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1
Papp, Ferenc. « Europe-wide Design Space for Architecture, Engineering and Construction ». IABSE Symposium Report 92, no 12 (1 janvier 2006) : 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137806796184824.
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Sleeswyk, André Wegener. « A Scandinavian wagon construction ». Antiquity 61, no 233 (novembre 1987) : 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00072963.
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Some fundamental problems in the design of wheeled animal-drawn vehicles result from the inescapable mechanical forces the vehicle deals with. Here, one of those problems is explored, with ethnohistorical information from recent Europe as a starting-point.
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Kolos, Alexey, Andrey Petryayev, Irina Kolos, Vadim Govorov et Evgeniy Shekhtman. « ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ROADBED DESIGN OF HIGHSPEED RAIL LINES ». Bulletin of scientific research results, no 1 (17 mars 2018) : 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2018-1-36-48.
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Objective: Scientific justification of requirements to roadbed design of high-speed networks (HSN) for the purpose of constructing “Moscow–Kazan–Yekaterinburg” railroad line, as well as implementation of “Eurasia” and “Yekaterinburg–Chelyabinsk” HSN projects. Methods: The analysis of modern roadbed design standards for HSN was carried out. The justification of HSN roadbed norms and requirements involved system analysis of HSN engineering and construction in Western Europe, China, Japan and other countries with well-developed high-speed network. Results: The fundamental principles and requirements, which are to be taken as a basis of HSN roadbed engineering, were determined. Practical importance: The obtained results are to be used in HSN roadbed engineering and construction, performed on the territory of the Russian Federation.
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Van Asberk, Baron W. F. « MODERN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS AND DIKES BUILT WITH THE USE OF ASPHALT ». Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no 7 (29 janvier 2011) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.47.
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In recent years quite a number of important coast protection and harbour construction works in Europe, in the U.S.A. and in Japan have been built or strengthened with the use of asphalt according to established methods of construction in various countries. These works have proved to be not only technically sound and durable but also economical in initial capital investment as well as in maintenance costs. Moreover, as the results obtained have been very encouraging, new outlets and methods of construction with asphalt are being sought, and systematically investigated and developed to cover a wider field of application for coast protection and harbour construction works. Although there are many purposes and means of applying asphalt constructions for these works, the author has limited the scope of his paper to describe in particular the fundamental problems related to the hydraulic and asphalt-technical aspects of building dams and dikes of sand according to the hydraulic fill process, covered and protected by a two course hot-mix asphalt revetment or layer. Assuming a general knowledge of the various facets of hydraulic dam and dike constructions and of asphalt construction methods the author deals with essential items concerning the hydraulic and strength design of asphalt revetments for dikes and dams and describes certain details of construction that require particular attention and perhaps further investigation as experience has proved.
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BLUMENFELD, Y., P. BUTLER, J. CORNELL, G. FORTUNA et M. LINDROOS. « EURISOL DESIGN STUDY : TOWARDS AN ULTIMATE ISOL FACILITY FOR EUROPE ». International Journal of Modern Physics E 18, no 10 (novembre 2009) : 1960–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301309014081.
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The European roadmap for nuclear physics advocates the construction of two next generation radioactive beam facilities: the projectile fragmentation facility FAIR at Darmstadt, Germany and the ISOL facility EURISOL. The EURISOL concept is being studied in the framework of a pan-european Design Study funded by the European Commission. The general design of EURISOL and the latest achievements in terms of modeling and prototyping are presented.
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Žegarac Leskovar, Vesna, et Miroslav Premrov. « A Review of Architectural and Structural Design Typologies of Multi-Storey Timber Buildings in Europe ». Forests 12, no 6 (8 juin 2021) : 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060757.
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Numerous countries across the globe have witnessed the recent decades’ trend of multi-storey timber buildings on the rise, owing to advances in engineering sciences and timber construction technologies. Despite the growth and numerous advantages of timber construction, the global scale of multi-storey timber construction is still relatively low compared to reinforced concrete and steel construction. One of the reasons for a lower share of high-rise timber buildings lies in the complexity of their design, where the architectural design, the selection of a suitable structural system, and the energy efficiency concept strongly depend on the specific features of the location, particularly climate conditions, wind exposure, and seismic hazard. The aforementioned shows the need for a comprehensive study on existing multi-storey timber buildings, which correspond to the boundary conditions in a certain environment, to determine the suitability of such a construction in view of its adjustment to local contexts. Apart from exposing the problems and advantages of such construction, the current paper provides a brief overview of high-rise timber buildings in Europe. Moreover, it addresses the complexity of the design approach to multi-storey timber buildings in general. The second part of the paper highlights the importance of synthesising the architectural, energy, and structural solutions through a detailed analysis of three selected case studies. The findings of the paper provide an expanded view of knowledge of the design of tall timber buildings, which can significantly contribute to a greater and better exploitation of the potential of timber construction in Europe and elsewhere.
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Hodakova, D., A. Zuzulova et S. Capayova. « Climate change adaptation in pavement design ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 1252, no 1 (1 septembre 2022) : 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012017.
