Thèses sur le sujet « Dikau »

The subject of the present research is the phenomenon of metaphors in the novel “Moby Dick” by Herman Melville (translated by Irena Balčiūnienė) in the aspect of translation. The aim is to analyze the ways of translating metaphors and to determine what structural changes they undergo in the process of translation. For this purpose 711 examples of metaphors have been selected and classified according to their translation into the Lithuanian language from the point of view of co-text (i.e. the linguistic environment of the metaphor.

Greenhouse gas emissions and land subsidence on four cultivated peat soils (Martebo, Örke, Kälkestad, Lidhult) have been investigated by measuring emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in field and lab. Greenhouse emitted gas (mg/h) from undisturbed soil cores was measured in lab. Measurements were performed at four different drainage depths. Soil cores were also kept incubated at constant drainage depth and emitted gas was measured with two-week intervals at three measurement occasions. Field measurements of CO2 emissions (mg/h/m2) were also performed. In addition to gas emissions, irrigation of soil cores has been carried out to investigate the risk of leaching of copper (Cu), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and dissolved organic matter (DOC) during rewetting, and whether turbidity can be used as a measurement of DOC. Land surveying with GPS was done on three of the peat soils. This was to investigate how land subsidence can be related to CO2 emissions. On one of the sites different land surveying methods were used to assess their suitability for tracking land subsidence in peat soils. 30 year land surveying data from the sites have also been compiled and analyzed. The peat soils are part of a long-term experiment that was laid out in 1986. On each site one field was fertilized with copper and one was kept untreated as comparision. The purpose of the copper fertilizer was to reduce the activity of microorganisms. By doing so the degradation of soil organic matter could be reduced, thereby reducing the land subsidence. The results show that the ground surface at all four sites has subsided, but no difference is observed for copper-fertilized fields compared to untreated. Neither could an effect on CO2 emissions from copper fertilization be noted. The greatest land subsidence was observed for Martebo and the least for Kälkestad. By using data from the most recent time period the greatest subsidence was instead observed for Örke. This is consistent with Örke having the greatest CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions alone could not explain land subsidence. The results also show that emitted N2O was higher for nutrient-rich soils with the peak directly after saturation. CH4 was at its lowest initially, but then increased and emitted CH4 was greatest for the soils where easily biodegradable organic matter was available. Turbidity alone could not explain the DOC content in leachate from the irrigated soil cores. Conclusions drawn were that copper fertilization had no effect on land subsidence and CO2 emissions in this case. Copper did however still leach from the soils 30 years after addition. Emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 varies greatly between the different soils. To be able to obtain reliable levels of greenhouse gas emissions from peat soils in climate models, more research is needed on how different peat soils react to water and nutrient content. It is important to have long time series when measuring land subsidence. Using the same measurement equipment will give better results. GPS for land surveying of peatland can be recommended if the results can be related to a fix point.
Växthusgasavgång och markytesänkning på fyra odlade torvmarker (Martebo, Örke, Kälkestad, Lidhult) har undersökts genom att mäta utsläpp av koldioxid (CO2), metan (CH4) och lustgas (N2O) i fält och labb. Detta genom att ta in ostörda jordprover i stålcylindrar och i labb mäta gasavgången vid fyra olika dräneringsdjup. Jordprover hölls även inkuberade vid konstant dräneringsdjup och gasavgång mättes med två veckors intervall vid totalt tre mättillfällen. Avgången av CO2 mättes även i fält. Utöver gasavgång har bevattning (i labb) av ostörda jordprover hämtade från fält utförts för att undersöka risk för utlakning av koppar (Cu), fosfor (P), kväve (N) och löst organiskt material (DOC) vid återvätning, samt om det går att använda turbiditet som mått på DOC. På tre av torvmarkerna har markytans höjd avvägts med GPS. Detta för att undersöka hur markytesänkning går att relatera till avgång av CO2. Vid höjdmätning av en av provplatserna har olika höjdmätningsmetoder använts och deras lämplighet för ändamålet undersökts. Sedan har data över