a novel insertion of adenine between bases −28 and −29. Plasmids ranging in size from 11 to 233 kbp were detected in the isolates, with a common plasmid size of 93 kbp identified in 60% of isolates. Plasmid-mediated transfer of β-lactamase genes increased the MICs (≥16-fold) of ESCs for transconjugants. Replicon typing among isolates revealed the predominance of IncI and IncFIA plasmids, followed by IncFIB plasmids. This study shows the emergence of conjugative plasmid-borne ESBLs amongE. colistrains from companion animals in the United States, which may compromise the effective therapeutic use of ESCs in veterinary medicine.

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O'Ryan, Jorge, et Monica Ozores-Hampton. « (417) The Chilean Organic Wine Industry ». HortScience 40, n^o 4 (juillet 2005) : 1072A—1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1072a.

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The Chilean organic wine industry has comparative advantages with Europe and the United States because of its ideal environmental conditions, resulting in low presence of pests and diseases and lower production cost. Additionally, the wine production process is one of the strictest in the world, so the transformation from conventional to organic wine production can be achieved economically. A survey was conducted of 32 Chilean organic vineyards during 2004. The survey included 18 questions about total surface area, certification, varieties, final market, etc. The survey covered 95% of the land under organic wine production, with a total of 1892 ha, of which 1088 ha have organic certification and 804 ha are in transition to organic production. The major vineyards and valleys with organic wine production are Maipo (33.7%), Colchagua (17.2%), El Maule (14.0%), Curicó (9.9%), and Cachapoal (8.8%). The most important organic red varieties currently under production are `Cabernet Sauvignon' (40.9%), `Merlot' (15.1%), `Syrah' (9.1%), `Carmenere' (7.3%), `Malbec' (3.3%), and `Pinot Noir' (2.5%). The white varieties are `Sauvignon Blanc' (6.4%), `Chardonnay' (5.1%), and `Semillón' (1.0%). The potential for the organic wine industry in Chile is tremendous since organic vineyards represent only 2% of the total vineyard industry.

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ZHANG, L., N. ZHAO, J. SHA, C. WANG, X. JIN, S. AMER et S. LIU. « Virology and epidemiology analyses of global adenovirus-associated conjunctivitis outbreaks, 1953–2013 ». Epidemiology and Infection 144, n^o 8 (6 janvier 2016) : 1661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815003246.

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SUMMARYThis study aimed to compare the virology and epidemiology of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) and acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) outbreaks worldwide caused by the human adenovirus (HAdV) from 1953 to 2013. Eighty-three hexon sequences from 76 conjunctivitis outbreaks were analysed and subtyped using Mega 5.05, Clustal X and SimPlot software. Epidemiology was performed for the area, age and seasonal distribution. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the isolates could be divided into three subgenetic lineages, without a common ancestor. The major causes of the outbreaks were Ad8, Ad7 and Ad2 co-infection with enterovirus 70 (EV70) in EKC, PCF and AHC, respectively. The epidemiological findings suggested that EKC and AHC were circulating predominantly in Asia during the early winter and spring, whereas PCF was circulating mainly in China, Australia and the United States during the summer. This study suggests that EKC, AHC and PCF outbreaks have different circulating patterns throughout the world and are caused by different adenovirus serotypes. A global surveillance system should be established to monitor conjunctivitis outbreaks in the future.

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Lv, Meng, Xueping Zhu, Yaping You, Shaowei Fan, Ruoning Chai, Tao Cheng, Wenjing Xue, Shuai Shi et Yuanhui Hu. « Knowledge domain and emerging trends of autophagy in cardiovascular research : A bibliometric analysis ». Medicine 103, n^o 2 (12 janvier 2024) : e36811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000036811.

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Background: Autophagy is essential for the homeostasis and function of the cardiovascular system. Citespace is a visual analysis software developed in the context of scientometrics and data visualization. The purpose of this study is to use Citespace software to conduct bibliometric and visual analysis of the research on autophagy in cardiovascular diseases, identify the current status, hot spots and trends in this field, help researchers clarify the future research focus and direction of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases, and provide more positive and broader ideas for the treatment and drug development of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: In the Web of Science Core Collection database to download the data from 2004 to 2022 regarding autophagy in cardiovascular research. CitespaceV was used to collect the research status, hotspots and development trends for visual analysis. Results: The 3568 articles were published by 547 authors from 397 institutions in 75 countries. From 2004 to 2021, the annual publications increased over time. The top 3 productive nations were China, the United States, and Germany. The leading institution was China’s Fudan University. The most cited paper is Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). The research hotpots include monitoring methods for autophagy activity, changes in autophagy levels in different types of cardiovascular diseases, autophagy signal transduction mechanism in cardiovascular diseases, etc. Conclusion: Bibliometric analysis provided valuable information for autophagy research in cardiovascular disease, which is full of opportunities and challenges. The research of autophagy in the field of cardiovascular diseases is still worthy of in-depth exploration. A challenge with autophagy-targeted therapies is their dichotomy in which the goal is to target maladaptive autophagy while maintaining a baseline level of cell survival to optimize a beneficial outcome. It is necessary for scientists to develop new methods to evaluate the level of autophagy from basic application to human body and reveal the signaling mechanism of autophagy in different types of cardiovascular diseases.

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Wang, Zhuoyin, Xinming Li, Jili Hu, Xu Guo, Bulang Gao et Bin Zhu. « Bibliometric and visual analysis of esophagogastric junction cancer research from 2002 to 2021 ». Medicine 103, n^o 20 (17 mai 2024) : e38100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000038100.

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Numerous studies related to esophagogastric junction cancer (EGC) have been published, and bibliometric analysis of these publications may be able to identify research hotspots and frontiers of EGC. Studies published on EGC between 2002 and 2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. The collaboration network of countries/regions, institutions, authors, co-citation network of journals, co-occurrence network, and overlay visualization of keywords were analyzed using the VOSviewer software. Cluster and timeline analyses of references were performed using the CiteSpace software. A total of 5109 English articles were published across 691 journals by authors affiliated with 4727 institutions from 81 countries/regions. The annual number of publications related to EGC research has exhibited an increasing trend. The United States, China, and Japan emerged as the top 3 prolific countries/regions. Institutions in the United States, Japan, and South Korea exhibited significant collaboration with one another. Diseases of the Esophagus was the most prolific journal, and Annals of Surgical Oncology, World Journal of Gastroenterology, and Gastric Cancer had also published more than 100 studies. Jaffer A Ajani was the most productive author while David Cunningham ranked the first in terms of total citations and average citations per article. Barrett’s esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori, and obesity were common topics in earlier research, and recent years had seen a shift towards the topics of immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, growing attention is paid to EGC research, especially in terms of immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

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Podgaina, M. V., et N. A. Sliptsova. « The analysis of the legislative framework regarding pharmaceutical provision of orphan patients in Ukraine ». News of Pharmacy 103, n^o 1 (7 février 2022) : 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/nphj.22.75.

