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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Differentiation implicite »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 11 janvier 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Differentiation implicite"

Hughes, David. « Differentiating the Corporation : Accountability and International Humanitarian Law ». Michigan Journal of International Law, n^o 42.1 (2021) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.42.1.differentiating.

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Corporations are significant global actors that are continuing to gain international legal status. Regulatory efforts have closely followed persistent claims that various forms of corporate activity are adversely affecting individual welfare and societal objectives. Such observations are perhaps most acute during instances of armed conflict. The history of corporate misdeeds occurring within or contributing to the perpetuation of warfare is now well-documented. However, the relationship between international humanitarian law—the legal field governing the conduct of war—and corporations receives less attention than other areas of international law where the treatment of business entities have made important advancements. This article considers the particularities that affect how accountability is imposed for corporate behavior that implicates IHL. Accordingly, the article has three purposes. First, it describes the (indirect) doctrinal methods through which accountability for corporate conduct implicating IHL may be pursued. Second, it identifies structural challenges and features of the corporate form that compromise the efficacy of these methods and result in accountability gaps. Third, through a series of case studies—addressing the conduct of Blackwater in Iraq, Facebook in Myanmar, and Airbnb in the West Bank—the article categorizes disparate forms of corporate conduct that implicate IHL in previously unforeseen ways and present unidentified regulatory challenges. Collectively, the article suggests that if international law is to contribute to the process of narrowing accountability gaps, if it is to provide an agreeable and accurate vocabulary for determining standards and adjudging conduct, regulatory efforts must begin by embracing those features that differentiate the corporation from those other entities that have traditionally held international law’s attention.

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Sarkar, Sukumar, Bijan K. Dey et Anindya Dutta. « MiR-322/424 and -503 Are Induced during Muscle Differentiation and Promote Cell Cycle Quiescence and Differentiation by Down-Regulation of Cdc25A ». Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, n^o 13 (juillet 2010) : 2138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e10-01-0062.

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Induction of a G1 phase cell cycle arrest, caused primarily by the inhibition of cyclin-dependent-kinase 2 (cdk2), is a critical step in the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes. Here, we report that two microRNAs, miR-322/424 and miR-503, are induced and promote cdk2 inhibition during myogenesis. These microRNAs down-regulate Cdc25A, the phosphatase responsible for removing inhibitory phosphorylation of cdk2, both in myoblasts differentiating into myotubes and in nonmuscle cells. Cdc25A is down-regulated during muscle differentiation by multiple pathways: action of these two microRNAs, proteasomal degradation of Cdc25A protein and transcriptional repression. Overexpression of Cdc25A or of cdk2 with mutations on T14 and Y15 (cdk2-AF), so that it cannot be inhibited by phosphorylation, decreases differentiation and differentiation-induced cell cycle quiescence. Introduction of miR-322/424 and miR-503 in heterologous cancer cells induces G1 arrest, which is also attenuated by overexpression of the cdk2-AF mutant. Until now Cdc25A and the inhibitory phosphorylation on T14 and Y15 of cdk2 have only been implicated in the intra-S phase checkpoint pathway after DNA damage. Our results reveal an unexpected role of Cdc25A down-regulation and the inhibitory phosphorylation of cdk2 T14 and Y15 in cell cycle quiescence during muscle differentiation and implicate two muscle differentiation-induced microRNAs in the process.

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Bair, Jacques, et Valérie Henry. « Implicit Differentiation with Microscopes ». Mathematical Intelligencer 32, n^o 1 (4 novembre 2009) : 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-009-9088-0.

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Vachon, Pierre H. « Integrin Signaling, Cell Survival, and Anoikis : Distinctions, Differences, and Differentiation ». Journal of Signal Transduction 2011 (13 juillet 2011) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/738137.

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Cell survival and apoptosis implicate an increasing complexity of players and signaling pathways which regulate not only the decision-making process of surviving (or dying), but as well the execution of cell death proper. The same complex nature applies to anoikis, a form of caspase-dependent apoptosis that is largely regulated by integrin-mediated, cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Not surprisingly, the regulation of cell survival, apoptosis, and anoikis furthermore implicates additional mechanistic distinctions according to the specific tissue, cell type, and species. Incidentally, studies in recent years have unearthed yet another layer of complexity in the regulation of these cell processes, namely, the implication of cell differentiation state-specific mechanisms. Further analyses of such differentiation state-distinct mechanisms, either under normal or physiopathological contexts, should increase our understanding of diseases which implicate a deregulation of integrin function, cell survival, and anoikis.

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Stratton, Damji Heo. « Negative transfer in implicit differentiation ». International Journal of Educational Research Open 2-2 (2021) : 100051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100051.

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Young, Gary W. De. « Constrained Optimization with Implicit Differentiation ». College Mathematics Journal 34, n^o 2 (mars 2003) : 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595792.

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Matthews, K. R., et K. Gull. « Evidence for an interplay between cell cycle progression and the initiation of differentiation between life cycle forms of African trypanosomes. » Journal of Cell Biology 125, n^o 5 (1 juin 1994) : 1147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.125.5.1147.

