Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Diplomatic etiquette – Europe »

Problem setting. The purpose of establishing diplomatic relations is to maintain constant relations between the countries at the highest diplomatic level. The main stages of establishing diplomatic relations are regulated by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of April 18, 1961. At the same time, this document in many respects refers to the national law of countries. The presentation of credentials is the final action, after which diplomatic relations are considered established, and the powers of state representatives take effect. However, international law does not specify the specific form and procedure for the presentation of credentials, as it is up to the States to decide. Therefore, each state has its own practice of the presentation of credentials, which depends on its form of government, national characteristics, historical past. Therefore, it is relevant today to compare the protocols of credentials in the practice of different countries to determine the positive and negative aspects. Target research. The aim of the work is to determine the main content of credentials in the process of establishing diplomatic relations, to study the practice of ceremonies of credentials on the example of Europe and Ukraine, to analyze existing problems in this area of international relations and solutions. Analysis of recent research and publication. This topic is the basis of research in many works of recognized authors. Examples are theoretical works Sagaidak O.P. «Diplomatic protocol and etiquette», Tkacha D.I. «Diplomatic protocol in the Republic of Hungary: general, special», Tymoshenko N.L. «Features of diplomatic, business protocol and etiquette of the Netherlands», and other Ukrainian scholars. Also well-known works of foreign authors are the works of Ikanovich S. and Picarsky J. «Diplomatic Protocol and Good Manners», John Wood and Jean Serre «Diplomatic Ceremony and Protocol», Bennett Carol «Business Etiquette and Protocol». Article’s main body. The establishment of diplomatic relations is aimed at the exchange of diplomatic missions between states. This process ends with the procedure of presenting credentials. Credentials are a document that officially certifies the status of a diplomatic representative of the accrediting state in the host state. This document is important in international law because it has a long history and represents the beginning of the official activities of the ambassador to the host country. Modern elements of the procedure of awarding credentials are common to many states. But each country today has its own characteristics of the ceremony of awarding credentials, which usually depends on its form of government. For example, monarchies (Netherlands, England) still have in their practice a lavish and pathetic conduct of diplomatic events. In contrast, іn today’s democracies (Hungary) the protocol of credentials is more modern and simplified due to the absence of outdated traditions and irrelevant measures. However, each country has both positive and negative aspects of the ceremony. Ukraine has little experience in diplomatic protocol since gaining independence in 1991. Today, national law effectively regulates the procedure for awarding credentials, but many provisions do not correspond to reality. Therefore, Ukraine must develop in this area of international relations on the basis of foreign experience. Conclusions and prospect of development. Thus, the presentation of credentials plays an important role in regulating diplomatic relations between countries. The basis for this ceremony is the characteristics of the state, which includes the political regime, form of government, historical past, modern development, features of the national mentality. In our opinion, the process of universalization of the diplomatic protocol is a variant of development of this field of international relations. The appropriate direction of such development may be the unification of norms relating to the ceremony of awarding credentials, as international law is being actively improved and updated, as exemplified by European integration. As modern Ukraine continues to actively establish diplomatic relations with other countries and exchange diplomatic missions, it is necessary to streamline legislation and develop it on the example of the positive experience of European countries.

The article analyzes the theoretical foundations and tasks of historical communicology, communication problems in historical literature. The main attention is paid to the clarification of the communicative culture and culture of communication in Europe of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The features of communication processes, institutional and diplomatic practices in the European Reformation are considered. At the turn of the Middle Ages and early Modern Times there is an objective process driven by the launch of the institutional design of foreign policy and diplomatic services of the leading countries in Europe. Accordingly, there is the relationship between the original concepts and priorities: «Europe», «foreign policy», «diplomacy», «communication» and so on. To that issues related to contemporary and evaluation for various state-legal forms and types of government, institutional political processes, characteristics of reality and ideals create tasks and in covering practice power models diplomacy, diplomacy institutions, humanistic traditions of diplomatic tools and more. The objective of this research is to analyze the foreign policy, political and diplomatic experience of Europe both as an outstanding historical occasion for the political, diplomatic and institutional development of Europe and as the formation of its system of international relations in the Middle Ages and early Modern Times. Particular attention is paid to the institutional development of communication, diplomatic tools, negotiations, protocol standards, etiquette and ceremonial of the key European countries. The article describes the diplomatic activities Florentine diplomats and, in particular – Bonaccorso Pitti, the diplomat, the politician, the merchant, the traveler, the gambler, the author of the Chronicle. The author of article concludes that B. Pitti, as a diplomat, had an understanding of the international political situation and solved difficult of diplomatic questions due to personal qualities, culture, knowledge of languages, customs. It was the Pittis stratum‖ that absorbed Francesco Petrarch's new ideas about man and society and filled them with strength and practices that helped humanists formulate the ethics of the new time (humanistic diplomacy). The article studies the peculiarities of organizing diplomatic missions in the Middle Ages by one of the most dynamically developing city-states of Tuscany – Florence. Behavioral practices and ritual gestures of Florentine diplomats are revealed through personal perception of their diplomatic missions, of communication links, as presented in the chronicle narrative and the biographies.

The article, based on the analysis of historiographical materials, provides a comprehensive generalization of the main directions of Louis XIV's foreign policy during his reign. His personal contribution to the development of the foreign policy situation in the French Empire was clarified, and his place in French foreign policy during this period was determined. The goal of Louis XIV's foreign policy was not only to expand but also to extend the French border to the north and east. This was to protect the interior and capital of Paris from external aggression. Louis XIV is considered to have been involved in many wars and armed conflicts to strengthen France's position in the world. The main directions of the struggle against the Habsburgs have been clarified. In foreign policy, Louis XIV always sought to make France the leading power in Europe. In his youth, Louis XIV wanted to raise his authority in international politics. He immediately stated his intentions in matters of etiquette, not important at first glance, but important for the era. Louis XIV sought to resolve by force military-strategic issues and ensure the security of France and its borders. The king's foreign policy and diplomacy played a secondary, ancillary role: paving the way for the army, consolidating its conquest through negotiations or mitigating the effects of defeats, rescuing from disasters. The king's diplomatic service, with extensive experience, acted vigorously and often assertively. But it could not change the tragic consequences for France of the aggressive policy of Louis XIV, which led to severe defeat. Military victories greatly enhanced the prestige of the Kingdom of France in Europe and allowed Louis XIV to pursue a policy of aggression against his neighbors with impunity. As a result of the foreign policy of King Louis XIV, France was forced to give up a large number of occupied territories in Western Europe. Despite a wide range of the most contradictory assessments of the life and work of Louis XIV, all of them can be summarized as follows: he was a great king, although he made many mistakes during his long reign, he brought France to the rank of major European powers.

Defence date: 20 January 2006
Examining board: Prof. Giulia Calvi, European University Institute ; Prof. Gérard Delille, EUI et Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (Supervisor) ; Prof. Marcello Fantoni, Kent University, Florence ; Prof. Gérard Sabatier, Université Mendés France, Grenoble
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017