Thèses sur le sujet « Dieta grassa »
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SERINO, MATTEO. « Aploinsufficienza di TACE e omeostasi del glucosio : effetti protettivi su insulino-resistenza e obesità durante un regime di dieta grassa ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/434.
Texte intégralTNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-α is known to affect glucose and lipid metabolism through alternative and redundant mechanisms at different levels. TNF-α exerts its paracrine effects once the membrane-anchored form is shed and the soluble form is released from the cell membrane. TNF-α cleavage is regulated by TACE (TNF-α Converting Enzyme), which regulates the shedding and the function of several transmembrane proteins, such as IL-6R (Interleukin-6 Receptor) and EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) ligands. To shed light into the unknown role of TACE in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and its metabolic complications we used Tace+/- mice fed with a standard or HFD for 16 weeks. We observed that Tace+/- mice are relatively protected from obesity and insulin resistance compared with WT littermates. When fed a HFD, WT mice exhibited visceral obesity, increased FFA (Free Fatty Acids) and MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1) levels, hypoadiponectinemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (all features of the metabolic syndrome) compared with Tace+/- mice. Interestingly, Tace+/- mice exhibited increased UCP-1 (UnCoupling Protein-1) and GLUT (GLUcose Transporter)-4 expression in white adipose tissue. These results suggest the development of pharmacological modulators of TACE activity as a novel way to treat obesity and its metabolic complications.
GHIANI, GIOVANNA MARIA. « Composizione corporea, nutrizione personalizzata e costo energetico della corsa : studio longitudinale su una popolazione di individui fisicamente attivi ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266378.
Texte intégralMURTAJ, VALENTINA. « GENDER, AGE AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION AS RISK FACTOR FOR NEUROINFLAMMATORY DISEASES ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/306486.
Texte intégralThe high prevalence of metabolic and cognitive disorders represents one of the major issues of health systems. Recent findings indicate that obesity may affect brain functions however the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the central nervous system is not fully understood. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the influence of HFD on neuroinflammation and regional brain function in a mouse model of Insulin Resistance (IR) focusing on sex-dependent differences induced by peripheral metabolic impairment. C57BL/6J male and female mice were fed with standard chow or HFD (45%/60%) for 35 weeks. Animals were monitored weekly for body weight, haemato-chemical analysis (circulating glucose, total cholesterol, ALT, and AST), and glucose tolerance test (GTT). Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging studies were performed longitudinally using [18F]-FDG and [18F]-VC701 as radiotracers, to measure respectively glucose consumption and microglia/macrophages activation within the brain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) was used to measure the effects of diet on hepatic lipid content and peri abdominal fat accumulation. Finally, post-mortem transcriptome analysis was applied to the anterior cortex to reveal potential modification in gene expression. HFD induced a significant increase in body weight, glucose tolerance, and haemato-chemical parameter in a sex dependent manner. HFD diet increased peri abdominal fat accumulation in male and lipid content in the liver as revealed at MR spectroscopy. This last effect was particularly evident in females. PET [18F]-FDG showed a relative increase in glucose metabolism in the anterior region of the brain including the olfactory bulbs in both male and female mice while an increase in the anterior cortex was found in males mice fed with 60% HFD. Moreover, correlation analysis between glucose uptake and different metabolic biomarkers revealed, mainly in male mice, regional brain metabolic modifications associated with BMI values and haemato-chemical parameters. [18F]-VC701-PET showed a general trend toward an increase of tracer uptake all over the brain after diet consumption in both male and female HFD mice. Anterior cortex transcriptome analysis showed a common de-regulation of genes related to nervous system development but also sex-specific modifications. Our finding suggests that HFD induced obesity in adult mice causes a general metabolic impairment not confined in the periphery but involving also selected brain regions. The increased binding of the activated microglia associated with TSPO radioligand suggests that obesity can induce a diffuse neuro-inflammatory reaction in mice's brains. PET imaging technique is permitted to identify the presence of metabolic derangement and the neuro-inflammatory response of mice brain induced by HFD. This finding is relevant since our model reproduces the peripheral metabolic modification typical of IR and type 2 diabetes.
Araneda, Ríos Felipe. « Arritmogénesis en ratones alimentados con dieta rica en grasas saturadas ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146976.
Texte intégralObesity is a public health issue. Secondary heart failure has been proven, with early and subtle clinical manifestations such as a higher frequency of arrhythmias in obese subjects. In a model of mice fed with a high fat diet (HFD), they become obese after 8 weeks, developing redox imbalance and increased activity of Ryanodine Receptors (RyR) in vitro; but their correlation with the heart electric activity in vivo hasn`t been studied. In this study, we registered electrocardiogram of mice fed with a diet rich in saturated fat during rest, and during stress using caffeine and epinephrine, to analyze the risk of arrhythmia in these animals. We also studied the effect of Apocynin, a NAPDH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor which normalizes RyR2 activity in vitro, over the arrhythmia frequency in these animals. We used mice fed with a diet enriched in saturated fat (HFD, 60% calories from saturated fat), from week 3, for 8 weeks, versus a control group fed with control diet (C, 10% calories from saturated fat). A subgroup of UFD and control animals received apocynin (0.5 mg/ml) in their drinking water, from week 5 (Groups HFD+APO and C+APO respectively). Basal measurements of ECG segments (P wave, PR, RR; QRS, Qt), and ventricular arrhythmias during rest and pharmacological stress condition (caffeine + epinephrine) were registered. We found that the HFD group presented an increase of malignant arrhythmias during rest, compared with control group. Addition of apocynin in the drinking water diminished these event significantly; however, it could not prevent these arrhythmias during pharmacological stress. A shortening of the QRS segment, without changes in segment Qt was registered. The results are suggestive of association between RyR2 dysfunction, a high fat diet, and development of malignant arrhythmias.
Villanueva, Coz Maria Virginia Del Pilar. « Efecto de una dieta con grasa "light" sobre el tejido adiposo, hepático e intestino de ratas ». Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1859.
Texte intégralObjective: To determine the effects caused by fatty acids comprised in oil and fats commercially designated as “light” on adipose, liver, and intestinal tissue of Albino rats, as well as possible liver enzyme alterations in these animals. Design: Prospective, longitudinal, experimental, and randomized study. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in 30 Wistar male rats, 21 days old, who were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The animals in group (A) received a diet comprising a 33% fatty acid content from vegetable oils, Group (B) received the same fatty acid content from a “light” oil, and Group (C) received a 33% fatty acid content from “light” margarine. Results: Weights of the animals increased during the whole experiment (Group A, 593%; Group B, 586%; and Group C, 624%). Body composition of animals in Group C (fed with “light” margarine) revealed a high water content, 146%; low protein content, 17,74 %, and a low lipid content, 12,05% compared to body composition in groups A and B. Pyruvate kinase enzyme activity (E.C. 2.7.1.40) and that of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49) in Group C had a 0,8 u/g improvement compared to Group A. Lactate dehydrogenase levels (E.C. 1.1.1.27) was reduced in Group C (438,7 u/g), and 6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase levels (E.C. 1.1.1.41) increased in Group B (1,3 u/g). Lipid peroxidation in Group C animals had a 117.96% increase when compared to those of Group A (100%) and B (104.63%). Liver protein concentrations were increased in Group B (0,86 g/dL) Liver tissues of Group c animals had lower individual hepatocyte volumes, with a high degree of water infiltration, and isonucleosis, poikilonucleosis and fat infiltration. Adipose tissue had a higher individual volume. In intestinal tissues from Group C animals, both Paneth and cylinder-shaped cells lost their usual appearance, and they had more histological deterioration compared to intestinal cells from Groups A and B animals. Conclusions: Rats fed with diets including fatty acids from “light” vegetable margarine had alterations in their body composition, they also had variations in enzyme concentrations and lipid peroxidation, as well as morphological changes in liver, adipose, and
Tesis
Weinman, Michelle L. « Grass pickerel diet and habitat selection in Indiana rivers and streams ». Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1356256.
Texte intégralDepartment of Biology
Palomera, Ávalos Verónica. « Mecanismos implicados en la neurodegeneración inducida por dieta grasa en modelos de senescencia ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/463007.
Texte intégralThe world population is aging, most countries of the world are experiencing an increase in the number and proportion of elder people. The latest data published by the UN in 2017 shown an expectation of twofold increase in the number of people over 60 years by 2050 and threefold by 2010; from being 962 millions in 2017 to 2,100 millions in 2050 and 3,100 in 2100. By increasing the lifespan also, in parallel, increase the pathologies associated to aging and neurogenerative diseases. The aging rate and the appearance of neurodegenerative diseases. The aging rate and the appearance of age-related pathologies are modulated by the response to stress and the damage repair pathways which diminish gradually, including the proteostasis and the mitochondrial damage, among others. Therefore, in the las years it has been observed that obesity has also been increasing all over the worlds, in part due to the large consumption in high fats. It has been established that obesity is a risk factor to develop neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, and given the fact that aging along with a high fat diet are the main risk factors to develop different neurodegenerative disorders, we sought to study; which are the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration induced by a high fat diet in murine models and how the resveratrol, which is a polyphenol widely known for its health benefits, exerts a neuroprotective effect on the mouse brain. For this study, we used a mice model which displays a hasten onset of senescence and a wild type with a normal aging rate. The evidence presented on this research demonstrate that the metabolic stress induced by a high fat diet induces significant memory and learning damage, moreover alters important molecular pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases along with mitochondrial impairment, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers alterations at the hippocampus. At last, the majority of these processes disturbed by the metabolic stress where prevented by resveratrol, helping to have a better response against the damage inflicted. In conclusion, the results obtained from this thesis propose the use of resveratrol as a preventive treatment, that also it can be consider as a strategy to reduce the harmful effects induced by aging and a high fat diet, aim to have a healthy aging with a better life quality.
Martín, Castillo Antonia. « Efecto de la atorvastatina sobre la enfemedad grasa del hígado inducida en pollos mediante una dieta aterogénica ». Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10971.
Texte intégralThe aim of the present study was to determinate the effect of diet and atorvastatin on NAFLD induced by hyperlipidemic diet in experimental animals. We carried out serum biochemical analysis, histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical techniques and histological quantifications. We used one-hundred white Leghorn chickens. The chickens were randomly assigned to 2 Kinds of diet: a standard diet and a hyperlipidemic diet. After a three-month induction period the chickens were randomly divided in four groups and were breeding for another three-month period with different diets. Thus, the groups of our study were as follows: healthy control, hyperlipidemic progression, spontaneous regression, pharmacological regression and pharmacological progression.The removal diet and/or atorvastatin treatment decreased the steatosis, inflammation and hepatocelular lesion grade in the liver. We have observed a greater NASH Activity Score in progression groups than regression groups and lower activity in the treatment groups with regard to non-treated groups.
Galdame, Miriam. « Desarrollo de galletas tipo snack con perfil lipídico mejorado ». Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, 2015. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/7150.
Texte intégralFil: Galdame, Miriam. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.