markytans höjd från de senaste 30 åren också sammanställts och analyserats. Torvmarkerna är med i ett långliggande försök som lades ut 1986 med ett koppargödslat och ett obehandlat led på varje provplats. Syftet med koppargödslingen var att försöka minska aktiviteten hos mikroorganismer. Detta för att minska nedbrytning av organiskt material i marken och därigenom minska markytesänkningen. Resultaten visade att markytan på alla fyra platser hade sänkts, men ingen skillnad observerades på de koppargödslade försöksrutorna jämfört med de obehandlade. Inte heller observerades effekt av koppargödsling på avgång av CO2. Störst ytsänkning var för Martebo och lägst för Kälkestad. Om endast data från den senaste perioden användes hade Örke störst markytesänkning, vilket var konsekvent med att Örke även hade störst avgång av CO2. Dock var avgången av CO2 för låg för att ensamt kunna förklara markytesänkningen.  Resultaten visade även att avgång av N2O var högre för de näringsrika jordarna i studien och högst precis efter att jorden vattenmättats. CH4 började lågt, men ökade sedan och avgången av CH4 var störst för jordarna där lättnedbrytbart organiskt material fanns tillgängligt. Turbiditet kunde inte ensamt förklara halten DOC i lakvatten från lysimetrarna. Slutsatser som kunde dras var att kopparbehandling inte hade effekt på markytesänkning eller avgång av CO2. Koppar kunde däremot fortfarande lakas ut ur jorden 30 år efter gödsling. Avgång av CO2, N2O och CH4 varierade mycket mellan de olika jordarna. För att kunna få tillförlitliga nivåer på växthusgasutsläpp från torvjordar i klimatmodeller krävs mer forskning på hur olika torvjordar reagerar på vattenhalt och näringsinnehåll. Det är viktigt med långa tidsserier vid mätning av ytsänkning och användning av samma mätmetod krävs för att få jämförbara resultat. Användning av GPS för höjdavvägning av torvmark kan rekommenderas om det finns en tydlig fixpunkt att relatera mätresultaten till.

Thesis (MA. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
This research is aimed at encouraging and empowering the Northern Sotho speaking people to make use of idioms in their everyday communication. A deep explanation of idioms was done as to how, where and when to use them. It has been discovered that idioms are not properly used at different places and levels. The researcher urges people to make use of idioms because they are rich with cultural values such as love and respect. It is very important, therefore, to understand and use idioms correctly as they have the literal as well as the figurative meanings.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Irrigation is an essential input that has enhanced, substantially, food production and has improved economic development in arid regions. Irrigation, also, has generated negative impacts to the environment and to human health. The aim of this work was to quantify and qualify the irrigation impacts and of the climatic seasonality over soil and water resource in Irrigated District of Baixo AcaraÃ, CearÃ, Brazil. Ten points spread out over the studied area were selected as monitoring stations. Two of them were sited in irrigated fields. Samples were collected monthly from Dezember/2003 to November/2005, November/2006, March and May/2007. The samples were analyzed for: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 -, PO4 -2, Cl-, NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 -2 and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). Soil samples were collected in two different types of land use: irrigated field and uncultivated area field. Soils samples were taken for each 50 cm until water table (7 m) was reached, during wet and irrigation seasons. Multivariate statistical method, cluster analysis, was applied to classify the shallow wells inte similar groups in relation to water quality. To identify spacial variability of Na+, Cl-, CE, PO4 -2 e NO3 - in the water table it was used a GIS platform and the software: Global Mapper 5.0, ArcGis 9.1. The geostatistic process was performed using the Surfer 7.0. According to the results the highest values of changeable bases (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ e K+), Cl-, SAR AND NO3 - were presented in the water of P1 (sample station 1). These values were over the acceptable limit of Class 1 defined by CONAMA (Resolution 357/05). The analyzed variables showed a high spacial variability and a low temporal variability. The used soil management in the irrigated field, where shallow wells (P3 and P4) were sited, is not contributing to the contamination or water table by salts, yet. Also, the results show have that irrigation caused the groundwater concentration of NO3âN to increase from 1.52 to 19.3 mg L-1, thereby, exceeding the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO).