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A rare (orphan) disease is a disease that threatens a person’s life or chronically progresses; it leads to a reduction in life expectancy or disability, which prevalence among the population is not more than 1 : 2000 in Ukraine and not more than 1 : 5000-8000 in other countries. Aim. To analyze the current legal framework on pharmaceutical provision of orphan patients in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The current regulatory framework on pharmaceutical provision of orphan patients in Ukraine was analyzed by constructing and studying the hierarchy of legislative acts regulating the issues of management of orphan (rare) diseases in the world and in Ukraine. Results and discussion. The article describes the main stages of the legislation formation, starting from the USA in 1983 to the EU and Ukraine in 2021. The practical value of the article consists in the current list of normative acts regulating the provision of patients with orphan diseases. The scientific significance is in the use of the results of previous studies of others domestic researchers (2016). The analysis of the legislation and the main issues of providing orphan patients allowed us to formulate the basic problems of the national healthcare system listed in the article. Conclusions. The current state of the legal regulation of orphan patients in Ukraine has been studied. It has been found that the legislative regulation of the issue under study has been actively carried out over the past 7 years by implementing the adopted Law of Ukraine, resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers and orders of the Ministry ofHealth. The results of the study of international experience in introducing the basic concepts of orphan diseases and orphan patients into the healthcare system in the United States (since 1983), EU countries (since 1999), Japan (since 1993), etc., have been summarized. It has been found that 275 nosologies of orphan diseases have been approved in Ukraine; they are grouped by 11 nosological categories, there are 104 nosologies (+40 %) more than in 2016. A positive trend towards intensification of the process of improving the provision of orphan patients in Ukraine has been revealed.

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Litovko, K. S. « Prevention of the spread of infectious diseases as a guarantee of constitutional rights to health protection and medical care in Russia ». Law Enforcement Review 7, n^o 2 (22 juin 2023) : 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2023.7(2).105-115.

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The subject of the research is public relations in the sphere of health protection rights, medical care and ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being proceedings (in the context of infection safety).The purpose of the research is formulating recommendations for a conceptual solution of the contradictions that have arisen between the public relations that are developing during the period of COVID-19 counteraction and the current regulatory framework. Research methods: formal-legal, comparative-legal, general philosophical methods (synthesis, analysis, induction, deduction, etc.).The aim. The article examines the contradictions between the current system of responding to the occurring emergency situations and the established acting procedure and legislative regulation of public relations associated with the COVID-19 spreading counteraction. A proposition has been formulated on the appropriateness of using a specific concept of infectious safety, which correlates but does not duplicate the existing emergency response system.The main results. It is proposed to call this system a "system for preventing the spread of infectious diseases". Its elements (stages of preventing the spread of infectious diseases) are introduced. It is noted that this system is integrated into the already existing, but unspecified in a sufficient number of legal acts of biological safety statutory regulation. As elements (stages) of the prevention the spread of infectious diseases system it is proposed to consider the prevention of infectious diseases, the elimination of the infectious threat, the restoration of public relations to the state that was in effect at the time of activation the elimination of the infectious threat phase. The content of each stage is reviewed in detail considering new social relations circumstances that are not recognized in the existing emergency prevention system and are not directly affected by it. The abstracts of foreign authors were used, who also note similar problems in public relations of foreign countries (in particular, the United States) in connection with countering the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions. Conceptual conjectures were formulated to resolve the accumulated contradictions between the public relations developing in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and the existing statutory and administrative institutions in the Russian Federation for the prevention of emergency situations. It is significant to mention that the research is not a comprehensive review on the problem of preventing the spread of infectious diseases, but it provides an additional view on potential ways of solving it. The concept of the prevention the spread of infectious diseases is also opened towards improvement and refinement in future considering new incoming information and legislative innovations.

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Ekimova, V. I., M. I. Rozenova, A. V. Litvinova et A. V. Koteneva. « The Fear Traumatization : Psychological Consequences of Covid-19 Pandemic ». Современная зарубежная психология 10, n^o 1 (2021) : 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2021100103.

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The COVID-19 pandemic, combined with high transmission and mortality rates of the infection, created an unprecedented state of emergency worldwide. The risk of infection and death, the experience of social isolation, alongside with loss of control over the situation and frightening information caused the "pandemic of fear" that had spread across regions and countries. The aim of this review is to summarize and to analyze the results of numerous studies of the COVID-19 pandemic psychological consequences for the population of different countries and the world as a whole, as well as for individual categories of population, and COVID-19 related risk factors. Relatively high levels of fear, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress and stress have been observed and continue to be observed among the population of China, Spain, Italy, Iran, the United States, Turkey, Nepal, Denmark, and other countries. The most severe symptoms of psychological trauma are demonstrated by medical workers, women, young people, those who had lost their jobs during the crisis, people with chronic diseases, etc. It is especially important to continue international and interdisciplinary researches aimed at identifying and mitigating the dangerous effects of COVID-19 on people's mental health and psychological well-being.

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Al-Hakim, Ali. « General Considerations for Diversifying Heparin Drug Products by Improving the Current Heparin Manufacturing Process and Reintroducing Bovine Sourced Heparin to the US Market ». Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 27 (janvier 2021) : 107602962110522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10760296211052293.

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Heparin is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. It has been described as a lifesaving drug due to its roles in treating many serious diseases and illnesses including kidney dialysis, surgery, cardiac-invasive, heart attack, cardiac arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, blood clot prevention, and many other related uses. Heparin drug products currently approved in the United States are obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa sourced from pigs, the majority of which is imported from China. However, due to the heparin contamination crisis (2008) and potential shortage and to safeguard the quality of current and future heparin supply chains including raw material, Food and Drug administration (FDA) posted a notification on its website titled “FDA Encourages Reintroduction of Bovine-Sourced Heparin”. This perspective is intended to address the history of regulatory and scientific background of heparin drug products obtained from bovine and porcine sources and general recommendations for improving the quality of current heparin manufacturing process including Critical Quality Attributes (CQA), control management, process control, related tests, limits, etc. Additionally, a general plan with systematic steps is proposed for diversifying heparin supply chains by reintroduction of bovine sourced heparin to the US market.

