Thèses sur le sujet « Différences entre genres »
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Pechriggl, Alice. « Corps transfigurés : stratifications de l'imaginaire des sexes/genres ». Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0135.
Texte intégralThe present thesis works out the passage from somatic sex difference to gender relationships. This passage is treated in terms of a transfiguration of psyche/soma into social significations and bodies. The central subjects of the investigation are psyche/soma, the process of identification of social individuals, sexuality between eros and biology, and the question of origin (from a philosophical as well as from an anthropological and psychoanalytical point of view). The stratifications of social imaginary are examined according to different modes of being. They reach from the physical/material, over the psychical and actual imaginary, to transcendent imaginary with its reifying effects, given the hypostasis inherent to that kind of imaginary, particularly in the case of +screen-imaginary of feminity;. It is a screen-imaginary in a double sense: as an obstacle (for the access of women in those social and political spheres occupied by this imaginary) as well as a plane of projection (for men projecting their feminine complement which can be mastered more easily in this homogenous form than in the presence of real women). The figuration of imaginary is also strongly marked by an asymmetry consisting in masculine hegemony of explicit figuration of society, its actual central imaginary. The stratifications of gender imaginary in the domain of philosophy (in particular plato, aristotle, levinas and the dialectics of history) is the focal theme of the second part. This part ends on the non-relevance of gender as a category of philosophy strictu sensu, i. E. As a category of universal ontology. The relevance of gender begins only at the point where philosophy depasses itself to reach into anthropology and the thinking of the social as domains sui generis of being. The third and last part is treating the gender related stratifications of civic and political imaginary (antiquity - modem times) and the segragating structures forged by this stratifications
Fandio-Ndawouo, Martine. « Représentations des genres dans le discours de formation scolaire et socialisation des sujets apprenants au Cameroun ». Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA1021.
Texte intégralAnalyzing the didactic discourse in Cameroon from 1982 to 2002, this investigation studies text books used in the teaching of French and English, the official languages and languages of teaching in the nursery, primary and secondary education. Although it adopts pragmatics as the main approach, the study is multidisciplinary: it focuses on how the language gets in action, how it draws meaning from a system of signs and especially, what is its place in the social relations that binds the human being between them and to the world. The research makes thus account of the possible interpretative of the educational discourse that, on its turn, generates the representations that emerge and crystallize in the process of production and interpretation and which, at the same time, can considerably influence the individual and collective personality of the learners. The study notes that, by the androcentric representations it carries, the didactic discourse in Cameroon seems to prepare the future social actors to a sexually unbalanced socialization, in the transmission of knowledge and of know-how. This is contrary to the ideal extolled by the official texts that display the equality of the odds as creed. Although it doesn't propose immediate solutions, the investigation highlights the emergency of taking into account the Gender issues in the choice of icons, graphics, literary texts and other materials used in the teaching of the official languages. Otherwise, the educational discourse in Cameroon will always be overhanging with the political dominating discourse and even the current social reality
Minkoue, pira Liziane. « Leadership au masculin et au féminin, les différences entre les hommes et les femmes dans la manière de diriger : étude comparative dans le secteur tertiaire en France et au Gabon ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH044.
Texte intégralIn view of the unequal distribution of men and women in certain positions and the under representativeness of women at certain hierarchical levels, the question of the difference between male leadership and female leadership is very acute. Indeed, wondering what are the differences between men and women in the way of directing and what influence these differences have on the level of satisfaction of the subordinates led us to carry out this comparative research in the tertiary sector between France and Gabon. To do this, three studies were conducted. The first study focuses on the analysis of the activities of senior managers (Guilbert & Lancry, 2007) on the issue of management of employees. This study has the particularity of being geared towards managers and aims to highlight the differences in terms of leadership and activities that exist between men and women managers. The second study deals with the description by subordinates of men and women in a leadership position. The aim here is to find out which characteristics, male or female (Tostain, 1993, Bem, 1974) describe these two heads, on one hand. On the other hand, which of these descriptions is closest to their description of the ideal manager? The third study focuses on the analysis of the leadership style of men and women managers in our sample by their subordinates and the influence of these leadership styles on the job satisfaction of the latter. Guided by samples of 20 participants (study 1), 444 participants (study 2) and 433 participants (study 3), the results show us, on the one hand, that there are no significant differences between men and women in the management of subordinates. It appears that men and women leaders maintain close relations with their subordinates with a small hierarchical distance. Men leaders adopt feminine specificities (listening, democracy ...) and women adopt masculine specificities (individualism, firmness ...). On the other hand, it also appears that the ideal leader is presented with more feminine than male characteristics and that men and women leader in leadership positions are presented with masculine and feminine characteristics in Gabon, and masculine characteristics in France. Finally, regarding the leadership style, the results show that in Gabon there are differences between men and women because men are transactional in their leadership style and women make a mix of transactional and transformational styles. And in France, there are no differences between men and women in terms of leadership style. These results allow us to show that the differences between the northern countries, such as France, and the southern countries, such as Gabon, seem to be due to the cultural variable, therefore related to the environmental and cultural context as might think Tedongmo Teko and Bapes Ba Bapes (2010). It would therefore be interesting to bring into play the cultural variable and the leadership in a post-thesis research
Héroux, Line. « Les influences de la socialisation des genres sur l'expérience d'hommes ayant assuré des soins palliatifs de fin de vie à domicile pour leur conjointe atteinte d'un cancer en phase terminale ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27200.
Texte intégralNotre étude a comme objectif de mieux comprendre comment la socialisation des hommes se manifeste dans le rôle de conjoints proches aidants à domicile, pour une conjointe atteinte d’un cancer à l’étape pré-terminale et terminale. Elle s’inscrit en tant que recherche exploratoire et compréhensive, d’orientation constructiviste. Le modèle de Schulz et de Cantor ont inspiré l’analyse des résultats. Douze hommes ont été rencontrés lors d’entrevues semi-dirigées. L’âge des répondants a permis d’avoir un échantillon d’hommes représentatif de deux générations différentes, soit celle des vétérans (1922-1945) et celle des baby-boomers (1946-1964). Selon leur génération, ils ont été exposés de façon plus ou moins importante aux valeurs et aux prescriptions sociales en ce qui concerne les genres. Il semble que ce soit le fait d’être informé, plutôt que le niveau d’éducation, qui a une influence sur le contexte de soins en procurant aux conjoints soignants les outils nécessaires pour mieux répondre aux demandes des soins. Il apparaît que les hommes qui ont conservé le modèle traditionnel du partage des tâches ont eu plus de difficultés à assurer le vie domestique de la maison. Les réseaux formels ont suppléé au manque de ressources familiales et au manque de connaissances des répondants. L’amour, le désir d’offrir les meilleurs soins et la fidélité à leur engagement sont des motifs à la base de la prise en charge. Les hommes plus jeunes n’ont pas hésité à quitter leur travail pour prendre soin. Ils n’ont pas exprimé de craintes quant à leur masculinité. Quant aux plus âgés à la retraite, ils auraient été hésitants à quitter leur travail pour soigner si la situation s’était présentée. Retenons que les hommes sont en mesure d’assumer ce qui doit être fait, mais à leur manière, c'est-à-dire en y apportant ce qu’ils ont à offrir en tant qu’homme.
Our study aims to better understand how men's socialization manifests itself in the role of caring for their spouses at home suffering a cancer at the pre-terminal and terminal stages. It is an exploratory and comprehensive research with a constructivist orientation. The model of Schulz and Cantor inspired the qualitative analysis of results. Twelve men have been encountered in semi-structured interviews. The age of respondents allows a representative sample of men from two different generations; one of the veterans (1922-1945) and the other from the baby boomers generation (1946-1964). According to their generation, they were exposed to a greater or lesser values and social requirements regarding gender’s roles. It looks that the supply of care given by the spouses’ caregivers and the tools to better meet the demands of care is rather influenced by knowledge and skills than the level of education. It appears that men who have retained the traditional division of labor had more difficulties in ensuring the domestic life of the household. Formal networks have supplied the lack of family resources and the lack of knowhow of respondents. The love, the desire to provide the best care and loyalty to their commitment are the reasons underlying support. Younger men did not hesitate to leave their jobs to care for their spouse. They have not expressed fears about their masculinity in assuming that role. As for retired men, they would have been reluctant to leave their work to care if the situation had arose before. Let us emphasize that men are able to assume what needs to be done, but in their own way, that is to say by bringing what they have to offer as a man and the knowhow where they feel most proficient.