A irrigaÃÃo se constitui em um importante fator que contribui para a seguranÃa alimentar e possibilita o desenvolvimento econÃmico de muitas regiÃes, principalmente Ãridas e semi-Ãridas. Entretanto, se nÃo manejar adequadamente poderà vir a acarretar danos irreversÃveis ao meio ambiente com potenciais riscos à saÃde humana. Este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar e qualificar o efeito da irrigaÃÃo e da sazonalidade climÃtica nos recursos solo e Ãgua do Distrito Irrigado do Baixo Acaraà â DIBAU, CearÃ. Foram selecionados 10 poÃos rasos como estaÃÃes de coletas de Ãgua, dos quais 2 (dois) estÃo inseridos no perÃmetro de irrigaÃÃo. As coletas de Ãgua foram realizadas mensalmente de dezembro de 2003 a novembro de 2005, novembro de 2006, marÃo e maio de 2007. As anÃlises quÃmicas foram realizadas no LaboratÃrio de Solo e Ãgua da EMBRAPA AgroindÃstria Tropical. Foram analisados: pH, CEa, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 -, PPO4 -, Cl -, NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 -2 e RAS. As coletas de solo foram efetuadas em 2 pontos amostrais inseridos nas imediaÃÃes de dois dos 10 poÃos estudados, ambas coletadas no perÃodo seco e chuvoso, a cada 50 cm de profundidade da superfÃcie atà a zona de saturaÃÃo do lenÃol freÃtico. Para se classificar os poÃos em grupos de categorias semelhantes quanto à qualidade da Ãgua empregou-se a tÃcnica de estatÃstica multivariada, analise de agrupamento, empregando-se o pacote estatÃstico SPSS 13.0. Empregou-se tambÃm a plataforma SIG e os softwares: Global Mapper 5.0, ArcGis 9.1 e o Surfer 7.0 no processamento da geoestatÃstica para determinaÃÃo da variabilidade espacial do Na+, Cl-, CE, P-PO4 - e NO3 - na Ãgua do lenÃol freÃtico; como tambÃm para determinaÃÃo da direÃÃo da linha de fluxo do lenÃol freÃtico. Pelos resultados obtidos,verifica-se que as Ãguas do P1(Alparcatas) destacam-se por apresentar os valores mais elevados das bases trocÃveis (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ e K+), Cl-, RAS e NO3-, concentraÃÃes sempre acima dos limites mÃximos aceitÃveis para Classe 1 da ResoluÃÃo 357/05 do CONAMA. Ocorreu uma grande variabilidade espacial entre os poÃos estudados para as variÃveis analisadas, ademais nÃo se observou variabilidade temporal. O manejo praticado nos solos onde estÃo inseridos os poÃos P4 e P5, perÃmetro irrigado, por ainda nÃo estarem contribuindo com a contaminaÃÃo de sais na Ãgua do lenÃol freÃtico do DIBAU. Jà se percebe um aumento preocupante dos teores de nitrato nas Ãguas dos poÃos influenciados pela agricultura irrigada (P4 e P5), excedendo significativamente aos limites mÃximos aceitÃveis pela ResoluÃÃo 357/05 e pela Portaria 518/2004 para consumo humano.

AQUINO, Deodato do Nascimento. Irrigação e sustentabilidade dos recursos solo e água na área do distrito de irrigação baixo Acaraú-Dibau-Ceará. 2007. 121 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2007.
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Irrigation is an essential input that has enhanced, substantially, food production and has improved economic development in arid regions. Irrigation, also, has generated negative impacts to the environment and to human health. The aim of this work was to quantify and qualify the irrigation impacts and of the climatic seasonality over soil and water resource in Irrigated District of Baixo Acaraú, Ceará, Brazil. Ten points spread out over the studied area were selected as monitoring stations. Two of them were sited in irrigated fields. Samples were collected monthly from Dezember/2003 to November/2005, November/2006, March and May/2007. The samples were analyzed for: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 -, PO4 -2, Cl-, NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 -2 and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). Soil samples were collected in two different types of land use: irrigated field and uncultivated area field. Soils samples were taken for each 50 cm until water table (7 m) was reached, during wet and irrigation seasons. Multivariate statistical method, cluster analysis, was applied to classify the shallow wells inte similar groups in relation to water quality. To identify spacial variability of Na+, Cl-, CE, PO4 -2 e NO3 - in the water table it was used a GIS platform and the software: Global Mapper 5.0, ArcGis 9.1. The geostatistic process was performed using the Surfer 7.0. According to the results the highest values of changeable bases (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ e K+), Cl-, SAR AND NO3 - were presented in the water of P1 (sample station 1). These values were over the acceptable limit of Class 1 defined by CONAMA (Resolution 357/05). The analyzed variables showed a high spacial variability and a low temporal variability. The used soil management in the irrigated field, where shallow wells (P3 and P4) were sited, is not contributing to the contamination or water table by salts, yet. Also, the results show have that irrigation caused the groundwater concentration of NO3–N to increase from 1.52 to 19.3 mg L-1, thereby, exceeding the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO).