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Abstract Since 2011, the change in climatic characteristics has emerged as one of the three most common environmental risks today. Global warming forecasts warn that by 2100, our planet could warm by an average of 3.5 to 7.5 °C. In Europe, over the last 140 years, the average annual air temperature has risen by about 1.5 °C. In Slovakia, it was an increase of 1.7 - 1.8 °C on average. The consequences of these changes in road construction are immediate and intense and require adequate adaptation measures. Long-term measurements of climatic conditions in Slovakia were the basis for assessing changes in average daily air temperatures in individual seasons. With the design of road pavements and calculations of pavement structure models, we have also tested road construction materials - especially asphalt mixtures. The results were used to correct the values of input data, design criteria, as well as in measures to reduce the impact of changes in climatic conditions. The paper focuses on the characterization of the climatic conditions in Slovakia and the changes reflected in the design of the road constructions; also provides some insights into the solution of partial problems in the field of asphalt pavement and cement concrete pavement.
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Koukkari, Heli, et Leena Sarvakanta. « AGEING CHALLENGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR ». International Journal of Strategic Property Management 9, no 2 (30 juin 2005) : 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2005.9637530.
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Ageing population and ageing infrastructure are two significant socioeconomic challenges, and business opportunities, for the construction sector in Europe. Utilisation of ICT in daily living is one of the future technology drivers. The principles of the Design for All (universal design) help to develop the built environment and its technologies in such a way that cities will be pleasant and supportive places for everybody. This paper considers the potential of new types of services and networking, which are very much under development at the moment and also under lively debate. The cost‐effectiveness ‐ and so the availability - of the home delivered services will be dependent on the accessibility of the urban areas.
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Bonoli, Alessandra, Sara Zanni et Francisco Serrano-Bernardo. « Sustainability in Building and Construction within the Framework of Circular Cities and European New Green Deal. The Contribution of Concrete Recycling ». Sustainability 13, no 4 (17 février 2021) : 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042139.
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Climate change and ecological crisis are a huge threat to Europe and the world. To overcome these challenges, Europe adopted the New Green Deal as a strategy transforming the Union into a competitive resource-efficient economy without greenhouse gas emissions and become carbon neutral in a few decades. The European Green Deal includes the new circular economy action plan, highlighting the importance of a products’ “green design”, saving raw materials, and waste prevention oriented along the entire life cycle of products. Construction and buildings represent one of the key topics for the green transition. In the European Union, buildings are responsible for 40% of our energy consumption and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions, which are mainly caused by construction, usage, renovation, and demolition. Improving environmental efficiency can play a key role in reaching the carbon neutrality of Europe that is expected to be achieved by 2050. In this research, it was explored how Eco-design, as an innovative approach in buildings and construction, Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment, as fundamental supporting tools in sustainability, and finally appropriate and effective Construction and Demolition Waste recycling processes, particularly oriented to concrete recycling according to the case studies analyzed, can promote a circular economy in buildings and construction.
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Ostapska, Katarzyna, Klodian Gradeci et Petra Ruther. « Design for Disassembly (DfD) in construction industry : a literature mapping and analysis of the existing designs ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2042, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012176.
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Abstract A systematic search of scientific literature on the topic of Design for Disassembly (DfD) in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry was performed with a special focus on study cases. The results were augmented by electronic magazine search due to the non-representative amount of data found in the scientific database. Results show the domination of wood and steel solutions among architects and engineers designing for disassembly. Frame structural system is preferable. DfD structures are mainly located in Europe but observed in the whole world and growing exponentially since 90'. The database with 117 built DfD study cases is made available online and will be further developed.
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Lavdas, Kostas A. « Republican Europe and Multicultural Citizenship ». Politics 21, no 1 (février 2001) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00129.
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This article explores the possibilities for a normative understanding of the politics of EU development from a republican perspective. It draws on current debates on republicanism, which combine republican, liberal and multicultural themes, and defends an approach to European citizenship and the design of European institutions in which the contemporary republican emphasis on freedom as non-domination is complemented with the multiculturalist concern with group rights that cut across national boundaries. It is argued that the combination of republican institutions and multicultural citizenship can provide a model for European construction.
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Etwell, M. W. J. « Engineering Challenges of Linking into Europe ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F : Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 208, no 2 (juillet 1994) : 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_238_02.
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Anglo-French agreement to proceed with construction of the Channel Tunnel was formally finalized in 1987. The Usage Agreement allocated 50 per cent of Tunnel capacity for operating through international freight and passenger services. This paper investigates the varied technical and cultural challenges involved in linking into the European high-speed rail network. TMST Nightstock and Class 92 projects are described as examples of how differing standards and practices in design, maintenance and commissioning of these trains have been reconciled.
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Lenart, Stanislav, Matevž Kralj, Samo Peter Medved et Jure Šuler. « Design and construction of the first GRS integrated bridge with FHR facings in Europe ». Transportation Geotechnics 8 (septembre 2016) : 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.07.003.
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Lapidus, Azarii, et Dmitry Topchiy. « Regulatory support for the redevelopment design system ». E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021) : 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127406003.
