Articles de revues : « Developing Countries Mechanization »

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Liao, Wangda, Fusheng Zeng et Meseret Chanieabate. « Mechanization of Small-Scale Agriculture in China : Lessons for Enhancing Smallholder Access to Agricultural Machinery ». Sustainability 14, n^o 13 (29 juin 2022) : 7964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137964.

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Developing countries with small-scale agriculture have yet to exploit the untapped potential of agricultural mechanization. This is because of the misconception that mechanization is often seen as unworthy in small-scale agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to examine the development of agricultural mechanization in China and to provide evidence on how smallholder farmers can access agricultural machinery. A narrative approach was employed to conduct an in-depth analysis of the policies, strategies, and trends associated with agricultural mechanization development. The findings showed that: (1) the establishment and development of mechanization for smallholder agriculture is an evolutionary process that strongly opposes leapfrogging (technocratic behavior) and making large jumps; (2) the foundation of mechanization development should rely on a self-reliance system; (3) an appropriate mechanization theory is the key to inducing the rapid growth of mechanization in small-scale agriculture; (4) the successful application of agricultural machinery requires strong, target-oriented, and pro-farmer policies with effective leadership strategies. We present the key lessons on policy and institutional aspects for countries with small-scale agriculture and who are in the initial stages of agricultural mechanization.

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Devkota, Rachana, Laxmi Prasad Pant, Hom Nath Gartaula, Kirit Patel, Devendra Gauchan, Helen Hambly-Odame, Balaram Thapa et Manish N. Raizada. « Responsible Agricultural Mechanization Innovation for the Sustainable Development of Nepal’s Hillside Farming System ». Sustainability 12, n^o 1 (2 janvier 2020) : 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010374.

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Agricultural mechanization in developing countries has taken at least two contested innovation pathways—the “incumbent trajectory” that promotes industrial agriculture, and an “alternative pathway” that supports small-scale mechanization for sustainable development of hillside farming systems. Although both pathways can potentially reduce human and animal drudgery, the body of literature that assesses the sustainability impacts of these mechanization pathways in the local ecological, socio-economic, cultural, and historical contexts of hillside farms is either nonexistent or under-theorized. This paper addresses this missing literature by examining the case of Nepal’s first Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Policy 2014 (AMPP) using a conceptual framework of what will be defined as “responsible innovation”. The historical context of this assessment involves the incumbent trajectory of mechanization in the country since the late 1960s that neglected smallholder farms located in the hills and mountains and biased mechanization policy for flat areas only. Findings from this study suggest that the AMPP addressed issues for smallholder production, including gender inequality, exclusion of smallholder farmers, and biophysical challenges associated with hillside farming systems, but it remains unclear whether and how the policy promotes small-scale agricultural mechanization for sustainable development of agriculture in the hills and mountains of Nepal.

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Okenna, Nwabueze Prince, et Babatunde Moses Adesanya. « International Trade and the Economies of Developing Countries ». American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6, n^o 2 (4 septembre 2020) : 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijmsr.v6i2.747.

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The economic significance and benefits of foreign trade also known as international trade to the economies of developing countries cannot be overemphasized. Its role and contributions to the gross domestic earnings, employment generation, economic development, and poverty reduction in these underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Benin Republic, and others have been too glaring especially in agrarian economies with fertile arable land.The main aim of this paper was to examine in-depth the contributions and relationship between international trade and the economic development of developing African countries. Furthermore, this paper recommended stringent macroeconomic policies that when formulated would encourage and increase the multiplier effect of these (foreign) trades. Part of these policies is targeted towards exchange rates, tariffs, import and export duties, subsidies, and actions that promote international trade.The research further concluded that internationaltradeis a key macroeconomic driver that must be encouraged in developing African countries as its multiplier effects have the potentials of driving the needed development goals of these nations. And for this to be achieved, these nations (developing countries) must formulate workable localized macroeconomic policies that suit and drive their interest as against borrowed economic policies from the developed European and Asian nations. Some of the recommendations proffered include adoption of friendly and pro-active export promotion policies, availability of grants, aids, subsidies, and loans, mechanization of the agrarian sector, adoption of flexible exchange rate, etc.This study made use of time series secondary data obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) of developing African countries for a period between 2000 and 2019. A forecast of 15 years was also initiated using these data to provide a long-term insight into the benefits of these trading activities on the GDP of developing countries.

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Shaqiri, Fisnik, et László Vasa. « Efficiency and Sustainability Questions of the Agricultural Production in Kosovo ». Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 9, n^o 1 (1 mai 2020) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2020-0001.

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AbstractThe paper focuses on comparing the economic features of the EU-28 and agricultural industry of Kosovo and also economic and agricultural conditions with some neighbouring countries based on the statistical analyses in the period of 2012 and 2016. Generally, it can be declared that in Kosovo the employment in agriculture is at a very highly level accompanied with less developed machinery level, in spite of the inflation rate at a low level with high portion of the agricultural land of total land area compared to the cases of other neighbouring countries. The international competitiveness of farmers needs for developing the mechanization is accompanied with increasing subsidies for farmers. The lack of capital, less educated and skilled employees in agricultural industry result into some economic difficulties for the further prosperity of the sector in Kosovo. The possible solutions for the agricultural industry in Kosovo are developing the mechanization, common selling-purchasing of farmers, more activities in agricultural services, secondary activities, increasing the subsidies for farmers, attracting farmers for food manufacturing industries, extending the agricultural advisory network and creation of better credit conditions for farmers.

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Bassi, Vittorio, Raffaela Muoio, Tommaso Porzio, Ritwika Sen et Esau Tugume. « Achieving Scale Collectively ». Econometrica 90, n^o 6 (2022) : 2937–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta18773.

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Many firms in developing countries could be too small to adopt modern technology embodied in expensive production machines. This paper shows that rental market interactions allow these small firms to increase their effective scale and mechanize production. We conduct a survey of manufacturing firms in Uganda, which uncovers an active rental market for large machines between small firms in informal clusters. We then build an equilibrium model of firm behavior and estimate it with our data. We find that the rental market is quantitatively important for mechanization and productivity since it provides a workaround for other market imperfections that keep firms small. The rental market also shapes the effectiveness of development policies to foster mechanization, such as subsidies to purchase machines. Overall, our results point to the importance of taking into account firm‐to‐firm interactions within informal clusters to understand technology adoption in low income countries: focusing on the small scale of firms in isolation might be misleading.

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BUTLER, G. P., T. BERNET et K. MANRIQUE. « MECHANIZATION OF POTATO GRADING ON SMALL-SCALE FARMS : A CASE STUDY FROM PERU ». Experimental Agriculture 41, n^o 1 (janvier 2005) : 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002340.

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Potatoes are an important cash crop for small-scale producers worldwide. The move away from subsistence to commercialized farming, combined with the rapid growth in demand for processed agricultural products in developing countries, implies that small-scale farmers and researchers alike must begin to respond to these market changes and consider post-harvest treatment as a critical aspect of the potato farming system. This paper presents and assesses a low cost potato-grading machine that was designed explicitly to enable small-scale potato growers to sort tubers by size for supply to commercial processors. The results of ten experiments reveal that the machine achieves an accuracy of sort similar to commercially available graders. The machine, which uses parallel conical rollers, has the capacity to grade different tuber shapes and to adjust sorting classes, making it suitable for locations with high potato diversity. Its relatively low cost suggests that an improved and adapted version of this machine might enhance market integration of small-scale potato producers not only in Peru, but in other developing countries as well.

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Li, Zhi, Ming Zhu, Huang Huang, Yu Yi et Jingyi Fu. « Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization : Econometric Evidence from Hubei, China ». Sustainability 14, n^o 8 (11 avril 2022) : 4518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084518.

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The importance of supporting agricultural mechanization in agri-food supply chains to achieve agricultural and rural development has been comprehensively recognized. There has been a surge in the attention given to Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization (SAM) in the context of developing countries. However, it is important to address the major challenge of studying the important factors and the influencing path of SAM. As a representative province of China’s agricultural development, Hubei has developed significantly in terms of agricultural mechanization in the past 20 years. Therefore, using a literature review, representative field survey data, and statistical analytical approaches, 28 relevant factors related to SAM were extracted, and the main influencing factors of SAM were determined by building an integrative conceptual framework and using the corresponding structural equation model based on partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The relationships and influencing paths between the factors were analyzed, and a confirmatory measurement model and a structural model of the effects on sustainable agricultural mechanization were constructed. The results show that (1) the PLS-SEM model fits the experimental data well and can effectively reflect the relationships among factors in this complex system; (2) within the factors influencing the development level of SAM in Hubei, China, the economic factors have the greatest weight, whereas government policy factors are the core elements promoting development, and environmental factors are the most noteworthy outcome factors; and (3) economic and policy factors play a very obvious role in promoting SAM through the influencing paths of agricultural production and agricultural machinery production and sales. Ultimately, corresponding suggestions have been put forward for decisions regarding the implementation of SAM for similar countries and regions.