Borkowski, Julien. « Des carrières esportives genrées ? Analyse du parcours des femmes dans l’esport à travers leur socialisation au jeu vidéo et à l’esport ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 2, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025REN20001.
Texte intégralUnknown to the general population before the 2010s, esports has as a global phenomenon. Although the practice has become more widespread, women remain underrepresented in esports as players in competitions. While social and psychological constraints on women’s participation are identified in international literature, they often refer to a limited timeframe, failing to capture the broader spectrum of obstacles they face throughout their pathway. In this context, the objective of this work is to examine the paths of French esports players to identify any existing gender differences, as well as the various constraints that women players encounter concerning their involvement in a predominantly male environment. A mixed-methodology is employed to understand the construction of esports careers and the sustained engagement of women players in esports through three focal points: (1) their socialization into videogames and esports throughout their careers; (2) the sustaining of their commitment in light of the specificities of esports disciplines and the deeply amateur status of esports in France; and (3) the constraints they endure in the form of problematic behaviors throughout their careers. The results reveal deeply unequal social structures in esports, where women who manage to sustain their engagement demonstrate their “atypical” paths
Sharma, Ashish. « Gender specific modulation of metoprolol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/20990/20990.pdf.
Texte intégralDurand-Delvigne, Annick. « Identité et modèles sexués des personnes : contribution aux recherches sur la dynamique relationnelle de l'identité et du genre ». Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H087.
Texte intégralWith the research presented in this thesis, we are attemping to contribute to the analysis of the influence gender has on the identity of a person. This research was carried out with reference to several conceptual frameworks of social psychology presented in a journal. The question was tackled in two ways. Nomothetic and reactive research which used Bem B. S. R. I. Under three conditions (representation of self, representation of others, social desirability of personality tr regards gender) was conducted with subjects sampled according to gender, age, professional status and employment categor the aim of the research is: 1 - on the one hand to assess the role of gender in the representation of self, 2 - on the other hand to test a causal model involving the representation of self, the representation of others and gender related stereotypes. An idiographic research which uses Zavalloni's I. M. I. S. Conducted with 10 and 12 years old children in a comparative and longitudinal implementation is aimed at assessing the effect that gender socioeconomic background and school education have on the development of identity in children, and particularly the influence of gende groups in this. The results we obtained reveal that the relationship between gender and identity is dependent on the soc asymetric relationship of gender groups. Gender is not the socio-cognitive result of belonging to one sex. It is part of model of the person where masculinity is a decisive factor. Different research projects, conducted with adults or childr nomothetic or idiographic perspective tend to prove that gender itself being activated or the gender group itself coming into play in the representation of self go hand in hand with a low social status in a contextual or a symbolic system of relationship. These research projects therefore emphasize the ideological function of identity and its dependence on pow relationships
Dionne, Émilie. « Analyse de genre de l'expérience de la bonne santé mentale ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27186/27186.pdf.
Texte intégralWassouo, Emmanuel. « Représentations du leadership politique féminin et différences culturelles : comparaison entre la France et le Cameroun ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH005/document.
Texte intégralThe aim of this thesis was to understand why despite the real demographic, political and economic qualities of women, despite the regulatory and judicial measures, Cameroonians and French citizens adhere very little to female political leadership. This thesis suggests to apprehend electoral intentions and electoral behaviors using the 2013 municipal and legislative elections in Cameroun and the 2014 municipal elections in France. Hence we argued that cultural differences portrayed by the representations of female political leadership can allow for the identification of Cameroonian and French citizens’ behaviors with regards to the presence of women in political positions.Three empirical studies for Cameroun on one hand (N=338) and for France (N=310) on the other hand were conducted. The construction of the questionnaire was mainly inspired by two approaches, namely the theory of planned behavior by Ajzen and Fishben (1985) and the representation of female political leadership by Vergès (1992;1994).In the first study (Cameroun and France), we observed that voting intentions in favor of female political leadership were all the more high that the representations were positive towards female political leadership. Likewise, when the electorates showed a positive attitude towards female political leadership, they perceived it as strength and thus portrayed a favorable intention towards the female political leadership. Female gender stereotypes (e.g. warmth, accommodating, maternal) induced positive political leadership representations in Cameroun; unlike in France. In other words, these representations mediated the link between attitudes, stereotypes and voting intentions in favor of female political leadership whereas in France these representations mediated only the link between attitudes and voting intentions. The second study (Cameroun and France) used the same data as the Study 1. Here, we examined the variations of voting intentions in favor of female political leadership with regards to adherence to beliefs, cultural values and subjective norms. We observed that in France, when participants adhere strongly to beliefs and cultural values, their voting intentions tend to be favorable towards female political leadership. However, we did not observe a link between adherence to beliefs and cultural values and favorable voting intentions towards female political leadership with the Cameroonian participants. Concerning Cameroonians, the representation of female political leadership was all the more favorable when they adhered strongly to beliefs and cultural values. With reference to the French participants, female political leadership did not vary significantly in function of their adhesion to beliefs and cultural values. In Cameroun as well as in France, when participants attributed importance to the viewpoints of people who are considered as experts in women political leadership and are motivated to conform to it, their voting intentions in favor of female political leadership was high. The results from this study also revealed that adhering to beliefs and cultural values as well as subjective norms was not mediated by the representations of female political leadership.The third study evaluated voting intentions in favor of female political leadership in relation to perceived behavioral control. We then examined the interaction between perceived behavioral control and electoral experience. The results were not conclusive for the two samples (France, Cameroun).Finally, the global model (Cameroun and France) was tested simultaneously with all variables of the three studies. The final conceptual model for Cameroun was confirmed by the results of the analysis. This model fitted with the data collected and proved to be the most parsimonious than the French model. These results conveyed an interesting contribution to the research and were discussed in light of existing theoretical knowledge
Hourbette, Danièle. « Genre et usages des technologies de l'information et de la communication : une étude de cas : une école d'ingénieur en agronomie ». Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05H040.
Texte intégralThere have been a number of studies which have looked at the relationships between gender and use of information and communication technologies (ICT). However, few have investigated this in the educational context in France. The study presented in this Ph. D. Dissertation has an exploratory aspect. It’s origins are threefold; studies about ICT use in educational contexts, French conceptualisation of gender, conceived in part as a result of gender roles and relations, and in part as a continuum where people locate themselves between the two poles of masculinity and the feminity. A longitudinal case study was conducted in a Graduate Institute in Science and Engineering using on line questionnaires, face-to-face and computer mediated interviews, and analyses of students' websites and blogs The contrast between students' statement about their trajectories of usage and the skills developed by learning and practical experience, and their stated uses and observed products, revealed a gap. This could be explained with regard to gender roles and relationships, the gender-based attributions, and indications of a phenomena related to dependance / independance on them. Although these students are enrolled on scientific degree courses, it appears that their gendered social identity strongly influenced their skills, in relation to the paths their lives have taken, strongly marked by gender norms. Nevertheless, ICT use associated with artistic skills and hobbies allows girls to develop compentencies in different spheres to boys, which favour activites in the masculine domain of video games and ICT in the educational context
Dargnies, Marie Pierre. « Genre et goût pour la compétition : une approche par l'économie expérimentale ». Paris 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450807.
Texte intégralBenharda, Imen. « Relations entre genre et pouvoir dans la négociation : études descriptive et expérimentale ». Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05H046.
Texte intégralThe present thesis examines how the variables of gender and power both have an impact on negotiators' feelings and behaviors and on negotiation outcomes. In order to better grasp the dynamics of men/women relations at work in the process, an exploratory study was conducted with professional negotiators. It aimed to clarify what the process dynamics are, including how males and females perceive the place of women at the negotiation table and the position of strength within the negotiation process. The results underline the respective importance of such factors as the sex of the negotiators or their hierarchical status. In our second experimental study, we tested the direct effects of gender and of power as well as their joint effects including their possible interaction in building up negotiators’ behaviors, performances and outcomes. Although our results show that women express less self-confidence, they are neither more cooperative and less efficient than men are
Collet, Isabelle. « La masculinisation des études informatiques : savoir, pouvoir et genre ». Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100076.