A irrigação se constitui em um importante fator que contribui para a segurança alimentar e possibilita o desenvolvimento econômico de muitas regiões, principalmente áridas e semi-áridas. Entretanto, se não manejar adequadamente poderá vir a acarretar danos irreversíveis ao meio ambiente com potenciais riscos à saúde humana. Este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar e qualificar o efeito da irrigação e da sazonalidade climática nos recursos solo e água do Distrito Irrigado do Baixo Acaraú – DIBAU, Ceará. Foram selecionados 10 poços rasos como estações de coletas de água, dos quais 2 (dois) estão inseridos no perímetro de irrigação. As coletas de água foram realizadas mensalmente de dezembro de 2003 a novembro de 2005, novembro de 2006, março e maio de 2007. As análises químicas foram realizadas no Laboratório de Solo e Água da EMBRAPA Agroindústria Tropical. Foram analisados: pH, CEa, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 -, PPO4 -, Cl -, NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 -2 e RAS. As coletas de solo foram efetuadas em 2 pontos amostrais inseridos nas imediações de dois dos 10 poços estudados, ambas coletadas no período seco e chuvoso, a cada 50 cm de profundidade da superfície até a zona de saturação do lençol freático. Para se classificar os poços em grupos de categorias semelhantes quanto à qualidade da água empregou-se a técnica de estatística multivariada, analise de agrupamento, empregando-se o pacote estatístico SPSS 13.0. Empregou-se também a plataforma SIG e os softwares: Global Mapper 5.0, ArcGis 9.1 e o Surfer 7.0 no processamento da geoestatística para determinação da variabilidade espacial do Na+, Cl-, CE, P-PO4 - e NO3 - na água do lençol freático; como também para determinação da direção da linha de fluxo do lençol freático. Pelos resultados obtidos,verifica-se que as águas do P1(Alparcatas) destacam-se por apresentar os valores mais elevados das bases trocáveis (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ e K+), Cl-, RAS e NO3-, concentrações sempre acima dos limites máximos aceitáveis para Classe 1 da Resolução 357/05 do CONAMA. Ocorreu uma grande variabilidade espacial entre os poços estudados para as variáveis analisadas, ademais não se observou variabilidade temporal. O manejo praticado nos solos onde estão inseridos os poços P4 e P5, perímetro irrigado, por ainda não estarem contribuindo com a contaminação de sais na água do lençol freático do DIBAU. Já se percebe um aumento preocupante dos teores de nitrato nas águas dos poços influenciados pela agricultura irrigada (P4 e P5), excedendo significativamente aos limites máximos aceitáveis pela Resolução 357/05 e pela Portaria 518/2004 para consumo humano.

La presente investigación se plantea determinar la relación que existe entre el marketing digital y el posicionamiento de la agencia de viajes Dika Travel Tour Operador en Miraflores durante el año 2020. En el Perú, el marketing digital no está siendo correctamente aplicado por parte del sector turismo, y en especial, de las agencias de viaje. La necesidad por obtener resultados a corto plazo, la falta de conocimiento en el uso de la tecnología, la poca innovación e inversión en el sector, está ocasionando que muchas agencias no puedan responder de manera rápida a este entorno tan cambiante en el que vivimos, afectando mucho el posicionamiento y supervivencia de este tipo de negocio en el largo plazo. Si bien, el marketing tradicional les había ayudado mucho a seguir promocionando sus negocios, ya sea con la impresión de flyers o visitas directas a clientes potenciales, con la llegada de la pandemia y el posterior Estado de Emergencia Nacional decretado por el gobierno peruano, todo cambió drásticamente, al punto que muchas agencias han quebrado por no saber adaptarse a la nueva realidad tecnológica que estamos viviendo. La importancia de lo anteriormente mencionado radica en saber cómo se debe alinear el sitio web de la empresa a una estrategia de marketing digital para mejorar el posicionamiento de la marca, ayudando de esta manera, a reducir la enorme brecha digital existente en el sector turismo.