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Mohammad Emami, Morteza Almassi, Hossein Bakhoda et Issa Kalantari. « Agricultural Mechanization as the Driver of Reducing Food Loss and Waste in Developing Countries : Evidence from Iran ». Russian Agricultural Sciences 47, n^o 5 (septembre 2021) : 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367421050049.

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Akolgo, Gilbert Ayine, Duke Nii Darko Quaye, Abdul-Rauf Malimanga Alhassan, Killian Asampana Asosega, Ebenezer Nunoo, Osman A. Akimsah Jedaiah, Michael Elorm Deho et Thomas Atta-Darkwa. « Status of Agricultural Mechanization in Ghana : Insight from Farmers’ Perception, Population, and Nonagricultural Sector Growth ». Advances in Agriculture 2022 (26 septembre 2022) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2094276.

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The growing human population is a driver for higher food demands with a need to scale agricultural production and maintain security of the food supply chain. Thus, there is a need to increase the adoption and improvement of mechanized systems in agriculture, especially where needed labor is also drifting into nonagricultural production sectors. With this view, the relationship or link between population and employment in nonagricultural sector in Ghana (West Africa) to agricultural mechanization was tested to ascertain any such validity. This formed the primary basis for this study and furthered on to establish the current level of agricultural mechanization within the country through measuring effect of available farm energy sources on farm sizes under cultivation. The methods employed included a structured questionnaire administered to farmers and other agricultural stakeholders to determine the level of mechanization, readiness to adopt/accept mechanization technology, level of usage of mechanization technologies, and ownership of machinery. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20) software was used to model and analyze data obtained including a multiple regression method for the relationship between parameters. The overall level of agricultural mechanization in Ghana was found to be very low with 77.6% of the farm operations being performed manually. The level of the tractor power availability in Ghana was found to have increased from 0.0207 kW/ha in the year 2004 to 0.0588 kW/ha in the year 2020 and is expected to increase to 0.0752 kW/ha in the year 2025. The power availability valued in this study was also found to be low compared with that in other developing countries. Statistically, both employment in the service sector and population growth were significant determinants ( Adjusted − R 2 = 0.9172 ) in the variations in the level of mechanization of agriculture in Ghana and policymakers will have to make adjustments in policies to take note of these indicators most often underplayed. Advocacy for higher levels of mechanization of agricultural operations must increase as it is critical to the overall cost of production in agriculture as this study also found out that mechanized operations were between 21.3% and 53.8% cheaper than manual operations.

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Pervez Wasim, Mohammad. « Milk Production Response in Pakistan ». LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 10, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2005) : 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2005.v10.i1.a7.

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In third world countries, where the level of mechanization in agriculture is low, livestock rearing is mainly for draught purpose. On the other hand, the use of animals for draught purpose is low in developed countries owing to the high level of farm mechanization and the animals are mainly reared for the consumption of meat and milk. Milk production in Pakistan is an important enterprise for over five million households owning buffaloes and cattle. Supply response of livestock has been undertaken mostly in developed countries. In developing countries livestock farming is not done on a large scale basis. This study is an attempt to obtain the best estimates of the response of milk producers while making a decision about production allocation of milk in Pakistan. The main objectives of the study are: (1) to test whether Pakistani milk producers respond to price movements (2) to estimate the elasticities of production with respect to milk producers: (a) relative price (b) credit and lagged production (c) to make a comparison of short-run and long-run price elasticities with that of developed and underdeveloped countries (d) to identify policy measures. The study is based on secondary data at the Pakistan level and covers a period of 31 years, starting from 1971-72 to 2002-03. Marc Nerlove’s (1958) partial adjustment lagged model is used for the study. The result of the analysis reveals that in the process of making the production decisions for milk production, all the variables (relative price, credit availability and lagged milk production) are equally important.

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Phatak, Sharad C., Suhas R. Ghate, Casimir A. Jaworski et Ronald D. Gitaitis. « Needed Engineering Aids and Mechanization for True Potato Seed Seedling, Seedling Tuber Harvest, and Seedling Tuber Planting ». HortScience 23, n^o 3 (juin 1988) : 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.3.504.

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Abstract Although extensive research is currently being conducted related to true potato seed (TPS) in the areas of breeding, production, and cultural practices (1, 3, 4, 5), there is little information generated on the engineering aspects of potato production from TPS. Potato production from TPS varies greatly from current methods in which potatoes are grown from tubers. Potatoes can be produced from TPS in three different ways: 1) seeding TPS in rows to produce potatoes similar to other crops produced by direct seeding; 2) planting TPS to raise transplants for planting in another field; and 3) using TPS for the production of seedling tubers to be used like “seed” tubers. Mechanization needs for each of these TPS uses are different. It might be necessary to modify the existing equipment or develop new equipment to meet specific needs of using TPS. Equipment needs for potato production from TPS in developing countries also will need special consideration. Engineering research conducted at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, related to potato production from TPS has been reported in detail by Ghate et al. (2). Since that publication, we have concentrated our research efforts in the direction of the equipment needs for TPS use in developing countries.

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Sayed, Hassan A. A., Qishuo Ding, Mahmoud A. Abdelhamid, Joseph O. Alele, Alfadhl Y. Alkhaled et Mohamed Refai. « Application of Machine Learning to Study the Agricultural Mechanization of Wheat Farms in Egypt ». Agriculture 13, n^o 1 (26 décembre 2022) : 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010070.

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Agricultural production can achieve sustainability by appropriately applying agricultural mechanization, especially in developing countries where smallholding farmers lack sufficient agricultural machinery for their farming operations. This paper aimed to study the extent to which small-, medium-, and large-scale farms in the Delta of Egypt use agricultural mechanization in their wheat crop farming operations. K-means clustering was used to aggregate and analyze the scenarios implemented by farmers for wheat cultivation so as to suggest guidelines for each cluster of farmers on how to mechanize their indoor wheat agricultural operations to maximize production. The study is divided into two parts: Firstly, data were collected regarding the percentage of small, medium, and large farms; the cultivated area of wheat crops in small-, medium-, and large-scale farms; and the size of tractors, as an indicator of the mechanization available in the governorates of Egypt’s Delta. Secondly, data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 2652 smallholding farmers, 328 medium-holding farmers, and 354 large-holding farmers from Egypt’s Delta governorates. Based on the surveyed data, 14, 14, and 12 scenarios (indexes) were established for small-, medium-, and large-scale farms, respectively, related to various agricultural operations involved in wheat crop production. These scenarios were analyzed based on the centroids using K-means clustering. The identified scenarios were divided into three clusters for the three levels of farms. The data obtained showed the need for smallholding farmers to implement mechanization, which could be achieved through renting services. These findings, if implemented, would have huge social and economic effects on farmers’ lives, in addition to increasing production, saving time and effort, and reducing dependence on labor.

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Chantalakhana, Charan, et Pakapun Bunyavejchewin. « Buffaloes and Draught Power ». Outlook on Agriculture 23, n^o 2 (juin 1994) : 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300204.

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Draught animals still do much of the work on farms in developing countries, as well as being used for transportation. Despite the efforts made by governments to promote mechanization, tractors are not a realistic alternative for the average small farmer. Animals such as the buffalo have been used for centuries without causing any air or water pollution or soil compaction; they are an integral part of a sustainable agriculture, producing milk, meat and manure without any external cash inputs, and they buffer the farmer against crop failure and provide companionship. Draught animal power on small farms is not a backward way of farming but it needs support from research and development agencies if it is to develop its full potential.

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Hayati, Abdollah, et Afshin Marzban. « Linkage between machine power utilization and ergonomics, with reference to reducing exertions at work ». Work 67, n^o 4 (22 décembre 2020) : 949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203345.