Texte intégralAmong the technical and scientific studies, the evolution of the computer sciences draws attention. From the 1980s, more and more men have chosen this field but in the same time, the number of women has remained the same. To explain this masculinisation, we have considered several hypotheses. First, we have observed computer science inherited representations from both mathematics and technology, especially at school. Then, we have narrated a psycho-history of computers to bring to light the power phantasms of computer's founding fathers. We have seen how computers open a window on a virtual world of rules where computer scientists play God. Thereafter, this computer fantasy reached computer scientists through science-fiction and micro-computers. By studying computer scientists' discourses and questionnaires completed by first-year science students, we observe the computer scientists' image has changed in the past 30 years. Before the micro-computer, ICT jobs were service industry scientific jobs. They were quite attractive to female scientists. Then, the representation of the computer scientist sticks on a man solely enthralled by his computer. However, computer scientists have many motivations and interests which have led them to choose this career. Unfortunately, women have difficulty in finding their place because of the stereotype pregnance. Moreover, in opposition to men, female students often choose this career thanks to their representation of their future job which is in touch with the reality of the workplace. It appears to be crucial to communicate about the ICT jobs at each step of school counseling
Boudinet, Mathéa. « Quand le genre travaille le handicap : enquête sur l'articulation entre handicap et genre sur le marché de l'emploi en France ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IEPP0006.
Texte intégralWhat does belonging to several dominated social categories imply concerning the occupied positions on the labour market? This thesis studies the implications of the intersection of gender and disability on the labour market and in employment, by focusing on the specific case of disabled women. The study relies on mixed methods : it uses 51 individual biographical interviews with people with a visual or motor impairment or a chronic illness, and analyses the 2018 wave of the INSEE 'Emploi en continu' survey. The thesis highlights the inequalities between disabled and able-bodied people and their variations according to gender, both on the labour market (rates of employment, unemployment and inactivity, job searches) and in employment (horizontal and vertical job segregation, differentiated working conditions, discrimination). It underlines the importance of the gendered division of labour for disabled people, and highlights the importance of additional forms of work for them: health work - all the constraining activities relating to care and health management on an individual scale - and disability work, which corresponds to activities linked to the social dimension of disability. The thesis contributes to a sociology of intersectionality, through its dialogues between fields of literature
Saint-Pol, Thibaut de. « Corpulence et genre en Europe : le poids des inégalités d'apparence et de santé ». Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0023.
Texte intégralThis sociology thesis apprehends the body through weight, and more precisely, through the body mass index (BMI), which allows to appreciate the complexity of the connection between the weight of individuals and the social characteristics which distinguish them. The study of weight and body shape, which are socially determined, is a way of shedding light on the stakes that the body incarnates and conceals. This is done by making use of data from nine major quantitative surveys. This research shows the importance of gender in the apprehension of weight differences. Differences between social classes are stronger for women. The relation of women to their bodies and to thinness is more constrained than that of men, body shape reflecting mainly beauty for women and force for men. For the latter, under-weight, devalued, plays a symmetrical role to overweight for women. The study of the French situation within a European framework shows its singularity. The increasing prevalence of obesity is associated with an increase in social inequalities which particularly affects women. Besides, the link between obesity and poverty, in France, is stronger among them. But whatever their sex, obese people suffer from the consequences of their weight both in terms of health, work integration and self-perception. Women are more sensitive to the aesthetic dimension and men to the medical dimension, but these two aspects mix. Health inequalities are associated with inequalities in appearance and are both produced by and producing economic and social inequalities
Ziamou, Theodora. « Le symbolisme social du genre : les représentations des sexes dans les messages publicitaires ». Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA070018.
Texte intégralThe purpose of this thesis is to examine gender, as a social concept, and its representations in the media of western societies, especially in tv advertisements. The first part is a theoretical approch of the concept of gender. We first examine the biological and social theories linked to gender, as well as the feminists' response to sexist portrayals -male and female- in the media. We point out the differences between male and female behaviour during various types of social interaction, in public and private places. We consider the male condition nowdays, as well as its evolution since the 18th century. The role of the 'father' is analysed extensively, given its continuously increasing importance. We discuss about the future of the sociology of masculinity as well as some perspectives in the 'men studies' area. We also present and analyse various feminist 'typologies'. We propose an analysis of the 'stereotype' concept and the way it has been used in the media representation of gender. Next, we review a series of articles and books extracts dealing with male and female images in advertising from the 70's till now. We also examine gender portrayals in media other than advertising. The audience perception of gender stereotypes along with its reaction to sexism in the media is also analysed. The theoretical part ends with erving goffman's! Exceptional work on symbolic gender interactions. The second part of this thesis presents our empirical work. Specifically, this part deals with gender stereotypes in advertisements shown in french television during march and april 1995. We examine a series of variables in relation with the gender of the central caracter of each ad, to investigate the way gender influences men's and women's representation in french tv ads
Coutant, Alice. « (Mé)genrer les gen(re)s dérangeants : de l'hétérocisnormativité de la bicatégorisation masculin/féminin en français ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=1244&f=19833.
Texte intégralInheriting from constructivist and materialist epistemologies, this thesis approaches the grammatical gender within the French language as the linguistic side of the gender system, understood in the Butlerian way as the heteronormative system prescribing the alignment of sex (male or female) and gender (man or woman), with heterosexuality as the norm. In the wake of queer linguistics, whose interdisciplinarity allows to investigate the (de)construction of norms in both language and discourses, this study uses the tools of lexicology, morphosyntax and discourses analysis to discuss the linguistic categorization of people derogating from this equation and identify how discourses articulate with this system, describe it and make sense out of it. Based both on lexicographic and discursive digital corpora, this study focuses on person denominations, linguistic categorizations practices and the metadiscourses explaining them. The analysis show the oppressive aspects of the classification embedded in language and its use by speakers. They also point out the coercive aspect of misgendering aiming at exposing or fixing a mismatch with the norm, and how it relies on linguistic and grammatical discourses. Finally, this study explores how speakers bend the linguistic bicategorization and its rules to appropriate or to break free from these categories towards empowerment
Paul-Carrière, Lisa. « Apprenance et Genre : Variations d'Apprenance et de Dépendance-Indépendance à l’égard du genre (DIG) dans des contextes d'écoles d'ingénieur-e-s : contribution à une théorie de l’apprenance ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100179.
Texte intégralOur doctoral thesis presents three studies conducted in 2011, which intersect and distinguish the level of learnance, sex and the gender norms of 779 students in engineering school, in order to assess the links that may exist between these variables and their impact on learning environment. Under the assumption that changes in learnance are not random, and that exist outside the personal dispositions, external elements related to social contexts and that affect the attitude of subjects of learning, we decided to extend our initial questioning of learnance to links between learnance, sex and their relation to gender norms in engineer schools that are Ecole Centrale Paris (ECP), "the EPF engineering school" Ecole Polytechnique Feminine formerly (EPF) and Sup'Galilée which have a specific gender variables and prestige
Rodrigues, Claire. « L’hystérie : existe-t-il des différences entre les femmes hystériques et les hommes hystériques ? : Etude à travers l’épreuve de Rorschach et le MMPI-2 ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0283/document.