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Khatkov, Igor E., Irina I. Andreyashkina, Kristina A. Anichkina, Alina V. Pasternak, Elizaveta S. Prokofieva, Roman D. Zaitsev et Ivan D. Trotsenko. « Observational studies as a tool for introducing innovative oncology approaches into clinical practice : A review ». Consilium Medicum 25, n^o 6 (5 novembre 2023) : 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2023.6.202351.

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Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are the gold standard of evidence-based medicine. However, it is no less evident that real practice presents many new and important questions that are difficult to answer in the RCT. To what extent does the real patient meet the criteria for inclusion in the study? What are the efficacy and safety of the drug in comorbid and elderly patients? How deviations from the treatment regimen affect safety, etc. The introduction of innovative oncology approaches is disproportionately faster than in other fields. That is why a balanced analysis of the effects of innovation in real-world practice is relevant. Regulatory authorities are aware of this and demonstrate a willingness to consider and actively support real-world evidence research as part of drug applications, which is a powerful incentive for developing this area. The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory approaches in the United States and Europe to real-world studies when considering drug applications and to discuss the experience of organizing an observational study of the effectiveness of individual drugs for the treatment of oncological diseases in Moscow as a unique example of interaction between regulatory authorities and the expert community of oncologists.

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Weng, Rui, Dong-Xin Lin, Yu-Ke Song, Hai-Wei Guo, Wen-Sheng Zhang, Xiao-Ming He, Wen-Chao Li, Hong-Heng Lin, Min-Cong He et Qiu-Shi Wei. « Bibliometric and visualized analysis of research relating to minimally invasive spine surgery reported over the period 2000–2022 ». DIGITAL HEALTH 9 (janvier 2023) : 205520762311735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076231173562.

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Background Since entering the 21st century, there has been an increasing interest in minimally invasive surgery for spinal diseases, which has led to the continued development of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS), with major breakthroughs in technology and technical skills. However, in recent years, there is little relevant research using bibliometrics to analyze the field of MISS research. The purpose of this study is to sort out the publication situation and topic trends of articles in the field of MISS research from the perspective of bibliometrics. Methods The articles and reviews related to MISS from 2000 to 2022 were retrieved and downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). Visualization and knowledge mapping were performed using three bibliometric tools, including online bibliometric platform, CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. Curve fitting and correlation analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel software. The global research publication output, contributions of countries, institutions, authors, and journals, average citations per item (ACI), Hirsch index ( H-index), research hot keywords, etc., in this field were analyzed. Results A total of 2384 papers were retrieved, including 2135 original papers and 249 review papers. In the past 22 years, the number of annual publications of MISS research has shown a steady growth trend. China contributed the most papers, and the United States ranked second, but the United States had the highest total citations, and H-index value. The most prolific institutions were Soochow University, Capital Medical University and Wooridul Spine Hospital. In this field, Professors Lee SH, Ahn Y and Yang HL have made significant achievements. However, there is relatively little international collaboration between institutions or researchers. World Neurosurgery is the most published journal on MISS research. According to the keyword co-occurrence analysis, recent keywords mainly focus on researches on minimally invasive modalities, techniques and prognosis, while on the keyword analysis of the ongoing bursts, percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy, lumbar diskectomy, spinal stenosis, recompression, diskectomy, endoscopic spine surgery, laminectomy, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, etc., will likely continue to be a research hotspot in the near future. Conclusion Looking at the temporal trend in the number of publications per year, the number of publications for the MISS study will increase in the near future. China has the highest number of publications, but the US has the highest quality publications. International cooperation needs to be further strengthened. Our findings can provide useful information for the academic community and identify possible research fronts and hotspots in the coming years.

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Deac, Liana Monica. « Foodborne Illness A Dynamic, Everywhere Possible Emergency Field Today ». Clinical Studies & ; Medical Case Reports 7, n^o 3 (31 décembre 2020) : 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/csmc-8801/100104.

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Foodborne illness is a common, costly yet preventable public health problem. Every year in the United States, 17 % of Americans get sick, as a result of consuming contaminated foods or beverages. During 2017-2019, we have observed foodborn diseases in Transylvania region, Romania, and realized a complex epidemiological and clinical study, with the right interpretations and conclusions. Most cases appeared in adults with several chronic illnesses, in 56%, male in 68% from rural side in 57%. The pathology was relevant for family events as wedding, birthday party etc., when food contamination occurred probably at any point, from: production, processing, distribution, or any meals preparation with eggs, milk and meat products, as even from less hand washing or hygiene protective uses. There were several forms from simple one, in 70%, middle one, in 22% to severe who arrived in totality to 8 % and needed almost several days of hospitalization. These foodborn infections have had the etiology of: Salmonella spp in 67%, mostly Salmonella enteritidis in 29 %. Other 14% were determined by Staphylococcus aureus and in 19% forms, we could not put in evidence any microbiological determinant germs. To protect people from such disease there is needed to survive correct each chain of food production, processing, transportation, handling, and all preparation steps as to use a correct hand washing activity in food uses.

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Deac, Liana Monica. « Foodborne Illness A Dynamic, Everywhere Possible Emergency Field Today ». Clinical Studies & ; Medical Case Reports 7, n^o 3 (31 décembre 2020) : 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/csmc-8801/100104.

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Foodborne illness is a common, costly yet preventable public health problem. Every year in the United States, 17 % of Americans get sick, as a result of consuming contaminated foods or beverages. During 2017-2019, we have observed foodborn diseases in Transylvania region, Romania, and realized a complex epidemiological and clinical study, with the right interpretations and conclusions. Most cases appeared in adults with several chronic illnesses, in 56%, male in 68% from rural side in 57%. The pathology was relevant for family events as wedding, birthday party etc., when food contamination occurred probably at any point, from: production, processing, distribution, or any meals preparation with eggs, milk and meat products, as even from less hand washing or hygiene protective uses. There were several forms from simple one, in 70%, middle one, in 22% to severe who arrived in totality to 8 % and needed almost several days of hospitalization. These foodborn infections have had the etiology of: Salmonella spp in 67%, mostly Salmonella enteritidis in 29 %. Other 14% were determined by Staphylococcus aureus and in 19% forms, we could not put in evidence any microbiological determinant germs. To protect people from such disease there is needed to survive correct each chain of food production, processing, transportation, handling, and all preparation steps as to use a correct hand washing activity in food uses.

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Hair, Rachel, Junichi R. Sakaki et Ock K. Chun. « Anthocyanins, Microbiome and Health Benefits in Aging ». Molecules 26, n^o 3 (21 janvier 2021) : 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030537.