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BACKGROUND: Despite mechanization development, leafy vegetable cultivation (LVC), as a labor-intensive activity in both developed and developing countries, still suffers from heavy physical activities. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the human physiological strains of LVC’s workers to identify relationships among contributing factors affecting human physiological strains. METHODS: Thirty male workers were included in this study. Working heart rate (HR) was measured using a heart rate sensor during various operations. The time taken to treat a known area was measured using a stopwatch to calculate work speed (or field capacity (FC)) for each operation. Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to investigate the relationships among HR, heart rate ratio, FC and mechanization status (MS), and human energy expenditure rate and total energy expenditure per unit area. RESULTS: The highest HR was at seedbed preparing (120.1 beats/min) and lowest at manual harvesting (87.8 beats/min). Manual hoe-used operations (seedbed preparing, manure application and irrigating) were demonstrated as the critical operations concerning physiological strains. The operations performed by machine power corresponded to a high FC. CONCLUSIONS: Variables influencing the area treating speed (i.e. MS and FC) are negatively linked to the human energy consumed per unit area and variable changed in time unit (i.e. HR) was positively linked to the human energy expenditure speed.

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Thangavel, Chandrakumar, Ramya Thangavel, Karthik Chandran, Gunnam Suryanarayana, Subrata Chowdhury, Nguyen Duc Uyen, Thi-Thu Nguyen et Duc-Tan Tran. « A study on agricultural engineering equipment in South Tamilnadu using linear regression ». Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, n^o 3 (1 juin 2022) : 1480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3325.

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Economic growth in India purely depends on the Indian agricultural sector. In developing countries, the mechanization of agriculture plays a vital role in productivity. The research focuses on identifying which farmers in South Tamilnadu mostly use agricultural machinery. In this paper, we have taken farmer names and mobile numbers, choice of implement requirement into consideration by collecting the real data through DBT portal (https://agrimachinery.nic.in). This research work deals with five southern districts in Tamilnadu, namely Dindigul, Madurai, Theni, Ramnad, and Virudhunagar, in which we have predicted which machinery is suitable for that area. The linear regression model was used in this research by testing and training the dataset in all five data frames to get efficient results. Prediction of each data frame reveals the efficient working of the particular machinery for that specific area due to the different geographical features.

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Guo, Jie, Jieli Duan, Zhou Yang et Manoj Karkee. « De-Handing Technologies for Banana Postharvest Operations—Updates and Challenges ». Agriculture 12, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2022) : 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111821.

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Many aspects of the agricultural industry such a field crop planting and harvesting and chemical application in fruit crops have been employing mechanization and automation solutions for decades. However, the de-handing operation in banana postharvest operations is usually performed manually. Mechanical or automated de-handing is a potential long-term solution to address labor shortages and the associated high costs. Bananas are mainly grown in developing countries located in tropical and subtropical regions, where the development of agricultural mechanization and automation solutions started only recently and is progressing relatively slowly. In addition, large-scale banana orchards are mainly distributed in hilly and mountainous areas, though there are also some small-scale banana plantations in plain areas. The complex environment of banana orchards and the aging farming population are other important factors that make it difficult to realize mechanized operation of banana de-handing. In recent years, researchers have proposed advanced techniques that may facilitate the development of mechanical de-handing systems. However, the successful adoption of mechanical de-handing technology still faces many challenges. This paper systematically reviews the existing research on de-handing technologies and component mechanisms. A comprehensive evaluation is carried out from the perspectives of feasibility of the mechanism design, stability of the model simulation and reliability of the prototype systems developed. The future challenges and opportunities for designing and practically adopting mechanical de-handing equipment are also summarized and discussed.

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Dey, Sudip. « Capital Formation and Three Major Sectorial Female Employments in Six South Asian Countries ». Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges 2022, n^o 2 (2022) : 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/eitc.2022.02.04.

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Female employment is a crucial measure especially for developing countries. It increases women empowerment, brings financial solvency, declines poverty rate and gender gap, reduces unemployment rate, and improves living standard and more. The prime goals of the paper are to investigate the impacts of capital formation on three major sectorial (agriculture, industry and service) female employments in six South Asian countries. The panel data set for the six South Asian countries is collected from 1991 to 2018. Fixed effect, random effects model and Hausman test have been employed to conduct the study. To discuss the impacts of capital formation on the three female employment sectors the study is splinted in three models. The econometric outcomes of the first model represent that there is a highly significant strong negative impact of gross capital formation on the agricultural sector. The study identifies that mechanization, structural transformation, declining agricultural land areas through capital formation, and female literacy rate are the key factors for this expected result. On the other side, the empirical results of the second and third models make it clear that gross capital formation has strong and highly significant positive impacts in the industrial and service sectors. Findings of the study confirm that economic growth, improvement of educational level, growth of manufacturing, advertising, marketing, finance, entertainment, telecommunications, media, hospitality sectors, RMG sector, tourism sector, banks, insurance companies, NGOs, trade related services, living standard, and health sector through capital formation are the responsible factors for these desired results in the industrial and service sectors’ female employment.

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Kareemulla, K., Pandian Krishnan, S. Ravichandran, B. Ganesh Kumar, Sweety Sharma et Ramachandra Bhatta. « Spatiotemporal Analysis of Size and Equity in Ownership Dynamics of Agricultural Landholdings in India Vis-à-Vis the World ». Sustainability 13, n^o 18 (13 septembre 2021) : 10225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810225.

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The increasing threat to sustainable agriculture is a major concern of planners worldwide. Human population growth together with increasing food requirements and competition for land use is leading to land scarcity for agricultural purposes. Farm size influences the extent of the adoption of mechanization and modern methods of farm management practices, which in turn results in increased productivity, production efficiency and agricultural income. We studied changes in macroeconomic factors such as dependency on agriculture, growth of the sector, the pattern of landholdings and tenure rights across major agriculturally important countries, as well as the priority of agriculture for the national economy (i.e., the share of agriculture in the national income) and its relationship to changes in farm size. The data on the percentage of area under farming, population growth, size of the agricultural workforce and other social dimensions from 24 countries of different geographical sizes were analysed. We used parameters such as the extent of changes in cropland, family-owned land, the agricultural workforce and their productivity, number of holdings and their distribution, women-headed holdings and finally total and per capita agricultural income, and measured the changes over time and space. The published data from national and international sources were used to establish the relationship between farm size and farm efficiency measured through the selected parameters. The results clearly establish that the size of farm holdings had an inverse relationship with the population dependent on agriculture, share of agriculture in national income and tenure rights. Australia had the largest average agricultural landholding (3243 ha), while India and Bangladesh had the lowest (1.3 and 0.3 ha, respectively). The inequality in the distribution of farmland ownership was greater in developed countries than in developing countries. Female farmland ownership was less than 20% in most developing countries and the relationship between the number of farm households and farm outcomes was found to have weakened over time. India, a developing as well as an agriculturally important country, was subjected to detailed analysis to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of the size, distribution and ownership patterns of agricultural landholding.

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Guthiga, P. M., J. T. Karugia et R. A. Nyikal. « Does use of draft animal power increase economic efficiency of smallholder farms in Kenya ? » Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, n^o 4 (décembre 2007) : 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217050700186x.

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AbstractDraft animal power (DAP) has been identified as an environmentally friendly technology that is based on renewable energy and encompasses integration of livestock and crop production systems. Draft animal technology provides farmers with a possibility to cheaply access and use manure from the draft animals and farm power needed to apply renewable practices for land intensification. Compared to motorized mechanization, DAP is viewed as an appropriate and affordable technology especially for small-scale farmers in developing countries who cannot afford the expensive fuel-powered tractor mechanization. However, it is apparent that there is no consensus among researchers on how it affects crop yields, profit and production efficiency when applied in farm operations. This study addressed the question of whether using DAP increases economic efficiency of smallholder maize producers in central Kenya. Results of the study are derived from a sample of 80 farmers, 57% of whom used draft animals while 43% used hand hoes in carrying farm operations. In the study area, draft animals are almost exclusively used for land preparation and planting, with very few farmers applying them in the consecutive operations such as weeding. A profit function was estimated to test the hypothesis of equal economic efficiency between ‘DAP’ and ‘hoe’ farms. The results showed that farmers who used DAP obtained higher yields and operated at a higher economic efficiency compared to those who used hand hoes. The analysis underscores the viability of DAP in increasing profitability of small-scale farms; however, other aspects of the technology, such as affordability of the whole DAP package, availability of appropriate implements and skills of using the technology, must be taken into account when promoting adoption of DAP technology.