ROMERO, DAVILA ANABEL 168350, et DAVILA ANABEL ROMERO. « Efecto de la adición de grasa a la dieta en el comportamiento reproductivo de hembras ovinas suffolk ». Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/64379.
Texte intégralShah, Syed Jafar. « Preference of lactating dairy cows for grass or maize silages ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367569.
Texte intégralLópez, Jiménez José Ángel. « Influencia de distintos glúcidos y lípidos en la dieta sobre aspectos del metabolismo lipídico en la rata ». Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/95941.
Texte intégralEstrada, Nava Evelyn Yazmín. « Grasa corporal asociada a alimentación emocional y calidad de la dieta en estudiantes de medicina de la UAEMéx ». Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/109828.
Texte intégralfactores psicológicos y dietéticos a menudo se asocian con la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. En los estudiantes universitarios prevalece una inadecuada alimentación y un constante estrés y ansiedad, que podría incidir en la utilización de alimentos para afrontar emociones. Objetivo: analizar la asociación del porcentaje de grasa corporal con la alimentación emocional (AE) y la calidad de la dieta (CD) en estudiantes de medicina
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
Petrov, Dmitry. « The role of high-fat diet in an APP/PS1 model of familial Alzheimer disease = Efecto de una dieta rica en grasas en ratones APP/PS1, modelo familiar de la enfermedad de Alzheimer ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/359657.
Texte intégralLa obesidad es una pandemia mundial, la cual según estudios recientes afecta a más de 2.000 millones de personas en todo el mundo y conlleva una fuerte presión de los sistemas sanitarios globales. El problema se ve aumentado no sólo por los costes directos asociados al sobrepeso, sino también por las comorbilidades relacionadas, entre ellas el incremento del riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como por ejemplo la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), principal causa de demencia senil. Hasta el momento, la industria farmacéutica no ha sido capaz de desarrollar estrategias eficaces para el tratamiento de la EA. Por ello, ha surgido la necesidad de plantearse nuevos mecanismos moleculares que puedieran explicar el declive cognitivo de esta enfermedad. La presente tesis doctoral trata sobre los efectos provocados por la ingesta de una dieta rica en grasa (high-fat diet, HFD) en ratones salvajes C57/Bl6 (wild-type, WT) y en ratones APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1), como modelo experimental de EA familiar. Dichos ratones fueron alimentados con dieta estándar a partir del destete (21 días) hasta los 3 meses. Por otro lado se estableció un nueva línea de investigación en la cual los animales fueran alimentados con dieta estándar o HFD hasta los 6 meses de edad. Se detectó hiperfosforilación de la proteína tau, amiloidogénesis y deterioro de la señalización mitocondrial en el hipocampo de los ratones APP/PS1 a 3 meses de edad. Por otro lado, los ratones presentaban un fenotipo exacerbado a 6 meses. Además, presentaban defectos cognitivos, anomalías en la vía de señalización de la insulina en el hipocampo y alteraciones en el metabolismo periférico de la glucosa y de la insulina. La ingesta de la HFD indujo obesidad y desarrollo de síndrome metabólico, tanto en el grupo de ratones WT como en APP/PS1. Ambos grupos presentaron pérdida de memoria, alteración del metabolismo periférico de la glucosa, así como anomalías en la vía de señalización de la insulina y en el metabolismo mitocondrial en hipocampo, desarrollando un fenotipo casi diabético en el caso de los ratones APP/PS1. En los extractos corticales de estos animales alimentados con HFD se detectaron niveles de Aβ insoluble (1-42) significativamente más elevados en comparación con los alimentados con dieta estándar. En los animales transgénicos con predisposición al desarrollo de EA, la introducción de una dieta hipercalórica provocó un empeoramiento significativo del fenotipo, tanto en la periferia como en el hipocampo. En general, nuestros resultados parecen indicar que el síndrome metabólico, la diabetes y las comorbilidades asociadas podrían causar un empeoramiento significativo de los síntomas de EA.
Dawson, Lynne Evelyn Rosemary. « Examination of factors influencing the voluntary food intake of grass silage by ruminants ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295409.
Texte intégralKirby, P. S. « Protein supplementation of beef cattle diets : A study of protein supplementation of grass silage diets for growing and finishing British Friesian steers ». Thesis, University of Bradford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371477.
Texte intégralMorrison, Jesse Ira. « USING MICROHISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES TO PREDICT BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF HORSE DIETS ON COOL-SEASON GRASS PASTURE ». UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/504.
Texte intégralSCUTARU, CORINA. « Miglioramento delle caratteristiche nutrizionali e tecnologiche della carne suina mediante integrazione della dieta con semi di lino estrusi ed antiossidanti sintetici e naturali ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1201051.
Texte intégralMeat and meat products are important sources of protein, essential amino acids, fat, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients. However, in recent years, several epidemiological studies have associated red meat and processed meat consumption with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. A good strategy for improving nutritional profile and pork quality could be the manipulation of animal diet. The aim of this research was to produce “healthier” pork by feeding with ingredients rich in n-3 fatty acids as linseed and addition of antioxidants for improving meat quality, during animal breeding. Two experiments were performed to investigate the potential application of extruded linseed and synthetic or natural antioxidants from oregano and grape skin in pig diets, on the carcass characteristics and pork quality. The first experiment was made as a preliminary of the second, for the evaluation of the tested products. The first experiment investigated the effect of inclusion of extruded linseed supplemented with supra-nutritional doses of vitamin E and Selenium or natural antioxidants from grape skin extract in pig diets on the carcass characteristics and lipid fatty acid composition, meat quality and shelf-life of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle packaged in modified atmospheres (MAP) with oxygen (70% O2/30% CO2) or nitrogen (70% N2/30% CO2), during refrigerated storage. No effect of dietary treatments was found on the carcass characteristics. Further, drip and cooking losses, oxidative stability in raw and cooked muscle, shear force and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein and lipid contents of LTL muscle) were affected neither by linseed nor by the antioxidants addition. Linseed inclusion in pig diets increased n-3 PUFA content and reduced n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in both backfat and LTL muscle. As expected, high concentration of oxygen in MAP brought about an increase in oxidative products and yielded redder meat, irrespective of the dietary treatment during refrigerated storage. In the second experiment, in comparison with the first one, was included a diet with only extruded linseed, and the diet with natural antioxidants was supplemented with oregano extract. The effects of the diets on the same parameters of the previous experiment were evaluated, in addition to the microbial growth of LTL muscle packed in high oxygen MAP (35% CO2, 65% O2). The addition of extruded linseed and vegetal extracts supplementation in the pig diets did not affect the carcass characteristics. Shelf-life study showed that microbial growth tended to be higher in the control group respect to other groups. However, throughout the experiment all the microbiological counts were under the microbiological selling threshold (6 log10 CFU/g) of raw meat established by European Food and Safety Authority. Lipid oxidation in LTL muscle increased with storage time for all dietary treatments, however no significant differences were found among the groups. It is interesting to note that vegetal extracts were as effective as vitamin E in preventing lipid oxidation. Linseed inclusion in pig diets increased n-3 fatty acids amount in the backfat and LTL muscle, and also reduced the n-6/n-3 ratio up to a level below 4, considered optimal for consumers’ health.
Molina, Romero Marisol. « Análisis de la actividad metabólica multiorgánica con 18F-FDG en ratones suplementados con glutamato monosódico y una dieta alta en grasa ». Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/105364.
Texte intégralLa ingesta de alimentos altos en grasa y glutamato monosódico (GMS) se ha asociado con alteraciones en el transporte de glucosa en tejidos y órganos. El 18F-FDG mide metabolismo de glucosa. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que evalúan los cambios inducidos por la combinación de glutamato monosódico (GMS) y una dieta alta en grasa (DAG). Por lo que, el objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los cambios en la actividad metabólica en órganos y tejidos mediante la captación de 18F-FDG en ratones BALB/c suplementados con una dieta alta en grasa en combinación con glutamato monosódico. A los grupos de estudio se les administró 18F –FDG y se estimó la actividad metabólica de los órganos y tejidos través de imagen micro PET/CT y cuantificación ex vivo (%DI /g tejido). El análisis de las imágenes micro PET/CT se realizó con el software Pmod. Para la captación ex vivo, los grupos de estudio se sacrificaron 60 minutos después de la administración de 18F-FDG y se midió la actividad de cada órgano y tejido de interés en un contador de pozo. Las diferencias estadísticas entre grupos se hicieron mediante un análisis de varianza ANOVA. Los resultados de obtenidos de las imágenes y de la captación ex vivo indicaron cambios significativos en la actividad metabólica en los grupos suplementados con DAG en comparación dieta mixta, principalmente en corazón y tejido adiposo, sin importar el tiempo de suplementación. Mientras que el grupo suplementado con GMS no mostró diferencias con respecto al grupo control (p<0.05). En conclusión, la dieta alta en grasa en combinación con el glutamato altera la actividad metabólica de los órganos y tejidos sensibles a la insulina como corazón y tejido adiposo.
Proyecto PRODEP 2018 511-6/18-8981
Sepúlveda, Sarmiento Ruth Angélica. « Rol de los tocoferoles en la prevención de alteraciones hepáticas y de tejido adiposo visceral inducidas por una dieta alta en grasas en un modelo murino ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/152572.
Texte intégralLa obesidad se considera actualmente una de las enfermedades crónicas de mayor importancia a nivel mundial, tanto por su alta prevalencia en la población como por su asociación con múltiples comorbilidades que afectan negativamente la salud de los individuos que las padecen. La etiopatogenia de la obesidad es compleja y multifactorial, pero la malnutrición por exceso de consumo de lípidos y carbohidratos explica la mayor parte de la prevalencia en la población. Se encuentra fuertemente asociada al síndrome metabólico, el cual abarca un conjunto de factores de riesgo que predisponen el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus tipo 2, tales como la obesidad visceral, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia y anormalidades en el metabolismo de la glucosa. En un trabajo reciente realizado en nuestro laboratorio se probó que el aceite de rosa mosqueta (Rosa rubiginosa) que se caracteriza por ser una fuente rica de ácido α-linolénico (ALN), precursor que se bioconvierte en ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), y altos niveles de alfa y gamma tocoferoles, polifenoles y fitoesteroles, previene el desarrollo de la obesidad, la resistencia a la insulina, la inflamación hepática y sistémica y la esteatosis hepática en un modelo murino alimentado con dieta alta en grasas (DAG). Sin embargo, los hallazgos encontrados no revelan el papel que juega cada uno de los componentes de la rosa mosqueta (RM), y estudiar los componentes mayoritarios, como los tocoferoles, es primordial para dilucidar el rol en la protección contra los parámetros del síndrome metabólico. En este trabajo se estudió como los alfa y gama tocoferoles disminuyen el desarrollo de alteraciones del hígado y del tejido adiposo visceral: hipertrofia de los adipocitos, esteatosis hepática, y además la disminución de parámetros de inflamación y estrés oxidativo en ratones machos C57BL/6J inducidos por una dieta alta en grasa. El diseño experimental consistió en ratones divididos en cinco grupos (n=9), alimentados con dieta control (DC) o con DAG, suplementados o no con tocoferoles (TF), durante 12 semanas. Además, un grupo alimentado con DAG y suplementando con aceite de RM sin tocoferoles, DAG+RM(-). La alimentación con DAG aumentó significativamente el peso corporal, el peso del tejido adiposo y el tamaño de los adipocitos e indujo esteatosis hepática, junto con elevar los niveles de expresión de citoquinas pro-inflamatorias (TNF-α, IL-1β), efectos que disminuyeron significativamente en los animales DAG+T. Entre estos grupos no se observaron cambios en la expresión del factor de transcripción Nrf2. Se concluye que la suplementación alimentaria de una mezcla de alfa y gamma tocoferoles (1:5) disminuyó significativamente la hipertrofia del tejido adiposo visceral, la esteatosis hepática, y marcadores de la inflamación en ratones alimentados con una dieta alta en grasa.
