Articles de revues : « Development economics – Pacific Area »

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Arapova, E. « Integration Potential of Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific ». World Economy and International Relations 60, n^o 1 (2016) : 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-1-68-81.

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During the 2014 APEC summit the participating countries agreed to move towards a region-wide economic integration and approved China-backed roadmap to promote the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP). The paper examines prospects for economic integration in the Asia-Pacific in the framework of 21 APEC participating members. It aims to measure the “integration potential” of the FTAAP on the basis of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the actual statistic data, to explore key obstacles hampering economic integration in the region. The research comes from the theory of convergence and concept of proximity. They suppose that the higher is the degree of homogeneity in economic development and regulatory regimes of the integrating countries the higher is their “integration potential”. The objective of the author’s analysis is to measure the “integration potential” of APEC countries in four directions: trade liberalization, free movement of investments, monetary and banking integration, free division of labor. Initial estimates of the FTAAP prospects base on the merchandize trade complementarity indices and coefficients of variation analysis. Besides, the research uses hierarchical cluster analysis that helps to classify countries in different groups according to similarity of their economic typologies. This methodology allows to reveal the favorable algorithm of regional economic integration in the framework of the “hybrid approach” (or “open regionalism” adopted for APEC countries in 1989) which encourages the countries to enter into free trade agreements on a bilateral basis or to make offers to the APEC membership as a whole. Final conclusions are based on the results of authors’ calculations with consideration for contemporary trends of the member countries’ economic development and long-term strategies of economic growth. Acknowledgements. The research was supported by the Russian Fund for Humanities, project no. 15-07-00026 “East Asian regionalism in the context of diversifi cation of economic growth model”.

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Minakir, Pavel, et Oleg Renzin. « Economic Science and Regional Economic Development : The Russian Far East ». Spatial Economics 17, n^o 3 (2021) : 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2021.3.007-037.

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In this paper we review the interconnection between the economic colonization and development of the Russian Far East from one hand and the formation of the system economic researches in the region from the others. The authors make accent on the construction of regional economic researches’ organizing structure and coordination. The organization and development of the Economic Research Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is reviewing as an important stage of the scientific architecture for the Far Eastern region’ construction. The article is describing, that scientists and specialists of the Economic Research Institute carried out a long-term theoretical and empirical researches in analysis, modeling and forecasting of spatial processes in economic systems. The creation a new academic economic institute in the Russian Far East in the 1970-s made it possible to solve a number of major issues on the national level. First, to provide highly qualified research support for the development and implementation of large regional economic programs. Second, to develop new areas of national science, including the creation of a scientific school for the study of spatial economics. Third, to create an intellectual platform for international cooperation between researchers from the Pacific Russia and the expert community in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Currently, the most important area of the institute’s activities is the restoration of the regional scientific and economic infrastructure, through building the system of ‘new integration’ by combining educational and surviving academic and project organizations in the Far East on the principle of a distributed spatial network

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Srisangnam, Piti, Chayodom Sabhasri, Surat Horachaikul, Jirayudh Sinthuphan4and et Jittichai Rudjanakanoknad. « Development of BIMSTEC Free Trade Area for Thailand in Indo-Pacific ». Journal of Asian Economic Integration 2, n^o 2 (18 août 2020) : 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684620945192.

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To develop a policy for creation of economic value and utilise the development of Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) free trade area for Thailand, two research tools are adopted in this article. The first one is based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, adopted as a tool to explore quantitative impacts from the implementation of free trade area. Due to the limitations of the model, however, we have adopted a complementing qualitative analytical framework to ensure that the research must be as comprehensive as possible in every aspect. The qualitative analytical framework chosen in this article is called PEST analysis. Having completed field research, in-depth interviews, focus group meetings and model studies, this article concludes that BIMSTEC is a large-scale market with high purchasing power and growth rate as well as a great source of vast natural and human resources. It is situated not far from Thailand, and at the same time, its social and cultural conditions are very close to those of Thailand’s. It concludes that a stronger BIMSTEC is an essential foundation of Indo-Pacific. JEL Codes: F13, F 15

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Chen, Min. « The Research on The Evolution of Asia-pacific Regional Economic Integration and Countermeasures ». E3S Web of Conferences 218 (2020) : 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021804017.

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The Asia-pacific region is the area with vast development accompanied by subtle evolution worldwide under frequently changeable global economic circumstance. The development of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in this area is most complicated and comprehensive. The interactive influence of economic growth and trade liberalization, and of the combination and differentiation, has grandly contributed the development of RTAs in the process of regional integration in this area, which has formed the strong driving force of the regional economic integration. On the basis of characteristics of the evolution in the course of Asia-pacific regional economic integration, this paper has analyzed the driving mechanism of the integration evolution and future development direction, then put forward some corresponding countermeasures.

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Larin, V. « Strategic Priorities of Pacific Russia's Development ». World Economy and International Relations, n^o 6 (2015) : 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-6-18-27.

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The article aims to put forward new approaches to encouraging the development of Russia's Eastern regions. Firstly, the author describes Pacific Russia as a specific social and economic territory. He insists that in its strategic planning the government has to take into account not only the region’s vast territory and unfavorable climate, but its economic and social orientation towards Asia-Pacific region. Secondly, the author analyzes underlying causes of previous failures to speed up Pacific Russia’s development. Two factors have stimulated policy towards Russia Pacific: the desire to strengthen Moscow’s control over this region and to ensure Russia presence in the APR. Infrastructure improvement, increase of local population, and a stronger binding of this region to European center were the three main pillars of this policy. Traditional instruments such as administrative and political resources and program-oriented planning have been used. The Kremlin actions to implement its goals have yielded some positive results, especially in the field of Russia’s advance into the Asia-Pacific and its trade with Northeast Asian countries. However, the efficiency of politico-administrative and intellectual efforts was extremely low, and the purpose to make the Far East a Russia’s steady foothold in the Asia Pacific region has not been achieved. Finally, the author claims that from the standpoint of Russia's national interests the development of Pacific Russia region is preferably a strategic rather than an economic project. If Moscow really intends to convert this chronically problematic region into a successful one it has to give up to perceive the region as an appendage of European motherland and to rethink the ideology of its development. Author calls to abandon the idea of socio-economic development of the whole territory of the Far East and to prefer a “zonal development model” with the stress on strategic goals, individual policies for each zone and anthropocentric approach to regional development. Zonal development is based on the recognition of unique functions performed by different territories of Pacific Russia, so these areas should become the subjects of a differentiated policy. Anthropocentric approach means preferential federal investment into human capital, as well as special attention to the local people interests and potential as the resources of Russian policy in the APR. Acknowledgements. The article has been supported by a grant of Russian Science Foundation, project № 14-18-00161 “Far Eastern Resource of Russia’s Integration into APR: experience and potential of regional and border interaction”.

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Miroshnikova, Yulia. « International agreements in the area of tourism ». Economica 7, n^o 3 (6 août 2020) : 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2014/7/3/4432.

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It is not a secret that tourism plays an important role in the development of not just any specific country but the global economy in general. It also promotes urban development in such sensitive areas as coasts and islands, increased water consumption and waste production, fragmentation of habitats and loss of biological diversity. Tourism industry is also one of the reasons behind higher demand for transportation, particularly those types that damage the environment most – personal vehicles and aircraft. “In 2005 in Europe, about 59% of the tourists arrived to their destination by car, 34% by airplane”. According to UNWTO International Tourism Barometer, the international tourism was growing at the rate of 5% in the first nine months of 2013. The key driving force behind this growth is Europe (mainly Central and Eastern Europe) and Asia-Pacific region. Thus, tourism, while playing a truly significant role in the global economy, at the same time causes major damage to the environment. Hence the urgent need to eliminate negative consequences of tourism activities. This can be done by promptly regulating the activities of agents in this area. However, due to the global value of tourism, this process requires not just the local regulators getting involved, but joint effort by many countries. Therefore, international agreements between countries as the primary regulators of tourism activities are becoming increasingly important.