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Successful transmission of the African trypanosome between the mammalian host blood-stream and the tsetse fly vector involves dramatic alterations in the parasite's morphology and biochemistry. This differentiation through to the tsetse midgut procyclic form is accompanied by re-entry into a proliferative cell cycle. Using a synchronous differentiation model and a variety of markers diagnostic for progress through both differentiation and the cell cycle, we have investigated the interplay between these two processes. Our results implicate a relationship between the trypanosome cell cycle position and the perception of the differentiation signal and demonstrate that irreversible commitment to the differentiation occurs rapidly after induction. Furthermore, we show that re-entry into the cell cycle in the differentiating population is synchronous, and that once initiated, progress through the differentiation pathway can be uncoupled from progress through the cell cycle.

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Park, Ji Hye, Na Kyoung Lee, Hye Ji Lim, Seung taek Ji, Yeon-Ju Kim, Woong Bi Jang, Da Yeon Kim et al. « Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR attenuates replicative cell senescence and improves cellular function via regulating the STAT3-PIM1 axis in human cardiac progenitor cells ». Experimental & ; Molecular Medicine 52, n^o 4 (avril 2020) : 615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0374-4.

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Abstract The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway efficiently regulates the energy state of cells and maintains tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway has been implicated in several human diseases. Rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of mTOR and pharmacological inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin promote cardiac cell generation from the differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. These studies strongly implicate a role of sustained mTOR activity in the differentiating functions of embryonic stem cells; however, they do not directly address the required effect for sustained mTOR activity in human cardiac progenitor cells. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of mTOR inhibition by rapamycin on the cellular function of human cardiac progenitor cells and discovered that treatment with rapamycin markedly attenuated replicative cell senescence in human cardiac progenitor cells (hCPCs) and promoted their cellular functions. Furthermore, rapamycin not only inhibited mTOR signaling but also influenced signaling pathways, including STAT3 and PIM1, in hCPCs. Therefore, these data reveal a crucial function for rapamycin in senescent hCPCs and provide clinical strategies based on chronic mTOR activity.

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Yu, Chieh, Ian W. Peall, Son H. Pham, Rachel K. Okolicsanyi, Lyn R. Griffiths et Larisa M. Haupt. « Syndecan-1 Facilitates the Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteo-Adipogenic Balance ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n^o 11 (29 mai 2020) : 3884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113884.

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Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stems cells (hMSCs) are precursors to adipocyte and osteoblast lineage cells. Dysregulation of the osteo-adipogenic balance has been implicated in pathological conditions involving bone loss. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) such as cell membrane-bound syndecans (SDCs) and glypicans (GPCs) mediate hMSC lineage differentiation and with syndecan-1 (SDC-1) reported in both adipogenesis and osteogenesis, these macromolecules are potential regulators of the osteo-adipogenic balance. Here, we disrupted the HSPG profile in primary hMSC cultures via temporal knockdown (KD) of SDC-1 using RNA interference (RNAi) in undifferentiated, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiated hMSCs. SDC-1 KD cultures were examined for osteogenic and adipogenic lineage markers along with changes in HSPG profile and common signalling pathways implicated in hMSC lineage fate. Undifferentiated hMSC SDC-1 KD cultures exhibited a pro-adipogenic phenotype with subsequent osteogenic differentiation demonstrating enhanced maturation of osteoblasts. In cultures where SDC-1 KD was performed following initiation of differentiation, increased adipogenic gene and protein marker expression along with increased Oil Red O staining identified enhanced adipogenesis, with impaired osteogenesis also observed in these cultures. These findings implicate SDC-1 as a facilitator of the hMSC osteo-adipogenic balance during early induction of lineage differentiation.

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Clark, Allison J., Kathryn M. Doyle et Patrick O. Humbert. « Cell-intrinsic requirement for pRb in erythropoiesis ». Blood 104, n^o 5 (1 septembre 2004) : 1324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-02-0618.

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Abstract Retinoblastoma (Rb) and family members have been implicated as key regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, accumulated data have suggested that the Rb gene product pRb is an important controller of erythroid differentiation. However, current published data are conflicting as to whether the role of pRb in erythroid cells is cell intrinsic or non–cell intrinsic. Here, we have made use of an in vitro erythroid differentiation culture system to determine the cell-intrinsic requirement for pRb in erythroid differentiation. We demonstrate that the loss of pRb function in primary differentiating erythroid cells results in impaired cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. Furthermore, we have used coculture experiments to establish that this requirement is cell intrinsic. Together, these data unequivocally demonstrate that pRb is required in a cell-intrinsic manner for erythroid differentiation and provide clarification as to its role in erythropoiesis.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Differentiation implicite"

Dagreou, Mathieu. « Contributions to stochastic bilevel optimization ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASG041.