Obesity is currently considered one of the most important chronic diseases worldwide, both due to its high prevalence in the population and its association with multiple comorbidities that negatively affect the health of individuals who suffer from them. The etiopathogenesis of obesity is complex and multifactorial, but malnutrition due to excess consumption of lipids and carbohydrates accounts for most of the prevalence in the population. It is strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome, which encompasses a set of risk factors that predispose the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and abnormalities in glucose metabolism. In a recent work carried out in our laboratory it was proved that rosehip oil (Rosa rubiginosa) is characterized as a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALN), a precursor that bioconverts into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA), and high levels of alpha and gamma tocopherols, polyphenols and phytosterols, prevents the development of obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic and systemic inflammation and hepatic steatosis in a murine model fed a high-fat diet (DAG ). However, the findings do not reveal the role played by each of the components of the rose hip (MRI), and study the major components, such as tocopherols, is essential to elucidate the role in protecting against the metabolic syndrome parameters. In this work we studied how alpha and gamma tocopherols decrease the development of liver and visceral adipose tissue alterations: adipocyte hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis, and also the decrease of inflammation and oxidative stress parameters in male C57BL / 6J induced mice for a diet high in fat. The experimental design consisted of mice divided into five groups (n = 9), fed control diet (DC) or with DAG, supplemented or not with tocopherols (TF), for 12 weeks. In addition, a group fed with DAG and supplemented with RM oil without tocopherols, DAG + RM (-). Feeding with DAG significantly increased body weight, adipose tissue weight and adipocyte size and induced hepatic steatosis, along with raising the levels of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), effects that decreased significantly in the DAG + T animals. Among these groups no changes were observed in the expression of the transcription factor Nrf2. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of a mixture of alpha and gamma tocopherols (1: 5) significantly decreased visceral adipose tissue hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis, and markers of inflammation in mice fed a high-fat diet.
Fernández, Escobar Denisse Alejandra. « Galletas con incorporación de harina de garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) harina de linaza (Linum usitatissimum L.), y reemplazo parcial de la materia grasa por inulina ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151470.
Texte intégralSe utilizó harina de linaza y harina de garbanzo como ingredientes funcionales e inulina como reemplazo parcial de la materia grasa aportada por la margarina. La investigación se dividió en 3 etapas, en la primera se realizó una caracterización física y química de las 3 harinas que forman parte de la matriz variable. En la segunda etapa se realizó un diseño de mezcla Simplex Lattice Cúbico que se basó en la matriz variable compuesta por los tres ingredientes (harina de linaza, harina de garbanzo y harina de trigo), el cual arrojó 10 tratamientos distintos; a estas formulaciones se les realizaron análisis físicos, químicos y sensoriales, los cuales permitieron obtener estadísticamente una formulación óptima con un nivel de optimización del 0,93, con cantidades de 20% de harina de linaza, 10% de harina de trigo y 20% de harina de garbanzo, valores que coincidieron con el tratamiento 10. En la tercera etapa, el óptimo se comparó mediante análisis físicos, químicos y sensoriales con un tratamiento control, cuya harina en un 100% correspondía a harina de trigo.
MANCINO, ROBERTA. « Influence of cow diet on nutritional profile of milk and dairy products and effects on alterations of human gut microbiota by an in vitro digestion model ». Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/363264.
Texte intégralHealth-conscious consumers are demanding milk with higher proportions of healthy fatty acids as polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA), and lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Milk and dairy products contribute significantly to the consumption of essential nutrients in human populations. Despite its important roles in human nutrition, consumption of milk has declined, because nutritional guidelines have limited capita consumption of SFA, which to a significant proportion originate from milk and dairy products (USDA and HHS, 2010). A strategy to improve the FA profile of milk and dairy products is the supplementation of cow’s diet with oilseeds, which decrease the proportion of SFA, by decreasing de novo FA synthesis in the mammary gland. Feeding flaxseed to dairy cows decreases the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids and increases the long-chain fatty acid content in milk fat. However, oilseeds, and in particular flaxseed, have a very high costs that discourage farmers in their utilization. It’s necessary, therefore to find a compromise between costs and the right amount to be administered in the diet to the animals to ameliorate milk yield and composition. In Italy, about 80% of dairy farms produce milk of Friesian cows both for direct consumption and for cheese production. Jersey breed and it has been used to improve the efficiency of the cheesemaking sector in different part of the world, and is characterized by improved longevity, superior udder health, higher cheese yield, reduced feed and water requirement. The gastrointestinal tract constitutes the body’s largest interface with the external environment and is exposed to a vast amount of foreign material, including pathogenic and commensal bacteria, as well as food antigens. Oral tolerance is an important property of the gut immune system; intestinal homeostasis requires balanced interactions between the gut microbiota, dietary antigens. At birth, we are colonized with a complex community of microbes that reaches up to a density of 1 × 1012 bacterial cells per grams of content in the adult colon. These microbes live in a symbiotic relationship with the host and they are determinants in health and disease influencing nutrient absorption, barrier function and immune development. On the basis of the previous considerations and considering that oil seeds are expensive and many farmers are reluctant to use them the aims of this PhD thesis are: 1. trying to reduce the daily amount of flaxseed administered to animals in order to increase the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk at the expense of saturated fatty acids, and to encourage its utilization by farmers as supplements to dairy cows with a reduction of management costs; 2. testing the effects of flaxseed administration on two different dairy cows breeds: Friesian and Jersey; 3. evaluating the transferring of polyunsaturated fatty acids in two different dairy products (Caciotta vs Caciocavallo) at different ripening time; 4. evaluating the effects of dairy products naturally enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health by an in vitro digestion model with the evaluation of changes in: a) fatty acid profile of dairy products after in vitro digestion; b) short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by gut microbiota; c) changes in gut microbiota populations by fecal fermentation followed by pyrosequencing. The higher milk content of C18:3n3 in milk suggests that the reduction in the amount of flaxseed supplementation can also improve milk fatty acid profile with a consistent reduction of production costs; however, Friesian and Jersey cows replied differently to the same flaxseed supplementation; Polyunsatured fatty acids are transferred into dairy products, especially in Caciotta cheese, suggesting that probably the different cheese making influenced the transferring. After in vitro digestion, fatty acids remain in the digest; their presence can have beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal tract and consequently on human health. Moreover the presence and the amount of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) could suggest some changes of microbiological populations that could have beneficial effects on human health.
González, Mañán Daniel Alonso. « Cambios en el perfil hepático de ácidos grasos en ratones alimentados con dieta alta en grasa : efecto de la suplementación con ácidos eicosapentaenoico y docosahexaenoico ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111120.
Texte intégralLos ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga omega-3 (AGPICL ω-3) son compuestos que están asociados a múltiples funciones fisiológicas, lo que sugiere que su administración puede prevenir varias enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con AGPICL ω-3 en la prevención de la esteatosis hepática, resistencia a la insulina e inflamación sistémicas, en ratones alimentados con una dieta enriquecida en grasa. Para tales propósitos, ratones C57BL/6J machos recibieron (a) dieta control (10% grasa, 20% proteína, 70% carbohidrato), (b) dieta control más AGPICL ω-3 (108 mg/kg/día de ácido eicosapentaenoico más 92 mg/kg/día de ácido docosahexaenoico), (c) dieta alta en grasa (60% grasa, 20% proteína, 20% carbohidrato) y (d) dieta alta en grasa más AGPICL ω-3, durante períodos de 8 y 12 semanas. Se determinaron parámetros de peso corporal, resistencia a la insulina, inflamación sistémica, esteatosis hepática y composición hepática de ácidos grasos. La alimentación con dieta alta en grasa aumentó significativamente el peso corporal e indujo esteatosis hepática del tipo macrovesicular, junto con elevar los niveles plasmáticos de insulina y glucosa en ayuno, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment) y los niveles plasmáticos de TNF-α. También se observó disminución en los niveles hepáticos de AGPICL ω-3 y un aumento en la relación ω-6/ω-3 al comparar con el grupo control. Estas alteraciones fueron reducidas o normalizadas a valores control en animales alimentados con dieta alta en grasa y suplementados con AGPICL ω-3, junto con aumentos significativos en los niveles hepáticos de AGPICL ω-3 y disminución en la relación de ácidos grasos ω-6/ω-3. Por lo tanto, el restablecimiento de los niveles de AGPICL ω-3 en ratones alimentados con dieta alta en grasa y suplementados con EPA y DHA reduce el contenido lipídico hepático, disminuye la inflamación sistémica y mejora la sensibilidad a la insulina.
Omega-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) are associated with several physiological functions, suggesting that their administration may prevent many non transmissible chronic diseases. Therefore, prevention of liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation by LCPUFA supplementation in mice fed a high fat diet were evaluated. For these purposes, male C57BL/6J mice received (a) control diet (10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrate), (b) control diet plus ω-3 LCPUFA (108 mg/kg/day eicosapentaenoic acid plus 92 mg/kg/day docosahexaenoic acid), (c) high fat diet (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrate), or (d) high fat diet plus ω-3 LCPUFA for 8 and 12 weeks. Parameters of body weight, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, liver steatosis and fatty acid analysis were determined. High fat diet significantly increased body weight and induced macrovesicular steatosis, concomitantly with higher fasting serum glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment), and plasmatic TNF- levels. Hepatic ω-3 LCPUFA depletion and elevated ω-6/ω-3 ratio over control values were also observed. These changes were either reduced or normalized to control values in animals subjected to high fat diet and ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation, with significant increased hepatic total ω-3 LCPUFA content and reduced ω-6/ω-3 ratio. So, repletion of liver ω-3 LCPUFA levels by ω-3 LCPUFA dietary supplementation in high fat diet mice reduces hepatic lipid content, systemic inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity.
Fondecyt
Junior, Salim Jacaúna de Souza. « Modificações na estrutura do dossel, comportamento ingestivo e composição da dieta de bovinos durante o rebaixamento do capim-mulato submetido a estratégias de pastejo rotativo ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-23112011-152320/.
