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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Differential measurements »

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Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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1

Arratia, Miguel, Anja Butter, Mario Campanelli, Vincent Croft, Dag Gillberg, Aishik Ghosh, Kristin Lohwasser et al. « Publishing unbinned differential cross section results ». Journal of Instrumentation 17, no 01 (1 janvier 2022) : P01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/p01024.

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Abstract Machine learning tools have empowered a qualitatively new way to perform differential cross section measurements whereby the data are unbinned, possibly in many dimensions. Unbinned measurements can enable, improve, or at least simplify comparisons between experiments and with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, many-dimensional measurements can be used to define observables after the measurement instead of before. There is currently no community standard for publishing unbinned data. While there are also essentially no measurements of this type public, unbinned measurements are expected in the near future given recent methodological advances. The purpose of this paper is to propose a scheme for presenting and using unbinned results, which can hopefully form the basis for a community standard to allow for integration into analysis workflows. This is foreseen to be the start of an evolving community dialogue, in order to accommodate future developments in this field that is rapidly evolving.
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Arcamone, J., G. Rius, J. Llobet, X. Borrisé et F. Pérez-Murano. « Mass measurements based on nanomechanical devices : differential measurements ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 100, no 5 (1 mars 2008) : 052031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/100/5/052031.

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Hailu, Sissay, Gary R. Halford, Dov Hazony et Gerhard Welsch. « Differential ultrasonic stress–strain measurements ». Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, no 4 (octobre 1999) : 2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.427216.

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Riveros, C., E. A. Logiudice et H. Vucetich. « On differential fifth force measurements ». Physics Letters A 136, no 7-8 (avril 1989) : 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(89)90412-x.

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Bernard, Clare. « Differential top-quark pair production measurements ». EPJ Web of Conferences 71 (2014) : 00013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20147100013.

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Edwards, G., et R. Jayne. « Location Tracking Using Differential Range Measurements ». International Journal of Computers and Applications 27, no 3 (janvier 2005) : 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1206212x.2005.11441768.

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Minamisawa, R. A., R. L. Zimmerman, L. R. Holland et D. Ila. « DIFFERENTIAL 3ω METHOD FOR THERMAL MEASUREMENTS ». Instrumentation Science & ; Technology 38, no 5 (31 août 2010) : 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2010.508977.

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DuBois, R. D., O. G. de Lucio et J. Gavin. « Differential ionisation measurements for positron impact ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B : Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266, no 3 (février 2008) : 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.12.016.

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DuBois, R. D., Kh Khayyat, C. Doudna et C. Lloyd. « Differential ionization measurements using positron impact ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B : Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 192, no 1-2 (mai 2002) : 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(02)00707-3.

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Koehler, C., J. Lecoeur et J. P. Bellier. « Potentiostatic differential capacity measurements : Frequency limitations ». Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 395, no 1-2 (octobre 1995) : 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(95)04130-g.

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Bradley, D. A., et A. M. Ghose. « Differential coherent scattering cross-section measurements ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 255, no 1-2 (mars 1987) : 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)91074-6.

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Gonsalves, Robert A. « Phase retrieval by differential intensity measurements ». Journal of the Optical Society of America A 4, no 1 (1 janvier 1987) : 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.4.000166.

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13

Bonzon, D., K. Kambara, D. Bertrand et P. Renaud. « Micropipette calibration by differential pressure measurements ». Measurement Science and Technology 30, no 10 (12 août 2019) : 105003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab162b.

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14

Chen, Jia, Camille Viatte, Jacob K. Hedelius, Taylor Jones, Jonathan E. Franklin, Harrison Parker, Elaine W. Gottlieb, Paul O. Wennberg, Manvendra K. Dubey et Steven C. Wofsy. « Differential column measurements using compact solar-tracking spectrometers ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no 13 (12 juillet 2016) : 8479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8479-2016.