Texte intégralThis study is about hysteria. This personality structure for some, or pathology for others, has been at the heart of many controversies and has been subject to many clichés, the main one being that only women would be prone to hysteria. The aim of this research is to demonstrate that men, like women, can be prone to hysteria and that its manifestations are relatively similar for both sexes.After a presentation of hysteria, five hypotheses are posed, dealing respectively with gender identity issues, castration anxiety, non-resolution of the oedipal conflict, genital love and the use of hystero-phobic defense mechanisms. To test these hypotheses, a sample of ten women and ten men, each with a hysterical personality structure, was formed. To each participant was offered several clinical interviews according to their history, as well as the Rorschach test and the MMPI-2. Analysis of all the data collected only revealed little difference between the two groups. The general hypothesis that many common points exist between hysterical women and men seems to be verified.The research was carried out with a limited number of participants, all of which were going through a period of suffering. Several other studies could be carried out in the future to collect data on a larger sample and on people with a more compensated personality structure, allowing perhaps a better understanding of hysteria and a better psychotherapic follow up
Deom, Tardif Alèxe. « Évaluation d'une formation de développement professionnel continu portant sur l'intégration des notions de sexe et de genre : une approche de méthodes mixtes ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69486.
Texte intégralHealth inequalities between men and women persist in Canada. This study assessed the impact of a continuing professional development (CPD) training program that incorporates notions of sex and gender on the intention of healthcare professionals' intention to adapt pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies in cases of diabetes and depression, considering the differences between men and women. We also explored barriers and facilitators to healthcare professionals' integration of sex and gender considerations into their clinical practice. Using an integrated convergent mixed-methods research design, including a non-randomized controlled trial, we conducted the study at six sites in Quebec (n = 4), Ontario (n = 1) and New Brunswick (n = 1). We recruited 127 healthcare professionals who were enrolled in one of the two CPD training courses on pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for managing diabetes and depression. The two courses were offered simultaneously but differed in content: one integrated cosiderations of sex and gender (intervention group) and the other did not (control group). At the end of the CPD training, we used the CPD-Reactionquestionnaire to measure healthcare professionals' intention to adapt pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies in cases of diabetes and depression, considering the differences between men and women. Then, in semi-structured group discussions, we explored barriers and facilitators to participants' integration of sex and gender considerations into their clinical practice. Discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. We performed an analysis of covariance to compare the mean intention scores of the intervention and control groups using the Wilcoxon non-parametric test. Informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework, we carried out a thematic analysis of the verbatim. Inspired by the COM-B model of behavior, we triangulated the quantitative and qualitative results to produce recommendations. After training, mean intention scores for the intervention (n=49 participants) and control group (n=78 participants) were 5.65 ± 0.19 and 5.19 ± 0.15, respectively. Meandifference was -0.47 (CI -0.95 to 0.01; p=0.06). Adjusted for age, sex, and practice settings, mean difference was -0.57 (CI -1.09 to 0.05; p=0.03). Using the Theoretical Domains Framework, we identified ten barriers to integration of sex and gender considerations into clinical practice related to eight domains, and seven facilitators related to six domains. Recommendations included the addition of group discussions and clinical case vignettes showing the consequences of omitting sex and gender considerations in clinical practice. Our findings will inform future CPD initiatives to help reduce sex and gender inequalities in health care in Canada
Court, Martine. « La socialisation corporelle des enfants : différences entre garçons et filles et variations inter-individuelles : Les exemples du sport et des pratiques d’embellissement du corps ». Lyon 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2008/court_m.
Texte intégralThis work deals with socialization during childhood in two fields of practices : sport and body beautifying work. After having reminded that in these two fields of practices, individual behaviors are both gendered and variable among people of same sex, we show that the second type of variations (among people of same sex) are exactly as those of the first type (between men and women or boys and girls) socially constructed. In that purpose, we have interviewed 10-12 years old children and their parents, and we set out 13 case studies in which we describe in detail where (with who) and how (through which practices and which words) those children have built there bodily habits. By doing this, we bring to the fore some of the processes which are at work in bodily socialization during childhood
Verniers, Catherine. « Étude d'un stéréotype de genre de réussite scolaire dans une perspective de justification du système social ». Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF20018.
Texte intégralIn spite of continuous academic improvement, female students are still underrepresented in the fields of science and research. Our aim is to explore this contemporary paradox from a system justification perspective (Jost & Banaji, 1994). Specifically, we suggest that a gender stereotype on academic achievement exists, and that its content serves to justify and maintain unfavourable academic paths for women. We test this general assumption in eight studies organized into three lines of research. The first line is intended to document the content of a gender stereotype on academic achievement. The second one focuses on the role of the gender stereotype on academic achievement in the perpetuation of gender inequalities in academic paths. The third one is devoted to testing the justifying function of the gender stereotype on academic achievement, when the gender system is threatened. Taken together, results show that students are aware of the shared belief that girls who succeed in school are less assertive, but more compliant, intelligent and hardworking than boys who succeed in school. Girls' intelligence is nevertheless described as less malleable than boys' intelligence. Results indicate that the caracteristics deemed to predict success in the most prestigious fields of education are ascribed to male students more than to female students, confirming that the gender stereotype on academic achievement could serve to rationalize and perpetuate the gender gap in higher education. Finally, we emphasize that future research should articulate individual, situational, positional and ideological levels of explanation to fully account for the processes underlying the maintenance of the gender hierarchy in the academic domain
Vincent, Sophie. « Influence de l'avance en âge et du genre sur les réponses plasmatiques en glucose et ses hormones régulatrices induites par un exercice bref et intense ». Rennes 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN20047.
Texte intégralAt rest and during exercise, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity progressively worsen with advancing age. Aging is also linked with increased fat mass and decreased physical activity, two factors well known to alter insulin sensitivity. This thesis shows that sprint exercise induces a greater glucose response and a lower insulin response with aging. This phenomenon appears very early (from the age of 34) and in spite of maintaining an amount of physical activity and a percent of fat mass equivalent to young subjects (21 years old). Thus, aging per se induces a modification in glucoregulatory responses that could be seen with sprint exercise. Lower physical activity and higher fat mass are more often reported in women compared to men. These factors should induce glucose intolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity in women. Nevertheless, at rest and during moderate exercise, women's endogen ovarian hormones seem in favour of better glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. However, this beneficial effect seems to disappear when exercise is intense. This study highlights that sprint exercise induces a higher increase in glycemia in women. Here, a lower quantity of physical activity in women could not be incriminated. So, the gender difference in muscle mass is certainly the main factor that induces a different hyperglycemia response to sprint exercise
De, Macedo Maia Victor. « Le genre et le leadership : L’avantage féminin dépend-il du type de crise ? » Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ2000.
Texte intégralGender stereotypes represent one of the major determinants in the perception of men's and women's leadership. Stereotypes about men have been associated more with effective leadership than those about women. As a result, men have generally been perceived as more legitimate and prepared to take on leadership roles. However, in recent years several arguments suggest that this association is reversed. Currently, stereotypes about women appear to be associated more with effective leadership and this seems to give them a leadership advantage over men. However, the propositions of a leadership advantage where certain stereotypical qualities are superior to others run counter to the basic premises of leadership. Leadership takes place in a context. Context impacts the range, validity and impact of leadership. Thus, the effects of one type of leadership in one situation will not necessarily hold in another. Indeed, some critics have suggested that research should instead focus on identifying the contexts where this potential advantage might be verified. Therefore, through five studies, four experimental, one correlational, and the validation of a crisis perception scale, this dissertation sought to determine if different types of crises could present a leadership advantage for men or for women. We hypothesized that the evaluation of leaders and leadership types would depend on their congruence with the context. The results of our studies partially confirm our hypotheses. If in most situations the agentic and communal traits were indeed evaluated in congruence with the type of crisis, concerning the behaviors, contrary to our predictions, those considered as typical of women (i.e., consideration) were more preferred in all situations. However, regardless of their preference, the effectiveness of agentic and communal traits and behaviors of consideration and structure were mediated by feelings of uncertainty, injustice, and control present in the crisis. In most situations they were perceived as effective or promoted the evaluation of leaders. Finally, our results show that while organizational success is more attributed to men, effectiveness in crisis situations is also more attributed to them. However, to resolve the crisis men and women were not equally preferred in all situations. Women were more indicated than men to resolve a relational crisis. These results will be discussed considering the arguments of leadership advantage and the impact of context on leadership. We will argue that despite the obvious impact of the context on leadership that limits its validity and scope, women, because of the injunctions imposed by gender stereotypes, could indeed have a leadership advantage over men
Raymondie, Romain. « Expression, régulation, et évaluation des émotions dans les contextes de leadership : le rôle du genre et des stéréotypes de genre ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2022COAZ2008.