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Miroshnikova, Yulia. « International agreements in the area of tourism ». Economica 7, n^o 3 (6 août 2020) : 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2014/7/3/4432.

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It is not a secret that tourism plays an important role in the development of not just any specific country but the global economy in general. It also promotes urban development in such sensitive areas as coasts and islands, increased water consumption and waste production, fragmentation of habitats and loss of biological diversity. Tourism industry is also one of the reasons behind higher demand for transportation, particularly those types that damage the environment most – personal vehicles and aircraft. “In 2005 in Europe, about 59% of the tourists arrived to their destination by car, 34% by airplane”. According to UNWTO International Tourism Barometer, the international tourism was growing at the rate of 5% in the first nine months of 2013. The key driving force behind this growth is Europe (mainly Central and Eastern Europe) and Asia-Pacific region. Thus, tourism, while playing a truly significant role in the global economy, at the same time causes major damage to the environment. Hence the urgent need to eliminate negative consequences of tourism activities. This can be done by promptly regulating the activities of agents in this area. However, due to the global value of tourism, this process requires not just the local regulators getting involved, but joint effort by many countries. Therefore, international agreements between countries as the primary regulators of tourism activities are becoming increasingly important.

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Strel’tsov, V. « Japan : Course Towards Joining to Trans-Pacific Community ». World Economy and International Relations, n^o 12 (2012) : 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-12-70-77.

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Currently, ten countries are negotiating the membership in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP). After joining of Japan (Japan is the third-largest economy of Asia-Pacific region after USA and China) the TTP will acquire a qualitatively new status while becoming a full-fledged prototype of a Pacific free trade area. As a result, such a zone could cover a wider range of countries on both sides of the Pacific Ocean. From this point of view, Japan’s participation certainly will mark a qualitative leap in the TPPs evolution, namely a transfer from the status of a peripheral economic block into a structure of global importance. Participation of Japan (which is an economic heavyweight) in the TTP will give a new impetus to the development of the world economy. Also, it will be an important step in coping with the aftermaths of the global financial and economic crisis. A happy end story, i.e. the creation of an effective framework for economic integration in the Asia-Pacific region, would have a considerable positive impact on the integration processes in Europe, where the acute debt crisis has put under question the viability of the European integration model.

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Li, Meng, Yifan Zhang, Ziyu Fan et Hao Chen. « Evaluation and Research on the Level of Inclusive Green Growth in Asia-Pacific Region ». Sustainability 13, n^o 13 (5 juillet 2021) : 7482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137482.

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Focusing on the Asia-Pacific region and the concept of inclusive green growth, this paper designs a four-dimensional analysis framework of economic prosperity, social inclusion, resource utilization, and environmental sustainability. It constructs a scientific and reasonable inclusive green growth indicator system for the Asia-Pacific region. In order to make the research results more robust, the research method mainly uses factor analysis, supplemented by clustering method and entropy method to evaluate and cross-validate the inclusive green growth level of 37 countries and regions in the Asia-Pacific region. The study finds that the level of inclusive green growth in the Asia-Pacific region is highly affected by the country’s economic development level. The latent heterogeneity in the distinct development stages of various countries explains why the in-region countries differ vastly regarding their inclusive green development levels. The inclusive green growth indicator system integrates the availability, accuracy, and standardization of data in selecting indicators, making the measurement results more referentially valuable. It helps grasp the actual state of inclusive green growth in the Asia-Pacific region. The paper summarizes the policy suggestions to promote inclusive green growth in the Asia-Pacific region, involving accelerating economic development and institutional improvement, and reinforcing regional cooperation in the Asia-Pacific area for elevating the overall regional inclusive green transformation.

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Oliynyk, O. « “Asia-Pacific Dream” – Chinese Regional Integration Project ». Problems of World History, n^o 14 (10 juin 2021) : 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-14-5.

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In the 21st century, China has significantly strengthened its role in world historical processes. In 40 years of reform and openness, China has not only become a world leader in economic development, it has also become an active player in the world political arena. China began to show greater interest in world development and at the same time began to actively integrate into the world community, seeking to prove the global benefits of cooperation with China. The Chinese leadership believes that China cannot stand aside from world processes and, like the rest of the world, be held hostage to the policies of other countries and bear the brunt of all the negative consequences of such policies. As a result, it was taken a course for active integration with the world community and strengthening China’s participation and influence in world processes. For this purpose, several strategic strategies have been developed to achieve a specific goal, including “going abroad”, “globalizing”, “internationalizing” and others. At the same time, the strengthening of integration processes in the world could not leave the country’s leadership indifferent, so China began to pay more attention to participation in both global and regional integration processes. One such area was China’s accession to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in 1991. These areas have identified three key aspects of the Asia-Pacific Dream concept: development and economic cohesion, the unification of Asia with an emphasis on harmony, mutual benefit and prosperity in the region. The China Asia-Pacific Dream initiative aims to maintain stable and friendly partnerships with neighboring countries in order to build mutual trust. China has identified a number of common challenges that the parties must address in order to build an Asian community. China hopes to work with its partners to create a beautiful region that will lead the world, benefit all parties and bring prosperity to future generations. In this context, the Chinese leadership has identified a number of areas for development for the Asia-Pacific region.

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Mukhametov, I. N., O. N. Mukhametova et V. N. Chastikov. « The spring ichthyoplankton of pacific water off northern Kuril Islands ». Trudy VNIRO 190 (28 décembre 2022) : 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2022-190-62-78.

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The aim of the work is assesment of the species composition and spatial distribution of spring ichthyoplankton in area off northern Kuril Islands.Material and methods. It is based on the data of ichthyoplankton sampling in 2011, 2015 and 2016 yrs, trawl surveys in 2011 and 2015, and hydrological surveys in 2015 and 2016 yrs. Maps of the fish distribution at various stages of ontogenesis were made. Cluster analysis was used to identify the structure of ichthyoplankton in the 2015 collections.Novelty. For the first time, data on ichthyoplankton collected by the SakhNIRO in the 2010s near the northern Kuril Islands are presented. The ichthyoplankton complexes of the spring 2015 are identified and their spatial location is shown.Results. Eggs and larvae of 26 fish species were identified in ichthyoplankton collection, 86 species of teleosts were noted in trawl catches. The dominant components of ichthyoplankton were the walleye pollock eggs Gadus chalcogrammus, the larvae of the Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus and the larvae of sculpins gen. Gymnocanthus. Most species abundant in ichthyoplankton were among the most significant in trawl catches. The maximum abundance of ichthyoplankton, more than 600 ind./m2, in the area of the Northern Kuril occurred at the beginning of May. The structure of ichthyoplankton in April-May of 2015–2016 was quite similar, at the level of 60–70%.Practical significance. Knowledge of the main spawning areas of commercial fish and the places of development of their early stages is an important component for making decisions on the rational use of biological resources.

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Chudinova, K. O. « Scale and development of foreign economic interaction between the USA and Japan in 2009–2021 ». Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), n^o 12 (30 novembre 2022) : 902–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2212-06.

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The article analyzes the dynamics of economic cooperation between the US and Japan for the period 2009–2021: bilateral trade, export and import, FDI flows. Particular attention is paid to Japanese FDI and activities of Japanese manufacturing companies in the United States. Bilateral economic relations are a part of the broader context of economic integration in the Asia-Pacific, activities of multinational enterprises and their global production networks. A "triangular" model of trade relations has developed between Japan, China and the United States, with significant part of trade going through global value chains (GVCs). Over the past decade, the US foreign trade policy priorities have changed several times: from the attempt to create a free trade area in the Asia-Pacific under the Obama administration to President Trump’s protectionism and to more liberal economic agenda of the Biden administration. The role of Japan in the Trans-Pacific Partnership creation and reformatting after the US withdrawal is shown. The prerequisites for the progress of bilateral relations to a new stage of scientifi c, technical and economic cooperation in the context of confrontation between the USA and China are analyzed. President Biden’s economic policy priority in the Asia-Pacific is attracting allies to crucial technologies development and increasing global value chains sustainability. Japan is a key partner for the US to secure control over technology transfer, diversify supply sources and strengthen GVCs. Coordination of approaches to promoting economic security is an important priority for the renewed US-Japan alliance, so the two countries can reach a new level of cooperation.