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Abstract. We demonstrate the use of compact solar-tracking Fourier transform spectrometers (Bruker EM27/SUN) for differential measurements of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CH4 and CO2 within urban areas. Using Allan variance analysis, we show that the differential column measurement has a precision of 0.01 % for XCO2 and XCH4 with an optimum integration time of 10 min, corresponding to Allan deviations of 0.04 ppm and 0.2 ppb, respectively. The sensor system is very stable over time and after relocation across the continent. We report tests of the differential column measurement, and its sensitivity to emission sources, by measuring the downwind-minus-upwind column difference ΔXCH4 across dairy farms in the Chino area, California, and using the data to verify emissions reported in the literature. Ratios of spatial column differences ΔXCH4∕ΔXCO2 were observed across Pasadena within the Los Angeles basin, indicating values consistent with regional emission ratios from the literature. Our precise, rapid measurements allow us to determine significant short-term variations (5–10 min) of XCO2 and XCH4 and to show that they represent atmospheric phenomena.Overall, this study helps establish a range of new applications for compact solar-viewing Fourier transform spectrometers. By accurately measuring the small differences in integrated column amounts across local and regional sources, we directly observe the mass loading of the atmosphere due to the influence of emissions in the intervening locale. The inference of the source strength is much more direct than inversion modeling using only surface concentrations and less subject to errors associated with small-scale transport phenomena.
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Schewerda, J., G. Förster et J. Heinrichmeier. « Novel method for sludge blanket measurements ». Water Science and Technology 69, no 4 (6 décembre 2013) : 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.775.

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The most widely used methods for sludge blanket measurements are based on acoustic or optic principles. In operation, both methods are expensive and often maintenance-intensive. Therefore a novel, reliable and simple method for sludge blanket measurement is proposed. It is based on the differential pressure measurement in the sludge zone compared with the differential pressure in the clear water zone, so that it is possible to measure the upper and the lower sludge level in a tank. Full-scale tests of this method were done in the secondary clarifier at the waste water treatment plant in Hecklingen, Germany. The result shows a good approximation of the manually measured sludge level.
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Fang, Huai, Guobin Chang, Zhi Bao, Kai Chen et Xiannan Han. « SINS attitude algorithm based on moving-window overdetermined polynomial fitting of gyro outputs ». Measurement Science and Technology 33, no 1 (19 novembre 2021) : 015015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac370a.

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Abstract The attitude algorithm is the most important part of the whole strapdown inertial navigation processing. It calculates the attitude of certain parameterization by integrating the gyro outputs or measurements in a specifically tailored way according to the attitude kinematic differential equation. The measurements or some angular velocity models obtained by fitting these measurements are often assumed free of errors in order to assess the numerical errors only. However, the gyro outputs and hence the models from them are by no means free of measurement errors. It is more often than not that the measurement errors dominate the numerical ones in practice. In this study, with coping with the measurement errors as the focus, we aim to improve the angular velocity model which is used as input in an attitude integration algorithm. This is achieved by exploiting the potential of overdetermined least-squares polynomial fitting. In order to avoid reducing the update rate by incorporating more measurements, the moving window trick is employed to re-use measurements in the previous update interval. The conventional attitude algorithm with second-order approximation in solving the differential equation of the equivalent rotation vector is employed as an example; however, the proposed method can be readily applied to other parameterizations such as direction cosine matrix, quaternion or Rodrigues parameters, and other high order approximations in solving the differential equation widely studied recently.
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ROY, Indrajit G. « On Estimating Differential Conductance from Noisy I-V Measurements in Delineating Device Parameters ». Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica 17, no 4 (1 décembre 2017) : 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15546/aeei-2017-0027.

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18

Reiners, A., et J. H. M. M. Schmitt. « Measurements of Differential Rotation in Cool Stars ». Symposium - International Astronomical Union 215 (2004) : 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900195439.

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We have obtained high resolution (R ≈ 220000) - high signal-to-noise (S/N > 500) spectra of 142 field dwarfs of spectral types F–K and v sin i ≤ 45 km s–1. Using the Fourier Transform Method (FTM) we precisely determined rotational velocities (Δ v sin i < 1.0 km s–1). For stars with v sin i ≥ 12.0 km s–1 this method allows the detection of deviations from solid body rotation. In the case of symmetric profiles the differential rotation parameter α = (ωequator – ωpole) / ωequator can be determined. This was possible for 32 of our sample stars; ten stars show evidence for solar-like differential rotation with α > 0.0. Thus it becomes possible to search for connections between differential rotation, rotational velocities and other stellar parameters. Signatures of differential rotation could be found on stars rotating as fast as v sin i = 42 km s–1. Particularly the Li-depleted stars turned out to show strong signatures of differential rotation. Our measurements support the idea, that Li-depletion in fast rotators (v sin i > 15 km s–1) is closely connected to differential rotation.
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19

MASUDA, Koji, Orson L. ANDERSON et Dave ERSKINE. « Differential Laser Interferometer for Thermal Expansivity Measurements ». Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 50, no 1 (1997) : 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/zisin1948.50.1_131.