Texte intégralGender stereotypes of emotions are beliefs that convey the idea that women and men differ in several aspects of their emotional life: expression, regulation, experience, and physiology. For example, women are regarded as being more emotional than men. Some authors have argued these stereotypes lead to difficulties and psychological costs for women who wish to access, evolve, and succeed in organizational leadership positions. Indeed, leadership stereotypes are more congruent with masculine (e.g., rational, cold-blooded) than feminine (e.g., sensitive, warm) stereotypes. Moreover, backlash research suggests individuals who behave in a counter-stereotypical manner may face economic or social penalties. Thus, women would be brought to negotiate a double bind: transgress feminine stereotypes to fit with leadership stereotypes or transgress leadership stereotypes to fit with feminine stereotypes. In 6 studies, we examined the role of gender and gender stereotypes on the expression, regulation, and evaluation of leader emotions. We observed that stereotypes about women’s and men’s emotions corresponded poorly to stereotypes about subordinates (study 1) and about managers (study 2). We also observed that stereotypically masculine or feminine contexts did not influence female and male leaders’ expression and regulation of emotions (study 3). However, support for gender equality from subordinates protected female and male leaders from burnout by reducing the uncertainty associated with emotional expression (study 4). Furthermore, we observed that leaders expressing counter-stereotypical emotions (i.e., female - anger, male - sadness), vs. stereotypical (i.e., man - anger, woman - sadness), were negatively evaluated by their subordinates (study 5). Finally, subordinates penalized female leaders who reported having to make efforts to regulate their emotions (vs. no effort) while male leaders were not penalized (Study 6). In sum, this dissertation delves into the role of gender and gender stereotypes on the emotions and evaluations of leaders’ emotions, for both women and men
Montalban, Castilla José. « Addressing Inequalities in Education : Need-Based Grants, Gender Differences and School Choice ». Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0155.
Texte intégralThis dissertation gathers evidence on three sources of education inequalities across different education levels (preschool, primary, secondary, and higher education) in the context of Spain. It revolves around the causal effects of large-scale educational policies on the efficiency and equity of educational systems.The first chapter focuses on the effects of financial aid for disadvantaged students in the context of higher education. National financial aid programs for disadvantaged students cover a large fraction of college students and represent a non-negligible component of the public budget. Using a reform in the Spanish need-based grant program, this paper tests the causal effect of receiving the same amount of grant under different intensities of academic requirements on student performance, degree completion and student dropout. I use administrative micro-data on the universe of applicants to the grant in a large university. Exploiting sharp discontinuities in the grant eligibility formula, I find strong positive effects of being eligible for a grant on student performance when combined with demanding academic requirements, while there are no effects on student dropout. Students improve their final exam attendance rate, their average GPA in final exams, and their probability of completing the degree. They also reduce the fraction of subjects that they have to retake. The second chapter centers on the gender differences in academic performance due to the testing-environment, in the context of primary and secondary education. However, little attention has been devoted to investigating how the organization of student testing may influence the relative performance of male and female students. This paper analyzes the gender gap in test scores that arises as a result of differential responses by boys and girls to the testing environment. To that end, we exploit a unique randomized intervention on the entire population of students in the 6th and 10th grades in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The intervention assigned schools to either internally or externally administered testing. We find that girls do worse than boys in exams that are externally administered, especially in male-dominated subjects. Additional survey evidence on stress, self-confidence, and effort suggests that lower relative female performance in externally administered tests results from a lower ability to cope with stressful situations as a result of less familiarity with the testing environment.The third chapter studies the relationship between school choice priorities and school segregation in the context of preschool education. This work aims at broadening the scope of market design questions to school choice by examining how government-determined school choice priorities affect families’ choices and pupil sorting across schools in the context of the Boston Mechanism. We use two large-scale school choice reforms in the school choice priority structure undertaken in the region of Madrid (Spain) as a source of variation. In particular, we exploit an inter-district school choice reform that widely expanded families’ choice set of schools. We combine an event study first difference across cohorts and a Difference-in-Difference design to identify the impact of the reforms. Using unique administrative data on parents’ applications to schools, this paper shows that families reacted to the reform exerting higher inter-district choice and applying to schools located further away from home than before the reform. We find distributional effects of the reform concluding that parents from the highest education levels and parents of non-immigrant students were those who reacted the most in absolute terms. We find a decrease in school segregation by parental education and an increase in school segregation by immigrant status
Caillaud, Delphine. « Les parcours scolaires des élèves-ingénieures boursières : entre normes, stéréotypes de genre et stéréotypes de classe ». Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT3005.
Texte intégralAlthough one can make the general observation that parity is not reached in engineering schools. These establishments gradually opened to students with different social, school and gender-related backgrounds, particulary by includind more scholarship students. But, what about female scholarship students ? The fact that there are no more male-only bastions changes the overall representation of a society based on gender relations. However, this research shows that stereotypes remain significant in these establishments. Through a qualitative and quatitative study, we aimed at showing how female scholarship students have taken less « conventionnal » path. Thanks to twenty interviews with male and female we wanted to know the differents interactions with their social environment. Then, with the creation of a questionnaire, in order to emphasise the convergences and the divergences between them. Our goal is to understand the course of gender and social « mobility » and to highlight the issues of the « cost » of trangression associated with them
Brun, Josette. « Le veuvage en Nouvelle-France, genre, dynamique familiale et stratégies de survie dans deux villes coloniales du XVIIIe siècle, Québec et Louisbourg ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ57459.pdf.
Texte intégralCarrillo, Paloma. « Essais en économie du développement : prise de décision intra-familiale et gestion publique ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU10011.
Texte intégralOne of the main objectives of development economics is to produce findings that easily translate into policy recommendations. My thesis explores two topics that can influence policies aimed at empowering women and improving the functioning of public institutions in Latin America. In the first two chapters, I investigate the impact of gender norms and exposure to violence on women's decision-making power within households in Mexico. In the third chapter, I examine how reducing information frictions can enhance the use of public administrative data to improve the management and services of courts in Chile.In the first chapter, I investigate why working mothers in Mexico dedicate an average of eighteen hours more to weekly paid and unpaid work than fathers. Particularly, I examine the role gender norms play in determining this work time disparity. To do so, I extend a collective labor supply model with household production to include gender norms and estimate it using Mexican survey data from 2002, 2005, and 2009. The model predictions can replicate the changes in total work time disparity over time. I find that more egalitarian gender norms reduce the total work time disparity between spouses and that their impact is comparable with that of wages. For example, a 16 percentage-point increase in a gender norm index between 2002 and 2005 caused a 2.6-hour decrease in total work time disparity mainly through an increase in women's bargaining power. To achieve the same 2.6-hour reduction, women's wages would need to increase by 11% over 2005 levels.In the second chapter, using longitudinal data on household decision-making in Mexico, I explore the impact of a violence environment, measured by homicides, on spouses' decisions and their bargaining power. I find that an increase in the homicide rate decreases the number of decisions taken by women and men, thus reducing the number of decisions taken jointly. For example, the average increase of 9.3 homicides in the twelve-month homicide rate during the War on Drugs caused couples to decrease the number of joint decisions by 6% from its baseline. The changes in joint decisions represent a reversal into more historical gender spheres of decisions, with men lowering their participation in decisions about children's education and clothing while women reducing their decisions on male private consumption goods and large expenditures. Suggesting that although the reduction in number of decisions was similar for both women and men, community violence might dis-empower women in the household.The last topic I analyse in this thesis relates to public institutions. In Latin America, there is a wealth of administrative data available from public institutions. However, a lack of data management and analytic skills is a significant barrier to utilizing this data for evidence-based decision-making. In the third chapter, co-authored with Daniel Chen, Manuel Ramos-Masqueda, and Bernardo Silveira, we examine the extent to which information frictions in management are a meaningful barrier to court productivity in Chile. First, we randomly promote the use of an online platform featuring court statistics through email campaigns directed towards court managers. Second, within this platform, we simplify the main homepage feedback containing the information on court statistics and randomize managers' access to it. We find that the email promotion and the simplification of the homepage feedback enhance court productivity across multiple indicators. For instance, the new simplified homepage increased case clearance by one standard deviation for those who log into the platform. Additionally, we find that the treatments are more effective for more experienced court managers, who have less accurate baseline beliefs. This suggests that reducing information frictions not only enhances overall court performance but also helps bridge the performance gap between less and more experienced court managers
Fondimare, Elsa. « L'impossible indifférenciation : le principe d'égalité dans ses rapports à la différence des sexes ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100070.