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Sarangi, Dr U. « Role of Asia-Pacific Regions in Partnering UN SDGs ». Journal of Economics, Trade and Marketing Management 4, n^o 1 (16 mai 2022) : p8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetmm.v4n1p8.

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The research paper identifies broad strategies for accelerating transformative change processes in the form of mission orientation and mobilizing the public and stakeholders, aligning systems, readying institutions and people for change, policy making for managing complexity which are considered to be the building blocks in the Asia Pacific region. The focus of the research study is on the growth, development, economics of peace, role and impact of SDGs on the economies and societies in general including justice, peace building, developing strong institutions and in transforming the region into an international hub to achieve the SDGs and the broader agenda of UN 2030 including the overall development of the Asia-Pacific region in the long run. The paper studies the aspects of the inter-linkages between Governments and other stakeholders to deliver the ‘decade of action towards SDG’, particularly in the aftermath of COVID-19. It is observed that COVID-19 pandemic has created many gaps in social protection systems and wider policies for delivering public goods with devastating effects on the poorest and utmost vulnerable in the Asia-Pacific region. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal Summit held in 2019 had identified six transformative areas to accelerate progress towards the SDGs. In fact, these transformative areas present development challenges that are interlinked, complex and integrate goals and targets across the SDG framework which are strengthening human well-being and capabilities, shifting towards sustainable and just economies, securing the global environmental commons. A proposed action plan with regional interventions in the Asia-Pacific region, alignment with the goals and outcomes of the UNFPA strategic plan 2018-2021 and the Roadmap of PIFS in accelerating the SDGs have been delineated in the study.

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Aqorau, Transform. « Illegal I Fishing and Fisheries Law Enforcement in Small Island Developing States : The Pacific Islands Experience ». International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 15, n^o 1 (2000) : 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180800x00028.

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AbstractThe Pacific islands provide a good case study of how small island states have responded to the challenges of enforcing their fisheries laws and regulations. The Pacific islands, all of which are geographically small and are in their early stages of economic development, viewed the LOS Convention and the exclusive economic zone regime established as providing the opportunity for generating economic wealth. The area of ocean space under the Pacific islands' jurisdiction was inordinately disproportionate to the resources available to them to assert effectively their sovereign rights. The article examines how they have responded to the challenge. The article discusses the co-operative approach adopted by the Pacific islands and the innovative arrangements developed to control better the fishing activities of fishing states. The article concludes that, while considerable progress has been made, there is scope to improve on current arrangements to make them more effective.

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Nikitin, A. « Prospects for Military-Political Integration in Asia. Is an “Asian NATO” Feasible ? » World Economy and International Relations 66, n^o 8 (2022) : 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-8-5-15.

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A unified strategy of formation of a new organization on security in Asia is absent. Such an initiative is not being emanated by the states of the region. Up to a dozen of varying interpretations of the notion of an “Asian NATO” are spread among the political-academic circles of different countries. The main bulk of such interpretations remain of an American authorship and are aimed at formation of military-political alliance targeted against China, and rather through activation of existing formats than through establishing a formalized military alliance. There is an evolution of the quadrilateral format of QUAD. The bifurcation point in its development requires a choice between evolution towards the real military alliance or in direction of a hybrid strategy of general political and economic interaction within the Asia-Pacific region, with only marginal components in security area. The American concept of Indo-Pacific region is criticized by the states of the region, and especially by the ASEAN member countries. The role of ASEAN as organizer and coordinator in the security area is decreasing. New configurations of military-political cooperation in Asia and in the Asia-Pacific region are emerging (Japan–India, India–Indonesia–Australia). Russia should be cautious in reacting to not-yet-formed American initiative targeted against China, to avoid actions leading to a new split between groups of states in Asia as a whole and specifically in the Asia-Pacific region, with understanding that in such a split Russia would play not a leading but a secondary role. The majority of the states of the Asia-Pacific macro-region are not ready to shape or join any formal anti-Chinese alliance under the U.S. leadership.

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Novikov, D. P. « Russia, China and the Pacific Countries of Latin America : Opportunities for Multilateral Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region ». Outlines of global transformations : politics, economics, law 12, n^o 1 (1 avril 2019) : 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-1-241-259.

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The article is devoted to the problems of the development of modern relations of Russia, China and the Pacific states of Latin America. Author focuses on potential of cooperation of these states in multilateral formats and dialogues and the reform of the economic and institutional order in the Asia-Pacific. The relevance of such cooperation is increasing due to the crisis of the international order that has emerged in the Asia-Pacific region. This crisis manifests itself in two aspects. First, we may observe a certain lack of institutions of regulation of economic relations and ideas for their further development. Such a complex agenda is shaped by Russia and China in relation to Eurasia (the concept of “Greater Eurasia”), but the promotion of a similar agenda in the APEC faces many contradictions. Second, the Asia-Pacific region is becoming an area of confrontation between the United States and China, which is also manifested in the struggle for the future configuration of the regional order in the region. The Pacific countries of Latin America were not affected by either the Russian or Chinese mega-initiatives of recent years, which are aimed precisely at creating a new international order. Meanwhile, these countries are APEC members and participants in many regional initiatives, as well as potentially significant economic partners for both Russia and China. Moreover, the author believes that a similar level of economic development and similar needs objectively bring together the views and approaches of the leading Eurasian powers and the Pacific states of Latin America to the development of multilateral institutions of the regional order. However, the historically established institutional and political linkage of these countries to the United States currently determines their support for American initiatives. This provision, however, is not a given, and some irregularity of the American regional policy under the Trump administration makes the development of dialogue with these countries on the broad problems of multilateral cooperation in Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific region even more in demand. The author considers the proposed analysis and some conclusions as an opportunity for academic and expert discussion on the identified issues.

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Khramova, Marina N., et Dmitry P. Zorin. « PROBLEMS OF REALIZING THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ». Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, n^o 4 (2020) : 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-4-04.

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In the current geopolitical conditions and fierce competition in world markets from such dy-namically developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region as China, Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore and a number of others, the preservation and increase of human capital in the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District is of a strategic nature. To ensure the national security and integrity of the country, to strengthen Russia's position in the Asia-Pacific area, the role of the Far East regions comes to the fore. However, the pronounced processes of depopulation of the population of the Far East regions and the stable migration outflow of the working-age population to other regions of Russia and abroad call into question the implementation of many tasks for the sustainable socio-economic development of this macro-region. The regions of the Far Eastern Federal District are already experiencing a shortage of qualified personnel in several industries. This deficit, in the absence of a governmental long-term strategy in the field of human capital formation, will not allow Russia to compete with the fast-growing economies of Asia-Pacific countries in the future. In this article, we analyze the opportunities and potential risks of human capital development through the prism of demographic processes occurring in the regions of the Russian Far East. Based on modern data on fertility, mortality, age-sex structure of the population, trends in interregional and international migration we conclude that for the growth of human capital and sustainable economic growth, the necessary conditions are: the development of transport and social infrastructure of the macro-region, the development of programs of labor mobility of the popu-lation, attracting young people through the educational migration channel, attracting international migrants from the CIS countries as well as from Asia-Pacific countries with a level of education and qualifications corresponding to the economic specialization of the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District.

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Fedorovskii, A. « Russia and East Asia Challenges ». World Economy and International Relations 60, n^o 3 (2016) : 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-58-71.