Texte intégralDuring grazing of rotationally stocked pastures changes in sward structure happen quickly and interfere with patterns of movement, search and intake of herbage, patterns of defoliation and selectivity and diet composition. However, these changes can be manipulated by adjustments in frequency and severity of grazing related to the management targets used. The objective with this experiment was to measure and describe the influence of rotational grazing strategies on sward structure, patterns of movement, search and intake of herbage, patterns of defoliation and selectivity and diet composition of cattle on mulato grass throughout the occupation period of paddocks. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, ESALQ/USP, from October 2008 to April 2009. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two post-grazing (post-grazing heights of 15 and 20 cm) and two pre-grazing (95% and maximum light interception by sward canopy LI) conditions, and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement and a completely randomised design, with three replications. Measurements were performed in two seasons of the year: (1) spring (October to December, 2008); and summer (January to April, 2009). Response variables corresponded the following groups: (1) Modifications in sward structure and dynamics of the grazing down process leaf-to-stem ratio, vertical distribution of morphological components in sward herbage mass; (2) Patterns of movement and search for herbage number of feeding stations, number of steps between feeding stations, number of bites per feeding station, rate of movement (steps/min) and time spent per feeding station; (3) Characteristics of the herbage intake process and animal behaviour bite mass, bite rate, intake rate, time spent grazing, ruminating and with other activities; (4) Patterns of defoliation and selectivity bite depth, frequency and severity of defoliation of leaves and tillers, selectivity indexes for leaves and tillers; (5) Morphological composition of the consumed herbage percentage of leaf, stem and dead material. Larger rates of decrease in sward height were recorded for treatments 99/20 and 95/20 in spring and 95/20 in summer right at the outset of the occupation period. Treatment 95/20 resulted in the smallest proportion of time spent on grazing and in the highest rate of herbage intake, suggesting a larger daily herbage intake. Treatments 95/20 and 95/15 resulted in the largest number of bites per feeding station, around 10 and 11 in spring and summer, respectively. Patterns of defoliation of expanding and expanded leaves varied throughout the occupation period. Overall, during grazing, more frequent and less severe defoliation allowed optimisation of the grazing process, favouring the selection of diets with high proportion of leaves even under the controlled conditions of rotational stocking management, being the pre- and post-grazing targets of 95% LI (equivalent to 30 cm) and 20 cm, respectively, the ones that provided the best grazing conditions.
Ocho, Yupanqui Diana Wesen. « Proporción de ácidos grasos omega 6 y omega 3 en dieta omnívora y vegetariana en adultos mayores pertenecientes a los clubes del distrito de Magdalena, Lima 2011 ». Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - Cybertesis, 2014. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/3665.
Texte intégralRuíz, Martínez Marisol. « EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DEL EXTRACTO ACUOSO DE CILANTRO (Coriandrum sativum L) EN LA DIETA DE CONEJOS SOBRE LA VIDA DE ANAQUEL DE LA CARNE ». Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/105770.
Texte intégralLa utilización de antioxidantes naturales como el cilantro que contiene flavonoides, polifenoles, taninos y carotenos dándole su capacidad antioxidante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de extracto acuoso de cilantro (EAC) en la dieta de conejos y su actividad antioxidante sobre la vida de anaquel de carne de conejo. El extracto acuoso se elaboró a razón 1:8 de hoja de cilantro y agua potable, se destinaron 84 gazapos de 28.7 ± 0.21 días de edad de cruzamientos terminales de las razas Nueva Zelanda blanco y Chinchilla para la engorda en 5 semanas. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar donde los tratamientos fueron T1= 8.4 ml de agua, T2= 4.2 ml de agua + 4.2 ml de EAC y T3= 8.4 ml de EAC y las variables fueron características físicas (pH, Temperatura) y la evaluación de la actividad antioxidante (CAT y GPx) de la carne fresca, a los 0,3,6 y 9 días de vida de anaquel, mediante pruebas enzimáticas. El uso del EAC no influyó en los parámetros productivos, características de la canal y características físicas dando mejores resultados en la adición de EAC en la dieta de conejos en finalización que contribuye a incrementar la vida de anaquel al disminuir su oxidación.
SIyEA-UAEM
Crespo, Alcarria Nieves. « Reducción de la disposición de grasa abdominal en el pollo de carne mediante la modificación del perfil de ácidos grasos de la dieta ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8649.
Texte intégralReducción de la deposición de grasa abdominal en el pollo de carne mediante la modificación del perfil de ácidos grasos de la dieta.
Nieves Crespo Alcarria
Tanto la selección genética y la utilización de dietas cada vez más energéticas han permitido un aceleramiento de la velocidad de crecimiento del pollo. Así, mientras que en los años 50 eran necesarios unos 85 días para que un pollo de carne alcanzara un peso de 1.800 gramos, actualmente este periodo se reduce a 36 días, y además se acompaña de una mejora en el índice de conversión de más de un 50%. Sin embargo, paralelamente a esta mayor velocidad de crecimiento se ha producido un mayor engrasamiento de la canal.
En el procesado industrial, la grasa de la carcasa constituye una pérdida económica importante. Si además consideramos la mayor aceptación de los productos con bajo contenido en grasa, por parte de los consumidores se justifica el interés por conseguir una reducción en la deposición de grasa corporal en el pollo de carne.
Numerosos trabajos realizados en mamíferos y algunos realizados en pollos sugieren que la sustitución de grasa saturada por poliinsaturada en la dieta del pollo podría producir un menor engrasamiento de la canal.
En la presente tesis se estudió el efecto de dietas con diferentes perfiles de ácidos grasos sobre la deposición de grasa y el metabolismo lipídico del pollo de carne o Broiler. Se utilizaron 4 tipos de grasa con diferente grado de insaturación a un nivel de inclusión en el pienso del 10%: sebo (rico en ácidos grasos saturados), aceite de oliva (rico en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados), aceite de girasol (rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de la serie n-6) y aceite de linaza (rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de la serie n-3).
Los objetivos principales fueron determinar el efecto de los diferentes tipos de grasa en la dieta sobre:
Los parámetros productivos del pollo
La deposición de grasa corporal, abdominal y en otros depósitos lipídicos definidos
La retención de energía, proteína, grasa y ácidos grasos
La síntesis hepática de ácidos grasos
Determinados parámetros bioquímicos relacionados con la deposición de grasa en el pollo (VLDL, glucosa e insulina).
Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que las dietas ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados mejoran el índice de conversión en el pollo Broiler hasta un 10%.
El porcentaje de grasa abdominal y de otros depósitos lipídicos definidos disminuyó de forma significativa (aproximadamente 30g) con las dietas ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados.
Por otro lado se observó una mayor beta-oxidación de ácidos grasos en los pollos alimentados con las dietas ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados dando lugar a una menor eficiencia energética de estas raciones. Sin embargo, al determinar la síntesis de ácidos grasos hepáticos, se observó que la dieta con linaza producía un mayor grado de lipogénesis que el resto de dietas estudiadas.
Por tanto, se concluye que las dietas ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados reducen la deposición de grasa en el pollo de carne. Sin embargo, los resultados indican que no es la modificación de la actividad lipogénica la principal causa de la reducción de la deposición de grasa por los AGPI de la dieta, sino que sería la mayor actividad oxidativa de ácidos grasos y por tanto, la menor eficiencia energética de las dietas suplementadas con dichos ácidos grasos para la deposición de energía. Teniendo en cuenta la escasa contribución de la síntesis endógena de ácidos grasos a la deposición de grasa en pollos alimentados con dietas con un alto porcentaje de inclusión de grasa cualquier modificación en dicha actividad no habría de suponer una modificación detectable en la deposición de grasa corporal ya que podría ser totalmente compensada por la deposición directa de grasa dietética que se produce con estas raciones.
Reduction of abdominal fat deposition in Broiler chicken by dietary fatty acid profile modification.
Nieves Crespo Alcarria
Genetic selection and use of energetic rations has led to an increase in broiler growth. Fifty years ago chickens spend 85 days to reach 1.800g of body weight. Nowadays this period has been reduced to 36 days and moreover feed conversion ratio has been improved in more than 50%. However, as a consequence of this higher growth it has been produced higher carcass fat deposition.
In the processing plant, carcass fat constitute important economic loses. If we also take into account the higher acceptance of low fat content products by consumer, this justifies interest to obtain a reduction in body fat deposition of chickens.
Several works performed in mammals and some in chickens suggest that substitution of saturated fat by polyunsaturated fat in feed could reduce carcass fat deposition.
In the present work the effect of feed with different fatty acid profile on fat deposition and lipid metabolism in the chicken was studied. Four types of fat with different saturation level were used at 10% inclusion level. Tallow was added as a source of saturated fatty acid, olive oil as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids, sunflower oil as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-6 series and linseed oil as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series.
Main objectives were to determine the effect of different dietary fats on:
Performance parameters of broiler chickens.
Body and abdominal fat deposition and fat deposition in other separable fat depots.
Energy, protein, fat and fatty acid deposition.
Hepatic lipid synthesis.
Biochemical parameters related with fat deposition in broiler chicken (VLDL, glucose and insulin).
Obtained results show that diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids improve feed conversion ratio in about 10%.
Percentage of abdominal fat and other separable fat depots was significantly reduced with diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. This reduction reached values of about 30g of adipose tissue.
On the other hand, higher fatty acid beta-oxidation was obtained in broilers fed diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids which could lead to lower energetic efficiency of feed. Results of hepatic fatty acid synthesis showed higher levels in broilers fed diet with added linseed oil, respect to the rest of the diets.
It was concluded that diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce fat deposition in broiler chicken. Results suggest that the main cause of fat reduction by polyunsaturated fatty acids is not a modification in lipogenesis level but also the higher fatty acid beta-oxidation observed with these diets, that would lead to lower energetic efficiency of the diet to fat deposition. Taking into account the low contribution of endogenous fatty acid synthesis to fat deposition in broilers fed high fat diets, any modification in this endogenous activity would not lead to a modification in body fat deposition as it would be compensate by direct dietary fat deposition.
Pino, De la Fuente Francisco Javier. « Rol del ejercicio físico crónico en la regulación de la lipofagia en un modelo de esteatosis hepática, inducida por una dieta alta en grasas ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/167787.