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Joaquim, Bianca dos Santos, et João Marcos de Almeida Lopes. « Preliminary Evaluation of the Adoption of Machines for the Partial Mechanization of Adobe Production ». Key Engineering Materials 600 (mars 2014) : 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.196.

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Earth as a construction material is being announced as capable to answer the construction sectors demands with considerable reductions on environmental impacts. It is an abundant raw material, commonly available at the construction site, which requires low energy consumption to be produced or transformed and which also doesnt need to be fired, what means that its production emits very small amounts of CO2. In terms of results for the built environment, it may provide excellent thermal and acoustic comfort, besides contributing to regulate the environments humidity. At the end of its cycle the material can be discarded bringing no harm to soil and water, it is rapidly absorbed by the environment conversely, it can be recycled by turning it into mud again, so it can be used to prepare new construction elements. However, in Brazil and in many other developing countries, the application of the earth construction technologies usually occurs as handmade work. Particularly on the adobe production, the blocks are mostly molded one by one or in pairs, depending on the type of the molds, aiming to accomplish a production of thousands of unities. The soil used for block molding has to be in a plastic consistency and, to achieve that quality, intensive human effort is generally employed. Considering those difficulties this paper intends to present an initial roll of machines used on production processes of Brazilian construction sector, and other industrial sectors, that can be integrated to adobe fabrication procedures to help mixing the mud. From the collected information, a preliminary evaluation will be formulated revealing which of the equipment contribute effectively for the comfort and safety of workers. Another factor that may be considered for this selection is the investment amount needed. As high costs interfere with the control of the means of production, the workers may have their access to this condition denied, situation that affects the possibility of social advances that can be promoted by the appliance of adobe.

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Pietilä, Leena, et Paula Jokela. « Cultivation of minor tuber crops in Peru and Bolivia ». Agricultural and Food Science 60, n^o 2 (1 mars 1988) : 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72279.

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A collection mission of three Andean tuber crops, oca (Oxalis tuberosa, Oxalidaceae), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus, Basellaceae) and añu (Tropaeolum tuberosum, Tropaeolaceae), was carried out in southern Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina. This article deals with the observations made during this mission. 55 ulluco fields were visited. In general, the fields are small, 240m2 on average, and they are mostly situated on mountain slopes. The fields are fertilized with animal dung; chemical fertilizers are quite rare. In the fields, people work with hoes ang ploughs as they did hundreds of years ago. Mechanization of agriculture would prevent full utilization of the mountainous area of the Andes. Ulluco is usually interplanted with other crops, usually, many forms of ulluco in one field. Because of crop rotation description of the fields is partly valid for the cultivation of other crops, too. Due to drastic climatic variation, cultivation of mixed varieties maybe the best way to guarantee some yield. When results of the investigations are wished to benefit developing countries, knowledge of social, agricultural and environmental factors is of great value.

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Rodrigues, João Brandão, Zoe Raw, Eduardo Santurtun, Fiona Cooke et Cara Clancy. « Donkeys in transition ». Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 58 (28 juin 2021) : e174325. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2021.174325.

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Donkeys have a long history in the development of human societies. Typically referred to as a beast of burden, traditional uses for donkeys have included the transportation of goods and people, use in agricultural and forestry activities, to access water, and provide citizens in low- and middle-income countries a means of making an income for communities. However, the rise of mechanization, the development of modern farming techniques, and the increasing availability of motorized vehicles have led to donkeys and mules becoming redundant from traditional roles in many parts of the world. We provide examples of where donkeys have successfully transitioned from traditional roles to new, non-traditional roles in Europe and North America, and demonstrate that, although the roles and use of donkeys and mules are changing in a rapidly developing world, we can learn lessons from the past and apply them to current challenges. As the need for working equids declines in transport and agriculture, they still hold great value for recreational, therapeutic, and environmentally friendly methods of animal traction.

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Duong, Duc Tam. « Sustainable development for Vietnam agriculture ». E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020) : 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017501015.

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Agriculture is one of the important and complex sectors, it is not only a simple economic sector but also a biological - technical system. Because the basis for agricultural development is the use of bio-energy - plants and animals. Agricultural sector, if understood in a narrow sense, is only the cultivation, husbandry and service sectors. As for agriculture, in broad terms it also includes forestry and fishery. Agriculture provides food and food for social needs, agriculture is the basic material production industry, plays a major role in economic development in most of the country, especially in developing countries. At present, Vietnam’s agriculture has great potential and can be enriched from agriculture. However, wastage and loss in agriculture are still high in the stages of processing, harvesting and preserving. Mechanization is still low, lower than Thailand, so agricultural labor productivity is not high. Over the past years, Vietnam’s Agriculture has achieved important developments, contributing to the development of Vietnam’s economy. However, to achieve higher goals in the next 10 years, Vietnam’s agriculture needs to promote its strengths, such as: Well implementing land policies in agriculture; training high quality human resources; building a credible agriculture, which is clean, safe, quality agriculture and organic agriculture; protect natural environment, such as: land, climate, weather, hydrology, etc. In order to ensure sustainable agricultural development.

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Shahgholi, Gholamhussein, et Abdolmajid Moinfar. « The Effect of Crop Residue Percentages and Their Chopped Size on Soil Compactibility ». Acta Technologica Agriculturae 24, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2021) : 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2021-0030.

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Abstract The advancement of technology and increasing use of mechanization in agriculture, as well as increasing size of agricultural machinery for farm capacity improvement, have led to soil compaction. In developed countries, various reports of the soil compaction impacts on the reduction of agricultural products have been provided. In developing countries, soil compaction represents a less-known issue and a its destructive nature in agriculture has not been sufficiently addressed. Furthermore, in developed countries, the soil is rich in organic matter due to conservation tillage; however, in Iran, conservation tillage is not possible to perform because of traditional agriculture and using old agricultural machinery. Therefore, plant residues are either removed from fields, or burned. However, sufficient content of organic matter in field can contribute to soil compaction mitigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of percentage of crop residues and their size on soil compaction at different soil moisture contents. For these purposes, five different soil moisture contents (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16% based on dry soil weight) and 4 residue rates at 3 fragmentation sizes were observed in terms of soil compaction. At all different soil moisture contents and residue sizes, with increasing percentage of added straw to the soil, the soil displacement increased. Moreover, as the straw size increased, the initial displacement during compression decreased, e.g., the maximum displacements for straw percentage of 12% and soil moisture of 8% were 64, 62 and 60 mm considering the straw sizes of 1, 2.5 and 5 cm, respectively. With high residue percentage, the final soil density and soil compaction were lower due to the low specific density of straw relative to soil. Furthermore, with high percentage of straw, more deformations and displacements were occurred in the mixture due to large deformation of straws. The density changes of soil-straw mixture were more significant at high residue percentages.

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Sun, Zhilu, et Xiande Li. « Technical Efficiency of Chemical Fertilizer Use and Its Influencing Factors in China’s Rice Production ». Sustainability 13, n^o 3 (22 janvier 2021) : 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031155.

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Low technical efficiency and excessive usage of chemical fertilizer in grain production is a problem commonly faced by China and many other developing countries, which leads to serious environment pollution and high environmental governance cost. China is the largest rice producing and consuming country, and several kinds of rice are grown in China and all of which are important edible grain. However, there has been no systematic research on kind difference and provincial difference of technical efficiency of chemical fertilizer use (TEFU) for rice production. Using the data of China’s 22 rice production provinces from the China Agricultural Product Cost-Benefit Compilation and the China Statistical Yearbook, this study measures the TEFU for early indica rice, intermediary indica rice, late indica rice, and japonica rice production by using a stochastic frontier production function (SFPF) model, and then analyzes TEFU’s influencing factors using a Tobit model and conducts the robustness check using a panel data fixed effect model. We found that, on average, TEFU for four kinds of rice production were improved significantly during 1997–2018, increasing by 67.70%, 39.93%, 14.76%, and 21.88%, respectively. TEFU for China’s rice production have significant differences among different kinds and production provinces, and still have large improvement potential. Government’s fiscal support to agriculture, agricultural labor productivity, agricultural mechanization, effective irrigation, and implementation of the “Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization Program” (STFFP) have significant positive impact on TEFU; and natural disaster and fertilizer price have significant negative impact on TEFU.

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Hua, Wenyuan, Zhihan Chen et Liangguo Luo. « The Effect of the Major-Grain-Producing-Areas Oriented Policy on Crop Production : Evidence from China ». Land 11, n^o 9 (23 août 2022) : 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091375.