Texte intégralMany political and legal discourses express today the fear that the equality principle would threaten the difference of sexes. Reforms such as the opening of marriage to same-sex couples, the fight against gender stereotypes or the facilitation of the sex reassignment procedure, generated strong reactions that offer vigorous resistance in order to maintain the difference of sexes in law. It is true that the equality principle has been constructed, throughout the 20thcentury, as an exigence of neutrality between the sexes, particularly through the statement of the non-discrimination principle. Therefore, the link between the equality principle and the difference of sexes has been built as a relation of opposition. However, such a political project comes up against the impossibility for the law to put an end to the difference of sexes. In fact, the law cannot depart from gender, for two main reasons: firstly, the law takes into account the difference of sexes in order to tackle inequalities; secondly, the law itself produces the difference of sexes, through the rules dealing with civil status and filiation. The relations between the equality principle and the difference of sexes appear here contradictory: on the one hand, the evolution of the conception of equality leads to admit the difference of sexes in order to deal with gender inequalities (relation of admission) whereas, on the other hand, the difference of sexes is excluded from an analysis in terms of equality, reinforcing the basis of gender inequalities (relation of exclusion)
Dumas, Christa. « Les formes sociales de la séduction : une approche sociologique du genre à partir de l'analyse de la séduction comme phénomène social ». Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30038.
Texte intégralThis research is based on the following question : to what extent do masculine, feminine categories represent the underpinnings of seductive heterosexual behavior here and now ? This study is intended to help understand the complexity of seduction by focusing on the field of feminist research. In the first part of this work we will describe our methods ; the following two sections will use this methodology to answer our questions. The second part will show the development of the seductive image. We will explore general images formed by our society in order to show how modern heterosexual seduction may be influenced and even sometimes determined by the myths, legends and literature that tend to follow our gender system. In our analysis of myths, legends and literature we will meet emblematic figures of seduction, and in the final part of our study we will see how their images and representations as conveyed by our contemporary society and the representations of the seductive individuals - men and women - are present in our real lives. We often hear about supposed changes, transformations of sexual-determined roles and equality. In contradiction, our analysis supports scientific points of view that continue to reveal often invisible evidence of the same androcentric system
Compère, Laurie. « À la recherche des liens entre mémoire et identité : études comportementales et en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle des différences liées au sexe et à l'identité de genre en mémoire autobiographique ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB222.
Texte intégralThere is a bidirectional link between identity and memory because autobiographical memory contains all the information that allows an individual to define oneself. However an important matter about our identity is to be defined as a man or a woman. In addition, from a cognitive point of view, men and women show differencies in their performance in some tasks including autobiographical memory tasks. In this thesis, we wanted to investigate the differences between men and women in episodic and semantic autobiographical memory with behavioural and functional neuroimaging methods and their links with identity so as to determine if these differences are rather due to biological factors inherent to sex or to social factors inherent to gender identity. Our results converge on the idea that gender identity is more crucial than membership to one sex in the construction of memories
Studzińska, Anna. « Gender differences in perception of sexual harassment ». Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20052/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis presents a series of six studies which concentrate on the perception of sexual harassment (SH) and the perception of victims and perpetrators of SH. Numerous studies show that men can become victims of SH and suffer from SH (ex. Kearney et Rochlen, 2011; Waldo, Berdahl, et Fitzgerald, 1998), however the lay perceptions of SH seem to be far from the reality. I hypothesized that:1o. In social perception the suffering of male victims of SH is less severe than that of female victims 2A. The perpetrators whose victims are female are evaluated worse than those whose victims are male Due to the results obtained in Study 4, I suggested an alternative to hypothesis 2A (2B) namely, that the female perpetrators of SH are evaluated better. The results support the hypothesis that the perception of the victims and perpetrators of SH depends on their sex. Female victims are perceived as suffering more than the male victims. Male perpetrators are seen as less agentic and less respectable than female perpetrators and deserving a higher punishment. When participant's anger mediates the relationship between the victim’s sex and the perception of the perpetrator, the perpetrator of SH on a woman is perceived as guiltier, deserving a higher punishment and as being less of a moral agent
Załączona rozprawa przedstawia serię badań dotyczących społecznej percepcji molestowania seksualnego (MS), percepcji cierpienia ofiar molestowania oraz percepcji sprawców molestowania. MS to każde niepożądane zachowanie werbalne lub niewerbalne odnoszące się do seksualności lub płci adresata, które skutkuje naruszeniem jej godności, poprzez tworzenie „onieśmielającej, wrogiej, poniżającej, upokarzającej lub agresywnej atmosfery” (Śledzińska-Simon, 2011). W przedstawionych badaniach odwołuję się do typologii MS zaproponowanej przez Fitzgerald, Gelfand i Drasgow (1995), a następnie poszerzonej przez Waldo, Berdahl i Fitzgerald (1998). W typologii tej wyróżniono trzy rodzajów MS są to: 1. przymus seksualny (sexual coercion) – grożenie ofierze lub zapewnianie ofiary, że jeśli zgodzi się na kontakt seksualny, otrzyma pewne przywileje (np. awans, lepszą ocenę na egzaminie) lub uniknie negatywnych konsekwencji (np. zwolnienie z pracy, ocena niedostateczna) 2. niepożądane zainteresowanie seksualne (unwanted sexual attention) – częste dotykanie ofiary lub napastliwe próby stworzenia intymnego lub seksualnego związku z ofiarą 3. molestowanie z uwagi na przynależność do danej płci (gender harassment): 3a. obsceniczne komentarze (lewd comments) – na przykład: żarty odnoszące się do seksualności; obraźliwe komentarze na temat wyglądu lub życia seksualnego; pokazywanie pornograficznych zdjęć 3b. wymuszanie zachowań zgodnych ze stereotypową rolą płciową (enforcement of gender role) – na przykład: żarty z mężczyzny, który bierze zwolnienie w celu zajmowania się dzieckiem; komentarze skierowane do kobiety, że powinna robić sobie makijaż, żeby wyglądała bardziej kobieco 3c. negatywne komentarze dotyczące danej płci (negative gender related remarks) - na przykład: powiedzenie, że wszyscy mężczyźni myślą tylko o jednym; stwierdzenie, że kobiety nie nadają się do zarządzania
Zoundi, David Aimé. « Three essays in the economics of gender and development ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69588.
Texte intégralThis Ph.D. thesis explores barriers to gender equality in developing countries. It is composed of three essays. The first essay (chapter 1) explores the roots of gender inequality favoring boys in education. It analyzes the effect of culture interaction with poor household economic on the school dropout probabilities of boys' and girls', using Malawi data. Malawi's suitability for this analysis stems from the coexistence in its territory of two different customs of post-marital residence for couples: patrilocal and matrilocal customs. Estimation results show that gender inequality in education is rooted in the interaction of household economic conditions and the custom of patrilocality—when a married couple settles near or with the husband's family after marriage. The essay concludes that public policies that make it unnecessary for parents to rely on traditional customs to organize their family life can eliminate gender inequality favoring boys' education. The last two essays analyze the issue of polygyny—when a man can have multiples wives simultaneously. This marriage institution has disappeared globally but remains confined in a cluster of sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in the Sahel region. Economic theory predicts that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. Still, empirical evidence is yet to establish this causal link, settling instead for a negative correlation between education and women's polygyny probabilities. The second essay examines the effect of education on women's polygyny probabilities, using primarily Uganda data. For identification, we use an estimation approach that jointly addresses sample selection and education endogeneity problems. We estimate a three-equation model comprising a polygyny (main) equation, a marriage (selection), and an education (endogeneity) equation. Estimation results confirm economic theory's prediction that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. The third and final essay provides evidence on the cause of the clustering of polygyny in drought-prone countries. Evidence shows that in village economies dependent on rainfed agriculture, the breakdown of informal risk-sharing arrangements following covariate shocks such as droughts increases the value of having a large family, both in size and composition, as a lever of resilience strategies. We find that polygyny allows households to build resilience to the adverse effects of drought on crop yields. These three essays contribute to advancing our knowledge of the barriers to gender inequalityin sub-Saharan Africa. It mainly draws attention to the importance for developing countries to invest in girls' schooling (Essay 2) and promote public policies that make it less attractive for parents to resort to traditional institutions to support their livelihoods (Essay 1). Additionally, policies such as those promoting smallholder farmers as a development strategy can contribute to the persistence of polygyny in drought-prone communities if done without weaning the rural population of its dependence on rainfed agriculture. In these settings, promoting resilience and adaptation strategies independent of household size can lead to polygyny and child marriage's disappearance (Essay 3).