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The article deals with the prospects for Russia’s “pivot to the East” taking into account main chances as well as risks in the context of growing challenges in East Asia. The author stresses that national and regional misbalances in East Asia are the results of the dynamic development of East Asian countries during the last 15 years. “Middle class trap” is at the agenda as the main common problem in China and ASEAN member countries. The analysis focuses also on such issues as broad scaled corruption and state-controlled legal system, quality of political, social institutions and social lifts, role of nationalism and culture. Regional misbalances in infrastructure and R&D as well as the crisis of regional institutions are characterized as new challenges to integration trends in East Asia and Asia-Pacific area in general. According to the author’s view, there are three different types of policies to meet the domestic challenges and to overcome “middle class trap”: Japanese, South Korean and Chinese. Prime Minister Ikeda’s “income-doubling plan” accompanied by public activity is described as an effective reform-oriented policy. South Korea’s transition from dictatorship to democratic society and more flexible economy is another type of positive reform policy. According to China’s modern domestic strategy, a lot of attention is paid to administrative measures against corruption, modification of social policy, reforms of banks, etc. At the same time, public activities and legal system, in spite of some improvements, are still under rigid administrative control. Meanwhile, the role of law will be crucial factor of successful development of East Asian countries at the stage of “middle class economy”. To a large scale, the prospects for regional integration depend on growing creative role of China (for example, investments into regional infrastructure and establishment of special bank, initiations of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area). At the same time, China will continue cooperation and dialogue with other countries, first of all with the USA. ASEAN members increase their activity to improve sub-regional cooperation and relations with United States and Japan in order to couterbalance China’s influence in East Asia. Finally, the author describes Russia’s policy towards East Asia and the Pacific, including brief history, main trends and key priorities at the current stage. “Free Vladivostok port” and some other initiatives to realize more flexible economic strategy towards East Asia and Pacific will give opportunity for Russia to promote its integration into the Pacific Area. Transition of Russia’s export structure from resources and energy to innovation goods and services is at the agenda.

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Borlea, Sorin Nicolae, Codruta Mare, Monica Violeta Achim et Adriana Puscas. « Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth. Evidence for Developing Countries ». Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 26, n^o 2 (1 juin 2016) : 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2016-0006.

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Abstract The results of extensive studies that analyzed the existence and meaning of correlations between the economic growth and the financial market development lead us to a more thorough study of these correlations. Therefore, we performed a broad study of the developing countries from around the world (the developing part of each region constructed by the World Bank through its Statistics Bureau). The regions taken into analysis were: Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, the Arab world, Latin America & and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. For comparison purposes, we have also included in the sample the North American countries, the Euro Area and the European Union as a whole, because these last three areas are the main benchmarks of the financial markets. The results are consistent with those from previous studies on the subject and vary depending on region and financial indicator considered.

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Dent, Christopher M. « An APEC Trade Agenda ? The Political Economy of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific - Edited by Charles E. Morrison and Eduardo Pedrosa ». Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 23, n^o 1 (mai 2009) : 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.2009.1226_6.x.

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Tomilov, M. V. « Prospects for the deepening of trade integration between EAEU participants and Asia-Pacific countries ». POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 100, n^o 3 (2022) : 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2022-100-3-33-41.

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The paper analyzes the main trends of modern trade integration in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as key trade blocs (both existing and potential) that form these trends. As a result, such factors as the desire of major players to institutionalize trade and economic relations through the formation of their own trade rules and standards, the confrontation between the United States and China for leading positions in the region, as well as the accelerated development of the digital economy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic consequences are highlighted as determining the state of foreign trade in the Asia-Pacific region. The Asia-Pacific countries reaction to the pressure of these factors is expressed in an increase in the amount of new regional trade blocs, the expansion of existing ones, as well as changes in the economic strategies of states. The United States and its key allies in the region are most active in this area. This has already led to the renaming of the Asia-Pacific region to the Indo-Pacific in order to increase India's role in regional trade. In the medium term, this may lead to the formation of a pro-American trade and digital development system with the open access only for partner countries, which traditionally do not include Russia and China.

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Supartono, Supartono, Purwanto Purwanto et M. Harry Riana Nugraha. « GEOSTRATEGY OF BITUNG PORT AREA ON INDONESIA'S MARITIME SECURITY PERSPECTIVE (STUDY ON THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION IN 2018-2019) ». Jurnal Pertahanan & ; Bela Negara 10, n^o 3 (23 décembre 2020) : 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v10i3.1113.

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The Port of Bitung area has a number of potentials that can impact the structure of national security and national defense, because it has a strategic concept for the Indo-Pacific Region. The Bitung Port area as an international hub port, stated in the Minister of Transportation Decree Number 54 of 2002 concerning the Implementation of Sea Ports. The method in this study used a qualitative descriptive approach and data analysis techniques used an interactive of model analysis. This study analyzes the Geostrategy concept for the Port of Bitung Region as part of a national security strategy to strengthen national defense based on the maritime security side and the economic implications of the Indo-Pacific Region. The results show that in general the analysis of the strategy of the Bitung port area in maritime security studies for national national security and national defense shows several things: 1) the strategic conditions of the Bitung Port area need to be supported by strategic and integrated policies between the Central government and the North Sulawesi Province Bitung City; 2) the development of special economic zones (KEK) requires accelerated implementation of policies in a sustainable manner with full support from the budget side, this is to strengthen the territorial basis in the geostrategic concept; and 3) there needs to be an approach towards the community in supporting the realization of the strategic area of Bitung City, North Sulawesi. The fulfillment of these requirements has made the Bitung Port area capable of supporting geostrategy through strategic maritime security studies and economic implications, because it is located in the Indo-Pacific Region as a center for political and economic defense so as to strengthen national security and national defense.Keywords: geostrategy, port area, Bitung Harbor, Indo-Pacific region

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Filina, Alexandra Dmitrievna, et Galina Viktorovna Tretyakova. « Economic cooperation of Canada with Asia-Pacific countries in the energy sector ». SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, n^o 1 (janvier 2021) : 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/1339-3057.2021.1.34424.

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The article is devoted to an urgent problem of our time - the integration of Canadian energy markets into the energy markets of the Asia-Pacific region. Canada's economy is currently the 16th largest in the world in terms of GDP and is heavily dependent on international trade, whose prosperity is inextricably linked to external markets and the ability to access those markets. In turn, China, Japan, and South Korea are the world's largest importers of crude oil and liquefied natural gas. The study considers not only the reasons for the need of Canada's energy markets to enter the Asia-Pacific region, but also analyzes the dependence of the Canadian economy on the economy of the United States of America. The main conclusions of the study consist in outlining the ways of integrating the energy markets of Canada and the Asia-Pacific countries. The built economic model of interaction should not only exist within the framework of the created legal acts but also should determine the importance of the formation of this economic institution for subsequent development. This work is of particular relevance due to the fact that joint development within the economic area creates a stable relationship, which can later be used for external use, within the framework of building a new type of economic model. Thus, the information acquires statistical value and can be used in further research. The author believes that the goal of this research is achieved by considering the economic cooperation of Canada with the Asia-Pacific countries in the energy sector.

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Kulagina, Tatiana, Vladimir Kulagin et Valerii Tereshkov. « Development of the circumpolar territories of the Russian Federation ». E3S Web of Conferences 295 (2021) : 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129503007.

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This article considers the possibility of sustainable development of the eastern territories of Russia from the Ural to the Pacific Ocean, which concentrate the overwhelming part of the country’s natural resources. An approach for the development of economic policy, making optimal economic decisions in the field of assessing the prevented damage is presented. It is noted that the underestimation of environmental parameters leads to a distortion of the analysis of economic development through traditional indicators of the gross national product, etc., the growth of which may cover the environmental degradation. A new method for assessing the prevented economic damage during environmental protection measures was proposed, which takes into account various technical and design features of dust cleaning systems. By using the proposed methodology it seems possible to assess the expected damage to the environment, the economic efficiency of the project being developed, and select the most profitable area for the location of dust-cleaning equipment at the design stage. A criterion for evaluating the effectiveness when comparing installations of various designs were proposed.

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Tseng, Yen-Fen. « Beyond “Little Taipei” : The Development of Taiwanese Immigrant Businesses in Los Angeles ». International Migration Review 29, n^o 1 (mars 1995) : 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900103.