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As a powerful actor in the global food system, China experienced a significant drop in crop production from 1998 to 2003, which posed a substantial threat to national food security and led to the establishment of 13 major grain-producing areas (MGPA). Although some qualitative research has found that the MGPA policy plays an important role in ensuring the national food security, quantitative evidence on the effect of the MGPA policy and its potential mechanism remains scarce. Based on China’s interprovincial panel data from 1998 to 2018, this study used a difference-in-differences (DD) estimation strategy to analyze the treatment effect of the MGPA policy by taking the assignment of 13 MGPA as a quasi-experiment. The results showed that the enforcement of the MGPA policy significantly increased crop production, especially in terms of grain, rice and wheat yields. The average grain yields were raised by 27.5%. The results of the event study analysis showed that the treatment effects were sustainable in the following years of the policy implementation. This study also explored alternative causal channels and found that the MGPA policy raised crop yields mainly by expanding planting areas, improving the level of mechanization and increasing transfer payments. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the MGPA policy in increasing crop production in a developing country setting, which could enlighten policymakers in some less well-developed countries on boosting crop production and maintaining food security.

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Chandel, Rupinder, et Karun Sharma. « Multiple Attributed Parametric Review Study on Mechanical Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Harvesters ». Journal of Agricultural Science 14, n^o 2 (15 janvier 2022) : 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n2p122.

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Crop characteristics of cotton are crucial to identify the important crop attributes like plant height, canopy width, sympods and monopods distribution, row spacing which affects the performance of mechanical harvesters. The activity and effectiveness of most harvest aids, including desiccants is reduced by low temperature conditions. Trash content was observed to be lesser in cotton harvested by cotton picker than cotton harvested by cotton stripper. It was found that a maximum cotton yield of 1000 kg acre-1 was obtained for a cotton plant population ranging between 45,000 and 90,000 plants acre-1. Likewise, a minimum of 700 to 740 kg acre-1 was observed for a cotton plant population of 33,000 plants acre-1. In higher yielding cotton, cotton pickers recorded higher picking rate than cotton strippers. Picking/harvesting efficiency of cotton stripper with both finger and brush type mechanism was higher than the spindle type cotton picker. Picking efficiency of pneumatic picker was higher than the other types of picking mechanisms, but with lesser rate of picking capacity. Gin turnout of cotton was higher with cotton picker when compared with cotton stripper due to lesser trash content in picker harvested cotton. The horsepower requirement of cotton stripper ranged from ½ to ¼ horsepower and cost is about two-thirds of the price as compared with cotton picker. The scheduling and monitoring of various activities involved in cotton picking by using a suitable software model can increase the benefits of both growers and harvesting companies. The reduction in uniformity with roller gin-type lint cleaners ranged between 0.2 to 0.8%, which was lesser as compared with saw-type lint cleaners. Introducing mechanical harvesting has always been a decades-long process. In Turkey, it took 20 years and in Greece, this process took place very gradually over a 15-year period. Top cotton producing countries like India, Pakistan, China, Uzbekistan and other developing countries like Iran Paraguay are still not using machine harvesting. The introduction of mechanical cotton picker or stripper can help improve quality and quantity of cotton picking thereby giving more benefit to growers in developing countries and improving their socio-economic status. The most controversial issue raised by the introduction of the mechanical cotton harvester is great migration as the machines eliminated jobs and forced poor families to leave their homes and farms in search for urban jobs. Therefore Government policies towards cotton harvesting mechanization must include the alternative jobs, packages for dependent manual cotton pickers and their families.

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Vieira, P. C., M. von Sperling, L. C. M. Nogueira et B. F. S. Assis. « Performance evaluation of a novel open trickling filter for the post-treatment of anaerobic effluents from small communities ». Water Science and Technology 67, n^o 12 (1 juin 2013) : 2746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.195.

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The objective of the work is to evaluate the performance of an innovative design of a trickling filter for small population sizes, which has been implemented for the post-treatment of sanitary effluent from a UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor. The unit, named open trickling filter (OTF), operates with no side walls, no perforated bottom slab and no secondary settler. The OTF packing was 3.5 m high, composed of crushed stone, with a fixed distribution system made of channels with V-notch weirs. The OTF was operated with mean surface hydraulic loading rates of 4.1 and 9.3 m3 m−2 d−1, corresponding to population equivalents of approximately 250 and 550 inhabitants, respectively. For the surface hydraulic loading rate of 4.1 m3 m−2 d−1, the median removal efficiencies obtained by the OTF and overall system (UASB + OTF) were, respectively, 24 and 83% for total suspended solids (TSS), 44 and 79% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 42 and 82% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 40 and 40% for N-ammonia. For the surface hydraulic loading rate of 9.3 m3 m−2 d−1, the median removal efficiencies obtained by the OTF and global system (UASB + OTF) were 14 and 76% for TSS, 28 and 76% for COD, 25 and 86% for BOD, 15 and 15% for N-ammonia. Considering the great simplicity, no mechanization and small footprint of the system, these results can be considered satisfactory, suggesting that the OTF is suitable for small communities, especially in developing countries.

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Pimentel, Carlos. « Agronomic Practices to Improve Water Use Efficiency ». Environmental Sciences and Ecology : Current Research (ESECR 3, n^o 8 (20 décembre 2022) : 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1081.

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Water scarcity, which already occurs for more than a billion people worldwide, will worsen further, and the water supply available for future generations, especially for use in agriculture, will be increasingly restricted (FAO, 2017). Above all, in arid and semi-arid regions, irrigated agriculture uses more than 70 to 80% of the total water available and is essential to increase food production in these regions, where the population is rapidly increasing (TURNER, 2004) [1]. The world’s population in 2004 was more than 6,000,000, of which around 5,000,000 were in developing countries, and 20% of this population has remained undernourished since the 1990s [2]. For this time, water management in agriculture, in the current era of scarcity, should be engaged to implement water use efficiency (WUE), spending fewer resources and producing less expensive plant protein [3,4]. In the past, during the post-war “green revolution”, the paradigm of agriculture was to modify the environment (heavy fertilization, irrigation, and mechanization, with energy expenditure) to adapt it to the plant, with the generation of so-called high-yield varieties (HYVs), with high harvest index (HI: Dry Weight [DW] of the organ harvested. plant DW-1), for mechanized harvesting and responsive to the application of fertilizers, which were cheap at the time [1], but less adapted to the stresses, which was mitigated by energy expenditure, in irrigation and mechanization, and fertilizers applied [5]. For example, in grasses, the induction of progressive tillering, as occurs in the millet and sorghum, is one of the mechanisms of escape from environmental stresses because each inflorescence will have a different period of fertilization increasing the chances of producing some viable panicles [5]. However, this characteristic would prevent mechanized harvesting, but small farmers in marginal areas of agriculture do not use mechanic harvesting. Marginal agriculture areas are frequently subjected to environmental stresses and have soils with poor nutrient content [3]. In the past, during the green revolution, it was always a characteristic undesirable for plant breeding programs to improve yield. In addition, the increase in HI was often obtained with a reduction of volume and root area, which is very important to implement the WUE [6]. Therefore, the genetic basis for the environmental adaptation of the most improved crop by man, such as maize, has been dramatically diminished. After the oil and energy crisis in the 1970s, the paradigm of agriculture has become to modify the plant to adapt it to the environment, with WUE, generating varieties with Low Technological Cost (LCVs) for agricultural production (Figure 1). This adaptation to environmental stresses can also be found in local landraces used by the small farmers living in marginal areas for agriculture, which needs to be better studied and recommended to increase food safety in these areas [3].

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Haque, Mahmudul, Md Jahangir Khan, Mahmood A. Chowdhury, Md Saifuddin Khaled et Prasun Barua. « Fasting Serum Insulin Level Among Overweight and Obese School Children ». Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 15, n^o 2 (6 mars 2017) : 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v15i2.31800.