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One of the main features of construction as a branch of material production is a wide range of various types of regulations, technical, process flow and methodology documentation, and governing standards determining the conditions for development of design solutions and the formation of the functional quality of construction products. Regulatory control of practical activities in the field of construction should be considered as a necessary tool and most important means of achieving the planned results, bearing in mind, first of all, the quality of organizational and process solutions, methods of construction operations in the specific conditions of a construction site, methods of ensuring control and supervisory measures in simple and complex construction processes. The structure of city-forming factors had changed noticeably by the middle of the twentieth century: the number of people employed in the service sector, education, and the banking sector had grown. The industrial production and transport structure has changed. Society began to impose increasingly stringent requirements on sanitary standards for the functioning of industries and many of them were forced to close down. Science-intensive industries sprang up in major cities to employ the redundant workers. The share of the economically active population employed in scientific and design centers, and medical and educational institutions increased. Relocation of some enterprises outside the major cities in Europe coincided with the perceived need for their radical technical re-equipment. Our country was at least 50-70 years late with these measures, which caused a general technical lag. Intensive housing construction in large cities of Russia has led to the fact that employees often use public and private transportation to get to work from “dormitory” areas in the direction of the center. As market principles for assessing the effectiveness of enterprises allowed for economic reforms, introduction of cadastral changed the structure of the urban economy.
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Biancardo, S. A., M. Intignano, N. Viscione, S. Guerra De Oliveira et A. Tibaut. « Procedural Modeling-Based BIM Approach for Railway Design ». Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (8 mars 2021) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8839362.
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Building information modeling (BIM) is a powerful methodological approach for designers that has revolutionized the field of architecture and construction for some years now, minimizing errors and making the entire design, construction, and management process more efficient. The first results have been so encouraging that many countries, from Europe to the United States to Asian countries, have adopted specific regulations to promote its development and use. BIM models are based on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard, i.e., an object-based file format with a data model developed by building SMART to facilitate interoperability. Objects are characterized by properties, such as geometry, material, cost, and all related construction process information, such as scheduling or the maintenance process. The 3D modeling of these objects geometric information is parametric, in order to make the design more flexible. This research work offers an insight into the possibilities offered by different BIM-based tools for parametric modeling applied in the railway sector whereby an example of a railway section model is presented. Indeed, the focus will be on the creation of parametric objects representing railway components, as existing BIM object libraries lack them in the IFC2 × 3 standard format.
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Fukuyama, Takako, Tsuyoshi Ikeya et Yukinari Fukumoto. « ANALYSIS OF WAVE CHARACTERISTICS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANT ». Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no 36 (30 décembre 2018) : 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.waves.75.
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The potential of offshore wind power in Japan is high, because Japan is surrounded by the sea on all sides. For this reason, proving research and planning of wind farms have been conducted in various locations. However the introduction is delayed compared with Europe due to severe natural conditions such as typhoons and swells unique to Japan. Offshore Choshi is one of the suitable sites for wind power generation on the Pacific side, but there is no data about characteristics of high waves required for setting the design conditions and characteristics of low waves required for the construction onsite. Therefore in this research, we aim to establish the design and construction of offshore wind farm adapted to Japan, using wave data obtained by proving research offshore Choshi, to investigate the wave characteristics for wind farm design and construction.
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Reis, A. J., et J. J. Oliveira Pedro. « The Europe Bridge in Portugal : concept and structural design ». Journal of Constructional Steel Research 60, no 3-5 (mars 2004) : 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-974x(03)00116-0.
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Stark, J. W. B., et F. S. K. Bijlaard. « Design rules for beam-to-column connections in Europe ». Journal of Constructional Steel Research 10 (janvier 1988) : 415–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(88)90037-5.
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Poyraz, Kağan. « Passive House and Construction Standard : Example Design and Multi-Objective Optimization ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (janvier 2015) : 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.177.
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Due to environmental and energy matters, importance of future construction trend-Passive House Design is increasing all over the world. In Europe, already recommended values for passive buildings are included in thermal insulation standards and energy regulation directives. There is a wide range of construction materials nowadays. The key point is using proper techniques by harmonizing correct practice and materials. In this regard, smart optimization set-up approach is necessary in order to achieve the most suitable design which has the lowest CO2 and SO2 values and appears as the cheapest option. The sample given in this paper is an example of an exterior wall design for residential passive houses (heat transfer coefficient (U) value through the cross section is 0,108 W/m²K). Connected with the aim of the paper, which is showing an multi-objective optimization method for choosing the best thermal insulation design in the case of that more than one projection, results of given example design in the paper is used. Simultaneously, criteria of total thickness, heat transfer coefficient (U) through the cross section, global warming potential (GWP), acid produce (AP), primary energy content (PEI) non renewable and cost in 2013 per m2 are included in “Smart optimization set-up approach diagram”.
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Krus, Yurii. « Eastern European Experience in the Application of Multilayer Reinforced Concrete Elements of External Wall Fencing ». International Science Journal of Engineering & ; Agriculture 1, no 2 (1 juin 2022) : 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46299/j.isjea.20220102.2.