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Les problèmes bi-niveaux sont un type de problème d'optimisation caractérisés par une structure hiérarchique. Dans ces problèmes, on cherche à minimiser une fonction externe sous la contrainte que certaines variables minimisent une fonction interne. Ces problèmes gagnent en popularité dans la communauté du machine learning en raison de leur large éventail d'applications, telles que l'optimisation des hyperparamètres.Dans cette thèse, nous explorons des algorithmes basés sur la différenciation implicite approximée pour aborder les problèmes bi-niveaux où les fonctions externes et internes sont des moyennes empiriques sur des ensembles d'échantillons potentiellement vastes. Ce cadre de minimisation du risque empirique est une approche classique dans de nombreuses tâches de d'apprentissage statistique.Tout d'abord, nous introduisons un cadre algorithmique général qui permet d'adapter n'importe quel solveur stochastique de premier ordre, initialement conçu pour des problèmes à un seul niveau, aux problèmes bi-niveaux. Nous fournissons et analysons deux instanciations de ce cadre : une adaptation de la descente de gradient stochastique et de l'algorithme SAGA aux problèmes bi-niveaux. Notre analyse démontre que ces algorithmes ont des complexités comparables à celles de leurs homologues à un seul niveau.Ensuite, nous nous intéressons à la complexité de l'optimisation bi-niveaux dans le cadre non convexe-fortement convexe. Nous proposons une classe d'algorithmes qui inclut plusieurs méthodes stochastiques basées sur la différenciation implicite approximée et établissons une borne inférieure sur le nombre d'appels aux oracles nécessaires pour atteindre un point stationnaire approché. Nous proposons ensuite un algorithme dont la complexité correspond à cette borne inférieure.Les performances des méthodes proposées sont évaluées numériquement par un benchmark comparant ces méthodes à d'autres algorithmes bi-niveaux sur des fonctions quadratiques, des problèmes de sélection d'hyperparamètres et la tâche de nettoyage de données
Bilevel problems are a type of optimization problem characterized by a hierarchical structure. In these problems, one wants to minimize an outer function under the constraint that some variables minimize an inner function. These problems are gaining popularity in the machine learning community due to their wide range of applications, such as hyperparameter optimization.In this thesis, we explore approximate implicit differentiation-based algorithms to address bilevel problems where both the outer and inner functions are empirical means over potentially large sample sets. This empirical risk minimization framework is a classical approach in many machine learning tasks.First, we introduce a general algorithmic framework that allows any first-order stochastic solver, initially designed for single-level problems, to be adapted to bilevel problems. We provide and analyze two instantiations of this framework: an adaptation of the stochastic gradient descent and of the SAGA algorithm to bilevel problems. Our analysis demonstrates that these algorithms have complexities comparable to their single-level counterparts.Then, we interest ourselves in the complexity of bilevel optimization in the nonconvex-strongly convex setting. We propose an algorithm class that includes several stochastic approximate implicit differentiation-based methods and establish a lower bound on the number of oracle calls required to reach an approximate stationary point. Then, we propose an algorithm whose complexity matches this lower bound.The performances of the proposed methods are evaluated numerically by a benchmark comparing those methods to other bilevel algorithms on quadratic functions, hyperparameter selection problems, and the datacleaning task

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Hu, Luoan 1954. « DBDF : An implicit numerical differentiation algorithm for integrated circuit simulation ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277918.

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Frequently, the design of integrated circuits cannot be accomplished by purely analytical techniques. Accurate and efficient algorithms for numerical circuit simulation are important tools. Several circuit simulators, such as SPICE, have been made available for this task. Contrary to many other applications of numerical system simulation, integrated circuit problems don't lend themselves to a formulation of state-space models, since the space charge in a p-n junction is a nonlinear and noninvertible function of the voltage across the junction. Therefore, it is necessary to employ numerical differentiation instead of numerical integration in this type of simulation study. The numerical algorithms employed in today's circuit simulators are fairly primitive. SPICE, for example, offers only two very simple implementations of the trapezoidal rule and of the backwards differentiation formula. This thesis describes the design and implementation of DBDF, a specification of a numerical method in Nordsieck format for solving circuit simulation problems. A formal stability and truncation error analysis are included.

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Dean, Samuel. « Functional analysis of a family of proteins implicated in Trypanosoma brucei lifecycle progression ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4002.

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Bloodstream trypanosomes initiate differentiation to procyclic forms in response to a citrate/ cis-aconitate (CCA) signal. A cell line was previously selected (“defective in differentiation-clone 1”; DiD1) that was unable to differentiate to procyclic forms (Tasker et al. (2000)). Additionally, expression profiling of this line in comparison to the parental line by macroarray hybridisation identified two differentially-expressed transcripts from an 8 gene cluster of highly homologous genes we named PAD genes (Proteins Associated with Differentiation). Members of this family show distinct expression profiles throughout the trypanosome lifecycle at both the mRNA and protein level, and are localised to the cell surface membrane of the cell. At least 1 member of the family (PAD1) shows stumpy form specific RNA and protein expression, representing the first useful molecular marker for this stage, and exhibits biochemical specificity for citrate. Additionally, another member of this family (PAD2) is upregulated in response to low temperature, a condition reported to cause hypersensitivity to CCA. Finally, RNAi mediated ablation of the PAD gene transcripts compromised the capacity of stumpy form trypanosomes to differentiate to the procyclic form in response to CCA. These combined expression, cytological, reverse-genetic and biochemical data make PAD proteins excellent candidates for recognition of the signal to initiate differentiation in response to CCA.