Garrick, Janet. « Le double jeu du féminin et du masculin dans les "Claudine" de Colette ». Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA070121.
Texte intégralColette's first texts, the "claudines", represent the matrix of her work : the themes of love, freedom, sensuality and sexuality are all dealt with in this portrayal of an unconventional young girl. The conflict between the subject position and the so-called "feminine position" is played out in claudine's transformation into a woman. The heroine finds herself at the cross-roads of two systems : that of the bildungsroman, based on the "evolving" structure of male sexuality and that related to female sexuality, defined as an "involution". To manage the contradiction, colette unsets the trap from within the convention. Her game consists of reproducing the conventional structure while distancing herself from it. She respects the romantic definitions of femininity and masculinity while challenging them. This ambiguity forms the basis of her work as a "woman-writer"
Ferrando, Stefania. « La liberté comme pratique de la différence : philosophie politique moderne et sexuation du monde : Rousseau, Olympe de Gouges et les saint-simoniennes ». Doctoral thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0064.
Texte intégralThe Saint-Simonian Suzanne Voilquin writes that an "unknown" appeared in social life with women's equality and freedom. This research aims to analyze how this "unknown" of social life was thought and practiced as it became part of political discourses as well as revolutionary and post-revolutionary philosophical reflections. First, by analyzing th "Rousseau dispositif" - a set of texts dealing with the problem of the " women's position" and discussing Rousseau's thesis - we examine the discourses that exclude women from knowledge and politics as well as the need to secure the transmission between the father and his children in a world of free individuals. Afterwards, we focus on the writings of Olympe de Gouges and her development of a new political approach to revolutionary society, based on her position as a "placee et deplacee" in both knowledge and politics. Finally, we follow the Saint-Simonian women who created the periodical La femme libre. We examine their collective political practices and the "symbolic work" on the "unknown" that came with their research for freedom. These practices allow, within social life, new experiences, through which women can cease to be "social life sleepwalkers" and act in it to change it, as full-fledged subjects
Kang, Pom-Seok. « L’influence du contexte social et culturel sur le concept de soi et les traits de personnalité ». Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20027/document.
Texte intégralRecent researches have highlighted the role of categorization and social comparison process in understanding the gender differences and similarities at the level of self-concept. This thesis proposes a methodological and theoretical extension of these works to verify their soundness and assess their possible implications for the development of social psychology of personality. Thus, we first show that there are significant relations between several instruments for the measure self-concept, in confirming the validity of these instruments (study 1). The hypothesis of an interaction “gender X culture” on self-concept is then examined in a study comparing French and Korean students. As expected, the results show that gender differences on self are, no matter what self-concept measures are used, bigger in France than in South Korea. Then the studies 3, 4, and 5 seek to ascertain whether such manifestations of the malleability of the self-concept in different contexts may also be obtained by the measure of the personality traits. It is shown that there are gender stereotypes on certain personality traits of the five-factor model (Study 3 Study 4) and that the self-stereotyping process proposed by the self-categorization theory (Turner, 1987) seems to actually influence the manifestation of personality traits. Studies 4 and 5, using the original experimental paradigms, help to highlight the conditions under which individuals will "change" their personality according to the situation where they find themselves. These results suggest that there exist certain personality traits stable and they do not change according to the situation but there also exist certain traits that vary significantly in accordance with social interaction and self-categorization process
Boutin, Nicolas. « L'effet du genre sur l'indécision vocationnelle et les parcours scolaire : l'intégration des garçons aux études collégiales ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22721.
Texte intégralMendonça, Pedro. « Étude des relations entre les styles cognitifs et les productions d’artistes professionnels et d’étudiants universitaires en arts visuels ». Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8922.
Texte intégralRinne, Marie-Noëlle. « Didactique des langues en milieu universitaire : analyse contrastive de la morphologie et du sémantisme du genre dans l'enseignement du français à des locuteurs anglophones ». Pau, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU1006.
Texte intégralThis study of noun gender as part of French Language Studies in English-speaking universities in Canada is a contrastive analysis of the morphology and the semantics of French and English genders, and pertains to the field of Applied Linguistics and more pointedly to French as a Second Language. It intends to elucidate and define French gender through its graphic, morphological, syntactic and phonological expressions while trying as well to establish the parameters of English gender, the English-speaking learner being at the centre of the didactic approach. This particular approach further justifies the parallel research on methods and factors in the acquisition of Foreign Languages. Finally, this study debates the arbitrary versus motivated nature of gender and lists its characteristics with the intention of creating a practical tool usable by all involved
Varet, Florent. « Comportements à risques et infractionnistes chez les automobilistes : relations entre valeurs, normes sociales et différences liées au sexe, au genre et à l'âge ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0266.
Texte intégralMen and young drivers are more often involved in serious and fatal road accidents than women and older drivers. According to the literature, risky and offending behaviours (ROBs) at the wheel could be motivated by the search for a sense of belonging and social status, but also by the affirmation of values relating to competence, power and masculinity. Few studies have proposed to directly test the mediating role of these values and normativity in gender and age differences affecting ROBs. Our work proposes to explore the role of adherence to certain values in the occurrence of ROBs at wheel; (b) to test the mediating role of these values in gender and age differences; (c) to verify the normativity of these behaviours according to gender and age. Six studies were carried out. The main results indicate that (a) adherence to values centred toward the pursuit of a high social status is particularly associated with ROBs; (b) these values partially mediate the observed gender and age differences; (c) ROBs related to speed are more socially valued by men and young drivers, but this phenomenon is not supported by the same motivations for these two populations. The theoretical implications of its results are discussed in terms of empirical relationships between the different models used. Applied perspectives for behaviour change in the field of road safety are also discussed
Erouart, Marion. « Analyses psychosociales des processus d’orientation genrés vers et pendant la formation d’ingénieur·e·s ». Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2066.
Texte intégralSchool and vocational guidance are characterized by a gendered division: women and men do not choose the same professionals’ fields (Vouillot, 2007). This distinction is a major political and social issue that results in incentive programs and many pieces of research. Studies in educational sciences highlight the role of sociodemographic variables (e.g. gender, social origin, etc.) on career choices. Beyond these sociological elements which are traditionally considered, this thesis discusses psychosocial processes (e.g. social representation, time perspective, etc.) involved in school counseling. The first part of this study focuses on the choices of high school students by questioning them using surveys on their higher education, in particular by investigating the self-assessment of their academic results. The second part of this work focuses on an engineering school. Despite that a third of engineers are women, the male representation still affects this field (Marry, 1989). The National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA) Lyon is distinctive from other school because of their strong institutional attention and work in favor of diversity: The Institut Gaston Berger, an organization of the school illustrates this observation. Nevertheless, specialization of students into the third year of school is still gender-differentiated. Studies were conducted with INSA students in a longitudinal approach. Social representations (Moscovici, 1961), the experience of education, and time perspective (Lewin, 1942) were investigated through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and a student’s journal analysis. This research highlights the influence of the social role of gender on the decision-making processes and experiences of students. If this gender differentiation exists before and outside school, some measures, especially about communication, may be proposed
Ruel, Catherine. « Le rôle du genre sur la relation entre l'exposition à la violence interparentale, les attitudes d'acceptation de la violence, le sentiment d'auto-efficacité et le vécu de violence physique dans les relations amoureuses à l'adolescence ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30223.