This thesis presents two measurements performed in the $Htautau$ channel and based on the proton-proton collisions data collected by the ATLAS experiment during 2015 and 2016 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1~fb$^{-1}$. The $Htautau$ is a considerably important decay channel because it allows to directly measure the Higgs Yukawa coupling and to probe the Higgs boson properties. Measurements of the Higgs production cross section in the $Htautau$ decay channel are presented. The observed (expected) significance of the $H ightarrow au au$ signal excess over the expected background amounts to 4.4 (4.1) standard deviations. This result, combined with the data taken at $sqrt{s}=7$ and 8 TeV, leads to an observed (expected) significance of 6.4 (5.4) and constitutes the first ATLAS observation of $H ightarrow au au$. The measured total cross section of $H ightarrow au au$, using the data collected at $sqrt{s}=13$~TeV, is $3.77^{+0.60}_{-0.59}~( ext{stat.})~^{+0.87}_{-0.74}~( ext{syst.})$~pb which is consistent with the Standard Model expectation. In addition, total cross sections for the vector boson fusion and gluon-gluon fusion processes have been measured separately and similar results are reported based on the simplified template cross section framework. All of these measurements are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions. The second measurement presented in this manuscript concerns a CP violation study in the same decay channel. The coupling structure of the vertex where the Higgs couples to two electroweak gauge bosons in its vector boson fusion production is investigated. The Optimal Observable method is used to directly test CP invariance in this vertex. No sign of CP violation is observed and constraints on the $ ilde{d}$ parameter, which governs the strength of CP violation, have been set. A 68% CL interval is observed for $ ilde{d}$ of [-0.090, 0.035], compared to an expected interval of $ ilde{d} in [-0.035, 0.033]$. No constraints can be set at 95% CL despite an expected interval $ ilde{d} in [-0.21, 0.15]$ at 95% CL was determined.

Determina la relación que existe entre el marketing digital y el posicionamiento de la agencia de viajes Dika Travel Tour Operador en Miraflores durante el año 2020. En el Perú, el marketing digital no está siendo correctamente aplicado por parte del sector turismo, y en especial, de las agencias de viaje. La necesidad por obtener resultados a corto plazo, la falta de conocimiento en el uso de la tecnología, la poca innovación e inversión en el sector, está ocasionando que muchas agencias no puedan responder de manera rápida a este entorno tan cambiante en el que vivimos, afectando mucho el posicionamiento y supervivencia de este tipo de negocio en el largo plazo. Si bien, el marketing tradicional les había ayudado mucho a seguir promocionando sus negocios, ya sea con la impresión de flyers o visitas directas a clientes potenciales, con la llegada de la pandemia y el posterior Estado de Emergencia Nacional decretado por el gobierno peruano, todo cambió drásticamente, al punto que muchas agencias han quebrado por no saber adaptarse a la nueva realidad tecnológica que estamos viviendo. La importancia de lo anteriormente mencionado radica en saber cómo se debe alinear el sitio web de la empresa a una estrategia de marketing digital para mejorar el posicionamiento de la marca, ayudando de esta manera, a reducir la enorme brecha digital existente en el sector turismo.

The University of this interest and its library division is involved in a major transformation process, aiming to enhance the learning experience for students by modernizing learning spaces, enhancing the personalized learning, and extending support for faculty and student scholarship. One part of the transformation consist of rearranging the library space and its services and introducing a new media based faculty consisting media related career paths. During the investigation and analysis of the library, we have looked into a wide range of data including history of the library, strategic plan of the university academic technology blueprint, academic plan, the media program, reports on workshops and meeting held by the authority of library, etc. provided by the university. In order to encapsulate more information and insight, we have conducted a couple of meetings with the head of the library and the head of library IT. By considering the stakeholders’ interests, we examine the status quo and illustrate the situation in form of a Rich Picture. By means of the Soft Systems Methodology we try to identify potential relationships between the new media faculty and the library services and eventually finalized our examination by recommending additional value enhancing services. After rigorous analyzing all of the data, specifically strategic mission of the university and library, and the media program, we recommend to establish a Business Incubator, which will enhance core capabilities of a student including creativity , managerial, and analytical ability as well as provide essential guidance, supports, and tools to students to implement their idea. The suggested Business Incubator will act as a bridge between academic learning and the real world applications. Finally, we recommend specific services including market research and assistance, access to networking and funding information, center for research and development, and Entrepreneurship and innovating education forum, which will enhance digital capabilities of students/participants and fulfill some of the core strategic objectives of the library and the university as well.