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The capital building field is constantly updating the tasks: to reduce material consumption, cost and complexity of building, the mass of buildings and structures; significantly improve thermal protection; to increase the level of industrialization of building and factory readiness of prefabricated constructions; to improve the architectural and operational qualities of buildings and structures. Practical realization of the set tasks entails the the necessity to expand the use effective kinds of building materials and constructions, improving their properties. The field of effective three-layer constructions in civil, industrial and agricultural building is wide and multifaceted, as it covers almost all constructive elements of buildings, the solution of which depends on the functional requirements imposed on buildings and structures, local climatic and geological conditions, availability of building materials, level of development industrial base, etc. Already behind the idea itself of layered reinforced concrete constructiones have significant advantages: 1) the ability to select the materials of the layers taking into account the effective use of their main functional qualities; 2) reducing the cost and outlay of cement; 3) weight reduction of separate constructions and buildings and/or structures as a whole; 4) reducing heat consumption and increasing heat transfer resistance without thickening the construction; 5) improving the temperature-humidity regime in the room, etc. The purpose of this article is to perform a brief overview of research, proposals for standardization of design developments conducted during the most active implementation in Eastern European building practice of three-layer reinforced concrete constructions for fencing by the heat, air and waterproofing properties, strength, deformations and crack resistance, as well as their manufacturing technology. The article takes into account the results of research, field observations, materials for the development of new proposals, accumulated in many research and design departments of Eastern Europe in the period from the late 60’s to mid-80’s of the 20th century (Research Institute of Building Constructions, Kyiv Zonal Research Institute of Experimental Design, Ukrainian Research and Design Institute of Civil Rural Construction (Ukraine); Central Research Institute of Building Constructions named after V.A. Kucherenko, All-Union Research Institute of Fire Safety, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Reinforced Concrete, Central Research and Design Institute of Residential and Public Buildings, Central Research and Design and Experimental Institute of Industrial Buildings and Structures, Central Research Institute of Experimental Design of Commercial and Domestic Buildings and Tourist Complexes (Russia), etc.).
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Brunet-Navarro, Pau, Salvador Gilabert Sanz, Melchor Monleón Doménech, Miguel Redón Santafé, Eva Hermoso, Mariola Sánchez-González, Emilio Luengo, Zaratiana Mandrara, Jorge Gominho et José V. Oliver-Villanueva. « Interlocking Modular Insulation Panels Manufactured with Mediterranean Pinewood and Cork ». Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no 1 (13 novembre 2020) : 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-08072.
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Economic profitability of harvested softwood in Southwestern Europe is limited for low quality logs. Some social and environmental consequences of low incomes of rural activities are rural depopulation and accumulation of biomass in unmanaged forests. The energy efficiency of buildings could be improved as construction material employing local bioresources that are currently used to manufacture products of low added value. Here, the IMIP project (Innovative Eco-Construction System Based on Interlocking Modular Insulation Wood & Cork-Based Panels) aimed to support the change towards a low carbon economy using bioproducts (pinewood and cork) for smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth with a special focus on the public construction sector is presented. The main objective of the IMIP project is to design, validate and implement an innovative ecological construction system based on natural biological materials to improve energy efficiency in public buildings from the construction, use and demolition phases. The project also develops a tool to professionals from the construction sector (architects and engineers) and researchers to assess the carbon footprint of buildings. The products of the project have the ambition to improve the economic, social and environmental situation of rural areas of Southwestern Europe.
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Kozak, M. « Medieval Shields of Europe and Rus’ (Construction, Military Symbolic Significance, Development) ». Problems of World History, no 18 (8 novembre 2022) : 12–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-18-1.
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The article considers the problem of the development of shields, the main element of medieval protective equipment, and an important military and heraldic symbol in Ukrainian medieval state of Rus’ and in Europe in general. The state of the research and the source base are outlined. The main trends in the development of the design and symbolic significance of shields in Europe during the Middle Ages are outlined. At the same time, emphasis was placed on sources concerning Rus’ lands and adjacent territories. The author draws attention to the need to compare archaeological, written and iconographic sources in one study. The study focuses on the most representative sources, especially those that can be to apply on material from the Rus’ lands. It is emphasized that the shield as a basic element of protective equipment during the Middle Ages, іn Rus’ lands largely developed in line with European trends. Which in turn makes it impossible to isolate local features about to beginning of the ХІІІ century. At the turn of the XII–XIII centuries in some regions of Eastern Europe, namely the Rus’-Baltic-Polish border, a relatively new type of shield is being formed, the so-called “protopaveza”. This in turn had a direct impact on the armaments of Rus’ and the Teutonic Order in the ХІІІ–ХІV centuries. The author analyzes the main interactions and borrowings of types of shields between different regions of Eastern Europe during the Middle Ages. It is noted that in the Ukrainian medieval state of Rus’, which was at the intersection of Eastern and Western military traditions, shields of both European types and the eastern “kalkan” could be used. However, given the available sources, it is safe to say that the European trend of development of this protective equipment had an advantage. The author came to the conclusion that the shields used in Rus’ and Europe in the X–XII centuries generally belonged to the same types. In particular, it is round, almond-shaped and triangular shields. The issue of shields of the XIII–XV centuries remains more complicated. During this period can be observed as the influence of Western Europe on Rus’, for example, the spread of the knight's “tarch”. And trends that began in Eastern Europe, namely the spread of pavises in the XIV–XV centuries.
