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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Directional Coupler Modulator »

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Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 14 mars 2023

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1

Yu, M., et A. Gopinath. « Seventeen-GHz directional coupler optical modulator ». IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 43, no 9 (1995) : 2198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.414564.

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2

Thaniyavarn, S. « Modified 1×2 directional coupler waveguide modulator ». Electronics Letters 22, no 18 (1986) : 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19860641.

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3

Bhowmik, Tanmay, et Debabrata Sikdar. « Parallel directional coupler based dual-polarization electro-absorption modulator using epsilon near-zero material ». Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics 55, no 13 (31 décembre 2021) : 135107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4455.

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Abstract Electro-optical modulation, where a radio frequency signal can be encoded in an optical field, is crucial to decide the overall performance of an integrated photonics system. Due to the growing internet penetration rate worldwide, polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM) technique has emerged to increase the link capacity, where polarization-independent modulators are desirable to reduce system complexity. In this study, we propose a novel parallel directional coupler based dual-polarization electro-absorption modulator based on epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material. The proposed design is capable of independent and synchronized modulation of two fundamental modes viz. transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) mode of a standard silicon (Si) rib waveguide. Indium-tin-oxide (ITO)–Si based two parallel hybrid plasmonic waveguides (HPW1 and HPW2) are placed such that fundamental TM (TE) mode of the input bus waveguide can be coupled to HPW1 (HPW2). The ENZ-state of ITO, acquired upon two independent electrical gating, enables large modulation depth by utilizing enhancement of electric field at the absorptive carrier accumulation layer. With a 27 μm active length, the extinction ratio (ER) of the proposed design is 10.11 dB (9.66 dB) for TM (TE) modulation at 1550 nm wavelength. This results in a 0.45 dB ER-discrepancy and indicates the polarization-insensitive nature of the modulator. The insertion losses and modulation bandwidths of our design are less than 1 dB and more than 100 GHz, respectively, for both polarizations over the entire C-band of wavelength. The proposed design can find potential applications in the PDM-enabled integrated photonics systems and high speed optical interconnections at data center networks.
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4

Anwar, N., C. Themistos, B. M. A. Rahman et K. T. V. Grattan. « Design considerations for an electrooptic directional coupler modulator ». Journal of Lightwave Technology 17, no 4 (avril 1999) : 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.754789.

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5

Hayashi, Hideki, et Kunio Tada. « GaAs traveling‐wave directional coupler optical modulator/switch ». Applied Physics Letters 57, no 3 (16 juillet 1990) : 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.103723.

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6

Yu-Chueh Hung et H. R. Fetterman. « Polymer-based directional coupler modulator with high linearity ». IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 17, no 12 (décembre 2005) : 2565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2005.859491.

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7

Yu-Chueh Hung, Soeng Ku Kim, H. Fetterman, Jingdong Luo et A. K.-Y. Jen. « Experimental Demonstration of a Linearized Polymeric Directional Coupler Modulator ». IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 19, no 21 (novembre 2007) : 1762–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2007.905661.

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8

Tahersima, Mohammad H., Zhizhen Ma, Yaliang Gui, Shuai Sun, Hao Wang, Rubab Amin, Hamed Dalir, Ray Chen, Mario Miscuglio et Volker J. Sorger. « Coupling-enhanced dual ITO layer electro-absorption modulator in silicon photonics ». Nanophotonics 8, no 9 (14 août 2019) : 1559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0153.

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AbstractElectro-optic signal modulation provides a key functionality in modern technology and information networks. Photonic integration has not only enabled miniaturizing photonic components, but also provided performance improvements due to co-design addressing both electrical and optical device rules. The millimeter to centimeter footprint of many foundry-ready electro-optic modulators, however, limits density scaling of on-chip photonic systems. To address these limitations, here we experimentally demonstrate a coupling-enhanced electro-absorption modulator by heterogeneously integrating a novel dual-gated indium-tin-oxide phase-shifting tunable absorber placed at a silicon directional coupler region. This concept allows utilizing the normally parasitic Kramers-Kronig relations here in an synergistic way resulting in a strong modulation depth to insertion loss ratio of about 1. Our experimental modulator shows a 2 dB extinction ratio for a just 4 μm short device at 4 V bias. Since no optical resonances are deployed, this device shows spectrally broadband operation as demonstrated here across the entire C-band. In conclusion, we demonstrate a modulator utilizing strong index change from both real and imaginary parts of active material enabling compact and high-performing modulators using semiconductor near-foundry materials.
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9

Tavlykaev, R. F., et R. V. Ramaswamy. « Highly linear Y-fed directional coupler modulator with low intermodulation distortion ». Journal of Lightwave Technology 17, no 2 (1999) : 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.744238.