Texte intégralLa esteatosis hepática no alcohólica (EHNA) es una de las patologías más comunes en las sociedades de occidente. La EHNA está fuertemente relacionada con la obesidad y los trastornos asociados a ella, la génesis de esta patología no está del todo clara, debido a los múltiples factores que pueden promover la acumulación de grasa en el hígado. Al contrario, se ha descrito que la autofagia podría contribuir al manejo correcto de los lípidos en las células hepáticas, mediante un proceso específico llamado lipofagia. La autofagia es un mecanismo altamente conservado en células eucariontes y consiste en un proceso catabólico de organelos, proteínas y de constituyentes citoplasmáticos, mediado por los lisosomas. Diversos estudios han descrito que la autofagia está disminuida en condiciones de obesidad y EHNA. Por otra parte, se ha encontrado que el ejercicio físico de tipo aeróbico aumenta los niveles de autofagia. El objetivo de este proyecto es estudiar la regulación de la autofagia/lipofagia en el hígado por el ejercicio físico crónico, en ratones con EHNA inducida por alimentación con una dieta alta en grasas. La hipótesis de esta tesis es: El ejercicio aeróbico crónico de 8 semanas revierte la disminución de la lipofagia en hígado graso inducido por una alimentación con dieta alta de grasa en ratones. Los animales utilizados son ratones C57BL/6. 36 ratones divididos en dos grupos fueron sometidos a una alimentación con dieta control (DC) y dieta alta en grasas (DAG) durante 3 meses. Posterior a esos 3 meses estos grupos experimentales fueron sub-divididos en 4, DC n=9, y DC más ejercicio físico (DCE n=9), DAG n=9, DAG más ejercicio físico (DAGE n=9). Los grupos que realizaron ejercicio físico fueron sometidos a un protocolo de ejercicio físico crónico durante 8 semanas, 5 veces por semana. Entre los resultados se encuentra que el ejercicio físico aeróbico crónico mejora la condición física aeróbica tanto de los animales controles como de los sometidos a una dieta alta en grasas. El peso del hígado de ratones sometidos a una dieta alta en grasas más ejercicio es menor en comparación a la dieta alta en grasa sin ejercicio. Se encontró que el ejercicio físico disminuye el daño hepático medido mediante la alanina aminotransferasa y además presenta un mejor metabolismo de la glucosa. El grupo sometido a ejercicio físico y dieta alta en grasas presenta menor área de las gotas de lípidos con respecto al grupo alto en grasas sin ejercicio. Los animales alimentados con dieta alta en grasas presentan mayor relación entre LC3II/LC3I, sin embargo, el ejercicio crónico no cambio esta relación. La lipofagia no presenta diferencias entre los diferentes grupos, encontrando resultados similares en todos ellos, por lo que el ejercicio físico no estaría induciendo este proceso en el hígado. Conclusiones: el ejercicio físico aeróbico crónico mejora la condición física aeróbica, disminuye el peso del hígado en el grupo sometido a una dieta alta en grasas, reduce el daño hepático, mejora la tolerancia a la glucosa, cambia la morfología de los lípidos intrahepáticos y no modifica el proceso de autofagia/lipofagia. En resumen, el ejercicio físico aeróbico crónico mejora aspectos metabólicos que favorecen la reducción de la esteatosis hepática no alcohólica, por lo tanto, estos resultados sugieren que el ejercicio físico puede ser de ayuda en el tratamiento de esteatosis hepática.
Non-alcoholic Fatty liver Diseases hepatic steatosis (NAFLD) is one of the most common pathologies in western societies. NAFLD is strongly related to obesity and related disorders. However, the genesis of this pathology is not entirely clear, due to the multiple factors that promote the accumulation of fat in the liver. By contrast, it has been described that autophagy could contribute to the correct handling of lipids in liver cells, through a specific degradation process called lipophagy. Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells and consists of a catabolic process of organelles, proteins and cytoplasmic constituents, mediated by lysosomes. Several studies have described that autophagy is decreased in conditions of obesity and NAFLD. On the other hand, it has been found that aerobic physical exercise increases the levels of autophagy. The objective of this project was to study the if chronic physical exercise regulates regulation of autophagy/lipophagy in the liver in mice with high fat diet-induced NAFLD. The hypothesis of this thesis is " 8-week chronic aerobic exercise reverses the decrease of lipophagy in high fat diet-induced fatty liver in mice." The animal model used was C57BL/6 mice. 36 mice were divided into two groups were subjected to a control diet (DC) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. After these 12 weeks, groups were sub-divided into 4 groups, DC (n = 9), and DC plus physical exercise (DCE, n = 9), HFD (n = 9), HFD plus physical exercise (HFDE, n = 9). The groups that performed physical exercise were subjected to a protocol of chronic physical exercise for 8 weeks, 5 times a week. The results showed that chronic aerobic physical exercise improves the aerobic physical condition of both control animals and those subjected to an HFD. The liver weight of mice subjected to a HFD plus exercise is lower compared to the HFD without exercise. It was found that physical exercise reduces liver damage measured by alanine aminotransferase and also improves glucose tolerance. The group subjected to physical exercise and HFD has a lower area of lipid droplets compared to the HFD group. Mice fed with HFD have a higher relationship between LC3II/LC3I, however, chronic exercise does not change this relationship. The lipophagy does not present differences between the different groups, finding similar results in all of them, so that physical exercise would not be inducing this process in the liver. The conclusions are that chronic aerobic exercise improves aerobic fitness, decreases liver weight, reduces liver damage, improves glucose tolerance and changes the morphology of intrahepatic lipids (and autophagy) in mice fed with HFD. In summary, chronic aerobic physical exercise improves metabolic aspects that favor the reduction of NAFLD, therefore, these results suggest that physical exercise can be of help in the treatment of hepatic steatosis.
Kassem, M. M.-E. « Feed intake and milk production in dairy cows with special reference to diets concerning grass and Lucerne silages with barley supplements ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234860.
Texte intégralOchoa, Yupanqui Diana Wesen. « Proporción de ácidos grasos omega 6 y omega 3 en dieta omnívora y vegetariana en adultos mayores pertenecientes a los clubes del distrito de Magdalena, Lima 2011 ». Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3632.
Texte intégralTesis
Orlandi, Tiago. « IMPACTO NUTRICIONAL DA INCLUSÃO DE EXTRATO TANÍFERO DE ACÁCIA NEGRA (Acacia mearnsii) NA DIETA DE OVINOS E VACAS EM LACTAÇÃO ». Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4382.
Texte intégralThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of tannin extract from Acacia mearnsii in the reduction of total and urinary nitrogen (N) excretion, in optimizing nutritional and productive performance of lactating cows grazing on temperate or tropical pastures, and also aimed to evaluate its effects on the digestive process, N excretion as well as the flow of metabolites through the portal system and liver of sheep fed temperate grass or tropical grass based diets. Four assays were carried out, two with sheep and two with lactating cows. In assay 1, six sheep were used in a crossover design for two 21-day periods to evaluate the intake, digestibility and N excretion. The diets were composed of Tifton hay 85 and concentrate either without the inclusion of tannin extract (control) or with the addition of 1% tannin extract (dry matter (DM) basis). In assay 3, five sheep were used in a crossover design for two 21-day periods to evaluate the intake, digestibility, N excretion and the flow of blood metabolites through the portal system and liver. The diets were a mixture of oats and ryegrass hay and concentrate either without the addition of tannin extract (control) or with the addition of 2% tannin extract. In assays 2 and 4 were used 14 lactating cows in each assay through a random block design. The experiments lasted for 49 days, and were divided into two periods. In the first 21 days all cows received, for standardization, the same diet and were later randomly assigned, within each block, one of the treatments. In experiment 2, cows were grazing on Tifton 85 pasture and supplemented with concentrate containing 1%, or not (control), of tannin extract. In experiment 4, the cows were kept in mixed oats and ryegrass pasture, and supplemented with concentrate either with the addition of 2% tannin extract or without (control) the addition of tannin extract. For the sheep assays were collected food, scraps, feces, urine and samples as well as arterial, liver and portal blood samples, for assay 3. For assays with cows were collected food scraps, feces, urine and milk samples as well as blood samples from the coccygeal vein. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the effect of treatment compared by F test using the SAS statistical program. P≤0.05 values were considered significant and 0.05
0.05). In assay 2 the tannin extract did not cause any changes (P>0.05) in consumption, and milk yield or composition, or the N use efficiency for synthesis of milk proteins, as well as in plasma urea concentrations. There was, however, an increase in N excretion via urine and hence reduction in the overall N use efficiency. In assay 3 there was a reduction (P≤0.05) of the true and apparent N digestibility and urea excretion by urine without affecting the parameters of intake, digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and synthesis of microbial rumen nitrogenous compounds. The N-urea concentrations in arterial, portal and hepatic blood samples reduced (P≤0.05) and hepatic glucose concentration tended to decrease (P=0.065) due to the intake of the tannin extract. However, there was a reduction in N-urea flow only in total visceral tissue (P=0.053), and neither concentrations nor the N-NH3 flow changed (P>0.05). In assay 4 the intake of tannins did not affect any milk yield and composition parameters, neither plasma concentrations of urea. It did, however, promote increase (P≤0.05) pasture intake and fecal N excretion and tended to decrease (P≤0.10) N excretion through urine without altering the N use efficiency. The inclusion of 2% tannin extract of Acacia mearnsii in the concentrate fed to dairy cows in the proportion of approximately 25% of the diet based on temperate grasses promotes increased fodder consumption and has the potential to reduce the environmental impact due to the reduction of urinary N excretion, without short term interference in milk yield and composition. Furthermore, based on the study with sheep, offer of up to 40% of concentrate in the diet promotes a more marked reduction in urinary N excretion and may have positive effects on the concentrations of urea in milk and plasma. In assays with tropical grass the inclusion of tannin in the diet did not show results that justify the use of this additive in the assessed dietary conditions.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial do uso dietético do extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii em reduzir a excreção de nitrogênio (N), melhorar a eficiência nutricional e o desempenho produtivo de vacas em lactação recebendo dietas à base de gramínea temperada ou gramínea tropical, e avaliar o seu efeito sobre os processos de digestão, excreção de N, e o fluxo de metabólitos através do sistema portal e fígado de ovinos recebendo dietas à base de feno de gramínea temperada ou gramínea tropical. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios com ovinos e dois ensaios com vacas em lactação. No ensaio 1, foram utilizados seis ovinos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema de reversão simples, em dois períodos de 21 dias, para avaliar o consumo, a digestibilidade e a excreção de N. As dietas foram constituídas de feno de Tifton 85 e concentrado sem inclusão de extrato tanífero ou adição de 1% de extrato tanífero (base MS). No ensaio 3, cinco ovinos foram utilizados em um DIC em esquema de reversão simples, em dois períodos de 21 dias, para avaliar o consumo, a digestibilidade, a excreção de N e o fluxo de metabólitos sanguíneos através do sistema portal e fígado. As dietas foram constituídas de feno misto de aveia e azevém e concentrado sem inclusão de extrato tanífero ou adição de 2% de extrato tanífero. Nos ensaios 2 e 4 foram utilizadas 14 vacas em lactação em cada um dos ensaios através de um delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os experimentos tiveram duração de 49 dias, divididos em dois períodos. Nos primeiros 21 dias todas as vacas receberam a mesma dieta para padronização e, posteriormente, foi atribuído aleatoriamente às vacas, dentro de cada bloco, um dos tratamentos. No experimento 2, as vacas foram mantidas em pastagem de Tifton 85 e suplementadas com concentrado contendo 1% ou não (controle) de extrato tanífero. No experimento 4, as vacas foram mantidas em pastagem mista de aveia e azevém, e suplementadas com concentrado contendo 2% ou não (controle) de extrato tanífero. Nos ensaios com ovinos foram coletadas amostras de alimentos, sobras, fezes, urina, e também amostras de sangue arterial, portal e hepático no ensaio 3. Nos ensaios com vacas foram coletadas amostras de alimentos, sobras, fezes, urina, leite e sangue através da veia coccígea. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e o efeito de tratamento comparado pelo teste F através do programa estatístico SAS. Valores de P≤0,05 foram considerados significativos e 0,05
0,05). No ensaio 2 o extrato tanífero não promoveu nenhuma alteração (P>0,05) no consumo, produção e composição do leite, eficiência de utilização do N para síntese das proteínas do leite, bem como nas concentrações de ureia plasmática. No entanto, houve aumento na excreção de N através da urina e, consequentemente, redução na eficiência de uso geral do N. No ensaio 3 houve redução (P≤0,05) das digestibilidades aparente e verdadeira do N e da excreção de ureia através da urina, sem afetar os parâmetros de consumo, digestibilidade da matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e síntese de compostos nitrogenados microbianos ruminais. As concentrações de N-ureia nas amostras de sangue arterial, portal e hepático reduziram (P≤0,05) e a concentração de glicose hepática tendeu a reduzir (P=0,065) devido à ingestão do extrato tanífero. Entretanto, houve redução no fluxo de N-ureia apenas nos tecidos viscerais totais (P=0,053) e, nem as concentrações, nem os fluxos de N-NH3 foram alterados (P>0,05). No ensaio 4 a ingestão de taninos pelos animais não afetou nenhum dos parâmetros de produção e composição do leite, assim como as concentrações plasmáticas de ureia. Entretanto, promoveu aumento (P≤0,05) no consumo de pasto e na excreção de N fecal pelos animais e tendeu a reduzir (P≤0,10) a excreção de N através da urina, sem alterar a eficiência de uso deste nutriente. A inclusão de 2% de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii no concentrado fornecido a vacas em lactação na proporção de aproximadamente 25% da dieta à base de gramíneas temperadas promove aumento do consumo de forragem e tem o potencial de reduzir o impacto ambiental pela menor proporção de N excretado através da urina, sem interferir na produção e composição do leite em curto prazo. Além disso, com base no estudo com ovinos, o fornecimento de até aproximadamente 40% deste concentrado na dieta promove uma redução mais acentuada na excreção de N urinário e pode apresentar reflexos positivos sobre as concentrações de ureia no leite e no plasma. Nos ensaios com gramínea tropical a inclusão de tanino na dieta não apresentou resultados que justificam o uso deste aditivo nas condições dietéticas avaliadas.