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Al-Kodmany, Kheir. « Sustainability and the 21st Century Vertical City : A Review of Design Approaches of Tall Buildings ». Buildings 8, no 8 (3 août 2018) : 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080102.
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As cities cope with rapid population growth—adding 2.5 billion dwellers by 2050—and grapple with destructive sprawl, politicians, planners, and architects have become increasingly interested in the vertical city paradigm. Given the large-scale problems of skyscrapers, any improvements in their planning, design, and construction would be significant. This paper examines a new crop of skyscrapers that employs green design elements, including aerodynamic forms, greeneries, energy-saving systems, innovative renewable energy techniques, water-saving technologies, rainwater catchment systems, and the like. The examined projects illustrate foremost sustainable design features, strategies, and techniques that help to meet the functional requirements while resulting in attractive forms. They include towers that are completed, under-construction, on-hold, proposed and on the drawing boards. In an attempt to capture a wide-range of innovative ideas and concepts, this paper examines 30 major projects representing major world’s regions that have been active in constructing tall buildings including Southeast Asia and the Far East, the Middle East, Europe, and North America. The discussion section also engages the reader with additional buildings that have employed similar sustainable design. The paper concludes by identifying design approaches that could twin sustainability with iconicity, and highlights some of the shortfalls of intended sustainable design.
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Pushkar, Svetlana. « A Comparative Analysis of Gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for New Construction 2009 Certified Projects in Finland, Sweden, Turkey, and Spain ». Applied Sciences 8, no 9 (31 août 2018) : 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091496.
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The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is currently intensively applied in several European countries. The aims of the present study were to compare the difference between (i) two countries from the same region (i.e., Finland vs. Sweden or Turkey vs. Spain) and (ii) two European regions (northern Europe [Finland and Sweden] vs. [Turkey and Spain]) when the LEED- New Construction (NC) 2009 Certified rating level certified projects were analyzed. We found that, in the northern and southern parts of Europe, LEED- NC 2009 credit achievements in terms of Sustainable Sites (SS), Water Efficiency (WE), Materials and Resources (MR), and Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) were similar, whereas credit achievements in Energy and Atmosphere (EA) were different. High achievements were revealed in WE and SS, with values of 80–100% and 70–75%, respectively; intermediate achievements were revealed in EQ, with values of 40–60%; and low achievements were revealed in MR (20–40%). EA achievements were intermediate (60–65%) in northern Europe, while they were low in southern Europe (40%). This evidence can help recognize the categories that are performed with a high number of points and those that are performed with a low number of points.
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Leontev, Mikhail. « Analysis of obstacles to green building projects : the experience of Russia and Europe ». E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021) : 09069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125809069.
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This paper examines the issues of ecological (green) construction in the framework of the concept of sustainable development - an inevitable global trend. The scale of ecological (green) construction is still limited throughout the world, including in Russia. Green building appeared in Russia much later than in Europe and the United States, where considerable experience has been accumulated in the implementation of such projects. It is necessary to better understand the obstacles to the implementation of green projects in order to find ways and means to overcome them. In this study, 19 obstacles to the implementation of green building projects in Russia were identified. The most important obstacles turned out to be: lack of necessary knowledge and information about green building among construction subjects, higher cost of green building compared to conventional, lack of interest and market demand for green building. The results of this study provide information that is valuable in the design and implementation of green building projects in the future.
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Dvornikov, Leonid T., et Viktor A. Korneyev. « Design of a device for rocks strength properties determining to solve the tasks of rock rock-cutting machines design ». MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018) : 02084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402084.
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The article presents methods for rocks strength properties determining in mining machines engineering in Russia, CIS countries and Europe. It is shown that general drawback of methods considered is lack of possibility of carrying out instant tests at various points in rock massif. Criteria are given for the method of rocks strength properties determining as applied to mining engineering tasks. Based on established criteria, the fundamentally new method has been developed. Technical devices are proposed for the method implementation in testing individual samples and rock massif. Construction of the laboratory stand estimating energy intensity of rock destruction is presented. Relationship between its value, coefficient of strength according to the M.M. scale of Protodyakonov and average particle size of the destroyed rock is shown.
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Aujla, Navdeep, Mark Edmondson et Mike Dixon. « High Leys service reservoir : a semi-precast construction ». Dams and Reservoirs 31, no 4 (décembre 2021) : 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jdare.21.00029.