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10

Laliew, C., S. W. Lovseth, Xiaobo Zhang et A. Gopinath. « A linearized optical directional-coupler modulator at 1.3 /spl mu/m ». Journal of Lightwave Technology 18, no 9 (septembre 2000) : 1244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.871701.

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11

Kishino, T., R. F. Tavlykaev et R. V. Ramaswamy. « A Y-fed directional coupler modulator with a highly linear transfer curve ». IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 12, no 11 (novembre 2000) : 1474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.887684.

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12

Badr, Mohamed M., Mohamed Y. Abdelatty et Mohamed A. Swillam. « Ultra-fast silicon electro-optic modulator based on ITO-integrated directional coupler ». Physica Scripta 94, no 6 (11 avril 2019) : 065502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab0ce1.

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13

An, Dechang, Zan Shi, Lin Sun, John M. Taboada, Qingjun Zhou, Xuejun Lu, Ray T. Chen et al. « Polymeric electro-optic modulator based on 1×2 Y-fed directional coupler ». Applied Physics Letters 76, no 15 (10 avril 2000) : 1972–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126226.

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14

Kim, Jin-Soo, et Jin Tae Kim. « Silicon electro-optic modulator based on an ITO-integrated tunable directional coupler ». Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics 49, no 7 (15 janvier 2016) : 075101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/7/075101.

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15

Khan, M. Nisa, Wei Yang et Anand Gopinath. « Directional coupler electro‐optic modulator in AlGaAs/GaAs with low voltage‐length product ». Applied Physics Letters 62, no 17 (26 avril 1993) : 2033–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109470.

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16

Парфенов, М. В., А. В. Тронев, И. В. Ильичев, П. М. Агрузов et А. В. Шамрай. « Фоторефрактивная подстройка коэффициента деления интегрально-оптического направленного X-ответвителя на подложке ниобата лития ». Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no 5 (2019) : 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.05.47386.17627.

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AbstractThe possibility of correcting the power coupling ratio of an integrated optical directional X-coupler upon excitation of a local photorefractive response in the substrate material (LiNbO_3) has been analyzed. The X-coupler operation has been numerically simulated, and the regions of its maximum sensitivity to photorefraction have been determined. The correspondence between the calculated and experimental data has been obtained. The maximum correction value of the coupling ratio is 1–2%. The photorefractive correction of the coupling ratio has been used to increase the extinction ratio of a Mach–Zehnder modulator to 47 dB.
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17

Hamilton, S. A., D. R. Yankelevich, A. Knoesen, R. T. Weverka et R. A. Hill. « Comparison of an in-line asymmetric directional coupler modulator with distributed optical loss to other linearized electrooptic modulators ». IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 47, no 7 (juillet 1999) : 1184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.775456.

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18

Zhou, Qingjun. « Performance limitations of a Y-branch directional-coupler-based polymeric high-speed electro-optical modulator ». Optical Engineering 43, no 4 (1 avril 2004) : 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1666865.

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19

Dwivedi, Ram Prakash, Hyun-Shik Lee, Jun-Hwa Song, Shinmo An et El-Hang Lee. « Plasmonic modulator utilizing three parallel metal–dielectric–metal waveguide directional coupler and elasto-optic effects ». Optics Communications 284, no 5 (mars 2011) : 1418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.10.038.

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20

Lee, Beom Suk, Che-Yun Lin, Alan X. Wang et Ray T. Chen. « Demonstration of a Linearized Traveling Wave Y-Fed Directional Coupler Modulator Based on Electro-Optic Polymer ». Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, no 13 (juillet 2011) : 1931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2150735.

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21

Jung. « An Integrated Photonic Electric-Field Sensor Utilizing a 1 × 2 YBB Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Modulator with a Titanium-Diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguide and a Dipole Patch Antenna ». Crystals 9, no 9 (2 septembre 2019) : 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9090459.

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We studied photonic electric-field sensors using a 1 × 2 YBB-MZI modulator composed of two complementary outputs and a 3 dB directional coupler based on the electro-optic effect and titanium diffused lithium–niobate optical waveguides. The measured DC switching voltage and extinction ratio at the wavelength 1.3 μm were ~16.6 V and ~14.7 dB, respectively. The minimum detectable fields were ~1.12 V/m and ~3.3 V/m, corresponding to the ~22 dB and ~18 dB dynamic ranges of ~10 MHz and 50 MHz, respectively, for an rf power of 20 dBm. The sensor shows an almost linear response to the applied electric-field strength within the range of 0.29 V/m to 29.8 V/m.
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22

Shi, Yun Fei, et Jun Liu. « Multi-Physics Modeling and Simulation of Electro-Optical Sensing ». Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (mars 2015) : 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.292.