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Willis, William L. « YB-1 Stress-Response Protein Conformation Implicated in Post-transcriptional Control of Myofibroblast Differentiation ». The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376593223.

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Fratangeli, A. « ENDOCYTIC TRAFFIC OF THE G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR 17, A DUALISTIC RECEPTOR IMPLICATED IN OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/170267.

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Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that produce specialized membranes (myelin sheaths) that are wrapped around the neuronal axons of the central nervous system (CNS) which function is to ensure an efficient and fast conduction of electrical impulses along axons and the maintenance of axonal integrity. Several pathologies of the CNS are correlated to the loss of myelin, an event that can be a direct cause of disease like in multiple sclerosis or, in other situation, it can be a consequence of a more general damage like during ischemia. Within the CNS there are OPCs, that after appropriate stimulation, are able to migrate in the damaged area and completely mature producing new myelin sheaths. Among the factors necessary for the recruitment of precursors at the lesion, GPR17 seems to play a role as a sensor of the damage and regulator of OPC differentiation. GPR17 is a dualistic G-protein-coupled receptor that can be activated by both UDP-glucose and CysLTs, signaling molecules massively released in the brain upon different types of injury (Lecca et al., 2008; Fumagalli et al., 2011). Upon agonist binding the receptor expression, almost absent in OPCs, gradually increases in more mature precursors, it reaches a plateau in immature/preoligodendrocytes and then gradually decreases along with terminal differentiation. On the other hand inhibition of GPR17 expression causes impairment in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in in vivo (Chen et al., 2009) and in vitro systems (Fumagalli et al., 2011). Altogether these data indicate that GPR17, acting in a specific time window, is implicated in OPCs maturation. We characterized the expression of GPR17 in an immortalized oligodendrocyte precursor cell line (Oli-neu) (Jung et al., 1995): biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses of Oli-neu differentiation in neuronal conditioning medium, showed that GPR17 is almost absent in undifferentiated Oli-neu cells and reaches a peak after 72h differentiation, while myelin proteins begin to appear after 96h, when GPR17 levels decrease. When GPR17 was knocked down by means of RNA interference, fewer Oli-neu cells were capable of differentiating. These data demonstrate that Oli-neu cells are an helpful model to a further biochemical and biological characterization of GPR17. Little information is available on the role of the agonists in regulating receptor availability at the cell surface and on GPR17 trafficking during cell-differentiation. As reported for many GPCRs, after ligand binding GPR17 may undergo to endocytosis and subsequent sorting into lysosomes for degradation and/or to recycling endosomes for delivery to the plasma membrane. In order to shed light on the mechanisms of GPR17 signaling and agonist induced activation, we investigate the endocytic trafficking of the native receptor in differentiating Oli-neu. To trace internalized GPR17, an antibody against an extracellular epitope of the receptor was generated to be used in internalization assays performed in Oli-neu cells. As shown by immunocytochemical and biotinylation assays, both UDP-glucose and LTD4 increase the clathrin-dependent internalization of GPR17, though with different efficiency. Preliminary results seem to confirm that GPR17 is also differently internalized in OPC primary cultures. Confocal images demonstrated that, at early times after internalization, GPR17 is colocalized with the endosome markers transferrin receptor and Rab5 whereas at later times it shows colocalization with the lysosomal marker Lamp1. The intracellular accumulation of GPR17 in Lamp1 positive organelles increased after incubation with chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent known to affect lysosomal degradation. On the other hand, the receptor colocalized to a very minor degree with Rab11, a marker of the long loop-recycling pathway. In conclusion these results provide the first characterization of the endocytic fate of the native GPR17 in response to the two different classes of ligand activation and demonstrate that the receptor is mainly down regulated after stimulation in differentiated oligodendroglial cells.

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Jeppson, Haley Paige. « Developing Understanding of the Chain Rule, Implicit Differentiation, and Related Rates : Towards a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory Rooted in Nested Multivariation ». BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7529.

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There is an overemphasis on procedures and manipulation of symbols in calculus and not enough emphasis on conceptual understanding of the subject. Specifically, students struggle to understand and correctly apply concepts in calculus such as the chain rule, implicit differentiation, and related rates. Students can learn mathematics more deeply when they make connections between different mathematical ideas. I have hypothesized that students can make powerful connections between the chain rule, implicit differentiation, and related rates through the mathematical concept of nested multivariation. Based on this hypothesis, I created a hypothetical learning trajectory (HLT) rooted in nested multivariation for students to develop an understanding of these three concepts. In this study, I explore my HLT through a small-scale teaching experiment with individual first-semester calculus students using tasks based on the HLT.Based on the teaching experiment, nested multivariational reasoning proved to be critical in understanding how the variables within a function composition change together and in developing intuition and understanding for the multiplicative nature of the chain rule. Later, nested multivariational reasoning was mostly important in recognizing the existence of a nested relationship and the need to use the chain rule in differentiation. Overall, through the HLT, students gained a connected and conceptual understanding for the chain rule, implicit differentiation, and related rates. I also discuss how the HLT might be adjusted and improved for future use.

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Grant, Emily H. « Functional characterization of NAC-domain transcription factors implicated in control of vascular cell differentiation in Arabidopsis and Populus ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36373.