Serafini, Moacyr Antonio. « Níveis de proteína bruta em dietas de lambari tambiú dos 0,7 aos 4,8 gramas de peso ». Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2003. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/11190.
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Com objetivo de determinar os níveis de proteína bruta (PB) da dieta para alevinos de lambari tambiú (Astyanax bimaculatus), nome vulgar tambiú. Foram utilizados 1.000 alevinos com peso inicial de 0,70 ± 0,0046 g e 100 dias de idade, mantidos em 20 aquários de 600 litros, dotados de abastecimento de água individual e em ambiente de estufa plástica transparente. O experimento foi realizado segundo delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (25; 29; 33; 37 e 41 % de PB), quatro repetições e cinqüenta peixes por unidade experimental. Os peixes foram alimentados ad libitum em quatro refeições diárias, durante 60 dias. Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração aparente, a conversão alimentar aparente, a taxa de eficiência protéica, a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio, a umidade, proteína e gordura corporais e porcentagens de nitrogênio e de gordura no ganho de peso. Para a conversão alimentar aparente e para a porcentagem de nitrogênio no ganho de peso não houve efeito dos níveis de PB. Os demais parâmetros avaliados foram influenciados de forma linear ou quadrática em função dos níveis protéicos utilizados na dieta. Concluiu-se que a exigência de PB para o lambari tambiú é 37,8 % de PB, por proporcionar as melhores respostas em ganho de peso e gordura no ganho de peso.
One thousand fingerlings of lambari tambiú (Astyanax bimaculatus) with average initial weight of 0.70 ± 0.0046 g, placed in 20 aquaria (600 L) with water renewal and controlled temperature into plastic greenhouse, were used to determine crude protein (CP) requirements. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized design, with five treatments (25, 29, 33, 37 and 41 % CP), four replicates and fifty fishes per experimental unit. The fishes were fed ad libitum four times a day, during 60 days. Total weight gain, apparent diet consumption, apparent feed : gain ratio, protein efficiency rate, nitrogen retention rate, carcass humidity, protein and fat contents, nitrogen and fat percentage on weight gain were evaluated. For apparent feed conversion and for nitrogen percentage on weight gain, no effects of CP were observed. The all other evaluated parameters were influenced in a linear or quadratic way by protein levels. It was concluded that crude protein requirement for lambari tambiú xicorresponds to 37.8 %, since this level provides the best responses in weight gain, specific growth rate, and carcass fat composition.
Amaral, Glaucia Azevedo do. « Valor alimentar de dietas com azevém (lolium multiflorum, lam.) e suplementação nitrogenada ou energética ». Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10710.
Texte intégralThe present study was carried out to determine the effects of supplementing fresh ryegrass forage based diets with starch, rumen degradable or undegradable protein sources on intake, digestion and nitrogen retention, rumen digestibility and the duodenal nitrogen flow. Ten Corriedale lambs (26 kg mean body weight), kept in metabolic cages were used in a 5 x 5 Latin Square experimental design. Five lambs were previously fitted with permanent ruminal and duodenal cannulae. Treatments tested were: fresh ryegrass forage cut daily and feed without supplementation (AZ); or same forage supplemented with either cassava meal (FM); calcium caseinate (CA), corn gluten meal 21% CP (FMG 21) or corn gluten meal 60% CP (FGM 60). Feeding FGM 21, FGM 60 and CA increased (P<0.05) intake of total dry matter (DM) (P<0.05), organic matter (OM) and digestible organic matter. True digestibility of OM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility were similar between treatments, whereas CA and FM treatments increased DM and OM digestibilities. Nitrogen intake was higher (P<0.05) in lambs receiving nitrogen supplements, but microbial N synthesis and N retention was similar between treatments. Ruminal pH values and ammonia N concentration varied in a cubic (P<0.05) way wit time after feeding. Duodenal flux of amino acids was higher (P<0.05) for lambs consuming the FGM 60 supplement. All supplements increased (P<0.05) apparent and true OM ruminal digestibility. The efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis decreased (P<0.05) in animals fed FGM 21, CA or FM supplements. In conclusion all supplements increased intake of MOD, but only supplement containing rumen undegradable protein increased the amino acids to lambs fed with ryegrass.
Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar se e em que grau a oferta suplementar de amido ou proteína degradável no rúmen, assim como de proteína não degradável, afetam o consumo, os processos de digestão, a retenção de nitrogênio, a digestibilidade ruminal e o fluxo duodenal das frações nitrogenadas em ovinos alimentados com azevém (Lolium multiflorum, Lam) à vontade. Foram utilizados dez cordeiros castrados Corriedale (PV médio de 26 kg), mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo em um delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino 5 x 5. Cinco destes animais foram implantados com sondas permanentes no rúmen e com cânulas duodenais. As dietas experimentais utilizadas foram azevém sem suplementação (AZ) ou azevém mais farinha de mandioca (FM), caseinato de cálcio (CA), farelo de glúten de milho 21% PB (FGM 21) ou farelo de glúten de milho 60% PB (FGM 60). A suplementação com FGM 21, FGM 60 e CA aumentou (P<0,05) consumo total de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e MO digestível. As suplementações com CA e FM melhoraram (P<0,05) a digestibilidade aparente da MS e MO, no entanto, a digestibilidade verdadeira total da MO e a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) foram similares entre os tratamentos. O consumo de nitrogênio (N) foi superior (P<0,05) pelos cordeiros que receberam suplementação nitrogenada. A síntese de N microbiano, assim como a retenção de N foram similares entre os tratamentos. Os valores de pH ruminal e concentração de Namoniacal no fluído ruminal variaram cubicamente (P<0,05) ao longo do tempo após a alimentação. O fluxo duodenal de aminoácidos foi superior (P<0,05) nos cordeiros suplementados com FGM 60. A suplementação aumentou (P<0,05) a digestibilidade ruminal aparente e verdadeira da MO. A eficiência de síntese de nitrogênio microbiano diminuiu (P<0,05) nos cordeiros suplementados com FGM 21, CA e FM. Em conclusão, todos os suplementos aumentaram o consumo de MOD, mas somente o suplemento caracterizado por ter proteína de baixa degradabilidade aumentou a oferta de aminoácidos aos animais alimentados com azevém.
Martínez, Haaker Marisa Elisa, et Valdivia Mariana Francesca Matallana. « Efecto de dietas con distinto contenido de fibra en el peso y grasa corporal en ratones BALB/c inducidos a obesidad ». Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/301567.
Texte intégralIntroducción: La fibra es un tipo de carbohidrato resistente a la digestión y absorción en el intestino delgado, que se fermenta parcial o completamente en el intestino grueso. A ella se le atribuyen efectos fisiológicos beneficiosos, tales como el efecto laxante, la atenuación de colesterol en la sangre y la regulación de la glucosa sanguínea, entre otros. En consecuencia, consideramos que su uso podría ser de utilidad en el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, cuyas prevalencias han aumentado de manera significativa en los últimos años, con un incremento consecuente del porcentaje de grasa corporal. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de dietas con distinto contenido de fibra en peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal y peso de las heces en ratones de la cepa BALB/c inducidos a obesidad. Diseño: Estudio experimental. Métodos: Se estudió 24 ratones machos de la cepa BALB/c inducidos a obesidad, de una edad de 11 semanas. Los ratones fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en 4 grupos de 6 cada uno y se les administró alimentos con distintas cantidades de fibra dietaria (FD) durante 4 semanas. Diariamente se evaluó el peso corporal, el peso de las heces y la cantidad de alimento ingerido. Una vez transcurridas las 4 semanas, se prosiguió a sacrificar a los ratones para medir el porcentaje de grasa corporal mediante un análisis de carcasa. Resultados: Se observó un menor incremento de peso en los grupos de ratones que ingirieron mayor cantidad de fibra dietaria, aunque esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p-valor = 0,363). Además, se observó mayor peso de heces en los grupos que consumieron mayor cantidad de fibra (p-valor = 0,004). La diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p-valor < 0,001) entre el grupo Baja FD y los demás, así como entre el grupo Normal FD y Muy Alta FD. En cuanto a los porcentajes de grasa corporal, no se observó un patrón específico de disminución. Conclusión: la ingesta de fibra dietaria tiene efectos beneficiosos, en el peso corporal y peso de heces de ratones BALB/c inducidos a obesidad. A mayor ingesta de fibra dietaria se presenta un menor aumento del peso corporal y un aumento en el volumen de las heces. Se determinó un contenido máximo beneficioso de fibra en la dieta (4,52%), al no encontrarse diferencia significativa entre las medias del peso corporal y peso de las heces de los ratones del grupo Alta FD y Muy Alta FD. No se encontró relación entre el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la ingesta de fibra.