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The percentage of individuals over the age of 60 is projected to reach 22% by 2050; chronic diseases associated with aging can present challenges for these individuals. Anthocyanins and the gut microbiome have each been studied as independent influencers of health. Both these factors have shown to have a positive effect on cardiovascular and bone health in individuals, as well as on the prevention or treatment of certain forms of cancers. Anthocyanins have shown to modulate the composition of the gut microbiome and may have overlapping mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and aging-associated bone loss. These health outcomes are responsible for the hospitalization and deaths of millions of Americans every year and they cost the United States billions of dollars each year to maintain, prevent and treat. Alternative methods of treatment and prevention are desired since conventional methods (surgical and pharmacological methods, physical therapy, etc.) can be costly and have significant side effects; evidence suggests that anthocyanins and the gut microbiome may be potential avenues for this. This review evaluates the findings of existing literature on the role of anthocyanins and the gut microbiome on health and their potential as a natural therapeutic agent or a target organ to provide an alternative to the conventional methods of disease prevention and treatment.

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Loganathan, Veerapandi, Lekhashri Vijayan, Riya Mariyam Rinu et Ahalya Madhu. « Production of Gluten–Free Breakfast Cereals Based on Red Rice by Extrusion Process ». Indian Journal of Food Engineering 2, n^o 4 (30 septembre 2023) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijfe.d1008.092423.

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Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTE-BC) is either extruded product from flour (or) flaked corn, wheat (or) rice commonly used as breakfast in western countries. Cereal fortification helps to eliminate many nutritional deficiencies in various developed nations including United States. Recent techniques used to make bio-available vitamins and minerals in breakfast cereals to overcome the nutritional deficiencies such as iron, calcium etc. The main objective of this study was development of readt to eat foods from cereals for breakfast using extrusion. Trial no.6 because of its Good consistency and sensory properties. Among all other trials the red rice and quinoa 42% is found to be effective in nutritional facts and consistency. Typically, breakfast cereals include flaked, puffed, shredded, granula, extrude and baked product Oryzapunctata (red rice) and Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa seed), two gluten free food grains help to replace the wheat which contains gluten and used for the production of breakfast cereals. Quinoa is good example for the functional food that aims to lower the risk of various debilitating diseases and identify the presence of phyto-hormones of as several advantages for human nutrition over other plant foods. The Orzyapunctata (red rice) with high antioxidant content can be supplemented in the form of breakfast cereal so as to reduce the usage of artificial antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxyl toluene).

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Golyak, N. S. « TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF DRUGS AND ITS ROLE IN THERAPY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ». Emergency Cardiology and Cardiovascular Risks 4, n^o 2 (2020) : 1057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51922/2616-633x.2020.4.2.1057.

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Introduction. Transdermal delivery of medicinal substances is based on the penetration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient through the intact skin, its further entry into the systemic bloodstream and, thereafter, to the target organ. Currently, gels, ointments, emulsions and transdermal therapeutic systems (transdermal patches) are used as transdermal agents. Transdermal patches are able to provide a target constant concentration of medicinal substances in blood plasma for a long time (from 1 to 7 days). Transdermal delivery has a number of advantages: increased bioavailability of medicinal substances due to the elimination of losses associated with metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and in the liver; reducing the risk of adverse reactions which can be caused by leveling of concentration jumps of the medicinal substances in the blood; painlessness and convenience; possibility to change the dose by varying the area of the patch and the duration of use; possibility to stop the treatment at any time, etc. For patients with chronic diseases requiring constant repeated oral administration of drugs, suffering from dysphagia and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the transdermal route of administration is the most optimal. In some cases, when the patient is unconscious, suffers from sclerosis, or has impaired vital functions (for example, the ability to breathe and swallow independently), transdermal delivery is optimal and in some cases is the only alternative. Purpose. To analyze the current range of drugs for transdermal delivery, to assess the role and prospects of using transdermal delivery in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Methods. The search for literary data was carried out using the PubMed and Google search engines among Russian - and English-language original articles. The search of registered drugs in the form of transdermal patches was carried out using drugs registries of the United States and other countries. When searching, the terms «transdermal delivery», «transdermal patch», «bisoprolol», «clopidogrel», «transdermal delivery», «transdermal patch» were used. Conclusion. In the global pharmaceutical market, transdermal delivery is used for a limited number of medicinal substances of different pharmacotherapeutic groups, of which only three medicinal substances (nitroglycerin, clonidine, bisoprolol) are used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Many attempts have been made to obtain and evaluate transdermal patches with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, antiplatelet agents used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, but the volume of these studies is insufficient for registration and clinical use.

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Niu, Simiao. « (Invited) smart Wearable Electronics for Chronic Disease Management ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n^o 34 (28 août 2023) : 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01341894mtgabs.

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60% of Americans live with at least one chronic disease. These diseases and associated comorbidities are now the leading causes of death in the United States. Effective management of complex chronic diseases requires body-wide, long-term, accurate, and continuous monitoring of multiple physiological signals from wearable devices to precisely determine the pathological state. These wearable physiological signal monitoring can dramatically reduce the demand of physician visiting and increase patients’ engagement and treatment adherence rate. Although wearable bioelectronic devices have shown huge potential in chronic disease management, existing technology still mostly relies on rigid chip components, where the interface between chips and skin/tissue has been a bottleneck that limits the system performance (noise, robustness etc). To address these challenges, my research has been involved in the exploration of rational system design concepts, material and device fabrication innovation, and tailored algorithms to enable smart wearable electronics that targets next-generation chronic disease management. Here I would like to discuss two of my developed technology platforms to elaborate the concept of smart wearables. First, I will describe a body area sensor network technology platform. In the system design concept side, this technology utilizes a novel wireless hybridization strategy and an unconventional detuned RFID working regime that provide an ideal skin interface. In the material/device side, this system integrates several skin-conforming polymer-based soft devices (ring oscillators, RF diodes, antennas, transistors etc.) as an integrated soft multimode sensing sticker. (1,2) Next, I will describe a wireless closed-loop smart bandage that can accelerate and monitor the wound healing process. (3) Such smart bandage also integrates new design concepts (wireless, battery-free design that combines both sensing and stimulation), novel materials (low-impedance, high-toughness, and tunable adhesion hydrogel as skin interface) and closed-loop control algorithms. Overall, the developed technology platform could assess multiple health outcomes and treatment responses to various chronic diseases. Ultimately, this technology will help to reduce chronic disease burden, lower medical costs, and provide a better quality of life for patients. References: 1. “A Wireless Body Area Sensor Network System Based on Stretchable Passive Tags”. Nature Electronics 2019, 2, 361. 2. “High-Frequency and Intrinsically Stretchable Polymer Diodes”. Nature 2021, 600, 246-252. 3. “Wireless, closed-loop, smart bandage with integrated sensors and stimulators for advanced wound care and accelerated healing”. Nature Biotechnology 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01528-3.