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With the rapid development of UHV technology, Electric field measurement technique has attracted lots of people's attention.Electro-optical sensors for measuring the electric field to become the main method due to the crystal optical fiber preparation and mature technology. This article describes the basic principles that Mach - Zehnder of lithium niobate optical modulator for electric field measurements.Designing the Mach - Zehnder electro-optic sensors in the Comsol Multiphysics oftware, the calculation model for the simulation results of bending radius that the optical waveguide transmission power loss minimum, a 3dB directional coupler to determine the length of the arm and finally adding a signal voltage, the applied voltage is obtained a linear relationship between the output power.
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23

Howerton, M. M., C. H. Bulmer et W. K. Burns. « Effect of intrinsic phase mismatch on linear modulator performance of the 1*2 directional coupler and Mach-Zehnder interferometer ». Journal of Lightwave Technology 8, no 8 (1990) : 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.57838.

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24

Halemane, T. R., et S. K. Korotky. « Distortion characteristics of optical directional coupler modulators ». IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 38, no 5 (mai 1990) : 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.54939.

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25

Abuelma'atti, M. T. « Large signal analysis of optical directional coupler modulators ». IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 40, no 8 (1992) : 1722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.149533.

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26

Chu, P. L., B. A. Malomed, G. D. Peng et I. M. Skinner. « Soliton dynamics in periodically modulated directional couplers ». Physical Review E 49, no 6 (1 juin 1994) : 5763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.49.5763.

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27

Jin Tae Kim. « Silicon Optical Modulators Based on Tunable Plasmonic Directional Couplers ». IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 21, no 4 (juillet 2015) : 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2014.2346623.

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28

Jones, Hugh, et Mykola Kulishov. « Solitons in a PT -symmetric grating-assisted co-directional coupler ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2038, no 1 (1 octobre 2021) : 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2038/1/012015.

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Abstract We explore a co-directional coupling arrangement between two waveguides mediated by a PT-symmetric sinusoidal grating characterized by an index-modulation parameter κ and a gain/loss parameter g. We show that the device supports soliton-like solutions for both the PT -conserving regime g < κ and the PT -broken regime g > κ. In the first case the coupler exhibits a gap in wave-number k and the solitons can be regarded as an extension of a previous solution found for pure index modulation. In the second case the coupler exhibits a gap in frequency ω and the solutions are entirely new.
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29

Bulmer, C. H., W. K. Burns et C. W. Pickett. « Linear 0.20 GHz modulation with a 1*2 directional coupler ». IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 3, no 1 (janvier 1991) : 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.68038.

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30

Kwang Koai et Pao-lo Liu. « Digital and quasi-linear electrooptic modulators synthesized from directional couplers ». IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 22, no 12 (décembre 1986) : 2191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1986.1072941.

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31

Tran, Q. L., J. Ali, I. S. Amiri et P. Yupapin. « Simulation Results of Coherent Light in a Modified Microring Resonator ». Ukrainian Journal of Physics 63, no 10 (31 octobre 2018) : 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe63.10.898.

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By using short Gaussian pulses from a monochromatic light source as input ones, we simulate the photon distribution and analyze the output signals of a nonlinear microring resonator with two nonlinear side rings. Such a configuration is called a Panda ring resonator, which is a modified add-drop filter with two alongside phase modulators. We consider the directional couplers, which are characterized by two parameters, i.e., the power coupling coefficient (к) and the power coupling loss (y). The nonlinear refractive index (n2) of the phase modulator affects the center ring and reveals more interesting aspects. The simulation model is constructed, and the results obtained with the use of a combination of the Lumerical FDTD and MODE programs are presented. The photon is conceptually interpreted in terms of a wave packet and discussed for possible applications.
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32

Rani, Sumita, et Sanjeev Dewra. « Impact of Various Parameters on the Performance of Optical Directional Coupler ». Journal of Optical Communications 40, no 3 (26 juillet 2019) : 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0069.