This specific study is about a report in the Informatics course 5IK501 during the school year of 2016/2017.

博士
輔仁大學
中文系
99
Abstract It can be inferred from the proverb “The most delicious meat is pork belly and the most fantastic drama is Luan-tan-shi” that Luan-tan-shi is one of the most important types of drama in Taiwan. There are various templates, including Chiu-pai-ti, Ban-chiang-ti, Da-shiau-pai, and folk melody, for the Chiang-diau of Luan-tan-shi. Chiu-pai-ti is usually applied to God-playing dramas and its Pai-ming, Tau-shr, and music style are mainly restricted by southern and northern drama music. Ban-chiang-ti is divided into ancient system and new system, and new system includes three categories, Shi-pi, Er-huang, and Bang-tz-chiang. The ancient Ban-chiang and new Ban-chiang have their own unique characteristics. The ancient Ban-chiang is characterized by various Ban-shr while the new Ban-chiang is characterized by various categories. Although Bang-tz-chiang is categorized into the new system, its lyrics are mainly seven-character poems, its tune is steady, and its Ban-shr only includes three categories, Dau-ban, Bang-tz-chiang, and Suo-nan-pi, which are the prototypes of the variants of Ban-shr. In addition to being applied to the performance of Chinese dramas, Da-shiau-pai is more frequently applied to the oratorio performed at village music hall. Folk melody is usually performed in special dramas or occasions. In terms of the proportion of drama types, Ban-chiang-ti is mainly performed, followed by Chiu-pai-ti, while Da-shiau-pai and folk melody are less frequently performed. Therefore, Ban-chiang-ti is mainly applied to Luan-tan-shi in Taiwan. In terms of origin, the templates of Chiang-diau have different origins. In regard to Bang-tz-chiang, it is called “Chuei-chiang” in folk culture. Bang-tz-chiang shares the same main melody with Jiangsu Kun opera, Peking opera, Anqing Luan-tan, Chuei-chiang of Hui opera, and Chin-chiang of “Red Plum Mountain” transcript in the Qing dynasty. Suo-nan-pi shares the same main melody with Pi of Peking opera, Chuei-chiang of Kun opera, and Pi-tz of Shi-chin-chiang. It can be inferred that, Bang-tz-chiang belongs to the system of Chuei-chiang. New Shi –Pi, Er-huang, and Peking opera Shi-pi all belong to the system of Pi-huang. However, because there are various Ban-shr in the Peking opera and Ban-shr is widely used, the Pi-huang of new Luan-tan is comparatively plain. As for the ancient Ban-chiang, the major Ban-shr Ping-ban shares the same structure with Zhejiang-jeng-ban of Jiangxi opera, Jeng-yuan-ban of Ou opera, Jung-ban-san-wu-chi and Ping-ban of Wu opera, and Jin-jung-man of Taizhou Luan-tan. It can be inferred that the ancient Ban-chiang shares the same origin with the tune of Luan-tan in the southern China. The application of various Chiang-diau in Luan-tan-shi in Taiwan is characterized by several features: First, there are diversified applications, including the combinations of one drama + one Chiang-diau, one drama + two Chiang-diau, and even one drama + four Chiang-diau. Second, various instruments are played for accompaniment. Huqin is mainly played in Ban-chiang-ti. For example, yehu is played in ancient chiang-diau, Diau-guei is played in new one, and suona horn is mainly played in Chiu-pai-ti and Bang-tz-chiang. Third, the components of Chi-pai are transplanted to the Chiang-diau of Luan-tan-shi. For example, the lyrics and tune of “Chi-lin-ge, San-dang” of Kun opera are transplanted to “Tau-Guan” series of Luan-tan-shi. The lyrics of Kun opera “Lu-hua” is used in Luan-tan-shi “Lu-hua-dang” and the tune is changed to Ban-chiang-ti. Such a phenomenon indicates that Kun opera used to be the “prototype” of Luan-tan-shi. Fourth, Chiu-pai-ti and Ban-chiang-ti are two completely different templates. The overall inspection on the application of Chiang-diau of Luan-tan reveals the trace of progressive development: “Chiu-pai-lian-tao -> Chiu-pai-lian-tao + Ban-chiang-ti -> Jr-chiu + Ban-chiang-ti -> Kun-tou-shing-dau-ban + Ban-chiang-ti -> Ban-chiang-ti.” Such a trace reveals that, the Ban-chiang-ti-based Luan-tan-shi absorbs the essence of Chiu-pai and its application of Ban-chiang-ti is based on the development and transformation of Chiu-pai. There are diversified templates of Chiang-diau used in the Luan-tan-shi in Taiwan. The application of various tunes reveals how the essence of Chiu-pai-ti is absorbed, transferred, and transformed to Ban-chiang-ti. Ban-chiang-ti evolves from the transformation process and eventually becomes the newly arising Chiang-diau which can compete with Chiu-pai. One of the important values of Chiang-diau in Luan-tan-shi in Taiwan is to unmask the veil of Chiang-diau.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學系碩士班
93
Scholarship of Wen- Shin- Diau- Lung has been efflorescent since 20th A.D ,but to Ming dynasty, today scholars always consider it is a foundation age for scholarship of Wen- Shin- Diau- Lung, and it is few to report. But, the scholars of Ming Dynasty, Do they have no any achievement that could consult for us ? This paper will try to introspect this prejudice, and taking he forewords、afterpieces and Yang-Shen`s 、Tsau Shiue-Chiuag`s criticism for instance. The first chapter is Introduction, about the motive、scope of this research, existing research results and catalogue of this thesis .The secondary chapter, by the observation to several forewords and afterpieces of Wen- Shin- Diau- Lung writed by Ming scholars, we can find out the widespread viewpoints and focus of them to Wen- S hin- Diau- Lung, and the viewpoints are influential to the research of posterity , and we also can find out its times meaning in Ming dynast. In the third chapter , we discussed Yang-Shen`s criticism to Wen- Shin- Diau- Lung. First , we introduced Yang`s life and academic achievements, then argued Yang`s criticism are actually helpful for us to comprehend Liou-shie`s literature thought, as Liou`s literature view of changes and writing principle of the official document . And to 「Wind and Bone」 this traditionally Chinese literature conception , Yang also offered his special views. In the fourth chapter, we discussed Tsau Shiue-Chiuag`s criticism to Wen- Shin- Diau- Lung. First , we introduced Tsau Shiue-Chiuag`s life and academic achievements, then we pointed out Tsau`s attempt to build a complete theory of Wen- Shin- Diau- Lung by「Fen」 and 「Heart」 two literature conception, and highlighted that temperament-valued literature view of Liou-shie by Wei(緯).Then Tsau further pointed out his nature-valued literature view. Fifth chapter is conclusion, We concluded all of preceding paragraphs, and pointed out the imperfections of Yang`s and Tsau`s criticism, then pointed out the influence of entire Scholarship of Wen- Shin- Diau- Lung of Ming dynasty. Finally, listed up the references of this thesis. 　　Sixth chapter is conclusion . we briefly introduced the important viewpoint and the achievement of the paper.

The study aimed to explore teachers’ mathematical knowledge in respect of teaching the concept of fractions to Grade 6 learners. To that end a qualitative study was done, using a case study design. Data were collected through the observation of, and interviews with, three teachers at three schools in the Capricorn South district. Rooted in the theory of constructivism, the study was supplemented by the conceptual framework of mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) (Ball et al., 2008) and Shulman’s (1986) notion of pedagogical knowledge for teaching (PCK). The key finding of this investigation revealed that, of the three teachers, two did not develop the concept of fractions for their learners, but merely followed the traditional method of teaching the concept by encouraging their learners to memorise rules without understanding. Only one teacher emphasised an understanding of mathematical concepts. The main observation which the researcher made, was that teachers require a great deal of knowledge and expertise, in carrying out the work of teaching subject matter related to fractions.
Mathematics Education