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Wood has a wide variety of uses and is arguably the most important renewable raw material. The composition of xylem cell types in wood determines the utility of different types of wood for distinct commercial applications. Using expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis, we identified many xylem-associated regulatory genes that may control the differentiation of cells involved in wood formation in Arabidopsis and poplar. Prominent among these are NAC-domain transcription factors (NACs). In addition to their roles as regulators of xylem differentiation, NACs are regulators of meristem development, organ elongation and separation. We studied a subset of Populus and Arabidopsis NACs with putative involvement in xylem cell expansion and elongation (XND1/ANAC104, PopNAC118, PopNAC122, PopNAC128, PopNAC129), and secondary cell wall synthesis (ANAC073, PopNAC105, PopNAC154, PopNAC156, PopNAC157). Using quantitative Real-Time PCR, we evaluated expression of the selected Populus NACs in a developmental gradient and in response to bending stress. We prepared transgenic Arabidopsis and Populus plants with increased or decreased expression of select NAC genes. For dominant repression of target gene expression, we evaluated transgenic plants expressing translational fusions of NAC-EAR (ERF amphiphilic repressor) chimeras through chimeric repressor silencing-technology (CRES-T). XND1 overexpression in Populus and Arabidopsis resulted in severe stunting and suppression of xylem differentiation. Overexpression of PopNAC122, an XND1 ortholog, yielded an analogous phenotype in Arabidopsis. Populus XND1 overexpressors lacked phloem fibers and showed a reduction in cell size and number, vessel number and frequency of rays. Knowledge gained through characterization of these wood-associated regulatory genes can be used to optimize molecular breeding and genetic engineering strategies for improved wood quality and increased biomass.
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Causse, Elsa. « La différenciation individuelle : définition d’une approche théorique et comparaison de mesures ». Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21642/document.

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Ce travail de recherche est consacré à la différenciation individuelle (DI), une notion présente dans trois champs de recherche : l’identité, l’individualisme/collectivisme et la variabilité perçue dans les groupes. Avec des approches contrastées, ces trois courants ne situent pas la DI au même niveau d’analyse et adoptent des méthodologies différentes. En outre, dans ces travaux, la DI n’a qu’une place périphérique. Par conséquent, on ne sait pas exactement ce qu’elle recouvre. L’objectif de ce travail est d’approfondir le contenu théorique de la DI et de l’opérationnaliser plus précisément. Afin de comparer les méthodologies existantes, nous avons utilisé trois mesures de la DI. Une échelle générale et décontextualisée, des échelles spécifiques, contextualisées séparément et une mesure implicite fondée sur des descriptions de soi et d’autrui. L’impact du statut socioprofessionnel, du genre, du contexte et de l’ordre des descriptions dans la mesure implicite ont été examinés auprès d’une population de professionnels, agents de service et avocats. Les résultats montrent un fort impact des variables positionnelles sur la DI. Le contexte et l’ordre des descriptions ont également induit d’importantes variations. Cette recherche permet de mieux délimiter l’approche de la DI et d’étayer sa définition. La DI correspond à une norme socioculturelle induisant deux conséquences : la perception d’unicité et la recherche de différence, repérable dans les stratégies de présentation de soi. L’utilisation de mesures complémentaires semble indispensable car ces deux effets sont approchés par des mesures différentes, la mesure générale et la mesure implicite, respectivement. Sur ces deux mesures, la DI est plus importante dans les groupes dominants. Les échelles spécifiques correspondent à une mesure explicite qui produit des résultats inversés : davantage de DI dans les groupes dominés. Ce type de mesure révèle un refus des images respectives associées aux groupes dominants et dominés. Elle permet de comprendre que dans la vie quotidienne, la DI engendre de nombreux paradoxes par rapport aux besoins de conformité et d’affiliation groupale. Cette mesure reflète la gestion des contradictions induites par la DI aux plans identitaire et normatif
The present dissertation is devoted to individual differentiation (ID), a notion that is present in three fields of research: identity, individualism/collectivism and perceived group variability. These three approaches do not consider ID at the same level of analysis and use different methods. Moreover, ID only has a peripheral place. Consequently, we do not know exactly what this notion covers. This work intended to develop the theoretical content of ID and operationalize it more precisely. With the aim to compare the existing methods, we used three measures of ID. A general and decontextualized scale, specific scales, separately contextualized and an implicit measure based on self and others descriptions. The impact of socio-professional status, gender, context and order of descriptions in the implicit measure were estimated within a population of cleaners and lawyers. Results showed a strong effect of status variables on ID. Important variations induced by context and order of descriptions were also observed. This research enabled to delimit ID approach and to develop its definition. ID refers to a socio-cultural norm that brings about two consequences: perception of uniqueness and quest of difference, located in self presentation strategies. The use of complementary measures appears necessary since these two effects are reached by different measures, general measure and implicit measure respectively. With these two measures, ID is more important in high-status groups. Specific scales refer to an explicit measure which produces the opposite result: more ID in low-status groups. This type of measure reveals a rejection of respective images associated to high and low-status groups. It enables us to understand that in everyday life, ID generates many paradoxes with regard to the needs of conformity and of group affiliation. This measure reflects the control of contradictions induced by ID that arise at an identitary level and a normative one

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Rosenius, Marie. « Svenska kyrkan samma kyrka ? : ecklesiologi före och efter relationsförändringen mellan kyrka och stat ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111908.