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Both in their choice to settle in predominantly noncoethnic neighborhoods and in their economic development, recent Taiwanese immigrants in Los Angeles represent a fundamental break with the past. It is this new type of economic development that brings an unprecedented impact on the society at large. However, these unique features of Taiwanese immigrant business and their implications to the host society remain understudied. Quantitative as well as qualitative methods were employed in this study. The data were obtained from document files, field observations, in-depth interviews, U.S. census data, and a telephone survey of 310 Taiwanese business owners in the greater Los Angeles area. The data analysis closely examined entrepreneurial process, ethnic integration, and industrial diversity among Taiwanese immigrant businesses. Provided with entrepreneurial capacity, Taiwanese enterprises grow rapidly within the context of Los Angeles's economic restructuring and dependency on Asian Pacific trade.

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Gudev, P. « US Priorities in Arctic ». World Economy and International Relations, n^o 9 (2013) : 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-9-49-60.

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The need for U.S. participation in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea has long been connected with the situation development in the Arctic area. In recent years, the turn of U.S. foreign policy priorities to Asia-Pacific region significantly reduced this dependence. Acceptance of the Convention obligations, with respect to the outer limits of the continental shelf and its resources extraction, is becoming more foreign to national interests. The U.S. policy towards the Arctic is changing step-by-step to maximum regionalization of all the problems and issues related to the use of Arctic space and resources.

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Grigor'ev, Vladimir, Van Lok Nugen, Rustam Nizamov et Igor Grigorev. « POLICY OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT ». Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, n^o 1 (15 avril 2021) : 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-112-118.

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In connection with the development of the Republic of Vietnam, which is accompanied by the growth of its importance in the Asia-Pacific region, it becomes relevant to analyze the current state and prospects of the republic in various industries and regions, including in agriculture. In order to eliminate the imbalance between the declining share of agricultural production in the national economy and more than 60% of the population living in rural areas, a competent state policy in the field of integrated rural development is necessary. In addition to this disparity, there are growing problems associated with the income gap between the peasantry and urban residents, with a strong orientation of agriculture towards exports, and with the implementation of the idea of creating peasant cooperative farms. To date, the basis for working with rural areas is the resolution of the Communist Party of Vietnam “Agriculture, farmers and rural areas” adopted in August 2008. On its basis, the “National target program - New rural development” was created, designed for the period from 2010 to 2020. Data analysis showed that the area of agricultural land in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam gradually increase, and the cropping pattern change, for example, reduces the area of rice fields and increases the area occupied by permanent crops, especially fruit. Production of grain per capita has been steadily decreasing. In animal husbandry, there is a gradual transition from small-scale dispersed production to its concentration on large farms. The measures taken for the development of agriculture are aimed, among other things, at minimizing the negative impact on the environment and introducing modern achievements of science and technology in order to increase the economic efficiency of production. At the same time, Vietnam’s food security in general cannot be called sustainable, especially because of the need to import barley, without which Vietnam’s livestock farms cannot feed their existing livestock

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López-Aranguren, Juan Luis. « The EU’s strategic projection in the Indo-Pacific ». Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, n^o 03 (28 janvier 2022) : 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-03-2022pp29-49.

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The Indo-Pacific is becoming the new geopolitical axis of the planet for multiple reasons, among which three stand out: security (with six nuclear powers in the area, some of them amidst clearly growing tensions), demography (with 64 percent of the world population) and economy (with 62 percent of world GDP). Since its founding, the European Union has been absent in the development of a strategy for the region, an absence that has recently ended with the publication of national strategies of three member states (France, Germany, and the Netherlands), as well such as the EU announcement of a future EU strategy for the region. This paradigm shift may mark the beginning not only of greater European cohesion in terms of strategic projection, but also of greater European geopolitical assertiveness in a post-COVID-19 world in the Indo-Pacific and other regions. This article will trace the birth and evolution of the Indo-Pacific concept, will identify the reasons for its geostrategic importance for the European Union, and will analyze both the three national strategies of France, Germany, and the Netherlands as well as the announced EU strategy for the region. Received: 01 September 2021Accepted: 05 November 2021

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Komin, Andrey, Tatyana Kirtaeva et Galina Dudenko. « Prospects for the development of organic farming in the Primorsky Territory ». E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020) : 05018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020305018.

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In the modern world, special attention is paid to the rational use of natural resources and the provision of the population with safe food. In this regard, the principles of organic farming are relevant both in Russia and abroad, as they allow reducing the negative impact of agriculture on the environment. Primorsky Territory has a significant potential for the development of organic farming due to the presence of fallow lands and the proximity to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region interested in importing organic products. That is why the development of regional programs in this area will contribute not only to reducing the pesticide load on agroecosystems, but also to the economic growth of the south of the Far East.

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Seungtaek, Lim, Lee Hosaeng, Moon Junghyun et Kim Hyeonju. « Simulation Data of Regional Economic Analysis of OTEC for Applicable Area ». Processes 8, n^o 9 (5 septembre 2020) : 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091107.

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To mitigate the power shortage problem in the South Pacific island nations and the equatorial area, we studied the development characteristics of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) using abundant clean ocean energy. Through the simulation of open- and closed-cycle OTEC, the generation amount and its economic efficiency were compared, and the application characteristics of the power generation cycle according to the seawater temperature distribution were compared by applying various seawater temperature conditions. According to the characteristics of seawater heat sources in the region, the power generation output was about 883.2 kW in Samoa, and the average power generation by region was about 650.5 kW for the open-cycle OTEC model. Regional revenue up to approximately $8,487,000 was generated in Kiribati, driven by the higher electricity tariff of $0.327/kWh and high water costs of $5.86/ton. With the spread of 50 MW commercial plants, Kiribati had a high net present value of $1,930,402,000, and its internal rate of return was more than 37.0%. This paper is presents a method of securing economic feasibility of OTEC according to various heat source conditions and economic conditions in the region, while it also analyzes the capacity and type of the power plant.

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Rudner, Martin, et Susan McLellan. « Canada's Economic Relations with Southeast Asia : Federal–Provincial Dimensions of Policy ». Modern Asian Studies 24, n^o 1 (février 1990) : 31–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00001165.

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In its reply to the Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Representatives (The Hockin Committee) on Independence and Internationalism (1986), the Government of Canada reiterated its intention to treat the Asia-Pacific as ‘an area of concentration in the National Trade Strategy’ (Canada's International Relations, 1986, p. 60). Within the National Trade Strategy, significant attention is being given to the development of Canada's economic relationship with the countries of Southeast Asia, most notably the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) grouping. The policy mechanisms deployed to promote closer economic and social ties with Southeast Asian countries include those pertaining to international trade and finance, development assistance, transport, immigration and cultural relations.

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Azizah, Nurul, et Arimurti Kriswibowo. « One Village One Brand for Sustainable Rural Economic Development : A Three Stream Perspective ». Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 8, n^o 1 (30 avril 2020) : 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.8.1.96-105.

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Brand is the concrete form to encourage the intellectual property right (IPR) awareness. IPR becomes key to promote the product abroad. However, there is still a little awareness about how to protect the IPR, in the rural business area particularly. Thus, it becomes necessary to create a brand in a village, which will cover all the rural masterpieces to encourage the rural economy and protect its potential. This strategy is called as one village one brand. OVOB “One Village One Brand” is initiated by APEC project of Korea Institute of intellectual property and this program supports the economic growth and development in the Asia Pacific region. This study focused on the Agenda Setting stage. This study aims to find out how the Agenda Setting process of One Village One brand (OVOB) program in Kediri Regency. This research uses descriptive-qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of literature review, observation, and documentation. The result found that the BUMDES “Karya Mandiri” OVOB Program Setting Agenda uses the Quick Decision Analysis method. Meanwhile, the Public Problem Priority Preparation Technique is used through the priority process of public problems, evaluating by stakeholders on policy alternatives, and inferring priority issues. The Agenda Setting process correspond to Three Stream Theory, that is, in terms of the Problem Stream, it is known that problem mapping is done by the rural government. By the Policy Stream, the single-issue background is the issue of lack of skills and infrastructure which is then reviewed and produces the OVOB program. According to Politics Stream, this program will get support from the village government and the budget is included in the APBD that supports what is then included in the village government work program and BUMDES.