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Abstract This paper presents the impact of optical coupler parameters like length of coupling region, spacing between the coupling region and materials profile on the performance of optical directional coupler (ODC) based on Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). On photonic chips a directional coupler is an essential photonic device used to design the various mixers, balanced power amplifiers, modulators, measurements system, circularly polarized antennas and beam-forming networks. It is observed that the least excess loss (0.2 dB) is achieved at 1550 nm input transmission wavelength using titanium dioxide (TiO2) profile material with value of coupling length (8.58 µm), spacing between the two coupling slits (1.55 µm) and input transmission power (0.1 W/m). The received optical power at both output port of ODC is varied due to the variations in spacing between the two couplings slits and length of coupling region.
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33

Abeles, J. H., W. K. Chan, F. K. Shokoohi, R. Bhat et M. A. Koza. « Integration of GaAS MESFET drivers with GaAs directional-coupler electro-optic modulators ». Electronics Letters 23, no 20 (1987) : 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19870725.

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34

Xiaolong Wang, Boem-Suk Lee, Che-Yun Lin, Dechang An et Ray T. Chen. « Electroptic Polymer Linear Modulators Based on Multiple-Domain Y-Fed Directional Coupler ». Journal of Lightwave Technology 28, no 11 (juin 2010) : 1670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2010.2048415.

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35

Jaesang Oh et A. Gopinath. « A Coplanar Strip Slow Wave Structure for the Optical Directional Coupler Modulators ». IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 20, no 1 (janvier 2010) : 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2009.2035946.

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36

Hayashi, Hideki, Takuya Ishikawa, Takuya Ishikawa et Yoshihiro Takahashi. « Design, fabrication, and experiment of gaas traveling-wave directional coupler optical modulators ». Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II : Electronics) 74, no 4 (1991) : 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjb.4420740404.

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37

Pham, Anh Tuan, et Le Nguyen Binh. « All-optical modulation and switching using a nonlinear-optical directional coupler ». Journal of the Optical Society of America B 8, no 9 (1 septembre 1991) : 1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.8.001914.

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38

Gnewuch, H., J. E. Román, R. Ulrich, M. Hempstead et J. S. Wilkinson. « Beat-length measurement in directional couplers by thermo-optic modulation ». Optics Letters 21, no 15 (1 août 1996) : 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.21.001189.

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39

Lee, Beomsuk, Che-Yun Lin, Alan X. Wang, Raluca Dinu et Ray T. Chen. « Linearized electro-optic modulators based on a two-section Y-fed directional coupler ». Applied Optics 49, no 33 (17 novembre 2010) : 6485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.49.006485.

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40

Brost, G. A., R. Michalak, P. Payson et K. Magde. « Effect of electrode loss on the dynamic range of linearized directional coupler modulators ». IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 18, no 3 (février 2006) : 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2005.863170.

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41

Bayal, Indranil, Bibhas Kumar Dutta, Pradipta Panchadhyayee et Prasanta Kumar Mahapatra. « Modulation of spatial propagation dynamics in a three-core linear directional coupler ». Optical Engineering 52, no 5 (22 mai 2013) : 054003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.52.5.054003.

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42

Jin, R., J. P. Sokoloff, P. A. Harten, C. L. Chuang, S. G. Lee, M. Warren, H. M. Gibbs, N. Peyghambarian, J. N. Polky et G. A. Pubanz. « Ultrafast modulation with subpicosecond recovery time in a GaAs/AlGaAs nonlinear directional coupler ». Applied Physics Letters 56, no 11 (12 mars 1990) : 993–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.102573.

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43

Jana, Soumendu, Swapan Konar et Manoj Mishra. « Soliton Switching in Fiber Coupler with Periodically Modulated Dispersion, Coupling Constant Dispersion and Cubic Quintic Nonlinearity ». Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 63, no 3-4 (1 avril 2008) : 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2008-3-405.

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In this paper we present the soliton dynamics in a two port fiber nonlinear directional coupler with periodically modulated dispersion and coupling constant dispersion that arose due to the intermodal dispersion between symmetric and antisymmetric modes of the coupler. The fiber material possessed cubic quintic nonlinearity. The influences of the coupling constant dispersion, periodically modulated dispersion and quintic nonlinearity on the soliton switching dynamics have been comprehensively studied. The expressions for the transmission coefficient, cross talk and extinction ratio have been derived in the context of both quintic nonlinearity and periodically modulated dispersion. It has been found that an increase in the value of the quintic nonlinearity has detrimental influence on the soliton switching. Our analytical results have been supported by numerical simulation.
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44

Bindu, V., et V. M. Nandakumaran. « Numerical studies on bi-directionally coupled directly modulated semiconductor lasers ». Physics Letters A 277, no 6 (décembre 2000) : 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(00)00637-x.

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45

Belhassen, Jérémy, Zeev Zalevsky et Avi Karsenty. « Optical Polarization Sensitive Ultra-Fast Switching and Photo-Electrical Device ». Nanomaterials 9, no 12 (7 décembre 2019) : 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121743.