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Yeung, Andy Wai Kan. « The Revived Interest in Ageusia Research during the COVID-19 Pandemic : A Bibliometric Analysis ». Life 13, n^o 4 (21 avril 2023) : 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13041062.

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The evolution of ageusia research literature has yet to be investigated. This bibliometric study analyzed the entire ageusia research literature indexed in Web of Science, to reveal its growth and the most productive entities in terms of authors, institutions, countries, journals, and journal categories. In addition, this study aimed to identify medical conditions (and their treatments) that were frequently associated with ageusia. On 7 March 2022, the Web of Science Core Collection database was accessed with the following search query: TS = (ageusia OR “taste loss” OR “loss of taste” OR “loss of gustat*” OR “gustatory loss”). The search identified publications mentioning these terms in their title, abstract, or keywords. No additional filters were placed on publication year, language, etc. The basic publication and citation counts were extracted from the in-built functions of the database. The complete record of the publications was exported into VOSviewer, a bibliometric software for visualizations. The search yielded 1170 publications. The cumulative publication and citation counts of the ageusia research sharply increased in 2020. The most productive author was Professor Thomas Hummel from Technische Universität Dresden. Ageusia research had heavy contributions from the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, and India. The top 5 most productive journals mainly belonged to the otorhinolaryngology and medicine categories. The medical conditions frequently investigated in ageusia research included COVID-19, cancers (head and neck, and advanced basal cell), Guillain-Barré syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and Sjogren’s syndrome. This study could act as a begvinner’s guide for (1) clinicians who are not familiar with ageusia so that they might better understand which scenarios they need to be more aware of since ageusia could be a co-morbidity of a patient’s underlying disease, and (2) for those who wish to search for relevant authors and journals for suitable publications related to the topic.

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Nelson, Christina, Katharine Cooley et Shannon Fleck-Derderian. « 150. Updated Clinical Guidelines for Treatment and Prophylaxis of Plague ». Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2021) : S91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.150.

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Abstract Background Plague still occurs naturally in the western United States, Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent due to its potential for aerosol release and high fatality rates. Recommendations for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of plague were published in 2000 and included limited first-line options for treating plague, namely streptomycin or gentamicin. Doxycycline or ciprofloxacin were recommended for PEP. However, since 2000 new human clinical data and animal data have become available, and the FDA has approved additional antimicrobials for plague. Methods CDC developed updated, evidence-based guidelines for treatment and prophylaxis of plague using a comprehensive process. To collect evidence on relative efficacy of various antimicrobials for treatment of plague, the guidelines team conducted systematic literature reviews and analyzed U.S. surveillance data. Results of these investigations were published in Clinical Infectious Diseases in 2020. We also hosted several meetings with subject matter experts and clinical organizations (IDSA, AAP, etc.), federal agencies, and others to review relevant data and gather individual input on treatment and prophylaxis of plague. Results The forthcoming plague guidelines will include several important updates. First-line treatment options have been expanded to include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin in addition to streptomycin and gentamicin. For PEP, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin are now first-line options in addition to doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is now one of several new alternative options for PEP. The updated guidelines also include recommendations for treatment of clinical forms of plague other than pneumonic. Additional special populations such as immunocompromised persons and neonates are also covered. Conclusion Plague remains a threat, both as a naturally occurring disease and as a potential bioterrorism weapon, and preparedness and early recognition are key to effective response. The updated clinical guidelines will be a useful tool for clinicians to manage antimicrobial treatment and PEP for plague. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Podilyakina, Yu S., D. V. Kulov et Zh T. Amirbekova. « Pregravidary preparation ». Research and Practical Medicine Journal 8, n^o 2 (23 juin 2021) : 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17709/2410-1893-2021-8-2-8.

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Preconception care is an essential component of promoting maternal and child health at the national and international levels. The term “preconception care” is found both in various recommendations of the World Health Organization and in practical recommendations for the protection of maternal and child health. Although programs and guidelines may differ depending on local needs (endemic diseases, financial security, educational level of the population, etc.), the general concept of preconception care is present in developing and developed countries within different health systems and does not depend on political, cultural or religious beliefs. In addition, the history of incorporating various preconception strategies and ideologies into international maternal and child health programs and policies spans nearly 30 years, demonstrating the long-term recognition of the relative importance of this approach as a means of optimizing pregnancy outcomes. However, at present there is a large proportion of women who do not know about the importance of preparing for pregnancy.The purpose of this review was to study international experience in the implementation of preconception care in the practice of practical health care professionals. The main tools were highlighted – motivated counseling and reflective practice. Since the United States of America is the world health leader in improving pregnancy outcomes, the information sources were selected from PubMed and the Centers for Disease Control. This review provides evidence of the importance of motivated counseling, identifies the main stages of establishing a trusting relationship between a doctor and a woman or a married couple.Conclusions. Correct pregravid behavior will improve the demographic indicators of the country, however, systematic work is needed with regard to the social responsibility of married couples and the interest of medical personnel in high-quality motivated counseling.

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Amiche, Amine, Heidi Kabler, Janet Weeks, Kalvin Yu et Vikas Gupta. « 176. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns, Seasonality, and Correlation with the Influenza Season in the United States : A Multicenter Evaluation Reveals Surprising Association Between Influenza Season and Gram Negative Pathogens ». Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2021) : S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.176.