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This dissertation is an ecclesiological study, conducted in the form of a case study that examines worship praxis in six parishes in the diocese of Luleå between 1990 and 2009. The specific research problem of the dissertation is whether the organizational changes that took place in connection with the relational change between Church and State in 2000 are reflected in local worship and in church service related decisions in diocese and parishes, and how the concrete relationship between worship praxis and regulations is manifested. The research problem also includes what ecclesiological impact the organizational changes may have had in the studied parishes and what the empirical results can reveal about the ecclesiality of the Church. The dissertation addresses four research questions. In response to the first question: “Are the organizational changes of 2000 reflected in local worship and in worship related decisions in dioceses and parishes and, if so, in what way?” it is noted that organizational change is reflected indirectly in expressions of growing autonomization. In response to the second question "What is the relationship between worship praxis and regulations in the Church ordinance and The Swedish Church manual 1986?” there is a tangible difference between worship praxis and regulations throughout the studied period, i.e. even before the relational change, although the difference over time has increased. Regarding the third question "What impact could the organizational change, associated with the relational change between the Church of Sweden and the State, have had on the ecclesiologies in the worship praxis which the studied parishes represent and hold?” I have not found that the new order has affected, in any direct way, the parishes’ implicit ecclesiologies during the time span covered by the study. Rather, it seems that the Church ordinance that was established at the time of the relational change has reinforced an already existing implicit ecclesiology where the parishes are considered to be autonomous. The fourth question "How can the empirical result be interpreted theologically with regard to its implicit ecclesiology, and what does that say about the ecclesiality of the Church of Sweden?” The theological interpretation of autonomization indicates an overall "immanent ecclesiology", which can be visualized in current praxis in the diocese of Luleå. The ambition that the Church of Sweden despite organizational change in the year 2000 would be the same also indicates a similar implicit ecclesiology. This is because the Church was not thought to change its identity despite being subjected to a revision in form. The study shows that the arsenal of theories and the methodical approach have implications for how much can be clarified and that different ways of studying the Church should be combined. The present study is an example of this by the study's abductive approach and exploratory character, which have allowed both interaction between praxis-related empiricism and theory and interaction between descriptive analysis and hermeneutic interpretation. The study also shows that “ordo-related theories” may be applicable to the study of the Church as an organizational structure.

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White, Sarah Elise. « Optimization methods ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6037.

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This report articulates some of the recent research on different methods of optimization. Topics discussed include an implicit differentiation process in which the primary substitution method is not used and a relationship among variables method is introduced. In addition, a finding extrema without limits method is explored. Also included is a discussion on the depth of optimization taught in secondary schools and the different methods and levels of instruction on this topic.
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Livres sur le sujet "Differentiation implicite"

Isett, Philip. Bounds for Coefficients from the Stress Equation. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0020.

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This chapter estimates the bounds for coefficients from the Stress equation. It starts by considering the coefficients γ‎subscript I and the equation that implicitly defines it. It then estimates the derivatives of γ‎subscript I by differentiating the equation. The first transport derivative always costs a factor Ξ‎eᵥ½ in the estimates, and each spatial derivative costs a factor of Ξ‎ until the total order of differentiation exceeds L, at which point one obtains a larger cost of Nsuperscript 1/LΞ‎ per derivative. The chapter also considers the bounds satisfied by the coefficients γ‎subscript I and shows that the final bound for the coefficients γ‎subscript I is exactly the same quality as the corresponding bound for ε‎.

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Mann, Peter. Matrices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0031.

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This chapter looks at the calculus of a function of two or more variables, which is the subject of partial differentiation. The partial derivative of a function is the rate of change of the function with respect to the distance in the direction of a particular coordinate axis and is symbolised with the sign ∂. The chapter spends time on the implicit function theorem, since it is relied upon heavily elsewhere in the text. Lagrange multipliers are used to solve constrained optimisation problems. Topics include critical points, the product rule, the chain rule, directional derivatives, hypersurfaces and Taylor’s theorem. In addition, the chapter discusses Jacobian matrices, the inverse function theorem, gradients, level sets and Hessian matrices.

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Loenhoff, Jens. Intercorporeality as a Foundational Dimension of Human Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0002.

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This article contributes to embodied communication theory in the way it takes into account the sensorimotor a priori of meaning production in interaction. The idea that intentionality is founded in the experience of movement and sensorimotor feedback loops as functional principles of action originated in the 1920–1940s in phenomenology, philosophical anthropology, and gestalt theory. Using that as a point of departure, this essay will analyze the interwovenness of bodily operations as communicatively effective entities. In this context the intimate connections among embodiment, implicit knowledge, and the normativity of sensorimotor practices should become apparent. Following this, a few suggestions regarding the differentiation of the concept of intercorporeality will be made by identifying some sources of variance which determine the form and intensity of intercorporeality, including forms of communication connected with it.