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20

Lee, C. K., et T. W. Wu. « Differential laser interferometer for nanometer displacement measurements ». AIAA Journal 33, no 9 (septembre 1995) : 1675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.12709.

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21

Corle, Timothy R., Jeffrey T. Fanton et Gordon S. Kino. « Distance measurements by differential confocal optical ranging ». Applied Optics 26, no 12 (15 juin 1987) : 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.002416.

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Nobes, Tom S., Steve Parkinson et Neil Hankey. « Using Advanced Diagnostics in Differential Pressure Measurements ». Measurement and Control 47, no 8 (octobre 2014) : 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294014551630.

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23

Sachidananda, M., et D. S. Zrnić. « Rain Rate Estimates from Differential Polarization Measurements ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 4, no 4 (décembre 1987) : 588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1987)004<0588:rrefdp>2.0.co;2.

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Scherer, N., H. Lörch et V. Schmidt. « Triple differential cross section measurements in and ». Journal of Physics B : Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 31, no 19 (14 octobre 1998) : L817—L822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/31/19/009.

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25

Paulssen, Hanneke, et Eléonore Stutzmann. « On PP-P differential travel time measurements ». Geophysical Research Letters 23, no 14 (1 juillet 1996) : 1833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96gl01598.

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Soules, David B., James J. Drexler, Bret F. Draayer, Frank D. Eaton et John R. Hines. « Exposure-Time Effects on Differential r0 Measurements ». Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 108 (septembre 1996) : 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/133801.

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27

Šmit, Ž., et M. Holc. « Differential PIXE measurements of thin metal layers ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B : Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 219-220 (juin 2004) : 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.01.115.

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Ubøe, Jan. « Measurements of ordinary and stochastic differential equations ». Stochastic Processes and their Applications 89, no 2 (octobre 2000) : 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4149(00)00026-0.

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Masuda, Koji, Dave Erskine et Orson L. Anderson. « Differential laser-interferometer for thermal expansion measurements ». American Mineralogist 85, no 2 (février 2000) : 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2000-2-302.

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30

Koch, Grady J., Bruce W. Barnes, Mulugeta Petros, Jeffrey Y. Beyon, Farzin Amzajerdian, Jirong Yu, Richard E. Davis et al. « Coherent differential absorption lidar measurements of CO_2 ». Applied Optics 43, no 26 (10 septembre 2004) : 5092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.43.005092.

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M. Cynthia Hipwell Chang-Lin Tien X. « PICOSECOND DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS ON POROUS SILICON ». Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 2, no 2 (mai 1998) : 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/108939598200006.

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Geiger, Georg, Jürgen Bernhagen, Eva Wagner, Hans Bisswanger, Herwig Brunner et Frank Vitzthum. « Standardized Measurements and Differential Spectroscopy in Microplates ». Analytical Biochemistry 296, no 1 (septembre 2001) : 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.2001.5231.

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Hornero, Gemma, Oscar Casas et Ramon Pallàs Areny. « Common mode response effects in differential measurements ». AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 128 (janvier 2021) : 153510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153510.

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Wittmann, Axel D. « CCD-Doppler measurements of solar differential rotation ». Solar Physics 167, no 1-2 (août 1996) : 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00146352.

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Sanchez-Rivas, Daniel, et Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez. « Calibration of radar differential reflectivity using quasi-vertical profiles ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no 2 (31 janvier 2022) : 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-503-2022.