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High Leys Service Reservoir (SR) was required as part of the West Cumbria Water Supplies Project (WCWSP) by United Utilities PLC to feed the south-western region of the network including Egremont, Whitehaven and local regions. The principal contractor was Mott MacDonald Bentley. The site was chosen for its strategic elevated position to reduce outgoing pumping and provide adequate pressure within the WCWSP network. With a footprint of 10 512 m2 (109.5 m × 96 m) and 50 ML storage capacity, the SR comprises a semi-precast concrete (PCC) system (precast/in situ composite). As of March 2021, High Leys SR stands as the largest semi-precast SR in Europe. Due to the size and complexity of the scheme, elements of the design and construction were constrained by the requirements of the Lake District National Park Steering Group. Enabling works commenced in June 2018 followed by SR construction through 2019, with planned completion late 2021. This paper details the phases of construction highlighting key design philosophies and construction techniques. Furthermore, the benefits of implementing a PCC system instead of a traditional in situ construction for a potable water-retaining structure are discussed. The paper identifies benefits associated with design, quality assurance, speed of construction, sustainability, safety and innovations.
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Breitschaft, G. « Safe Construction Works Made of Reliable Construction Products based on verified structural calculations ». MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018) : 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902002.
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Ensuring the safety of buildings and other construction works is a major public concern. This article gives an overview of the mechanisms and structures put in place in Europe, and more specifically Germany, to ensure safety in construction. The article identifies major risk factors and shows how the European and German governmental and private systems respond to these risks. The questions addressed include: How do regulators ensure the use of safe construction products and designs, and how is the execution of construction works monitored?
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Lestari, Ratri Yuli. « CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) : Produksi, Karakteristik dan Perkembangannya (CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) : Production, Characteristics and Development) ». Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 9, no 1 (1 octobre 2017) : 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v9i1.3126.
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Cross laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product as a laminated board that was arranged in cross order and applied as floor, roof, and wall. This product is an innovation in overcoming the scarce of wood material especially in large diameter and high quality as a building material. The review discusses the history of CLT, the characteristics, and its developments. CLT was first developed in Europe especially in Austria and Germany and then spread around the world. CLT has superiority in term of characteristics such as renewable, recyclable, easy to design and form, good insulation, energy efficient, fire resistance, good seismic characteristics, and also acts as a carbon sink that relieves the stress of global greenhouse gasses effect. CLT also has the strength that comparable to concrete and steel, and suitable for high rise building structure purposes. CLT is a prefabricated product and has advantages such as time saving, labor efficient, minimal post construction waste, and less disturbance to the environment during construction. CLT was developed outside Europe and reached North America, New Zealand and Indonesia. The barrier in adopting CLT are the lack of information of the products. One of the solution is to increase the awareness and the product knowledge.Keywords : architecture, building constructions, cross laminated timber, engineered wood
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Zaman, Athar, Faiza Khalid et Majid Ali. « Provisions of Sustainability in Structural Design Approaches in Different Codes ». Key Engineering Materials 896 (10 août 2021) : 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.896.149.
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Concrete has changed the norms in the Construction industry, it has modified the thinking and possibilities of the general public. Particularly, Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) is being used throughout the world; whether it be tall sky scrapers in the Middle East, or the vast buildings in Central Europe, RCC has altered the construction Industry. But then again, RCC has its fair share of shortcomings, in recent times it has been recorded that RCC structures collapse due to brittle failure. Seismic loading, mainly from earthquakes are mostly responsible for structure failure as seismic waves generally lead towards overloading and ultimately the structure fails. Cement is generally an energy releasing material and it releases immense amount of CO2 emissions into the earth’s atmosphere, causing the ozone layer to deplete. Hence to minimize this impact and to provide a sustainable solution and to minimize the accidents different sustainable houses are being provided to the people. By doing this, we can reuse existing building assets to minimize the waste and to reduce the pollution. In 2011, International Organization launched the Life cycle Sustainability assessment to have a more sustainable approach towards construction by using different techniques. Life cycle sustainability assessment is a suitable too used for environmental performance of buildings. In this paper we will look to observe different provisions of sustainability in different structural designs taking different codes as a reference.
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POTIENKO, Natalia D. « RENTAL HOUSING AS A SOCIO-ARCHITECTURAL EXPERIMENT ». Urban construction and architecture 7, no 3 (15 septembre 2017) : 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2017.03.19.
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The paper deals with modern trends in the design and construction of rental housing. It gives examples of social rental housing in Europe and the United States of America which are of architectural and aesthetic interest. Urban, architectural, planning, design and stylistic techniques for building and designing social rental housing abroad have been studied in the paper. Functional structure of rental housing infl uencing the level of comfort has been analyzed from the point of view of social and economic relations in society. The research demonstrates options for implementing energy and resource-saving technologies, equipment and materials in the construction of social rental housing as part of the concept of sustainable urban development. It comes to a conclusion that there is currently a change of foreign architectural practices from typical design to individual design, including social housing.