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Abstract Background Influenza infection may affect bacterial transmission dynamics and seasonality of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). There is a paucity of data on the association of influenza season and AMR rates. We aimed to describe trends of AMR and their correlation with the influenza season in ambulatory and inpatient settings in the United States (US). Methods We used the BD Insights Research Database (Franklin Lakes, NJ USA) to identify 30 day non-duplicate isolates collected from patients >17 years old with susceptibility profile of Gram-negative (GN) (Enterobacterales (ENT), P. aeruginosa (PSA), A. baumannii spp. (ACB), and S. maltophilia (Sm)) and Gram-positive (GP) pathogens (S. aureus (SA), and S. pneumoniae (Sp)) in up to 257 US healthcare institutions from 2011-19. We defined the outcomes as rates per 100 admissions and % of non-susceptibility (NS), stratified by community and inpatient settings, resistance type (resistance to carbapenem (Carb-NS), quinolone (FQ-NS), macrolide (Macr NS), penicillin (PCN NS), and extended spectrum cephalosporin (ESC NS)) and isolate origin (respiratory and non-respiratory). Influenza data were presented as the % of positive laboratory tests. We used descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations models to evaluate the monthly trends of AMR outcomes and correlation with the influenza season. Results We identified 16 576 274 confirmed non-duplicate pathogens, of which 154 841 were GN Carb-NS, 1 502 796 GN FQ-NS, 498 012 methicillin resistant SA (MRSA), and 44 131 Macr-NS, PCN-NS, and ESC-NS Sp. Among the Carb-NS pathogens, Influenza rate was correlated with % ACB-NS [β= 0.205, p< .001]. In the FQ-NS group, influenza was associated with overall % ENT-NS [β= 0.041 p< .001] and % PSA-NS [β= 0.039, p = .015]. For the GP pathogens, all Sp. rates were correlated with increased influenza positivity % (See Table). Only MRSA rates of respiratory source were associated with influenza [β= .066, p=.028]. Summary of Multivariate regressions of AMR and % Flu by Source and Setting (controlling for hospital level factors): 2011-2019 Data in each cell is presented as the coefficient and p-value is in parentheses. ^adjusted for region, teaching, urban, bed size, and season. + p<.10 *p <.05 **p <.01 ***p <.001 Conclusion Our study revealed surprising association between influenza epidemics and GN resistance and corroborated the evidence of correlation between respiratory GP and influenza infections. These insights may help inform targeted antimicrobial stewardship initiatives during influenza season. Disclosures Amine Amiche, PhD, Sanofi (Employee, Shareholder) Heidi Kabler, MD, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Janet Weeks, PhD, Becton, Dickinson and Company (Employee) Kalvin Yu, MD, BD (Employee) Vikas Gupta, PharmD, BCPS, Becton, Dickinson and Company (Employee, Shareholder)

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Mirchuk, Konstantin K., Dmitriy I. Vasilevskiy, Kristina A. Anisimova et Leysan I. Davletbaeva. « Bariatric surgery metabolic effects ». Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 10, n^o 2 (19 juin 2019) : 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped10299-109.

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Obesity is considered now as a chronic relapsing lifelong disease, with a tendency to progression. According to the WHO, it present about 60% of the population of economically developed countries is overweight, 25-30% – is obesity. Russia is in fifth place in the world in the prevalence of obesity and overweight, being second only to the United States, Mexico, Hungary and Scotland. According to the Research Institute of Nutrition in the North-West region of the Russian Federation, 29.7% of women and 18.5% of men are overweight. Associated with obesity diseases include atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, hormonal disorders, some cancers, etc. In proportion to the number of obese people increases and the incidence of pathological conditions associated with overweight. The vast majority of 95% of obese people die from causes directly related to overweight. The life expectancy of patients with overweight is reduced by 10-20 years, depending on the age of development and severity of obesity. The effectiveness of the conservative methods of correction associated with overweight in the arsenal of medicine today is low due to the complexity of the impact on their main cause – overweight. The article presents modern ideas about the mechanisms of action, hormonal and metabolic effects of the main types of bariatric operations. High long-term efficacy of surgical treatment of obesity-associated dis-orders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, arterial hypertension has been shown.

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Chen-Edinboro, Lenis P., Christopher N. Kaufmann, Jura L. Augustinavicius, Ramin Mojtabai, Jeanine M. Parisi, Alexandra M. V. Wennberg, Michael T. Smith et Adam P. Spira. « Neighborhood physical disorder, social cohesion, and insomnia : results from participants over age 50 in the Health and Retirement Study ». International Psychogeriatrics 27, n^o 2 (15 septembre 2014) : 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214001823.

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ABSTRACTBackground:We determined the association between neighborhood socio-environmental factors and insomnia symptoms in a nationally representative sample of US adults aged >50 years.Methods:Data were analyzed from two waves (2006 and 2010) of the Health and Retirement Study using 7,231 community-dwelling participants (3,054 men and 4,177 women) in the United States. Primary predictors were neighborhood physical disorder (e.g. vandalism/graffiti, feeling safe alone after dark, and cleanliness) and social cohesion (e.g. friendliness of people, availability of help when needed, etc.); outcomes were insomnia symptoms (trouble falling asleep, night awakenings, waking too early, and feeling unrested).Results:After adjustment for age, income, race, education, sex, chronic diseases, body mass index, depressive symptoms, smoking, and alcohol consumption, each one-unit increase in neighborhood physical disorder was associated with a greater odds of trouble falling asleep (odds ratio (OR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.14), waking too early (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.10), and, in adults aged ≥69 years (adjusting for all variables above except age), feeling unrested in the morning (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.22 in 2006). Each one-unit increase in lower social cohesion was associated with a greater odds of trouble falling asleep (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.11) and feeling unrested (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15).Conclusions:Neighborhood-level factors of physical disorder and social cohesion are associated with insomnia symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. Neighborhood-level factors may affect sleep, and consequently health, in our aging population.

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Marcelino, Liliana Aguilar. « Potential of Anisakiasis in Foodborne Zoonosis ». Pakistan Veterinary Journal 42, n^o 04 (1 octobre 2022) : 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.080.

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Seafood is an essential part of nutrient acquisition and is considered a staple food in areas located nearby water bodies. The potential pathogens associated with seafood consumption are often neglected to make foodborne zoonosis more likely to occur. Anisakiasis resulting from infected nematodes Anisakis has worldwide distribution including developing continents like Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Bangladesh) and some developed areas like the Netherlands and the United States. Despite a global burden of morbidities and fatalities, Anisakiasis remains a neglected zoonotic disease. The intensity and distribution of disease rise owing to the consumption of different kinds of raw or improperly cooked seafood like sushi etc. There is no proper treatment for Anisakiasis owing to the delays in reaching out for medical opinions. Keeping in view the gaps in Anisakiasis research and surveillance, we should improve the treatment with medicine, surgery, and essential oil and curtail the transmission of diseases from parasites to humans. There are gaps in the existing information on the epidemiological significance of the so far known species of Anisakis, both in their natural and accidental host-like human population worldwide. This review signifies the importance of awareness, knowledge of Anisakiasis among humans and animals from a global viewpoint. A holistic approach by thorough assessment of the rapidly spreading disease Anisakiasis in natural and accidental hosts as well as in marine ecosystems is required to prevent morbidities and mortalities in humans

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Ekejiuba, Azunna IB. « Paradigm Shift in Protective Barrier Covering Implements for the Endemic Phase of Corona Virus and Routine Airborne Pollutants : The Game Changer Approach - Phase Three Category ». Epidemiology International Journal 7, n^o 4 (2023) : 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/eij-16000266.