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Abstract. Accurate precipitation estimation with weather radars is essential for hydrological and meteorological applications. The differential reflectivity (ZDR) is a crucial weather radar measurement that helps to improve quantitative precipitation estimates using polarimetric weather radars. However, a system bias between the horizontal and vertical channels generated by the radar produces an offset in ZDR. Existing methods to calibrate ZDR measurements rely on the intrinsic values of the ZDR of natural targets (e.g. drizzle or dry snow) collected at high elevation angles (e.g. higher than 40∘ or even at 90∘), in which ZDR values close to 0 dB are expected. However, not all weather radar systems can scan at such high elevation angles or point the antenna vertically to collect precipitation measurements passing overhead. Therefore, there is a need to develop new methods to calibrate ZDR measurements using lower-elevation scans. In this work, we present and analyse a novel method for correcting and monitoring the ZDR offset using quasi-vertical profiles computed from scans collected at 9∘ elevations. The method is applied to radar data collected through 1 year of precipitation events by two operational C-band polarimetric weather radars in the UK. The proposed method shows a relative error of 0.1 dB when evaluated against the traditional approach based on ZDR measurements collected at 90∘ elevations. Additionally, the method is independently assessed using disdrometers located near the radar sites. The results showed a reasonable agreement between disdrometer-derived and radar-calibrated ZDR measurements.
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Reed, Chris, Charlotte A. Brumby, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, William J. Bloss, Paul W. Seakins, James D. Lee et Lucy J. Carpenter. « HONO measurement by differential photolysis ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no 6 (7 juin 2016) : 2483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2483-2016.

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Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) has been quantitatively measured in situ by differential photolysis at 385 and 395 nm, and subsequent detection as nitric oxide (NO) by the chemiluminescence reaction with ozone (O3). The technique has been evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a direct HONO measurement in a simulation chamber and compared side by side with a long absorption path optical photometer (LOPAP) in the field. The NO–O3 chemiluminescence technique is robust, well characterized, and capable of sampling at low pressure, whilst solid-state converter technology allows for unattended in situ HONO measurements in combination with fast time resolution and response.
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37

Giangrande, Scott E., Robert McGraw et Lei Lei. « An Application of Linear Programming to Polarimetric Radar Differential Phase Processing ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no 8 (1 août 2013) : 1716–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00147.1.

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Abstract Differential phase and its range derivative KDP are of interest to several hydrological applications from weather radar systems. Despite the attractive qualities of polarimetric differential phase measurements, the usefulness of these radar measurements is potentially undermined as a consequence of measurement fluctuations and physical or beam geometry artifacts. This paper presents an application of linear programming for physical retrievals, here designed to improve estimates of differential propagation phase by allowing realistic physical constraints of monotonicity and polarimetric radar self-consistency. Results of the linear programming methods to the phase-processing problem are demonstrated at several common weather radar wavelengths (10, 5, and 3 cm).
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Roy, Richard J., Matthew Lebsock, Luis Millán, Robert Dengler, Raquel Rodriguez Monje, Jose V. Siles et Ken B. Cooper. « Boundary-layer water vapor profiling using differential absorption radar ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no 12 (6 décembre 2018) : 6511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6511-2018.

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Abstract. Remote sensing of water vapor in the presence of clouds and precipitation constitutes an important observational gap in the global observing system. We present ground-based measurements using a new radar instrument operating near the 183 GHz H2O line for profiling water vapor inside of planetary-boundary-layer clouds, and develop an error model and inversion algorithm for the profile retrieval. The measurement technique exploits the strong frequency dependence of the radar beam attenuation, or differential absorption, on the low-frequency flank of the water line in conjunction with the radar's ranging capability to acquire range-resolved humidity information. By comparing the measured differential absorption coefficient with a millimeter-wave propagation model, we retrieve humidity profiles with 200 m resolution and typical statistical uncertainty of 0.6 g m−3 out to around 2 km. This value for humidity uncertainty corresponds to measurements in the high-SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) limit, and is specific to the frequency band used. The measured spectral variation of the differential absorption coefficient shows good agreement with the model, supporting both the measurement method assumptions and the measurement error model. By performing the retrieval analysis on statistically independent data sets corresponding to the same observed scene, we demonstrate the reproducibility of the measurement. An important trade-off inherent to the measurement method between retrieved humidity precision and profile resolution is discussed.
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Yin, Hang. « Electroweak measurements from W, Z and photon final states ». International Journal of Modern Physics : Conference Series 31 (janvier 2014) : 1460276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514602762.