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Barlas, Asma. Islam. Sous la direction de Adrian Thatcher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199664153.013.001.

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This chapter analyses the Qur’an’s position on theology, sexuality, and gender, with the intent of challenging readings of Islam as a patriarchy. It illustrates that missing from Islam’s scripture is the imaginary of God as father/male and endorsements of father-rule (the traditional form of patriarchy), as well as any concept of sexual differentiation that privileges males (more modern forms of patriarchy). Indeed, many Qur’anic teachings can be read on behalf of the principle of sexual equality since they establish the ontological equality of women and men and emphasize the need for mutual care and guardianship between them. Both by re-reading some of the ‘anti-women’ verses and by applying a hermeneutical method to interpret the Qur’an—which is implicit in the text itself—the chapter also demonstrates that different interpretive strategies can change our understanding of textual meaning.

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Reychler, Luc. Peacemaking, Peacekeeping, and Peacebuilding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.274.

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Peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding have generated considerable interest in the areas of education, research, and politics. This can be attributed in part to the growing recognition that there are limits to violence and that proactive violence prevention is more cost-effective than reactive conflict prevention. Peacebuilding became part of the official discourse when the United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali introduced the concept of post-conflict peacebuilding in the Agenda for Peace. The agenda specified four areas of action relating to preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding. Two important documents have helped bring peacebuilding to the mainstream: the 2000 Brahimi Report, a response to the failures of complex UN peacekeeping in the 1990s, and In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights, which led to the establishment of the Peacebuilding Commission. Conflict prevention and peacebuilding have also been mainstreamed in the European Union and in most of the foreign offices of the member states. A central focus of studies on peacebuilding is the interrelationships between peacemaking, political change, development, peacekeeping, and reconciliation. Despite the progress made in terms of research, there are a number of gaps and challenges that still need to be addressed. Many analysts, for example, leave the end state vague and implicit and make no systematic differentiation between different types of peace. With respect to context, two salient issues require more attention: the qualities of a peacebuilder and the role of integrative power. The widest research gap is found in the planning of the peacebuilding process.

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Jamil, Ghazala. Accumulation by Segregation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199470655.001.0001.

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Through an ethnographic exploration of everyday life infused with Marxist urbanism and critical theory, this work charts out the changes taking place in Muslim neighbourhoods in Delhi in the backdrop of rapid urbanization and capitalist globalization. It argues that there is an implicit materialist logic in prejudice and segregation experienced by Muslims. Further, it finds that different classes within Muslims are treated differentially in the discriminatory process. The resultant spatial ‘diversity’ and differentiation this gives rise to among the Muslim neighbourhoods creates an illusion of ‘choice’ but in reality, the flexibility of the confining boundaries only serve to make these stronger and shatterproof. It is asserted that while there is no attempt at integration of Muslims socially and spatially, from within the structures of urban governance, it would be a fallacy to say that the state is absent from within these segregated enclaves. The disciplinary state, neo-liberal processes of globalization, and the discursive practices such as news media, cinema, social science research, combine together to produce a hegemonic effect in which stereotyped representations are continually employed uncritically and erroneously to prevent genuine attempts at developing specific and nuanced understanding of the situation of urban Muslims in India. The book finds that the exclusion of Muslims spatially and socially is a complex process containing contradictory elements that have reduced Indian Muslims to being ‘normative’ non-citizens and homo sacer whose legal status is not an equal claim to citizenship. The book also includes an account of the way in which residents of these segregated Muslim enclaves are finding ways to build hope in their lives.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Differentiation implicite"

Lopez, Robert J. « Implicit Differentiation ». Dans Maple via Calculus, 43. Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0267-7_10.

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Sneyd, James, Rachel M. Fewster et Duncan McGillivray. « Implicit differentiation ». Dans Mathematics and Statistics for Science, 325–35. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05318-4_16.

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Bird, John. « Differentiation of implicit functions ». Dans Engineering Mathematics, 507–11. 8th edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. : Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315561851-74.

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Bird, John. « Differentiation of implicit functions ». Dans Bird's Higher Engineering Mathematics, 369–74. 9^e éd. Ninth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2021. : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003124221-28.

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Bell, Bradley M., et James V. Burke. « Algorithmic Differentiation of Implicit Functions and Optimal Values ». Dans Advances in Automatic Differentiation, 67–77. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68942-3_7.

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Park, Ukeob, Kalyana C. Veluvolu et Minho Lee. « Phase Synchrony for Human Implicit Intent Differentiation ». Dans Neural Information Processing, 427–33. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-42054-2_53.

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Alqasemi, Maryam, et Youssef Belhamadia. « A Semi-implicit Backward Differentiation ADI Method for Solving Monodomain Model ». Dans Computational Science – ICCS 2021, 541–48. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77977-1_43.

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Medvedev, Dmitry, et Alexander D’yakonov. « Learning to Generate Synthetic Training Data Using Gradient Matching and Implicit Differentiation ». Dans Communications in Computer and Information Science, 138–50. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15168-2_12.

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Dalbert, Claudia. « On the Differentiation of an Implicit and a Self-Attributed Justice Motive ». Dans Justice and Conflicts, 77–91. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19035-3_4.