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Azizah, Nurul, et Arimurti Kriswibowo. « One Village One Brand for Sustainable Rural Economic Development : A Three Stream Perspective ». Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 8, n^o 1 (30 avril 2020) : 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.8.1.96-105.

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Brand is the concrete form to encourage the intellectual property right (IPR) awareness. IPR becomes key to promote the product abroad. However, there is still a little awareness about how to protect the IPR, in the rural business area particularly. Thus, it becomes necessary to create a brand in a village, which will cover all the rural masterpieces to encourage the rural economy and protect its potential. This strategy is called as one village one brand. OVOB “One Village One Brand” is initiated by APEC project of Korea Institute of intellectual property and this program supports the economic growth and development in the Asia Pacific region. This study focused on the Agenda Setting stage. This study aims to find out how the Agenda Setting process of One Village One brand (OVOB) program in Kediri Regency. This research uses descriptive-qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of literature review, observation, and documentation. The result found that the BUMDES “Karya Mandiri” OVOB Program Setting Agenda uses the Quick Decision Analysis method. Meanwhile, the Public Problem Priority Preparation Technique is used through the priority process of public problems, evaluating by stakeholders on policy alternatives, and inferring priority issues. The Agenda Setting process correspond to Three Stream Theory, that is, in terms of the Problem Stream, it is known that problem mapping is done by the rural government. By the Policy Stream, the single-issue background is the issue of lack of skills and infrastructure which is then reviewed and produces the OVOB program. According to Politics Stream, this program will get support from the village government and the budget is included in the APBD that supports what is then included in the village government work program and BUMDES.

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Filina, Alexandra Dmitrievna, et Galina Viktorovna Tretyakova. « Economic cooperation of Canada with the Asia-Pacific countries in the energy sector ». Международные отношения, n^o 3 (mars 2022) : 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2022.3.34353.

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The article is devoted to an urgent problem of our time - the integration of Canadian energy markets into the energy markets of the Asia-Pacific region. Canada's economy is currently the 16th largest in the world in terms of GDP and is heavily dependent on international trade, whose prosperity is inextricably linked to external markets and the ability to access those markets. In turn, China, Japan, and South Korea are the world's largest importers of crude oil and liquefied natural gas. The study considers not only the reasons for the need of Canada's energy markets to enter the Asia-Pacific region, but also analyzes the dependence of the Canadian economy on the economy of the United States of America. The main conclusions of the study are the ways of integrating the energy markets of Canada and the Asia-Pacific countries. The built economic model of interaction should not only exist within the framework of the created legal acts but also should determine the importance of the formation of this economic institution for subsequent development. The work has increased relevance since joint development within the economic area creates a stable relationship, which can later be used for external use, within the framework of building a new type of economic model. Thus, the information acquires statistical value and can be used in further research. I believe that the purpose of this study was achieved by considering the economic cooperation of Canada with the ATP countries in the energy sector.

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Hsieh, Pasha L. « The Roadmap to the ASEAN-EU FTA in the Post-Pandemic Era ». Legal Issues of Economic Integration 49, Issue 2 (1 mars 2022) : 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2022006.

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Relations between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the European Union (EU) have enriched the multifaceted concept of interregionalism from legal and international relations perspectives. The article argues that the transformative ASEAN-EU frameworks have shaped the Third Interregionalism. Brussels’ building-block approach envisions pathfinder agreements with individual ASEAN states as the basis for the ASEAN-EU FTA, which will help realize the EU’s Indo-Pacific strategy and the ASEAN-EU Strategic Partnership. The designs of the EU’s trade and investment agreements with Singapore and Vietnam are therefore critical. The article assesses core areas such as tariff liberalization and ASEAN cumulative rules of origin, as well as commitments of trade in services and non-tariff barriers in key industries. Contributors to the special issue further analyse cutting-edge issues involving electronic commerce and sustainable development. These on-the-ground insights contribute to a new understanding of ASEAN-EU legal frameworks and evolving interregionalism in the post-pandemic era. ASEAN-EU FTA – CPTPP – Indo-Pacific strategy – Investment Protection – Singapore – RCEP – Sustainable Development – Third Interregionalism – Vietnam

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Wang, Heng. « The Future of Deep Free Trade Agreements : The Convergence of TPP (and CPTPP) and CETA ? » Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 2 (1 avril 2019) : 317–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019015.

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Focusing on Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans- Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) as deep free trade agreements (FTAs) that concentrate on regulatory disciplines, this article examines a key question concerning the future of deep FTAs: do deep FTAs converge and, if so, why? It argues that, first, deep FTAs converge in their approach to trade and investment in two crucial respects: regulatory disciplines and dispute settlement. CPTPP narrows its gap with CETA through suspending rules in arguably most controversial aspects of TPP (i.e. intellectual property and investor-state dispute settlement [ISDS]). Differences emerge but are not unbridgeable, and convergence varies depending on the area. Second, the reasons for the convergence include shared FTA objectives (particularly regulatory protection), the development of FTA rules from WTO norms, and other factors (e.g. the lessons drawn from previous ISDS experience, the inherent limit of FTAs, and membership overlap). Finally, the convergence of deep FTAs has the potential to bridge most if not all differences if there is political willingness.

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TONG, Sarah Y. « China’s Trade Faces Mounting Difficulties in 2017 ». East Asian Policy 09, n^o 02 (avril 2017) : 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930517000174.

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Dismal trade performance contributed to China’s recent growth deceleration. In 2017, China’s trade will likely be impacted by persistent weak external demand, rising trade remedies by importing countries and intense competition from other developing countries. Trade frictions between China and the United States may intensify. To sustain trade development, the Chinese government has modified its policy orientations and is accelerating regional trade talks such as the Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.

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Tomilov, Mikhail V. « Integration potential of megaregional trade agreements in Asia-Pacific Region ». World of Economics and Management 20, n^o 2 (2020) : 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2020-20-2-84-103.

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Since the beginning of the XXI century, an increase in the number of new regional trade agreements has been recorded. At the same time, their quality content is changing significantly, which has led to the emergence of mega-regional trade agreements (MRTА). This process is particularly active in the fast-growing Asia-Pacific region (APR), where initiatives for the creation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Free Trade Area of Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) have emerged during this period. However, it is still difficult to assess their effectiveness in terms of obtaining potential positive economic results. The article's aim is to assess integration potential of APR MRTA within two stages. At the first stage, methods of econometric analysis were used to determine the economic proximity of their participants. At the second stage, a gravitational model of foreign trade was constructed to assess all trade barriers (tariff, non-tariff, etc.) within the group of integrating countries. Based on the results of integration potential assessment, the author defines the most promising existing multilateral integration associations in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as a hypothetical group of countries in the region, which will receive the greatest trade and economic effects as a result of integration under the assumptions adopted in the study. In addition, an approach to assessing the integration potential and determining the optimal composition of the countries participating in MRTA based on the criteria of proximity of their economic development levels and the size of trade barriers within the group is proposed, methodically justified and implemented.

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Suominen, Kati. « The Changing Anatomy of Regional Trade Agreements in East Asia ». Journal of East Asian Studies 9, n^o 1 (avril 2009) : 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800002800.

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The recent proliferation of regional trade agreements in the East Asian region can be seen as the most notable development in the region's trading panorama in recent years. Yet, very little is as yet understood about the anatomy of these agreements and, consequently, their full implications to the regional economy. This article strives to fill this gap by analyzing the structure of four dozen RTAs by their various key component parts, including tariff liberalization schedules, rules of origin, and competition policy, customs, investment, and services provisions. The results reveal that intra-Asian RTAs are generally quite rapidly liberalizing, with the exception of agriculture, but they are also quite thin in trade-related disciplines when compared with the more legalistic US trans-Pacific RTAs and those of Mexico and Chile. The proposed Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific would inherently be a construct of the political economy interests of these various constituent RTAs.