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We present the most recent precision electroweak measurements of single W and Z boson cross section and properties from the LHC and Tevatron colliders, analyzing data collected by ATLAS, CDF, CMS, D0, and LHCb detectors. The results include the measurement of the single W and Z boson cross section at LHC, the differential cross section measurements, the measurement of W boson mass, the measurement of W and Z charge asymmetry. These measurements provide precision tests on the electroweak theory, high order predictions and the information can be used to constraint parton distribution functions.
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Gurin, V. K., V. O. Pavlovskyi et O. M. Yurchenko. « FEATURES OF MEASUREMENT AND EFFECTIVE REDUCING OF CONDUCTIVE NOISE CAUSED BY TRANSISTOR CONVERTERS ». Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2020, no 6 (21 octobre 2020) : 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2020.06.032.

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The paper considers voltage converters as sources of conductive electromagnetic interference (EMI). Some features of the standard measurement method of converters EMI are considered and it is shown that it measures only the total level of noise, which can be the same at completely different relations between the differential and common components of EMI. This leads to inefficient use of means reducing the total converter noise to the permitted level, because the different ratio between the above components of this noise requires different means to reduce them. The paper proposes to supplement the standard noise measurement method by two additional measurements at frequencies where the total noise exceeds the permitted level, using during the first measurement the additional RFI common mode filter which effectively reduces only the common noise, and the additional RFI differential mode filter which effectively reduces only the differential noise during the second measurement. It is shown that these two additional measurements make it possible to determine the differential and common components of the total noise. This, in turn, makes it possible to reduce the total noise to the permitted level at the minimal cost. References 6.
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Melnyk, V. G., P. I. Borshchov, S. V. Dzyadevych, O. Ya Saiapina et O. D. Vasylenko. « INCREASING THE SENSITIVITY AND METROLOGICAL RELIABILITY OF A DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTOMETRIC BIOSENSOR SYSTEM ». Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2021, no 6 (21 octobre 2021) : 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2021.06.068.

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The differential method of conductometric measurements does not fully solve the problem of the influence of changes in the background electrical conductivity of the working buffer solutions on the results of conversion of the biosensor responses. The variation in the background electrical conductivity of the buffer solution upon addition of the highly conductive analyte acts as a common mode interference and causes the additive error. Here we present a new measurement method and structure of the device for quantification of the analytes that provide a significant decrease in the measurement error associated with a change in the background electrical conductivity caused by the introduction of the analyte to the working solution prior to the generation of the informative signal. A block diagram of the device and a vector model of the balancing process of its measuring circuit are presented. The advantages of the developed method and biosensor analyzer for application within the possible changes of the transducer parameters and measurement conditions are demonstrated. References 28, figures 4.
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42

Örsvuran, Rıdvan, Ebru Bozdağ, Ryan Modrak, Wenjie Lei et Youyi Ruan. « Double-difference measurements in global full-waveform inversions ». Geophysical Journal International 220, no 1 (3 octobre 2019) : 661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz444.

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SUMMARY We demonstrate double-difference (DD) tomography, a method involving differential measurements between stations, for 2-D and 3-D adjoint inversions based on realistic source–receiver distributions, with a focus on the global scale. We first present 2-D synthetic inversion results using cross-correlation traveltime and L2 waveform difference objective functions. Introducing a weighting term to DD objective functions based on the number of measurement pairs per station speeds up convergence and reduces bias in the final inverted model due to uneven data coverage. We next demonstrate frequency-dependent multitaper DD measurements in a 3-D experiment with real earthquake data by computing global-scale gradients. At the global scale, careful selection of station pairs is required for differential measurements in terms of geographical distance or geological context. In our technique, if no suitable pairs are found for a particular station, the DD measurement reduces to a classical misfit measurement. Furthermore, we compare 2-D and 3-D DD results with those from corresponding conventional misfits. By exploiting previously unused information in the recorded wavefield, DD tomography shows promise for balancing the gradient and speeding up convergence, especially around dense regional seismic networks.
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43

Dong, Fang Dong, Zhi Jun Wang, Shao Lei Liang et Guo Dong Wu. « Differential GPS Terminal Shooting Range Positioning System Design ». Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (juin 2013) : 1136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1136.