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Stephan, Nicolas, Marine Lemarié et Kristina Schinegger. « Common Ground—Online Platforms for Bottom-Up Collaborative Decision Making in Design Education ». Dans Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication, 65–77. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8637-6_6.

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AbstractCo-creation and real-time collaboration have always been an integral potential of digital design methodologies and have been accelerated by the rapid digitalization of teaching due to current societal developments. This paper discusses the prototype of a real-time multiplayer building platform as a video game developed for a first-year design studio impacted by pandemic-related teaching restrictions. The aim was to develop a methodology that enables first-year students to meet peers, build models collaboratively, and teach implicit design knowledge such as aesthetics and formal analysis while allowing individual creativity within the populous class. Through a combination of a step-by-step iterative design system and a real-time decentralized multi-player platform, students can work collaboratively on common digital designs. The design method is based upon building units and individualized strategies of aggregation and differentiation that are built up into larger structures. Special focus is paid to how new online platforms created for architecture education can migrate the advantages of physical intuitive design methods to a digital setting and eventually fill the gap of lacking implicit knowledge pedagogies.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Differentiation implicite"

Valenzuela, Lucas Fuentes, Anthony Degleris, Abbas El Gamal, Marco Pavone et Ram Rajagopal. « Dynamic Locational Marginal Emissions Via Implicit Differentiation ». Dans 2024 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 1. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm51994.2024.10688494.

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Michel, Loïc, Malek Ghanes, Yannick Aoustin et Jean-Pierre Barbot. « An interconnected discrete time cascaded semi-implicit differentiation ». Dans 2024 17th International Workshop on Variable Structure Systems (VSS), 164–69. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vss61690.2024.10753413.

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Pyatov, Vladislav, Iaroslav Koshelev et Stamatios Lefkimmiatis. « Robust Two-View Geometry Estimation with Implicit Differentiation ». Dans 2024 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 11924–31. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iros58592.2024.10801617.

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Degleris, Anthony, Lucas Fuentes Valenzuela, Ram Rajagopal, Marco Pavone et Abbas El Gamal. « Fast Grid Emissions Sensitivities using Parallel Decentralized Implicit Differentiation ». Dans 2024 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm), 458–64. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm60555.2024.10738026.

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Guerrero Peña, Fidel A., Heitor Rapela Medeiros, Thomas Dubail, Masih Aminbeidokhti, Eric Granger et Marco Pedersoli. « Re-basin via implicit Sinkhorn differentiation ». Dans 2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.01938.

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Eisenberger, Marvin, Aysim Toker, Laura Leal-Taixe, Florian Bernard et Daniel Cremers. « A Unified Framework for Implicit Sinkhorn Differentiation ». Dans 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00059.

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Zumwalt, Kenneth W., et Mohamed E. M. El-Sayed. « Design Sensitivity Derivatives for Isoparametric Elements As an Integrated Part of Finite Element Analysis ». Dans ASME 1990 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1990-0072.

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Abstract This paper presents an approach for incorporating design sensitivity calculations into the finite element analysis. The formulation depends on the implicit differentiation approach and requires few additional calculations to obtain the design sensitivity derivatives. The implicit differentiation approach is developed and implemented to calculate the design sensitivities for continuum and structural isoparametric elements. To demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the developed approach some test cases using different structural and continuum element types are presented.

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Tu, Tianxiong, Guoping Wang, Xiaoting Rui, Jianshu Zhang et Xiangzhen Zhou. « Implicit Algorithm for Riccati Transfer Matrix Method for Multibody Systems ». Dans ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85675.

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Rui method, namely the transfer matrix method for multibody systems (MSTMM) is a new and efficient method for multibody system dynamics (MSD) for its features as follows: without global dynamics equations of the system, high programming, low order of system matrix and high computational speed. Riccati transfer matrix method for multibody systems was developed by introducing Riccati transformation in MSTMM, for improving numerical stability of MSTMM. In this paper, based on Riccati MSTMM, applying the thought of direct differentiation method, by differentiation of Riccati transfer equations of rigid bodies and joints, generalized acceleration and its differentiation can be obtained. Combined with Backward Euler algorithm, implicit algorithm for Riccati MSTMM is proposed in this paper. The formulation and computing procedure of the method are presented. The numerical examples show that results obtained by first order accurate implicit algorithm proposed in the paper and the fourth order accurate Runge-Kutta method have good agreement, which indicates that this implicit method is more numerical stability than explicit algorithm with the same order accurate. The implicit algorithm for Riccati MSTMM can be used for improving the computational accuracy of multibody system dynamics.

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Michel, L., M. Ghanes, Y. Aoustin, J.-P. Barbot, S. Messaoudi et M. Laaziz. « A Fourth Order Semi-Implicit Homogeneous Differentiator ». Dans 2022 10th International Conference on Systems and Control (ICSC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsc57768.2022.9993942.

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Efimov, Denis, et Yury Orlov. « On Implicit Discretization of Prescribed-Time Differentiator ». Dans 2024 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc64448.2024.10590820.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Differentiation implicite"

Michelotti, L. A note on the automated differentiation of implicit functions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juin 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5603271.

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