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This article presented a possible protective solution to the diverse health problems associated with human beings inhaling routine anthropogenic airborne particulates and micro-organisms by introducing some regular user friendly barrier covering implements i.e. narrows it down to zero pollutant inhaled for each person’s health care protection via the introduction of cosmetic-style barrier coverings, for the individual sense organs (i.e. nose-mouth-eye). Comprehensively, the atmosphere air is a mixture of several gases, consisting of three main components (78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon), water vapor, trace gases such as the noble gases (neon, helium, krypton, and xenon); greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone); and the other gases such as hydrogen, iodine, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, etc. Furthermore, particulate matter (PM) a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets, such as dust, dirt, soot (a.k.a. black carbon), smoke, and smog-causing pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulfur (SOx), are regularly being released into the atmosphere by human activities (anthropogenic sources). Along with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) i.e. chemical gases released from solid and liquid chemical products such as detergents, pesticides, printer supplies, adhesives, furniture, electronics, paints (and many other products), gasoline vapors, power plants and automobile exhaust, re-occurring wildfires and bush burning in different parts of the world (e.g. Canada, Brazil, California, etc.). Specifically, the June 2023 Canadian wildfire, whose smoke drifted into the northeast United States, and then temporarily made New York City “the most polluted city on the planet”, plus, the occasional air borne viruses and bacteria diseases (particles and respiratory droplets), during pandemics e.g. influenza, corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19), the common respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-a seasonal virus, characterized by variable epidemiology, depending on geographic area and climate) that share many similar symptoms as corona virus, etc. Most notably, this July 22, 2023 Erika Edwards report on “tripledemic” quoted Dr Mandy Cohen (director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), as saying that the American people are expecting to have three bugs out there, “three viruses: COVID, of course, flu and RSV”. This means that many Americans will be urged to get three different vaccinations this fall: COVID, RSV and the annual flu shot. “But that will be a challenge for the health care system, (said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious diseases expert and professor of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center), at a time when there’s already vaccine fatigue”. The pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs- CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, etc.) do not only contributing to climate change (e.g. global warming the emphasis in my first and second articles) but are also the major air, water, and soil pollution that already afflictsmany cities/countries globally today. Air pollutants with the strongest evidence for public health concern include particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

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Rahman, Wahida, Dipak Kumer Paul Chowdhury, Md Abrar Hossain, Fatema Zerin Khan et Md Javed Mahfuz Khan. « Role of Atenolol and Carvedilol in Prevention of Adrenaline Induced Myocardial Infarction : A Comparative Study on Experimental Animal ». Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 17, n^o 2 (30 mai 2022) : 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v17i2.58371.

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Introduction: In some trials in United States of America (USA) and Bangladesh, vasodilating non selective β blockers (e.g. carvedilol, propranolol etc.) have been shown to be better tolerated than nonvasodilating β1 selective blocker (e.g. atenolol, metoprolol etc.) to prevent cardiovascular diseases (Coronary Heart Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease and other cardiovascular conditions) Objective: To compare the role of atenolol and carvedilol in the prevention of adrenaline induced myocardial infarction (MI) in experimental animal (rats). Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka for a period of one year (from July 2014 to June 2015). Seventy two (72) healthy rats of Long Evan Norwegian strains, 3-4 months of ages of both sexes, weight between 180-220g were used. These rats were randomly selected and ethical issues were addressed. In this study cardio-protective effect was assessed by measuring the serum enzymes (CK-MB and AST) levels and antiperoxidative action was estimated by the hepatic and cardiac reduced glutathione (GSH) contents in experimentally (adrenaline) induced myocardial infarction. Results: Adrenaline (2mg/kg) induced myocardial damage in rat model was evaluated biochemically by significant (P<0.001) increase in CK-MB and AST levels. Free radical production following adrenaline induced myocardial infarction was indirectly reflected by significant (P<0.001) depletion in hepatic & cardiac GSH contents. Cardio protection provided by atenolol and carvedilol pretreatment in adrenaline induced myocardial infraction was assessed by significant prevention of increase in serum CK-MB and AST levels. Antioxidant properties of carvedilol & atenolol were evaluated by significantly (P<0.001) increase in and significantly no (NS) change in GSH (hepatic & cardiac) contents respectively. Conclusion: The study indicated that carvedilol (nonselective β blocker) through their antioxidant property in addition to α and β- blocking effect afforded more cardio protection than atenolol (selective β1adrenoceptor blocker) in experimental MI. JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 17, No 2 (December) 2021: 65-70

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Sukumaran, C., B. Karpagavalli, R. Hariharan et V. Parthiban. « Preclusive Strategies of Obesity to Lead a Healthy Life - A Review ». Pharmaceutical Sciences and Resarch 1, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2022) : 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/psr/1/1/7.

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Obesity is not an ailment, because it is one of the intricate contributing causes of a number of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), such as heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, cancer, kidney stones, inflammation, backache, etc., that are prevalent in people all over the world. A sedentary lifestyle raises body fat accumulation, which causes weight gain, which is a primary consequence of metabolic disorders. The major goal of this brief review was to identify and be aware of the prevalence and preclusive strategies to overcome obesity using reputed studies. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), since 1980, the incidence of overweight in the community has roughly doubled. According to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), 312 million individuals nationally and internationally minimum of 1.1 billion are obese. According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee of the United States of America, a complete plan to increase weight control in key places is established when the objectives, policies, and implementation activities are incorporated. The first and most amazing requirement of life is physical activity intervention, which improves human health through started trying techniques, professionally studied workouts, and conditioning that eventually lowers fatality and also considerably fosters the development of muscle contraction, muscle mass, vascular system, and calcified bones. The review concludes by restating the importance of maintaining a healthy weight and a proper BMI control regimen. Regular physical activity helps to strengthen internal organs and supports the secretary process. Moderate-intensity physical activity has been used to manage weight for a long time.

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Mehata, Abhishesh Kumar, Aseem Setia, Vikas, Ankit Kumar Malik, Rym Hassani, Hamad Ghaleb Dailah, Hassan A. Alhazmi, Ahmed A. Albarraq, Syam Mohan et Madaswamy S. Muthu. « Vitamin E TPGS-Based Nanomedicine, Nanotheranostics, and Targeted Drug Delivery : Past, Present, and Future ». Pharmaceutics 15, n^o 3 (21 février 2023) : 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030722.