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According to the shortcomings of currently shooting range ballistic measuring method, the differential technique is applied in positioning system through analyzing the differential GPS technique to realize range ballistic high-precision measurements. This paper introduces the shooting range positioning system design and the realization of software terminal. This method overcomes the disadvantages of shooting range measurement .Positioning accuracy has indeed been improved through this way.
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Voronkov, O., S. Nesterenko et V. Kasyanov. « FEATURES OF EVALUATION OF ACCURACY OF GEODESIC GPS MEASUREMENTS ». Municipal economy of cities 3, no 170 (24 juin 2022) : 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-3-170-200-208.

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It is known that the results of satellite measurements, which are obtained by the differential method, are usually dependent values and are characterized by the presence of a physical correlation with a close linear relationship. A model of errors of differential measurements is constructed, in which in order to separate the influence of interference on the signal coming to the satellite receiver, two components are identified, one of which is caused by interference from the main sources of error, are tropospheric and ionospheric refraction of navigation signals. individual measurement, in particular additional noise and multipath of satellite observation signals. The influence of the ratio of these components in the structure of measurement errors on the value of the correlation coefficient of signals received by satellite receivers operating in the differential mode is studied. According to the experience of satellite measurements, the share of the first component in the error of two synchronous measurements is more than 97 % of the total measurement error in the absence of additional external interference and multipath, and the correlation coefficient in practice is usually more than 0.999. This is confirmed by the fact that a pair of synchronous measurements are the result of measuring the same quantities, so their dependence is almost functional, it becomes probabilistic due to the influence of additional interference and multipath, which corresponds to the second component. Obviously, the effect of additional interference on the satellite signal path reduces the share of the first component in the measurement error. At the same time there is a decrease in the correlation coefficient. Analysis of the obtained data shows that in particular in the interval where the effect of additional interference, in particular the second component, does not exceed 25%, at 25% exposure the correlation coefficient takes 0.9, at 10% exposure it is 0.99, 3% exposure corresponds to a correlation coefficient of 0.9968. Therefore, the correlation coefficient is very sensitive to the influence of additional interference and multipath in the path of the radio signal, which is expressed by the second component in the error structure. This makes it possible to characterize each series of differential measurements by the presence or absence of multipath and justifies the use of reducing the correlation coefficient when performing coordinate determinations to indicate the presence of multipath on the useful signal of satellites.
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Osowski, S., K. Siwek, T. Grzywacz et K. Brudzewski. « Differential Electronic Nose in On-Line Dynamic Measurements ». Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no 4 (1 décembre 2014) : 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0053.

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Abstract The paper presents application of differential electronic nose in the dynamic (on-line) volatile measurement. First we compare the classical nose employing only one sensor array and its extension in the differential form containing two sensor arrays working in differential mode. We show that differential nose performs better at changing environmental conditions, especially the temperature, and well performs in the dynamic mode of operation. We show its application in recognition of different brands of tobacco
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Jankowski-Mihułowicz, Piotr, Grzegorz Pitera et Mariusz Węglarski. « The Impedance Measurements Problem in Antennas for RFID Technique ». Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no 3 (21 août 2014) : 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0043.

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Abstract The authors paid particular attention to the problem of antenna impedance measurements in the RFID technique. These measurements have to be realized by using two ports of a vector network analyzer and dedicated passive differential probes. Since the measurement process and estimated parameters depend on the frequency band, operating conditions, type of the system component and antenna designs used, appropriate verification of the impedance parameters on the basis of properly conducted experiments is a crucial stage in the antenna synthesis of transponders and read/write devices. Accordingly, a systematized procedure of impedance measurements is proposed. It can be easily implemented by designers preparing antennas for different kinds of RFID applications. The essence of indirect measurements of the differential impedance parameters is discussed in details. The experimental verification has been made on the basis of a few representative examples.
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Dobrowolski, Janusz A. « Differential Noise Figure and Gain De-Embedding : the Wave Approach ». International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 62, no 1 (1 mars 2016) : 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2016-0009.