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Stapran, N. V. « RUSSIA'S PARTICIPATION IN MULTILATERAL MECHANISMS IN EAST ASIA ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 3(36) (28 juin 2014) : 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-3-36-20-26.

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After the end of the Cold War Russia has significantly increased its participation in multilateral mechanisms in the Asia-Pacific region and is clearly trying to become a significant player in regional institution-building. For two post-Cold War Russia decades was involved in almost all the basic mechanisms of multilateral cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. However, often Russia isn't perceived by Asian partners as an equal participant in the Asia-Pacific region, it is felt particularly in the area of multilateral economic cooperation. Russia's entry into the WTO (2011) and the formation of the Common Economic stimulated Russia's engagement in multilateral economic structures. Russia's inclusion in the negotiating framework of ASEM (2010) and EAS (2011) perceives that Asian countries are willing to see Russia as a full member not only in regional processes, but also globally. The main stimulus for the revision of the Asian direction of foreign policy and the role of Siberia and the Far East appears during APEC summit in Vladivostok in 2012. The APEC summit demonstrated the geostrategic importance of the development of the Russian Far East and Siberia, as a key element of Russia's inclusion in the mechanisms of regional cooperation, on the other hand, it became clear that without the participation of foreign partners effective development of the Far Eastern territories is hardly possible. Large-scale investment and infrastructure projects in the Far East has already significantly revived the situation in the region opening new opportunities for multilateral cooperation.

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Jones, David A. « Bipolar Disorder in Statehood : is China “Dr. Jekyll” or “Mr. Hyde” or Both ? » International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 22, n^o 1 (9 novembre 2018) : 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.22.02.

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American and Chinese interests seem to be at one time in agreement and at another at loggerheads over issues that involve armed services, diplomacy, economics, human rights, intelligence, trade and culture. Part of what may appear to be a growing déracinement, or mutual disenchantment, arising from diverse viewpoints over infrastructure development globally but especially in sensitive developing areas such as the stand-off in the South China Sea and elsewhere along the Pacific coastline of Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific Rim. China seems to be reconstructing its ancient feudal empire, actual or imaginary, in the territory to its South, the ASEAN bloc. This article will address some issues of compatibility and conflict that unite China but that sometimes divide it from the United States and the West, then assesses what alternative strategies should be adopted or abandoned in the interests of global and regional harmony coupled with security. It urges greater cooperation and collaboration, a development of a code of conduct for state behavior in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, together with a concerted East–West effort to maintain a stable economy for China and a sustainable trade relationship between China, Europe, and North America.

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Labetskaya, E. « The Trans-Arctic in the Context of Russian Priorities ». World Economy and International Relations, n^o 2 (2015) : 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-2-106-114.

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In terms of the space concept, the prospects of Russia's new formats of global co-operation development through mutually beneficial transnational partnership in the Arctic are analyzed in the article. The possibility of implementation of Russia’s Eurasian and Arctic advantages in the Trans-Arctic as the key element of global connection between Trans-Atlantic and Trans-Pacific spaces is considered. Until now the "Eurasian dividends" for Russia have been associated with strengthening of its positions in the Pacific Asia. However, the scale of Russian socio-economic and naval presence in this area does not allow the country to become a leader. The situation is completely different in the Trans-Arctic, where Russia’s total capacity is equal to that of other Arctic states. Moreover, in the Trans-Arctic the "Eurasian factor" may become an "influence multiplier" for Russia. This refers to Russia’s key role in the connection between Trans-Atlantic and Trans-Pacific through the logistic chain: Northwest Passage – Northern sea route – Eastern Siberia’s river system – Trans-Siberian Railway. The Trans-Arctic may become a "testing ground" for neutralisation of attempts to isolate Russia from global governance, which appeared in G-8 dismantling. The initiation of a new structure with participation of global “extraregional” actors, first of all Russia's strategic BRICS partners, could become its efficient Arctic pivot. Special attention is paid to subjects of the multilevel governance over the Trans-Arctic, to aspects of connection between transnational spaces, to the potential conflictogenity of the Arctic macroregion, and to the problem of the sovereignty concept classical understanding transformation, which appeared in the Arctic context. The relevance of the topic stems from decisions of the RF Security Council special extended meeting (April 2014), which put the "qualitative strengthening" of Russian positions in the Arctic, "preservation of Russian influence" in the region, and "advancing of partners" as major priorities. The tendencies of the Arctic transnationalisation and of the Trans-Arctic formation indicate a serious challenge for the Russian expert community and policy-makers. On one hand, Russia cannot sacrifice its national interests and restrict its rights and powers in the areas, to which its sovereignty and jurisdiction extend. On the other hand, formation of a new global governance regime in the Arctic gives Russia a chance to strengthen its leadership in this polar area, since the socio-economic, political and reputation dividends brought by such regime might be extremely high.

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Lu, Fang, Xin Jiang Du, Yan Zhou et Yang Yang Du. « New Progress of Study in Energy Storage Area of Volcanic Rocks ». Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (décembre 2012) : 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.100.

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With the rapid development of national economy, combined with the construction of strategic reservation of petroleum in China, difficulty of large-scale energy storage and peak-shaving comes up. In recent years, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and a number of energy companies launched two projects in the Columbia Basin to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of underground gas and wind power storage in basalt interflow aquifers. These projects reveal the potential of volcanic rocks in the underground energy storage areas. This paper briefly describes the new progress of study in underground gas storage (UGS), compressed air energy storage (CAES) and underground thermal energy storage (UTES) of volcanic rocks. We point out that depleted volcanic oil and gas reservoirs could be another complementary type of UGS and CAES, and volcanic rocks types should be included extrusive rocks and pyroclastic rocks. At last, volcanic energy storage technologies used in some domestic related areas of enlightenment is summarized to provide theoretical basis for building green, efficient and low-consumption economy.

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Krasnopolski, B. H. « Institutional Infrastructure of Arctic Spatial-Economic Units ». Economy of Region 18, n^o 2 (2022) : 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-2-4.

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An important problem of the impact of institutional infrastructure on the decomposition and spatial development transformation of regions of various hierarchical ranks, including the Arctic zone that is divided between the Arctic countries according to the national principle, is insufficiently studied. The majority of scientific works devoted to this issue mostly focus on the traditional economic assessment of the sectoral effect of activities and the concept of spatial economics. Thus, methodological approaches to the study of infrastructure and institutional structure should not rely on the traditional principles of mainstream economics. Instead, they should be based on the system-evolutionary model of modern natural science and should be closely related to such an indicator of system development as self-organisation. Internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) elements of infrastructure cause stability (order) and chaos (disorder) in the development of systems, as well as lead to the interrelated and balanced formation of hierarchical and heterarchical organisational models of regional spatial units. This methodological approach also applies to institutional infrastructure. The present study provides theoretical justifications and methodological approaches corresponding with the aforementioned principles of infrastructure research, designed for the regions of the Arctic basin. In terms of scientific practice, it is proved that the intensification of institutional infrastructure in the Pacific Arctic depends on the creation of the Russian-American Bering/Pacific-Arctic Council (BPAC). Various expert communities discussed these proposals at several international conferences. At present, however, their practical implementation became impossible due to complicated geopolitical situation. Despite this, it is necessary to continue research aimed at the improvement of institutional structures and coordination of interactions between the Arctic regions, especially in cross-border areas of neighbouring countries. The obtained findings will definitely be useful for the Arctic community, when a reasonable approach to this problem will again prevail over geopolitical disputes.

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McCormack, Fiona. « The Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary : Terraqueous Territorialization and Māori Marine Environments ». Pacific Affairs 94, n^o 1 (1 mars 2021) : 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/202194177.