Tesis
Mas, i. Reixach Gemma. « Efecte d’una dieta rica en àcids grassos monoinsaturats sobre el creixement, la qualitat de canal i carn i en el perfil d’àcids grassos en porcí ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286169.
Texte intégralAs a result of the increased interest of the consumers for healthier and more nutritious pork products, much research with pork fat modification has been done using diets containing different fat sources, including diets with high monounsaturated fats (MUFA). One hundred and ninety-two animals from two sexes (barrows and gilts) and two genotypes (Pietrain-sired and York-sired crosses) were fed a grain and soy diet (CONTROL, with 28% C18:1) or a similar diet enriched with oleic acid (HO, with 43% C18:1, Greedy-Grass OLIVA®). The animals were weighed and backfat and loin muscle depth were measured every three weeks and meat, carcass and pork fatty acid profile were evaluated. The results showed that the use of a HO diet had no effect on the growth parameters nor on the backfat and loin muscle depth measurements taken. Therefore, pooled data of both diets were used to estimate the growing potential of each sex and genotype using a Gompertz function. Pietrain-sired barrows presented a higher potential for lean tissue gain. Pietrain-sired gilts resulted in the lowest values for protein and fat deposition. York crosses resulted in higher fat content and lower lean gain than Pietrain crosses, with barrows and gilts showing similar growth for fat and lean. The use of a diet high in MUFA had no effect on primal cut yields, composition of major primal cuts, and carcass and meat quality characteristics on any genotype. However, significant differences were seen between sexes, with females showing carcasses and main joints with higher lean and lower fat content than barrows. In Pietrain-sired pigs the fatty acid composition of the diet had significant effects on tissue fatty acid composition of both intramuscular and subcutaneous fat, and HO fed pigs had higher percentage of C18:1 and MUFA compared with CONTROL animals. In York-sired animals, intramuscular fatty acid composition was similar for both dietary treatments. However, in both genotypes subcutaneous fat from HO fed pigs had higher percentage of C18:1 and MUFA compared with CONTROL fed animals. The results of the present study suggest that diets high in MUFA content can modify the fatty acid profile of pork meat without adversely affecting productivity.
Ettcheto, Arriola Miren. « Efecto del síndrome metabólico provocado por una dieta rica en grasa en ratones APPswe/PS1dE9, modelo experimental de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, y posibles terapias farmacológicas ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565535.
Texte intégralAlzheimer´s disease (AD) is most common form of dementia which is considered as the epidemic of XXI century. Several studies have demonstrated the link between AD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in fact, epidemiological studies have suggested that people suffering from AD have more prevalence to develop T2DM and vice versa. The lack of early biomarkers for the diagnosis of this neurogenerative disease makes its prevention and treatment less effective. Therefore, the aim of this first study has been to detect early changes in a presymptomatic APPswe/PS1dE9 familial AD mouse model at 3 months of age fed with high fat diet (HFD). Our results demonstrated the IDE, ADAM10 and PGC1alpha together with NMDA2B receptor are involved in the increase of insoluble beta1-40 and beta1-42 and soluble beta1-40, favoring the early neuropathology of AD. In addition, it has been published that antiinflamatory chronic treatments prevent the development of AD, however, the main adverse effect is its gastric toxicity. Our study has focused on the effect of dexibuprofen, the active enantiomer or ibuprofen, in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice at 6 months old after a chronic treatment. The observed results showed that the reduction of glial activation caused by dexibuprofen intake, decrease the TAU phosphorylation through c-ABL/CABLES/pCDK5 and insulin pathway. Moreover, BACE1 protein level was decreased in treated animals dealing to reduction of beta amyloid deposits and, therefore, improvement of cognitive decline. Finally, the link between T2DM and AD has been widely described, however, the mechanism which connect both pathologies remains unclear. Memantine is an antagonist of NMDA receptor used nowadays as treatment for AD. The objective of this last study has been to clarify the effects of MEM in a mixed, T2DM and AD, mice model in APPswe/PS1dE9 fed with high fat diet at 6 months old. Our results demonstrated that MEM improves the peripheral parameters, likewise the neuroinflammation, Beta amyloid plaque deposition, memory decline and insulin resistance in the hippocampus. In addition, MEM activated insulin pathway in the liver. Therefore, the use of this drug could be a possible therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders such as T2DM.
Caquilpan, Parra José Miguel. « Efecto de la composición en ácidos grasos de la dieta, sobre el contenido de ácidos grasos w-3 y w-6 en el filete de trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112280.
Texte intégralNo disponible a texto completo
El objetivo general de este ensayo fue evaluar el efecto de la modificación de la composición en ácidos grasos de la dieta, sobre el contenido de ácidos grasos ω-3 eicosapentaenoico (EPA), docosahexaenoico (DHA), ácidos grasos ω-6 Linoleico y Araquidónico; comportamiento productivo y características de calidad de canal, en trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Para modificar la composición en ácidos grasos de la dieta el aceite de soja, que es la principal fuente de grasas vegetales en las dietas comerciales actuales, fue reemplazado parcialmente por aceite de lino. Los peces con un peso vivo promedio inicial de 1126 g fueron alimentados por 10 semanas, mientras permanecían en 6 balsas-jaula en condiciones comerciales. Los peces fueron muestreados al azar cada 5 semanas para medir peso vivo, longitud horquilla, peso canal, peso vísceras, peso hígado y se identificó el sexo. Al mismo tiempo, se tomaron 9 filetes por cada tratamiento los que se mantuvieron congelados a -20°C hasta su análisis. El incremento de ácido α-linolénico en la dieta, resultó en un incremento significativo (P<0,05) de este ácido graso en el filete (0,74 vs. 0,60 control); sin embargo, no se observó diferencias significativas (P>0,05) en el contenido de EPA (0,41 vs. 0,43 control) ni DHA (0,49 vs. 0,55 control). Existió un menor contenido (P<0,05) de ácido linoleico en los filetes del grupo control (4,44 vs. 5,00 control), valores expresados como g de cada ácido graso en 100 g de filete Se concluye que la adición de un 20 % de aceite de lino en reemplazo de aceite de soja en la dieta de trucha arcoíris, disminuye significativamente el contenido de ácido linoleico y aumenta significativamente el contenido de ácido α-linolénico en el filete luego de 10 semanas de alimentación; determinando una mayor relación ω-3/ω-6 (P<0,05) en el grupo con aceite de lino (0,44±0,06 vs 0,37±0,05), sin modificar significativamente el contenido de EPA y DHA.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of changing the proportions of dietary fatty acids ω-3 EPA, DHA and ω-6 linoleic, arachidonic acid over rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fatty acid profile, productive performance and fillet composition. Soybean oil, the main source of vegetable fat in current commercial diets, was partially replaced for linseed oil to modify the fatty acid profile of the diet. Fish were kept in sea-cages and reared under regular commercial conditions; initial fish live weight was 1126 g and the experimental diets were supplied during 10 weeks. Fish samples were randomly taken from each cage every 5 weeks to measure live weight, fork length, carcass weight, guts and liver weight, sex was identified, at the same time 9 fish fillets were collected and frozen (-20ºC) until further analysis. The increase in dietary α-linolenic acid generated a significant (p<0.05) elevation of this fatty acid in fish fillet (0.74 vs 0.60); however, EPA and DHA levels were not affected by treatment and showed similar values when compared to the control (0.41 vs. 0.43 and 0.49 vs. 0.55). A minor contents (P < 0.05) of linoleic acid in the fillet existed of the control (4.44 vs. 5.00 control), when expressed as grams of fatty acid per 100 grams of fillet. In conclusion, replacing 20% soybean oil by linseed oil in rainbow trout diet, significantly decreased linolenic acid and significantly increased α-linolenic acid concentrations in fish fillets after 10 weeks of feeding; determining a higher ω-3 / ω-6 proportion in the fillet of fish fed linseed oil (0,44±0,06 vs 0,37±0,05), with no significant effect on EPA and DHA content.
Bibiloni, Esteva Maria del Mar. « Estudi de la prevalença de l'obesitat juvenil a les illes Balears ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84114.
Texte intégralRodríguez, Montes de Oca Zurisadai. « Efecto de la administración conjunta de Bacillus coagulans y Lactobacillus rhamnosus en los niveles de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en ratones alimentados con dieta alta en grasa ». Thesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2013. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lcn/rodriguez_m_z/.
Texte intégralRodríguez, Tadeo Alejandra. « Aceptación sensorial de alimentos ofertados en comedores escolares con servicio de catering y hábitos alimentarios asociados al estilo de dieta mediterránea de la ciudad de Murcia ». Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277357.
Texte intégralIn the last decade have been conducted to determine the status of the menus and other aspects related to food habits schooled children. However, little is known about the sensory acceptance of those dishes and their impact on consumption and / or waste. Not has explored the presence of food neophobia in this population even when previous evidence in other countries indicate that may adversely affect the acceptance especially healthy food, The experimental design and implementation of hedonic consumer panel testing children for assessing the acceptability of the menus offered in real conditions of consumption of food in the cafeteria was performed. Further surveys of preferences and eating habits, environmental aspects were applied for the food and nutritional analysis of menus using heavy food. Registration of individual residues of food was also performed and a tool for visual assessment of the same real environment cafeteria was tested. Also, the presence of food neophobia and the level of acceptance of food in the dining room and regularly in the household was determined. Finally, we explored in an experimental test of emotional reactions associated with the presentation of 5 vegetables (lettuce, tomato, carrot, cucumber and pepper). Facial expressions of six basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear and disgust) and neutral, were identified. Besides physiological response variables of the autonomic nervous system associated with emotions such as electrodermal activity and heart rate were measured. The results indicated that the 7-point hedonic scale to appreciate differences similar to other studies of European countries old. Also older children (≥ 8 years) are more critical in assessing food especially the first and second courses. Furthermore, the sensory evaluation of food offered in the cafeteria is adequate to identify food preferences of service users, however does not predict the consumed amount of vegetables and fruits. Lot of waste food especially salads and fruits were identified. The menus were, with few exceptions, qualitatively correct and could be improved with simple recommendations, because they meet most standards. However, in some menus the portions consumed is below served with this affecting the supply of energy and nutrients. In addition to the acceptance of food depends on the type of menu and main courses are better valued than the starters. An important finding was that hedonic ratings predicted the amount consumed of some dishes, especially salads, since there is a direct relation to waste. Unfortunately, hedonic ratings did not predict the amount consumed in food well accepted as fruit and bread. The proven 4-scale visual cut-points, is reliable tool to measure acceptance indirectly, especially healthy foods, salads, vegetables and fish. Another important finding was the prevalence of food neophobia than 16% with no differences between gender, school year, parental origin, usage time dining and nutritional status. The data indicate no association of food neophobia was found in hedonic ratings of salads and fruits offered during a school week in the cafeteria, or on salad consumption. Even if it seems to affect food preferences, especially healthy foods like fruits, vegetables and legumes. The fourth experience was identified that to visual stimuli and real vegetables, users provide similar ratings, which may favor surveys applications this way. During this phase it was found that facial expressions of emotional reactions may be more useful in the characterization of distaste of pleasure in vegetables. Although no significant differences were found, it was observed that users with some degree of neophobia worst evaluated 5 vegetables offered. The presence of some degree of neophobia seems not to affect physiological measures such as heart rate and electrodermal activity. Further studies are required to understand the emotional reactions in the consumption of other foods, especially those considered unpleasant. We believe it is an innovative tool that can be useful for identifying other food aversions in order to boost consumption, and improve adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern.