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It has been seventy years since a water-soluble version of vitamin E called tocophersolan (also known as TPGS) was produced; it was approved by USFDA in 1998 as an inactive ingredient. Drug formulation developers were initially intrigued by its surfactant qualities, and gradually it made its way into the toolkit of pharmaceutical drug delivery. Since then, four drugs with TPGS in their formulation have been approved for sale in the United States and Europe including ibuprofen, tipranavir, amprenavir, and tocophersolan. Improvement and implementation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for disease are goals of nanomedicine and the succeeding field of nanotheranostics. Specifically, imaging and treating tumors with nanohybrid theranostics shows promising potential. Docetaxel, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin are examples of poorly bioavailable therapeutic agents; hence, much effort is applied for developing TPGS-based nanomedicine, nanotheranostics, and targeted drug delivery systems to increase circulation time and promote the reticular endothelial escape of these drug delivery systems. TPGS has been used in a number of ways for improving drug solubility, bioavailability improvement, and prevention of drug efflux from the targeted cells, which makes it an excellent candidate for therapeutic delivery. Through the downregulation of P-gp expression and modulation of efflux pump activity, TPGS can also mitigate multidrug resistance (MDR). Novel materials such as TPGS-based copolymers are being studied for their potential use in various diseases. In recent clinical trials, TPGS has been utilized in a huge number of Phase I, II, and III studies. Additionally, numerous TPGS-based nanomedicine and nanotheranostic applications are reported in the literature which are in their preclinical stage. However, various randomized or human clinical trials have been underway for TPGS-based drug delivery systems for multiple diseases such as pneumonia, malaria, ocular disease, keratoconus, etc. In this review, we have emphasized in detail the review of the nanotheranostics and targeted drug delivery approaches premised on TPGS. In addition, we have covered various therapeutic systems involving TPGS and its analogs with special references to its patent and clinical trials.

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Moore, Mark. « The ICEL Healthcare-Associated Infection Probability Equation ». Infection Control & ; Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (octobre 2020) : s405—s406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1056.

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Backround: In American hospitals alone, the CDC estimates that hospital acquired infections (HAIs) account for an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths each year.1 Although the United states and most industrialized nations have made strides in lowering the overall HAI rate by taking critical steps to reduce HAIs, an overall formula that combines a global risk assessment per patient for HAI acquisition has yet to be established. To address this issue, we developed the ICEL equation. This equation uses a probabilistic argument to estimate the likelihood of HAI acquisition and to promote infection control dialogue among healthcare practitioners from diverse healthcare disciplines. Methods: We defined HAI risk using the ICEL acronym as follows: HAI risk = (I + C + E + L), where I is invasive devices present; C is patient-specific characteristics; E is the average number of pathogenic organisms in the patient environment; and L is the length of stay. A simple scale of 1–10 points is subjectively assigned for each of the following categories:I = (number of invasive devices / surgeries / % body surface areas open)C = Patient specific characteristics (immune system integrity / immunomodulators / radiation exposure / chemotherapy, etc)E = Environmental conditions / cleaning (average number of pathogenic bacteria in room, 100% hand hygiene compliance, patient / staff colonization, etc)L = Length of stay days risk, where 0–3 days is low risk, 4–7 is moderate risk, and 8–10+ is high riskSumming the points for each of the 4 categories, the greatest possible total is 40. A total score of 0–10 indicates low risk of HAI; 11–20 indicates low-to-medium risk of HAI; 20–30 indicates a high risk of HAI; and 30–40 indicates a very high risk of HAI. Results:This equation was designed to stimulate thought and encourage multidisciplinary cooperation among providers, nursing, environmental services, and facilities departments rather than provide an exact number for HAI risk. All of these categories are key players in the determining patient risk of acquiring an HAI. If any of the 4 hospital departments mentioned fails in their duties, the patient is at higher risk of HAI. Conclusions: This categorical HAI risk assessment relies on the subjective medical and environmental knowledge of the assessor to assign risk across the continuum of the healthcare environment. Although it is nearly impossible to provide exact numbers regarding total risk in these risk categories, the goal of the scoring system is to encourage clinical dialogue among hospital staff so that they communicate and collaborate within their specialties and with their peers to assure that each category poses as low a risk as possible, thus driving the total risk for HAI lower.1. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/data/portal/progress-report.htmlFunding: NoneDisclosures: None

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Sulham, Kate, et Eric Hammelman. « 1416. Medicare Spending on Urinary Tract Infections : A Retrospective Database Analysis ». Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2021) : S793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1608.

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Abstract Background Medical visits for UTIs represent 1%-6% of all healthcare visits (~7 million visits) and are estimated to cost the United States (US) healthcare system at least &1.6 billion annually. UTIs are associated with significant morbidity; particularly among the elderly, where UTIs are most prevalent. Little is known about the specific costs to Medicare of UTI; here, we seek to examine overall Medicare spending on UTI. Methods We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study of the Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) data. Patients were included for analysis if the following criteria were met: (1) enrolled in Medicare FFS from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2019, (2) not enrolled in Medicare Advantage during that time period, (3) did not have any UTI diagnoses in 2016, and (4) enrolled in Medicare Part D. Individuals were categorized as having uncomplicated UTI (uUTI), complicated UTI (cUTI), or those who first had a uUTI that progressed to a cUTI (uUTI to cUTI). Medicare spending in the 12 months post-diagnosis was calculated, and patients were stratified by home- or institutionally-based (eg, nursing home, long-term care facility, etc.). Results 2,330,123 patients were included for analysis; 92% were home-based, 8% were institutionally-based. Mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) across all patients was 2.16. In the 12 months after initial diagnosis, average Medicare spend was &33,984, &9,941 of which was UTI-related. Annual UTI-related costs were approximated &9,000 for home-based vs. &21,444 for institutionally-based patients. Mean drug spend per patient on antibiotics was &872. Broadly, uUTI patients were least expensive, followed by cUTI patients, with uUTI to cUTI patients being most expensive. Higher costs for were observed for institutionally-based patients, largely due to more frequent acute hospitalizations and more Part A-paid skilled nursing stays. Conclusion UTI-related spending represents approximately one-third of total annual Medicare spend for patients diagnosed with a UTI. Given average Medicare spending of approximately &12,000 per person in 2019, UTI is associated with substantially increased per patient cost and represents a significant source of spending for Medicare. Disclosures Kate Sulham, MPH, Spero Therapeutics (Consultant) Eric Hammelman, MBA, AbbVie Pharmaceuticals (Consultant)Edwards Lifesciences (Consultant)Genentech (Consultant)Spero Therapeutics (Consultant)Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Consultant)

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