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This paper interprets the disrupted establishment of the Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary, a 620,000 square kilometre marine protection area, as a crucial moment in Pacific frontier making. The development of large-scale protected marine areas is a politically charged frontier tool, in which states garner international recognition and environmental renown by setting aside large swathes of their exclusive economic zones. In the Kermadec Sanctuary, this enclosure hit against an assemblage of Indigenous histories, ecologies, repatriated fishing rights, and privatized fishing quota challenging the oftmarginalized agency of Indigenous people in frontier narratives. This paper argues that three factors are fundamental to untangling this conflict: first, the historical trajectory of terraqueous territorialization in the Kermadec region, second, the post-Treaty of Waitangi settlement dynamics of Maori marine environments, and third, the common ecosystem services model underlying conservation and extraction.

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Precillia, Hanna Ladrika. « INDONESIA-FIJI BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION IN 1999-2016 ». Sociae Polites 19, n^o 1 (20 juin 2018) : 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v19i1.1645.

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The use of soft power in diplomacy is essential because it minimizes the use of violence and coercion to solving a problem. This strength became the primary tool in the diplomacy of Indonesia-Fiji bilateral relations. The implementation of Indonesia's soft power is Indonesia's engagement in South-South Cooperation through technical cooperation for Fiji. This training is considered essential for Indonesia’s national interest, such as to support the territorial integrity and Indonesia's position in the South Pacific. The problem in this research is how the development of bilateral relations between Indonesia-Fiji through South-South Cooperation in 1999-2016? What is the impact of South-South Cooperation that Indonesia has made with Fiji? The research method used is qualitative with collecting data and uses the concept of Soft Power, Bilateral Relations, and International Cooperation Theory. Indonesia's bilateral relations with Fiji over the period of 1999-2016 have increased. The increase can be seen from the position of the total ranking of Fiji trade with Indonesia, which always occupies the top three in the South Pacific region. The Indonesian Government's strategy to improve bilateral relations with Fiji is to use a soft power approach in the form of technical cooperation within the South-South Cooperation Framework. This strategy has a positive impact on the political and economic fields of Indonesia. In politics, Indonesia has gained political support from Fiji about Indonesia’s territorial integrity from the separatist movement. In the area of economy, Indonesia has succeeded in opening up a new market in the agriculture sector that is selling hand tractors to Fiji and Vanuatu.

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Zhang, J., D. Cameron, S. H. Quak, M. Kadim, N. Mohan, E. Ryoo, B. Sandhu, Y. Yamashiro, A. Guarino et H. Hoekstra. « Rates and determinants of antibiotics and probiotics prescription to children in Asia-Pacific countries ». Beneficial Microbes 11, n^o 4 (12 août 2020) : 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2019.0203.

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Antibiotic therapy may have important side effects. Guidelines recommend the administration of specific probiotics to reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD). The rates and determinants of antibiotics and co-prescription of probiotics in children remain poorly known in Asia-Pacific countries, which are very heterogenous in terms of economic development, health care organization and health policies. A survey among general practitioners (GPs) and paediatricians was performed in seven countries of the Asia-Pacific area (Australia, Japan, Indonesia, India, China, Singapore, and South Korea). Physicians completed an online questionnaire that explored their current habits and the determinants for prescribing antibiotics and probiotics. For the 731 physicians who completed the questionnaire (390 paediatricians and 341 GPs), 37% of all consultations for a child led to the prescription of antibiotics (ranging from 17% in Australia to 47% in India). A large majority of physicians (84%) agreed that antibiotics disrupted gut microbiota and considered probiotics an effective intervention to prevent AAD (68%). However, only 33% co-prescribed probiotics with antibiotics (ranging from 13% in Japan to 60% in South Korea). The main reasons for prescribing probiotics were previous episodes of AAD (61%), presence of diarrhoea (55%), prolonged antibiotic treatment (54%) or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy (54%). Although current local guidelines recommend the use of selected probiotics in children receiving antibiotics in Asia-Pacific area, the rates of antibiotics and probiotics prescription significantly vary among countries and are deeply affected by country-related cultural and organisational issues.

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Posern-Zieliński, Aleksander. « La globalización en los países andinos y la situación de la población indígena ». Estudios Latinoamericanos 25 (9 décembre 2020) : 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36447/estudios2005.v25.art1.

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Short description (Adapted from introductory paragraph):“Since the early 90s of the 20th century, I followed systematically the development of the socio-cultural and ethno-political situation in the Andean region, meaning the countries in West South America, whose territories include the Pacific coast, and extend into the Andes. The main area of my anthropological investigations relates to three countries, namely to Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru. Despite the fundamental differences in economic development and particular political differences that can be observed, these countries have much in common. This allows me to treat this region as a single cultural entity and to compare similarities between processes taking place here…” Translated and adapted by Michal Gilewski

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Rowe, Mark. « A difficult balancing act : the Samoan experience with money laundering regulation ». Journal of Money Laundering Control 24, n^o 3 (26 juin 2021) : 502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-08-2020-0096.

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Purpose This paper aims to examines the trade-offs that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) must make in navigating an inappropriate elite-driven global anti-money laundering anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism (AML-CFT) order. This paper examines the case of Samoa, an under-researched Pacific Island nation. It is hoped that this paper will have a wider resonance for policymakers from other developing nations facing similar challenges. Design/methodology/approach It draws on the latest Samoan domestic source material and Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering Mutual Evaluation Reports to highlight the difficult balancing act that SIDS face in complying with complex global norms within their limited regulatory capacity and competing development priorities of financial inclusion and affordable remittance flows. Findings Samoa and other SIDS in balancing the existential risks of “blacklisting” with the significant regulatory opportunity costs of compliance undertake an expensive form of AML-CFT window-dressing. Policymakers need to be more sensitive to the needs and regulatory opportunity costs of small jurisdictions, particularly when questions about the effectiveness of the AML-CFT remain open. Research limitations/implications The author notes Samoa’s offshore center’s role in raising its risk profile. However, owing to this paper's limited scope offshore center (OFCs) will not be explored in depth. Further research is needed in this area. Originality/value There is a dearth of contemporary academic research into AML-CFT regulation in the South Pacific and Samoa specifically. This paper presents through its Samoan case study insights into the cost-benefit calculations that small jurisdictions must make in seeking to comply with elite global AML-CFT norms vis-à-vis competing policy goals such as financial inclusion and ready access to remittance flows.

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Varkentin, A. I., et D. Y. Saushkina. « Some issues of walleye pollock reproduction in the pacific waters adjacent to the Kamchatka peninsula and the northern Kuril Islands in 2013–2022. » Trudy VNIRO 189 (9 décembre 2022) : 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2022-189-105-119.

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Purpose: To characterize some issues of East Kamchatka pollock reproduction in the last 10 years.Methods: complex (ichthyoplankton and hydrological) surveys in the Pacific waters adjacent to the Kamchatka Peninsula and the northern Kuril Islands, surveys in the spawning center — the “North” canyon, located in Avacha Bay, layer-by-layer surveys in the canyons and on the shelf.Novelty: the currently available data on the main spawning areas of the Eastern Kamchatka pollock were supplemented, new data on the state of the spawning stock, vertical distribution of eggs at different stages of development were presented.Results: During the period under consideration, the main pollock spawning in Avacha and Kronotsky bays occurred above deep-water canyons, and on the shelf near southeastern Kamchatka and northern Kuril Islands — in the whole surveyed water area, in some years — to the south of the island Paramushir. According to the results of ichthyoplankton surveys, model calculations, the spawning stock of the Eastern Kamchatka pollock peaked in 2010, and then it gradually decreased. Currently, resources are at an average level. Horizons of the main pollock spawning in deep-water canyons change in an inter-a nnual aspect. In addition, as egg development, as a result of internal processes occurring in the canyons (internal waves), it, then rises, then falls in the underlying layers of water.Practical significance: The results of the work can be used to improve the method of assessment of the current and prospective state of stocks, justification of the TAC of the Eastern Kamchatka pollock.

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