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Background: The rising prevalence of obesity in developing countries is largely due to rapid urbanization and mechanization which has led to reduction in the energy expenditure. It is accompanied along with an increase in energy intake due to increased purchasing power and availability of high fat, energy dense fast food. A high prevalence of obesity in children can be attributed to the lack of knowledge about adverse effects of unhealthy nutrition in urban school children in Bangladesh. So there is a need to identify overweight and obesity as one of the risk factors leading to condition of metabolic syndrome and or central obesity and give baseline information to approach for its prevention at childhood with the assistance from continuation of medical research as early as possible.Methods: This was a case control study. A total of 100 subjects were included in this study. Among them 50 were considered as cases (Whose BMI was >85th percentile) and 50 were considered as controls (Whose BMI was > 5th percentile to 84th percentile). BMI were calculated by standard protocol used for children. Children suffering from DM, renal diseases and other endocrine diseases were excluded. Serum insulin, blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG were measured in all samples in fasting state. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA-IR value.Results: Result showed that serum insulin and HOMA-IR values were significantly higher in cases (Overweight and obese children) than in controls of same age and sex (p=<0.001). Result also showed that there were positive correlation among Total Cholesterol (p=<0.001), LDL-C (p=<0.001), TG (p=<0.001) and HOMA-IR value.Conclusion: We found that insulin resistance was strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and its components.Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.15 (2); Jul 2016; Page 21-24

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Mohiuddin, Iqra, Muhammad Asif Kamran, Shokhrukh-Mirzo Jalilov, Mobin-ud-Din Ahmad, Sultan Ali Adil, Raza Ullah et Tasneem Khaliq. « Scale and Drivers of Female Agricultural Labor : Evidence from Pakistan ». Sustainability 12, n^o 16 (17 août 2020) : 6633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166633.

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Agricultural labor is largely informal, particularly for female agricultural labor in developing countries. Despite significant participation in the agricultural labor force in Pakistan, women’s contribution is not properly acknowledged and rewarded. The issue is further aggravated by the dearth of literature on gender–labor relations in cropping and livestock activities. Considering this gap in the literature, the current study was conducted with the specific objective of exploring the labor composition of different agricultural activities in different farm size categories in general and, particularly, female agricultural labor (family and hired labor) participation and its determinants in the rice–wheat cropping system of the Punjab province, Pakistan. The data were collected from 300 households across four districts of the province. Labor participation was calculated on an official farm size classification basis, i.e., small (<12.5 acres), medium (12.6–25 acres) and large (>25 acres) farms. The findings show that female labor is predominantly demanded in the manual harvesting of wheat, rice nursery transplantation and harvesting, and the majority of the livestock-related activities. The regression model results showed that family female labor and hired female labor participation significantly depend on the landholding status of farmers, household size, family type and level of education. The interviews also illustrated that labor relations are rapidly changing—ongoing mechanization threatens conventional female labor activities due to the lack of machinery operation skills among females, caused by informal state policies and cultural barriers. The findings of the study have important policy implications for mainstreaming gender status in agricultural policy and rural development and contribute directly to the Sustainable Development Goals on Gender Equality (SDG#5) and Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG#8), and indirectly to No Poverty (SDG#1), Zero Hunger (SDG#2), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG#12) and Climate Action (SDG#13).

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Guzzetti, Lorenzo, Andrea Fiorini, Davide Panzeri, Nicola Tommasi, Fabrizio Grassi, Eren Taskin, Chiara Misci et al. « Sustainability Perspectives of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. Cultivation under No Tillage and Water Stress Conditions ». Plants 9, n^o 1 (30 décembre 2019) : 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010048.

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Nowadays, agriculture is facing the great challenge of climate change which puts the productivity of the crops in peril due to unpredictable rain patterns and water shortages, especially in the developing world. Besides productivity, nutritional values of the yields of these crops may also be affected, especially under low mechanization and the low water availability conditions of the developing world. Conservation agriculture (CA) is a topic of emerging interest due to the provision of adequate yields and reduced environmental impact, such as greenhouse gas emissions, by being based on three main principles: minimum soil disturbance (reduced or no tillage), cover crop maintenance, and crop rotation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of CA management on the growth performance and the nutritional profile of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), a pulse of African origin, commonly known as black eye bean under field conditions. A field experiment was designed to assess the effect of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) combined with the usage of a set of cover crops, coupled to normal and deficient water regimes. Cowpea was revealed to be able to grow and yield comparably at each level of the treatment tested, with a better ability to face water exhaustion under CA management. After a faster initial growth phase in CT plots, the level of adaptability of this legume to NT was such that growth performances improved significantly with respect to CT plots. The flowering rate was higher and earlier in CT conditions, while in NT it was slower but longer-lasting. The leafy photosynthetic rate and the nutritional profile of beans were slightly influenced by tillage management: only total starch content was negatively affected in NT and watered plots while proteins and aminoacids did not show any significant variation. Furthermore, significantly higher carbon and nitrogen concentration occurred in NT soils especially at the topmost (0–5 cm) soil horizon. These findings confirm the capability of CA to enrich soil superficial horizons and highlight that cowpea is a suitable crop to be grown under sustainable CA management. This practice could be pivotal to preserve soils and to save agronomical costs without losing a panel of nutrients that are important to the human diet. Due to its great protein and aminoacidic composition, V. unguiculata is a good candidate for further cultivation in regions of the word facing deficiencies in the intake of such nutrients, such as the Mediterranean basins and Sub-Saharan countries.

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Petro, Lucia M., Revocatus Machunda, Siza Tumbo et Thomas Kivevele. « Theoretical and Experimental Performance Analysis of a Novel Domestic Biogas Burner ». Journal of Energy 2020 (16 septembre 2020) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8813254.

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The inefficient indoor burning of fuelwood on traditional cookstoves generates pollutants, primarily carbon monoxide and many other human health-damaging emissions. It is from this risk that it is necessary to have an immediate shift to alternative cleaner fuel sources. Biogas, which is among the biofuels from biomass, is one of the resources that play a considerable part in a more diverse and sustainable global energy mix. For domestic purposes in rural areas of Tanzania, biogas provides a better option that can supplement the use of fossil fuels such as wood, charcoal, and kerosene, which is nonrenewable. However, the low efficiency experienced in the locally made biogas burners hinders the large-scale use of biogas among the population in the country. With the locally made burners, the users of biogas for the domestic application face problems including heat loss and high gas consumption which affects the whole cooking process. It is against this backdrop that the current study objectives incline on designing and improving the efficiency of the locally manufactured burners to achieve the uniform flow of fuel in the mixing chamber, which will result to the consistent heat distribution around the cooking pot. The optimization of the burner was done by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) through varying the number of flame portholes and air holes as well as the size of the jet before fabrication. The increased efficiency of the burner has also contributed by the addition of the fuel distributor. The results showed that the optimum hole diameter of the jet was 2.5 mm and that of the manifold was 100 mm. The currently developed biogas burner was tested and compared with the other two locally made burners. The water boiling test (WBT) on these three burners showed that the developed burner has a thermal efficiency of 67.01% against 54.61% and 58.82% of the Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology (CARMATEC) and Simgas, respectively. Additionally, the fuel consumption of the developed burner was 736 g/L as compared to 920 g/L for CARMARTEC and 833 g/L for that of Simgas. The developed burner and its corresponding cookstove are both environmentally friendly and economical for household utilization in Tanzania and other developing countries.

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Bhuvaneshwari, S., Hiroshan Hettiarachchi et Jay Meegoda. « Crop Residue Burning in India : Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 5 (7 mars 2019) : 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050832.

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India, the second largest agro-based economy with year-round crop cultivation, generates a large amount of agricultural waste, including crop residues. In the absence of adequate sustainable management practices, approximately 92 seems a very small number of metric tons of crop waste is burned every year in India, causing excessive particulate matter emissions and air pollution. Crop residue burning has become a major environmental problem causing health issues as well as contributing to global warming. Composting, biochar production and mechanization are a few effective sustainable techniques that can help to curtail the issue while retaining the nutrients present in the crop residue in the soil. The government of India has attempted to curtail this problem, through numerous measures and campaigns designed to promote sustainable management methods such as converting crop residue into energy. However, the alarming rise of air pollution levels caused by crop residue burning in the city of Delhi and other northern areas in India observed in recent years, especially in and after the year of 2015, suggest that the issues is not yet under control. The solution to crop residue burning lies in the effective implementation of sustainable management practices with Government interventions and policies. This manuscript addresses the underlying technical as well as policy issues that has prevented India from achieving a long-lasting solution and also potential solutions that have been overlooked. However, effective implementation of these techniques also requires us to look at other socioeconomic aspects that had not been considered. This manuscript also discusses some of the policy considerations and functionality based on the analyses and current practices. The agricultural waste sector can benefit immensely from some of the examples from other waste sectors such as the municipal solid waste (MSW) and wastewater management where collection, segregation, recycling and disposal are institutionalized to secure an operational system. Active stakeholder involvement including education and empowerment of farmers along with technical solutions and product manufacturing can also assist tremendously. Even though the issue of crop residue burning touches many sectors, such as environment, agriculture, economy, social aspects, education, and energy, the past governmental efforts mainly revolved around agriculture and energy. This sectorial thinking is another barrier that needs to be broken. The government of India as well as governments of other developing countries can benefit from the emerging concept of nexus thinking in managing environmental resources. Nexus thinking promotes a higher-level integration and higher level of stakeholder involvement that goes beyond the disciplinary boundaries, providing a supporting platform to solve issues such as crop residue burning.