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Spigarelli, Francesca, Ilan Alon et Attilio Mucelli. « Chinese M & ; A in Europe ». Competitiveness Review 25, no 4 (20 juillet 2015) : 346–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-12-2014-0041.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the global competitiveness of an emerging market multinational (EMM) from China through the case of a major European acquisition, in Italy, in the heavy construction industry. Country- and firm-specific factors are considered. Horizontal integration in this oligopolistic industry changes the industry dynamics, with significant implications for its players. Design/methodology/approach – The paper follows case study methodology and triangulates data through a literature review, an examination of available company data and interviews of key personnel. Firm- and country-specific factors, both advantages and disadvantages, including the business environment in the construction industry, globally and regionally, are analyzed. Findings – The paper identifies several key success factors at the firm level, including the integration of research and development, marketing and sales; the development of extensive communication and trust among the managers of both companies; the exploitation of the Chinese market as a source of demand; and the shifting of selected production lines to the Chinese market. Research limitations/implications – The traditional models of country-specific advantages/disadvantages and firm-specific advantages/disadvantages are augmented by examining the host market and industry task environments. Host country-specific factors for successful integration include favorable local conditions, both in terms of endowments and institutions, and an industrial cluster with supporting firms and services. Practical implications – Following the case study, managers can refer to the key success factors to emulate “best practices”. The paper concludes with a heuristic developed by the Chairman of Zoomlinon, Chunxin Zhan, underlining five principles for a successful EEM acquisition: understanding, sharing, responsibility, compliance and coordination. Originality/value – This paper develops a deep case study analysis and provides useful theoretical and practical implications with reference to Chinese acquisition in the Western markets.
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Amrich, S., Š. Mackovjak, I. Strhárský, J. Baláž et M. Hančikovský. « Design and construction of hardware and software for autonomous observations of Transient Luminous Events ». Journal of Instrumentation 16, no 12 (1 décembre 2021) : T12016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/t12016.
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Abstract Transient luminous events (TLE) are phenomena which are currently on the rise in terms of sightings. However, there is no widespread uniform method of their observation and subsequent image processing. Therefore, our project focuses on the design and construction of hardware that can record TLE. It consists of a low gain, colour, CMOS camera with a bright, wide lens connected to a small, power-efficient single board computer. The project also includes writing software to control the hardware. The software decides whether to capture or not and at what orientation there is the biggest chance to capture a TLE. The software can process and classify the created photos based on deep neural networks. As a final product, we have developed the whole apparatus from a hardware and software point of view and installed it at the Astronomical Observatory at Kolonica Saddle in Slovakia, Central Europe. The plan for the future is to make similar apparatuses to spread the observation network.
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Attar, Mehdi, Sami Repo et Pierre Mann. « Congestion management market design- Approach for the Nordics and Central Europe ». Applied Energy 313 (mai 2022) : 118905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118905.
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Havlíček, Peter, et Július Šoltész. « Design of Concrete Hinges According to Leonhard ». Solid State Phenomena 309 (août 2020) : 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.309.163.
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Concrete hinges are characterized by a high load-bearing capacity and deformability. They are nearly maintenance-free and have a high durability if designed and constructed properly. Concrete hinges are perfectly suited to control the flow of forces and to efficiently reduce constraints. The concept more than 130 years old. The first massive joints were developed by Claus Kӧpcke already in 1880. However, due to the difficult construction process, an alternative type of joint was developed, where the concrete contact surface was replaced with embedded lead or steel plates. The breakthrough in this technology was made by Augustine Masnager, who in 1908 developed a durable and easy-to-manufacture reinforced concrete hinge. While Masnager attributed the transfer of the entire load to the reinforcement, French engineer Eugène Freyssinet proved that the throat reinforcement is unnecessary because the load is transmitted through a thin layer of concrete in the throat due to the tri-axial state of stress. This technology is now used throughout Europe and the USA. The best-known experts in this field were Fritz Leonhardt, E.O. Fessler and G.D. Base. Today's design models are based on their research. The vast majority of them are based on empirical approaches and disallow the proper construction of concrete hinges up to the state-of-the-art. For this reason, the research shows effort to modernize them.
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Doan, Thien Minh, Khoi Nguyen Nguyen Tran, Tuan Dinh Le, Cang Trong Vo et Chung Quang Dinh. « SHIP ASSEMBLY DESIGN BY 3D MODELING ». Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no 4 (30 décembre 2011) : 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i4.2007.
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Since Vietnam began to open up to the outside world in the 1990s, its national shipbuilding industry has witnessed great development. So far it has assumed a share of the international shipbuilding market. To build ships for foreign custumers is obviously more complicated than for dosmetic shipowners. Nowadays, the computer technology has been advancing greatly. So, to compete with foreign designs, we have also devised a strategy to develop its techniques and technology by acquiring the latest software from advanced shipbuilding countries like United States, Europe, Korea, Japan, China, … Among the special modern softwares – Plant Design Management Systems (PDMS) is a new trend in the shipbuilding industry. Indeed, the naval architects and marine engineers can design, modify, manage hull construction and outfitting their database on the 3D object with its … and their drawing travelled directly to CNC machines. All in all, we have little time to catch this new techniques of the global. This is both a challenge and an opportunity to the national shipbuilding industry.
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Pavel, Florin. « Seismic Design Codes—Key Elements for Seismic Risk Perception and Reduction in Europe ». Buildings 13, no 1 (8 janvier 2023) : 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010158.