Texte intégralMieyaa, Yoan. « Socialisations de genre, identité sexuée et expérience scolaire : dynamiques d'acculturation et de personnalisation chez le jeune enfant scolarisé en grande section de maternelle ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20112.
Texte intégralThe main objective of our research is to account for the psychosocial mechanism by which children, aged 5-6 years and who attend to nursery school, progressively differentiate themselves as boys and girls and fit into gender school development. In reference to a conception of socialization which distinguishes a side of acculturation and a side of personalization (Malrieu & Malrieu, 1973), our hypothesis is the following : Gender identity mediates the influence of family and school gender socialization on the construction of school experience, because of the degree of stereotypy and the degree of heterogeneity of these socialization backgrounds and of the developmental step of the children. In order to test this hypotesis, we choose a methodology centered on the point of view of all the subjects concerned (adults and children). We proposed a questionnaire on several dimensions of gender socialization to the adults (fathers and mothers of 61 children attended nursery school, theirs teachers and their “A.T.S.E.M”. Child’s gender identity was examined with the P.S.A.I; (Golombok & Rust, 1993), the B.S.R.I. adapted by Tostain (1993) and the test of gender constancy (Dafflon Novelle, 2010).School experience was examined with a semi-directive interview.The main results highlight three types of school experience: “conform”, “agonistic” and “epistemic”. If school gender socialization, with the transmission of educational values, influences children’s school experience, family gender socialization influences the construction of gender identity. Some links appear between children’s gender identity and their school experience. Although the analyses don’t permit to establish the mediator role of gender identity, the results as a whole confirm the pertinence to adopt a theoretical model of a plural and conflicting socialization which examines the links between the processes of acculturation and personalization in the study of the construction of the girls and boys school development from the early age. Within this model, the consideration of child’s gender identity allows to better understand in the construction of his/her school experience
Domenech-Dorca, Gwenaël. « Déviances aux normes sexe et sexualité à risque(s) : représentations et impact du genre dans la perception des risques sexuels ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100032/document.
Texte intégralWomen’s access to sexuality without risk is submitted to the perception they have of their partners. Our purpose is to explore the impact of masculinity and femininity representations into the sexual risks perception. Five studies will be presented to test this hypothesis: people who are far from their own sex group standards (deviant man or woman) are seen as people who are taking more risks in their sexuality than people who act in accordance with social prescriptions (physical appearance or behavior) concerning their sex. Our results puts into perspective one part of the literature. For a woman, a person (men or women) who is corresponding to the physical appearance and behavior expectations of her/his own sex group is taking more risks than a person with a typical physical aspect but with opposite social attitudes which are normally recommended (study #3). Standard behaviors, which are socially attributed to men and women, affect directly the image we have of a person (study #5). Indeed, whatever one’s sex, the presentation of a masculine behavior brings to perceive someone as a person who takes more risks than one described with feminine manners
Michel, Lucy. « La relation entre genre grammatical et dénomination de la personne en langue française : approches sémantiques ». Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL027/document.
Texte intégralThis research was initiated with the idea of a semantic and referential splitting of grammatical gender within the French language between nouns denoting inanimates or non-anthropomorphic animates, and nouns denoting human or anthropomorphic animates. This splitting inevitably leads to the traditional question of the arbitrary or motivated nature of grammatical gender. The fact that this study focuses only on nouns denoting human animates, and more specifically on person denominations, enables to surpass this question and analyze more carefully the difficulties that arise from the idea of a link between grammatical gender and sexual bipartition. My work, nourished both by denomination theories and material and queer theories on language, is thus centered on proposing a stereotype-based semantic analysis of grammatical gender. This analysis opposes the idea of a structural hierarchy between masculine and feminine grammatical genders, and enables to understand some of the phenomena that are usually not considered as linguistic, but rejected as ideological or political. This hypothesis is thus born of a discussion of categorization theories, and of the phenomenological and linguistic difficulties that they present. Finally, one of the goals of this work is to be appliable : I will thus propose a lexicographic model of the stereotype-based hypothesis
Krupa, Frédérique. « Girl Games : gender, technology and design for women’s recruitment in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) ? » Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. https://ecm.univ-paris1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/dd3e6426-fd66-4db2-add5-56476ec75bf6.
Texte intégralThis dissertation focuses on gender, design and technology through the artifact of video games — technology products of masculine engineering culture, and the gendered link between those that make video games (Production) and those that play them (Reception). My research examines a sector of the video game industry devoted to pre-adolescent girls, which 20 years ago was the site of feminist entrepreneurship hoping to remedy the gender imbalance in ICT (Information and Communication Technology). While parity has been achieved in media consumption, technological production firmly remains a masculine pursuit. This three-phase constructivist study begins with the personality preferences (MBTI) and sex-role orientation (BSRI) of women in game development, highlighting their exceptional resilience to gender stereotypes, and concludes with an ethnographic study of children playing independent, gender-neutral video games at an afterschool program in Paris. Using pragmatic semiotic epistemology, this dissertation argues that the belief-habits of negative gender and technology stereotypes are the principal roadblock to gender diversity in ICT – limiting the number of women willing to transgress gender norms into masculine professions and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy through parents’ gender-socialization that reifies the belief in masculine technological passion and skill while developing unequal gendered technological access and encouragement. The dissertation concludes with strategies for gender-neutralizing technology, including design heuristics for gender neutrality in children’s digital experiences
Maruéjouls-Benoit, Édith. « Mixité, égalité et genre dans les espaces du loisir des jeunes : pertinence d'un paradigme féministe ». Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30024/document.
Texte intégralScience-based and political discourses on youth usually focus on issues such as risk behaviour, deliquency, and dropping out of school, and most of the time omit the heuristic dimension of gender. The analysis of the distribution of girls and boys across spaces, equipments and leisure activities in three suburban areas of Bordeaux show how the use of organised leisure is dominated by boys and while girls stay away from these from the start of lower secondary school. It is all as if boys invest public spaces when organised practices do not fit their needs anymore, while girls disappear from these spaces and withdraw into the private sphere. Drawing on the approach of social geography, this thesis demonstrates the relevance of a feminist approach as a science-based paradigm which is useful to understand how public spaces become gender-differentiated. A comparison of how boys and girls use public spaces and leisure equipments results in a questionning of the notions of gender ‘mixity’ and equality in the context of public policies in contemporary society. Four main findings have been identified : (1) – inequalities : state-sponsored leisure targets twice as many boys as girls. (2) – ‘non-mixity’ and the reinforcement of inequalities : boys-only activities are seen as more important than girls-only ones. (3) - The invisibility of girls. They stop using these structures from the start of lower secondary school, they disappear from the public spaces targeting young people. (4) - Gender performativity : The constitution of spaces of specifically male leisure and the valuation of the " male cultures " represent the main part of the practice autonomous youth and in free access
Houadec, Virginie. « Le genre et les modèles amoureux dans la littérature de jeunesse : eléments de compréhension de l'éducation sentimentale des jeunes en France ». Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017356.
Texte intégralBotcazou, Maïtel. « Influence du genre et de la maturation sur la réponse sympato-adrénergique de l'adolescent à l'exercice et à l'entraînement de sprint ». Rennes 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN20009.
Texte intégralIt is well known that catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) plays a major role in the mobilisation and utilisation of energetic substrates during sprint exercise. Many factors, as gender, training and age are able to modify catecholamine responses to exercise. However, the effects of these factors on catecholamine responses to sprint exercise should be examined. Our objective was to verify the influence of gender, advance in age and sprint training on sympatho-adrenergic responses in adolescents. Our results demonstrate that : 1 gender can alter sympatho-adrenergic responses to exercise in adult only but the menstrual cycle phase don't modify this response in women, 2 the advance in age influence catecholamine responses to exercise, differently according to sex, 3 sprint training may enhance catecholamine responses to sprint exercise in adolescent girls only. These data suggest that advance in age and sprint training can influence sympatho-adrenergic responses to sprint exercise in adolescents