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Singh Negi, Dheeraj. « Open source software using New GEN LIB : a case study of international management institutue Bhubaneswar ». Library Hi Tech News 31, n^o 9 (28 octobre 2014) : 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-07-2014-0056.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to develop and update database of books in the International Management Institute Bhubaneswar. The study presents the status of automation in International Management Institute Bhubaneswar. A properly computerized library will help its user with quick services. Library automation refers to mechanization of library housekeeping operations predominantly by computerization. Implement automated system using New Gen Lib (NGL) library integrated open source software to carry out the functions of the circulation section more effectively to provide various search option to know the availability of books in the library and generate the list of books due by the particular member and also overdue charges. NGL is an integrated software system with required models for small to very large libraries. Being an open source any library wanted to go for automation for their library housekeeping operations can make use of this software. Design/methodology/approach – Open source is a software development model and a software distribution model. In this model, the source code of programs is made freely available with the software itself, so that anyone can see, change and distribute it provided they abide by the accompanying license. In this sense, open source is similar to peer review, which is used to strengthen the progress of scholarly communication. The open source software differs from the closed source or proprietary software, which may only be obtained by some form of payment, either by purchase or by leasing. The primary difference between the two is the freedom to modify the software. An open system is a design philosophy antithetical to solutions designed to be proprietary. The idea behind it is that institutions, such as libraries, can build a combination of components and deliver services that include several vendors' offerings. Thus, for instance, a library might use an integrated library system from one of the major vendors in combination with an open source product developed by another library or by itself to better meet its internal or users' requirements. Findings – NGL free software is constantly being updated, changed and customized to meet the library's needs. While all of this is fine and dandy, and sounds like the win-win solution for your library, there are still pitfalls and hurdles we will need to overcome. Hopefully, this article provides some introductory information as to how to wean your library off of traditional computing products and dive into the pool of open source resources available today. Libraries in the developing countries are able to support electronic access, digital libraries and resource sharing because they are able to use Open sources Software (OSS). Even libraries in well-developed countries are becoming more inclined toward OSS to improve their services. Originality/value – To develop and updated database of books and other online/printed resources of the International Management Institute Bhubaneswar. To implement automated system using NGL library integrated open sources software. To carry out the charging and discharging functions of the circulation section and Provide Various search options to know the availability of books in the library.

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Zheng, Hongyun, Wanglin Ma, Yanzhi Guo et Xiaoshi Zhou. « Interactive relationship between non-farm employment and mechanization service expenditure in rural China ». China Agricultural Economic Review ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (30 avril 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2020-0251.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the interactive relationship between non-farm employment and mechanization service expenditure.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs an innovative two-stage probit least squares (2SPLS) model to analyze the survey data collected from 1,148 rural households in China. This model not only simultaneously estimates the impact of non-farm employment on mechanization service expenditure and the impact of mechanization service expenditure on non-farm employment, but also addresses endogeneity issues associated with these two activities.FindingsThe empirical results show that non-farm employment and mechanization service expenditure are jointly determined. In particular, the study finds that non-farm employment significantly increases mechanization service expenditure, and vice versa. The results are confirmed by an estimation that captures a dichotomous decision of mechanization service usage. The interactive effects of non-farm employment on mechanization service expenditure are heterogeneous between male and female household heads and among households with different member sizes. Further analyses reveal that (1) mechanization service expenditure increases with increasing non-farm working time; (2) local non-farm employment, rather than provincial non-farm employment, has a larger impact on mechanization service expenditure; and (3) the number of household members employed in non-farm works does not affect mechanization service expenditure significantly.Originality/valueAlthough mechanization service markets are rapidly growing in many developing and transition countries, little is known about how service purchasing interacts with farmers' decisions to work in the non-farm sector. This study makes the first attempt by investigating the interactive effects of non-farm employment on mechanization service expenditure in rural China. The findings provide significant evidence for policymakers in China and other countries in their efforts to generate non-farm work opportunities and promote agricultural mechanization, with the aim of boosting rural development and improving farm economic performance.

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Fadele, O. K., T. O. Amusan, C. O. Ariyo, A. O. Afolabi, N. E. Onwuegbunam et B. O. Oni. « Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization in Nigeria in Context of COVID-19 ». Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 1 septembre 2020, 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2020/v26i730284.

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Post-harvest losses and food shortage has remained endemic to most Sub-Saharan African communities. The reality of COVID-19 in these countries has unfurled the weakness of agricultural sector in containing long lasting effect of such natural disaster. In most developed countries, the impact of COVID-19 is minimal on the agricultural sector because of their functional robust food supply chain structure unlike most developing countries. The effort of most African countries in this sector is yet to come to fruition; this will not happen without sustainable agricultural mechanization. This would further enhance food supply chain mechanism in the agricultural sector. In this paper, the impact of COVID-19 on food supply in Nigeria was discussed, as well as the proffered approaches in combating similar future disaster.

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Emami, Mohammad, Morteza Almassi, Hossein Bakhoda et Issa kalantari. « Agricultural mechanization, a key to food security in developing countries : strategy formulating for Iran ». Agriculture & ; Food Security 7, n^o 1 (23 mars 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0176-2.

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Sun, Bohan, Ruiqi Sun, Ke Gao, Yifan Zhang, Shuyue Wang et Puxian Bai. « Analyzing the mechanism among rural financing constraint mitigation, agricultural development, and carbon emissions in China : A sustainable development paradigm ». Energy & ; Environment, 19 décembre 2022, 0958305X2211434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x221143413.

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Agricultural development in developing countries generally faces increasingly severe financing constraints, and China's practice provides a model for other countries. This article investigates the impact of the policy to alleviate rural financing constraints on agricultural carbon emissions in developing countries by using a quasi-natural experiment, the “Incremental Incentives for Agricultural Loans from County Financial Institutions,” implemented in China, with data from 2005 to 2018, and with a DID approach. It is found that under the influence of this policy, the alleviation of agricultural financing constraints will significantly generate an increase in the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions, which is triggered by the fact that the alleviation of financing constraints increases the production factors invested per unit area in the agricultural production process, while the increase in the mechanization and scale of agriculture will assist to reduce the contribution of the alleviation of financing constraints to carbon emissions. The impact of financing constraint alleviation on agricultural carbon emissions may differ among places with different economic and social development and agricultural bases. Additionally, the alleviation of rural financing constraints can promote agricultural development and increase farmers' income, enabling other developing countries to adjust their policy orientation when adopting such policies, thus promoting agricultural development while controlling agricultural carbon emissions and contributing to the global emission reduction cause.

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« AGRICULTURE INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM AND FOOD SECURITY : STRATEGY OF ADOPTION OFAGRICULTURE MECHANIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THROUGH “BELT AND ROAD” INITIATIVE CHINA ». Information and Knowledge Management, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7176/ikm/11-4-03.

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Rasool, Faisul-Ur, M. I. Bhat, Z. A. Dar, B. A. Lone, Latief Ahmad, S. A. Hakeem, Z. Rashid et al. « Legume-Maize Intercropping System : An Alternative Pathway for Sustainable Agriculture ». International Journal of Plant & ; Soil Science, 8 juillet 2021, 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i1630527.

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Intercropping provides ample scope to include two or more crops simultaneously in same piece of land thus targeting higher productivity from unit area on sustainable basis. Maize, a cereal crop of immense importance, planted in wide rows offers the possibility for adoption of intercropping. The intercropping system with maize and legume is beneficial in multiple aspects. The success of maize-legume intercropping system largely depends on choice of crops and their maturity, density, and time of planting. Advantage of maize-legume intercropping system is promoted in the form of higher yield and greater utilization of available resources, benefits in weeds control [1,2], pests and disease management [3], fixation of biological nitrogen by legumes and transfer of N to associated maize [4,5], insurance against crop failure to small holders, and control of erosion by covering a large extent of ground area [6]. Though maize-legume intercropping system exhibits limitations like less scope of farm mechanization, dependence on more human workforce, and chance of achieving less productivity from maize, the system implies more advantages for small holders in developing countries where human workforce is not a constraint.