Lavery, Noel Patrick. « A comparison of grazed and conserved grass and concentrate diets in terms of the performance and carcass composition of beef cattle and lambs ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268180.
Texte intégralAcaro, Chuquicaña Fidel Ernesto. « Efecto erectógeno del extracto etanólico de las raíces de Corynaea crassa (“Viagra macho”) más selenio en la disfunción sexual inducida por dieta alta en grasas saturadas en ratas machos ». Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/16718.
Texte intégralLombardi, Francesca. « Studio del profilo acilico di due specie ittiche allevate con diete innovative e sottoposte a trattamenti tecnologici non termici ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
Trouver le texte intégralRobson, Alice Evelyn. « The effects of protein supplementation and forage to concentrate ratio on the performance and carcass composition of beef heifers offered grass silage-based diets ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336121.
Texte intégralGALEANO, DIAZ JOHANA PAOLA. « COMPORTAMIENTO PRODUCTIVO, CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA CANAL Y CALIDAD DE CARNE DE CONEJOS ALIMENTADOS CON DIETAS ADICIONADAS CON PASTA DE AGUACATE DE DESECHO ». Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/109200.
Texte intégralBou, Novensà Ricard. « Modificació del valor nutritiu, l'estabilitat oxidativa i la qualitat sensorial de la carn de pollastre mitjançant la dieta ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2426.
Texte intégralDe l'estudi de diferents dosis d'oli de peix afegides als pinsos durant tot el cicle productiu, s'estableix que afegint 1.25% d'oli de peix s'aconsegueix una carn amb un contingut en àcids grassos de la sèrie n-3 interessant per la nutrició humana. Per altra banda, l'addició d'acetat d'alfa-tocoferol a la dieta, provoca que també tingui una bona estabilitat oxidativa i que sigui acceptada pels consumidors.
La substitució de l'oli de peix per altres fonts lipídiques (greix animal o oli de llinosa) durant els darrers dies de vida del cicle productiu de l'animal també afecta a la composició d'àcids grassos de la carn. Així doncs, les carns de pollastres alimentats amb oli de llinosa tenen nivells comparativament més alts en àcid linolènic i en el total d'àcids grassos de la sèrie n-3 que no pas els que han rebut oli de peix. Per contra, l'addició de greix animal en el pinsos provoca carns amb un major contingut en àcids grassos monoinsaturats si bé el contingut en àcid eicosapentaenoic i docosahexaenoic és similar a les carns de pollastres que només han rebut oli de peix.
Per altra banda els productes carnis són també una font important en elements minerals algun dels quals poden ser interessants per certs col·lectius de persones. Per aquesta raó, es va estudiar la suplementació en la dieta de l'animal amb selenit. Aquest suplement no va provocar un augment en el contingut d'aquest element en la carn de pollastre. Per contra, la suplementació amb formes orgàniques de Se si que va provocar un augment en el contingut de Se en la carn. Tanmateix, cap de les dues suplementacions provoca canvis en el contingut dels altres elements estudiats: Zn, Fe i Cu. Tampoc es van observar diferències sobre la estabilitat oxidativa o la qualitat sensorial d'aquestes carns.
Paral·lelament, es va estudiar la suplementació de la dieta en Zn la qual cosa no va provocar un augment en el contingut de Zn, Fe i Cu en la carn de pollastre. Tanmateix, el contingut Se en carn va augmentar en augmentar el suplement de Zn. Aquest augment en el contingut de Se no va afectar a l'estabilitat oxidativa ni a la qualitat sensorial de producte.
Per a la determinació de Fe, Zn, Se i Cu tant en carn de pollastre com en els seus pinsos es va validar un mètode analític que permet la completa mineralització de les mostres i evitar les pèrdues del Se per volatilització.
Finalment, es van estudiar els efectes que podien tenir en la composició, l'estabilitat oxidativa i la qualitat sensorial l'addició de greixos oxidats en la dieta. Per a avaluar els seus efectes es va assajar un oli amb un elevat contingut de compostos d'oxidació primària i dos olis amb diferent contingut de compostos d'oxidació secundària. L'addició d'olis oxidats, en les condicions assajades, no va presentar cap efecte en les variables d'oxidació controlades. En canvi, l'addició d'acetat d'alfa-tocoferol va provocar un increment de l'estabilitat oxidativa i una disminució de les puntuacions sensorials de la ranciesa.
ENGLISH ASTRACT: One of the goals of food scientist is to increase the nutritional value of foods without compromising sensory quality. In this regard, chicken meat can be increased in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, these fatty acids are very prone to oxidation, and, consequently may produce off-tastes and off-odours.
This work shows several dietary strategies to achieve enriched meat in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids without compromising oxidative stability and consumer acceptability. In relation to this, broilers fed 1.25% of fish oil and 70 mg/kg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate led to meat with an increased content in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as meat with good oxidative stability and accepted by consumers. Moreover, the replacement of dietary fish oil for linseed oil or animal fat 5 days before slaughter modified the fatty acid composition. Animals fed this linseed oil replacement led to meat with the highest content in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids whereas animals fed the animal fat replacement led to meat with similar amount in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexanoic acid to those fed fish oil throughout the period.
Little attention has been devoted to mineral enrichment. In this regard, we studied the effect of Zn and Se dietary supplements on the composition, oxidative stability and sensory quality of chicken meat. The inorganic Se supplement did not increase this element content in chicken meat. However, organic Se and Zn supplementation provoked an increased Se content. On the contrary, Fe, Zn and Cu content were not affected by any of the dietary factors. In addition, neither Zn supplements nor Se supplements affect chicken meat stability or sensory quality.
In relation to elements determination, a mineralization procedure was validated for determining Fe, Zn, Se and Cu in chicken meat and feed samples. This procedure avoids Se volatilization losses.
Finally, this work also dealt with the effects of feeding different types of oxidized oils on nutritional value, oxidative stability and sensory quality. There were not significant differences in sensory quality or meat oxidation variables from chickens fed oxidized oils. However, alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation led to meat with an increased oxidative stability and a decreased rancidity.
Duran, Montgé Pere. « Efectes de la composició d'àcids grassos de la dieta sobre la deposició de greix i àcids grassos en el porc ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8667.
Texte intégralSetanta femelles foren alimentades una de la les set dietes: una dieta sense greix i sis dietes amb un contingut de greix del 10%. Els greixos utilitzats foren sèu vacu, oli de gira-sol alt oleic, oli de gira-sol, oli de llinosa, mescla i una dieta amb oli de peix.
El contingut en greix de la canal dels animals alimentats amb oli de gira-sol alt oleic (26.7%) i oli de gira-sol (26.7%) fou superior al dels animals alimentats amb sèu (22.9%). Igualment, els animals alimentats amb sèu tingueren un menor contingut en greix dissecat i greix dorsal. En paral·lel, l'expressió dels enzims lipogènics i els continguts en hormones tiroidees foren inferiors en els animals alimentats amb sèu.
The objectives of this thesis were to study the effect of dietary fat composition on whole-pig fat and fatty acid composition related pig lipid metabolism.
Seventy gilts were divided in 10 animals per treatment. Pigs were fed one of seven treatments: a diet with a very low level of fat and six fat supplemented diets (10%). The supplemental fats were tallow, high-oleic sunflower oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, blend (tallow, sunflower oil, linseed oil) and fish oil blend (FO) (fish oil, linseed oil).
Whole-body fat content of high-oleic sunflower oil (26.7%) and sunflower oil (26.7%) fed animals was higher than tallow (22.9%) fed animals. This is in parallel with the observation that fat tissue dissection and fat depth were numerically lower in animals fed tallow compared to other diets. Gene expression of lipogenic enzymes also showed reduced expression and reduced triiodothyronine contents in blood in pigs fed tallow.
MARIN, MENDOZA PERLA MABEL 652458, et MENDOZA PERLA MABEL MARIN. « Efecto de la adición de cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L) en la dieta de conejos sobre la oxidación de la grasa y proteína durante la vida de anaquel de la carne ». Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/65156.
Texte intégralMarín, Mendoza Perla Mabel 652458, et Mendoza Perla Mabel Marín. « “Efecto de la adición de cilantro (coriandrum sativum l) en la dieta de conejos sobre la oxidación de la grasa y proteína durante la vida de anaquel de la carne” ». Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, UAEM, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67719.
Texte intégralEl cilantro contiene polifenoles, flavonoides y β-carotenos responsables de su actividad antioxidante. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de extracto acuoso de cilantro (EAC) sobre la oxidación de grasa y proteína de la carne durante la vida de anaquel. El experimento consto de 3 etapas (evaluación del extracto (cuantificación de fenoles y ensayo in vitro), fase productiva y la evaluación de oxidación de grasa y proteína de la carne). El extracto acuoso se elaboró a razón 1:8 de hoja de cilantro y agua potable. Se engordaron 84 conejos de 5 semanas de edad y con un peso de 1±0.2 kg, utilizando un diseño completamente aleatorio para las tres etapas, donde la variable de estudio fueron los tratamientos Testigo, T1 (0.6 mL EAC) y T2 (1.2 mL EAC) y las variables respuesta fueron para el productivo: ganancia diaria de peso, consumo de alimento y eficiencia alimenticia, para el físico: temperatura, pH y color y para la oxidación de grasa y proteína: las sustancias reactivas con el ácido tiobarbitúrico y la formación de carbonilos respectivamente. Al encontrarse diferencias significativas se aplicó una prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey al 5% (P≤0.5). La adición de EAC no influyó en los parámetros productivos, características de la canal y características físicas (P≤0.05). El EAC no disminuyó la oxidación lipídica de la carne (P≤0.05), en comparación con la oxidación de proteína donde sí se retardo el proceso de oxidación (P≤0.01), a favor de la dosis más alta. Los resultados sugieren que la adición de 1.2 mL de EAC en la dieta de conejos en finalización no afecta los parámetros productivos y la calidad de la carne y contribuye a incrementar la vida de anaquel al disminuir la oxidación proteica.
Sebastián, Ponce Miren Itxaso. « Intervenciones poblacionales relacionadas con el etiquetado y rotulación de los alimentos respecto a su composición nutricional ». Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/47229.
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