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Ultra-fast electrical switches activated with an optical-polarized light trigger, also called photo-polarized activated electrical switches, are presented. A set of new transistor circuits is switched by light from above, illuminating deep V-grooves, whose angle is sensitive to the polarization of the incident. Thus, this application may serve for encryption/decryption devices since the strongest electrical responsivity is only obtained for very specific spatial polarization directions of the illumination beam. When this V-groove is sufficiently narrow, the device mainly responds to one polarization and not to the other. In such a way, electrons are generated only for one specific polarization. While the nature of the data remains electronic, the modulation control is optic, creating a photo-induced current depending on the polarization direction. This coupled device acts as a polarization modulator as well as an intensity modulator. The article focuses on the integration of several devices in different configurations of circuitry: dual, triple, and multi-element. Case studies of several adjacent devices are presented with varying critical variables, such as the V-groove aperture dimensions. Analytical models and complementary numerical analyses are presented for the future smooth integration into Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
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46

Tibaldi, Alberto, Mohammadamin Ghomashi, Francesco Bertazzi, Marco Vallone, Michele Goano et Giovanni Ghione. « Analysis and Design of Plasmonic-Organic Hybrid Electro-Optic Modulators Based on Directional Couplers ». IEEE Photonics Journal 14, no 2 (avril 2022) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2022.3147687.

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47

Lehmann, Thomas, et Reinhard Knoechel. « Design and performance of multi-channel switched sequential amplifiers ». International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no 4 (19 juin 2009) : 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078709990353.

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This paper presents switched sequential amplifiers (SSAs) using reconfigurable directional couplers as power splitters and combiners. The SSA concept allows matching the efficiency characteristics to the amplitude probability density distribution of the applied modulated signal. Therefore the back-off efficiency can be increased significantly. A three-channel SSA can e.g. theoretically achieve a −10 dB back-off efficiency exceeding 50%. Design parameters and potential efficiency enhancement are discussed for two- and three-channel SSAs. After a brief introduction of the used switched couplers, the circuit concept for two- and three-channel SSAs is described. Calculations for the possible efficiency enhancement are presented. Also signal distortions by the directional couplers are outlined. The paper closes with experimental results for a two-channel SSA.
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Sun, Fei. « Directional-coupler-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer in silicon-on-insulator technology for optical intensity modulation ». Optical Engineering 46, no 2 (1 février 2007) : 025601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2436868.

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49

Qiu, Huiye, Jianfei Jiang, Ping Yu, Debin Mu, Jianyi Yang, Xiaoqing Jiang, Hui Yu, Rui Cheng et Lukas Chrostowski. « Narrow-Band Add-Drop Filter Based on Phase-Modulated Grating-Assisted Contra-Directional Couplers ». Journal of Lightwave Technology 36, no 17 (1 septembre 2018) : 3760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2852483.

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50

Ebina, Teppei, Keitaro Obara, Akiya Watakabe, Yoshito Masamizu, Shin-Ichiro Terada, Ryota Matoba, Masafumi Takaji et al. « Arm movements induced by noninvasive optogenetic stimulation of the motor cortex in the common marmoset ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no 45 (21 octobre 2019) : 22844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903445116.

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Résumé :
Optogenetics is now a fundamental tool for investigating the relationship between neuronal activity and behavior. However, its application to the investigation of motor control systems in nonhuman primates is rather limited, because optogenetic stimulation of cortical neurons in nonhuman primates has failed to induce or modulate any hand/arm movements. Here, we used a tetracycline-inducible gene expression system carrying CaMKII promoter and the gene encoding a Channelrhodopsin-2 variant with fast kinetics in the common marmoset, a small New World monkey. In an awake state, forelimb movements could be induced when Channelrhodopsin-2−expressing neurons in the motor cortex were illuminated by blue laser light with a spot diameter of 1 mm or 2 mm through a cranial window without cortical invasion. Forelimb muscles responded 10 ms to 50 ms after photostimulation onset. Long-duration (500 ms) photostimulation induced discrete forelimb movements that could be markerlessly tracked with charge-coupled device cameras and a deep learning algorithm. Long-duration photostimulation mapping revealed that the primary motor cortex is divided into multiple domains that can induce hand and elbow movements in different directions. During performance of a forelimb movement task, movement trajectories were modulated by weak photostimulation, which did not induce visible forelimb movements at rest, around the onset of task-relevant movement. The modulation was biased toward the movement direction induced by the strong photostimulation. Combined with calcium imaging, all-optical interrogation of motor circuits should be possible in behaving marmosets.
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