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Zambrano Nájera, Jeannette del Carmen, et Oscar Ortega. « Effect of climate change on burley tobacco crop calendars ». Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 74, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v74n1.88867.

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In Colombia, tobacco cultivation is an important generator of employment and income for farmers; however it faces different problems as low crop yield compared to other countries; specifically, in the north of the country, where the climatic conditions are less favorable and the productivity is lower than other areas of the country due to low mechanization. In order to improve the tobacco yield per hectare in the municipality of Ovejas, this research aimed to determine the water requirements of burley tobacco cultivation under conditions of climate variability to obtain optimal information for crop calendars. Water requirements of burley tobacco were determined using the crop water requirement equation. This calculation ethod was programmed in Python to automate the generation of maps, developing a tool that allowed a detailed analysis per unit area per week. Based on the results obtained, weeks 17 and 18 of the year (last week of April and first week of May, respectively) are proposed as optimal planting times, since the cycles of crops planted in this period showed precipitation surplus in the initial phase of cultivation, which is a critical phase for their development. Climate change simulation showed that crops must be continuously monitored in order to adapt to new weather conditions.

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Ngom, Ndeye Marame, David Baratoux, Matthieu Bolay, Anna Dessertine, Abdoulatif Abass Saley, Lenka Baratoux, Modou Mbaye, Gayane Faye, Alphonse Kouakou Yao et Kan Jean Kouamé. « Artisanal Exploitation of Mineral Resources : Remote Sensing Observations of Environmental Consequences, Social and Ethical Aspects ». Surveys in Geophysics, 31 octobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09740-1.

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AbstractSince the rise of the gold price in 2000, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is a growing economic activity in developing countries. It represents a source of income for several millions of people in West Africa. Exploitation techniques have evolved from traditional gold panning to mechanization and use of chemical products that are harmful for the environment. Government strategies to control and regulate this activity are impeded by the difficulties to collect spatial information, due to the remote location and the mobile and informal natural of ASGM. Here we present and discuss the value of remote sensing techniques to complement the knowledge on artisanal mining impacts, including for detection of illegal sites, the evaluation of the degradation of soils and waters, the deforestation and the monitoring of expansion of ASGM with time. However, these techniques are blind regarding gender issues, labor relations, mobility, migration, and insecurity and need to be considered with knowledges from other disciplines. Remote sensing is also instilled with various powers accruing to those enabled to produce and interpret these data. Remote sensing should be therefore used in a reflexive manner that accounts for the social, ethical and political implications of ASGM governance informed by space observations.

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Sharma, Priyam, et Akshay Berad. « STUDY OF LIFE STYLE, DIETARY PATTERN AND BMI OF YOUNG WOMEN AGED BETWEEN 20-40 YEARS ». International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 3, n^o 2 (1 mars 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v3i2.126.

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Obesity is increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world and has become a global problem. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared overweight as one of the top 10 health risks in the world and one of the top five in developed nations (WHO, 2002) In many developing countries, with increasing urbanization, mechanization of jobs and transportation, availability of processed and fast foods, and dependence on television for leisure, people are fast adopting less physically active lifestyles and consuming more “energy-dense, nutrient-poor” diets .The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight issues and obesity by recording the body mass index (BMI) and explore the dietary habits, physical activities (PAs), and lifestyles of females between 20-40 years of age. Questionnaire was used in this study for data collection about general information, body mass index, dietary habits and Lifestyle of 20 female subjects. It was observed that 3 females were underweight, 9 were normal weight and 8 were overweight and obese. From the results of the study, we can conclude that the incidence of being overweight and obese is increasing .The awareness about Physical activities healthy diet/lifestyle, and consequences of overweight and obesity on their health and profession must be increased among the young females to avoid future complications. Key words: Body Mass index, lifestyle, dietary habits, Physical activity

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Sharma, Manoj, et Abhishek Pudasaini. « Where is Nepal in the Food System Transition ? » South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 2 décembre 2020, 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2020/v8i430216.

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In Nepal, 27% of GDP is contributed by the agriculture sector with 65.56% of households depending upon agriculture for employment. However, 51.8% of households are still food insecure and 25.2% are under the poverty line. Given these facts, it is interesting to watch how the economic growth and food system will go forward, despite the paradoxical history of development-modest growth but brisk poverty reduction has already been experienced. While literature noted that the transition to a food system is rapid for developing countries, very limited analysis linking the food system to its drivers and its consequences exists in the context of Nepal. The study examined food system transition using the secondary data from different sources and analyzing it through a conceptual framework of the food system. The study showed the contemporary food security issue is disparity in food access among the peoples driven by the poverty gap. The trends and scenarios shown in results revealed that the tendencies of food system drivers are on positive sides, but the structural foundation of agriculture (land issues, labor migration, mechanization, adaptations, etc.) is not so strong. This situation has created a serious question on the transition of the food system in Nepal. For this, the policy priorities are imperative to be institutionalized at all three levels of government-federal, state and local, and need to be concerted to transform the food system.

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Gao, Jingjing, Qingen Gai, Binbin Liu et Qinghua Shi. « Farm size and pesticide use : evidence from agricultural production in China ». China Agricultural Economic Review ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (31 août 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-11-2020-0279.

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PurposeChina is the world's largest consumer of pesticides. To increase the use efficiency and achieve more sustainable and environmentally friendly use of pesticides in China, it is crucial to understand why Chinese farmers use such a large amount of pesticides.Design/methodology/approachThe relationship between farm size and pesticide use was investigated by using national household-level panel data from 1995 to 2016.FindingFarms that are small and fragmented lead to the use of large amounts of pesticides in China. For a given crop type, three factors contribute to a negative relationship between farm size and pesticide use: the spillover effect from the use of pesticides by other farmers in the same village, the level of mechanization and the management ability of farmers. The first two factors play important roles in the cultivation of grain crops, while the last factor is the main reason why farmers with larger plots of land use fewer pesticides in the cultivation of vegetables. In addition, the effect of agricultural machinery services on reducing the use of pesticides is currently limited, and the service system in China is still insufficient, which has been pointed out that it is also due to the prevalence of small and fragmented farms.Originality/valueThe authors investigate and compare the farm size–pesticide use relationship in both grain and cash crop production. Moreover, the authors systematically explore and explain how farm size is related to a reduction in pesticide use in the cultivation of grain crops and cash crops. These results can help to better understand the role of land scale in pesticide use, lay a foundation for the formulation of policies to reduce pesticide use and provide valuable knowledge about pesticide use for other developing countries around the world.

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Recchia, Lucia, Paolo Boncinelli et Enrico Cini. « Alternative method for vegetables cultivation in Benin ». Journal of Agricultural Engineering 44, n^o 2s (8 septembre 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2013.407.

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In the developing countries populations, which are already vulnerable and food insecure, are likely to be the most seriously affected by the effects of climate change, e.g. yield decreases and price increases for the most important agricultural crops. The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report for Africa describes a trend of warming at a rate faster than the global average and increasing aridity: in many parts of Africa, it seems that warmer climates and changes in precipitation will destabilise agricultural production and aggravates food security. The present work concerns the vegetables cultivation in the Parakou region in Benin, where agriculture employs approximately 70% of the active population and contributes to 36% of the Gross Domestic Product and 88% of export earnings. However, the agricultural sector has been regarded as unproductive with low adaptation capacities because of structural factors (e.g. high level of poverty among rural populations, weak mechanization and intensification of production modes), but also because of natural constraints (e.g. poor management of water and soils, leading to soil degradation). Considering the aridity, the low carbon content and the reduced level of nutrients available in the soil, the use of an hydroponic module has been hypothesised. In this way sufficient yields of the crops may be assured and no agricultural machines will be needed for the tillage operations. In addition, the nutrients can be added to the growing solution using residual materials as poultry manure, ashes and green wastes. In order to verify if some construction or maintenance problems can occur and if a growing solution can be easily obtained using agricultural wastes, some tests have been carried out. Moreover laboratory analyses have been done for different solutions that may be adopted with different shares of water, poultry manure, ashes and green wastes. The tests have indicated that the hydroponic module could be used in Benin without incurring in technical problems and that a growing solution containing poultry manure, ashes and green wastes can supply to the crops a significant amount of nutrients.

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