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Abstract The paper presents complete analysis of differential amplifier noise figure single-ended measurement setup. The analysis is based on scattering matrix representation for the network and wave representation for noise. As a result, there are presented equations allowing the differential amplifier gain and noise figure to be de-embedded with single-ended measurements. De-embedding equations are given for the balanced amplifier and for the fully differential amplifier.
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Bezada, M. J., J. Byrnes et Z. Eilon. « On the robustness of attenuation measurements on teleseismic P waves : insights from micro-array analysis of the 2017 North Korean nuclear test ». Geophysical Journal International 218, no 1 (8 avril 2019) : 573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz169.

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SUMMARY Despite their importance as a fundamental constraint on Earth properties, regional-scale measurements of body-wave seismic attenuation are scarce. This is partially a result of the difficulty in producing robust estimates of attenuation. In this paper, we focus on measuring differential attenuation on records of teleseismic P waves. We examine a unique data set of five records of the North Korean nuclear test of 2017 measured at five broad-band seismic stations deployed within a few metres of each other but using different installation procedures. Given their extreme proximity, we expect zero differential intrinsic attenuation between the different records. However, we find that different attenuation measurement methods and implementation parameters in fact produce significant apparent differential attenuation (Δt*). Frequency-domain methods yield a wide range of Δt* estimates between stations, depending on measurement bandwidth and nuances of signal processing. This measurement instability increases for longer time windows. Time domain methods are largely insensitive to the frequency band being considered but are sensitive to the time window that is chosen. We determine that signal-generated noise can affect measurements in both the frequency and time domain. In some cases, the range of results amounts to a significant fraction of the range of differential attenuation across the conterminous United States as determined by a recent study. We suggest some approaches to manage the inherent instability in these measurements and recommend best practices to confidently estimate body wave attenuation.
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Hubbert, J. C. « Differential Reflectivity Calibration and Antenna Temperature ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no 9 (septembre 2017) : 1885–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0218.1.

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AbstractTemporal differential reflectivity bias variations are investigated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol). Using data from the Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera-Ready (MASCRAD) Experiment, S-Pol measurements over extended periods reveal a significant correlation between the ambient temperature at the radar site and the bias. Using radar scans of the sun and the ratio of cross-polar powers, the components of the radar that cause the variation of the bias are identified. It is postulated that the thermal expansion of the antenna is likely the primary cause of the observed bias variation. The cross-polar power (CP) calibration technique, which is based on the solar and cross-polar power measurements, is applied to data from the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field project. The bias from the CP technique is compared to vertical-pointing bias measurements, and the uncertainty of the bias estimates is given. An algorithm is derived to correct the radar data for the time- and temperature-varying bias. Bragg scatter measurements are used to corroborate the CP technique bias measurements.
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Wing, Michael G., et Aaron Eklund. « Vertical Measurement Accuracy of Mapping-Grade Global Positioning Systems Receivers in Three Forest Settings ». Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no 2 (1 avril 2008) : 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/23.2.83.

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Abstract Elevation or height differences are necessary measurements for many forest operation activities. We rigorously examined the vertical measurement performance of five mapping-grade GPS receivers in three forest settings representing open-sky,young-forest, and closed-canopy conditions. The mapping-grade GPS receivers collected data simultaneously at each of the three forest settings and had different hardware and data-collection configurations, including internal and external antennas, and real-time differential corrections. We evaluated the influence of forest setting and postprocessed differential corrections on all GPS receiver measurements, including those that were collected with real-time differential corrections. We also compared the effect of 1-, 30-, and 60-point averaging intervals on vertical measurement accuracy. We found average vertical accuracies for unprocessed GPS receiver measurements of 0.9, 1.7, and 2.8 m in the open-sky, young-forest, and closed-canopy settings, respectively. The influence of data postprocessing was inconsistent under closed canopy and resulted in average vertical GPS accuracies of 0.2, 0.4, 3.3 m in open-canopy, young-forest, and closed-canopy settings, respectively. Different point averaging intervals did not result in statistically significant differences in vertical accuracies for either unprocessed or postprocessed GPS data.
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