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Earthquakes are one of the most costly and deadliest natural disasters. This perspective paper presents a discussion focused on the role of seismic design codes in risk perception and seismic risk reduction in Europe. The seismic design codes are a key component for both the design of new buildings, as well as for the vulnerability assessment of existing ones. The impact of seismic design codes on seismic risk reduction is discussed using as case-study countries, Italy, Turkey, Greece, and Romania, which according to the recent European seismic risk model 2020 have the largest expected mean annual losses due to earthquakes. The evaluation of the seismic exposure of the four countries shows that from the entire population of more than 170 million people, about 130 million live in buildings designed using no or low level seismic design. The mean annual expected losses due to earthquakes are of the order of 0.1–0.2% of the national GDP. Moreover, the mean annual death probability due to earthquakes is 10−6 which represents a risk level not of great concern to the average people. However, large earthquakes in Europe from the past 50 years have produced losses in excess of 10 billion Euros and several hundred thousand affected people. A solution for a better communication of seismic risk in order to increase seismic risk perception might be to provide exceedance probabilities of specific macroseismic intensity levels for time frames of 10 or 20 years, instead of annual values. Macroseismic levels from past earthquakes might be used in order to have a better understanding of the results and should complement the seismic design maps. In addition, in the case of seismic vulnerability, the use of simple terms (e.g., inhabitable or uninhabitable) along with their associated occurrence probabilities in the same time frame as in the case of the seismic hazard, might be a solution. Financial incentives for seismic strengthening, as well as a clear definition of an earthquake-prone building are also very useful for increasing seismic risk perception.
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Keyaerts, Nico, Erik Delarue, Yannick Rombauts et William D’haeseleer. « Impact of unpredictable renewables on gas-balancing design in Europe ». Applied Energy 119 (avril 2014) : 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.011.
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Liu, Hua, Yang Liu et Tian Xin. « The Obstruction to the Use of Building Information Modeling in China ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (octobre 2013) : 2313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.2313.
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Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an innovative tool and Production Process,which is a typical application way of information technology in construction industry. The rapid development of BIM has brought about a gigantic revolution in construction industries of Europe and the United States and other developed countries. In China, only some big design institutes are or have been applying this technology.This paper concretely analyses the situation and the barrier of using BIM in China, expounds its application prospect in China based on the relationship between BIM technology and the related parties.
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Mrázek, Martin, et Ludvika Kanická. « Street Furniture for Seniors ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 68, no 1 (2020) : 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068010081.
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Street furniture is an independent discipline. It addresses detailed solutions of products designed for human use in an exterior environment. Based on present-day studies, senior citizens constitute the fastest growing segment of the population. The sample element with defined ergonomic parameters has been defined by analyzing the standard and most used component of street furniture – bench, by the comparison of used materials and chosen construction. During the comparison and the subsequent conclusions, a great emphasis was placed on the functionality and durability of the individual components. The categories of street furniture have been based on the study of production programs of mainstream furniture manufacturers in Europe, and on the research of factors influencing street furniture. With the basic material of the supporting structure, the sitting and leaning sections and based on the measurements and defining of materials, a sample construction design has been proposed, and supporting element of concrete, steel and wooden constructions including their surface treatment has been described.
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Kvocak, Vincent, Daniel Dubecky et Viktoria Kozlejova. « Experimental Verification of Design Models in a Static and Dynamic Loading Test ». Key Engineering Materials 763 (février 2018) : 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.394.
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Nowadays more and more often investors and constructors are building constructions by combining two of the most common materials: reinforced concrete and steel. By understanding their behavior we can squeeze a mountain of used material with better results. They make it possible to take advantage of good mechanical properties of concrete in compression and steel in tension. One of the commonest types of composite structures is deck bridges with encased filler beams. These types of construction have been employed in Slovakia and all over Europe without any major change since the beginning of the 19th century. Several steel sections of modified shapes and dimensions were designed and tested in the Laboratories of the Institute of Structural Engineering at the Technical University in Košice. The main goal was to design and experiment with deck bridges made of various sections so as to maximise their cost-effectiveness by reducing the amount of steel consumed. Based on theoretical analyses, specimens were prepared in the laboratory, consisting of a variety of fully encased steel sections. It was cast into the prepared steel formwork placed on a fixed bearing plate so as to prevent deflection of composite beams during the concreting process.
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Wüstenhagen, Sven, Paul Beckert, Olaf Lange et Andreas Franze. « Light Electric Vehicles for Muscle–Battery Electric Mobility in Circular Economy : A Comprehensive Study ». Sustainability 13, no 24 (14 décembre 2021) : 13793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413793.
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Light electric vehicles (LEVs) facilitate a significant reduction in global warming potential (GWP) and other environmental impacts related to specific transport performance due to their lightweight construction. Low-voltage systems in the drive engine, an open vehicle design and online vehicle data processing allow LEVs to be repaired by independent workshops, thus enabling long vehicle use as well as conversion or retrofitting for periods of use beyond 20 years. LEVs are not yet very common in everyday life in Western Europe. In order to support the acceptance of muscle power-supported LEVs in the EU L7e registration class by users, the vehicle design and construction specifically address requirements in the areas of last-mile parcel delivery and other transport services, including passenger transport. Life cycle assessment was used to investigate two construction methods for LEVs, mixed construction and fibre composite construction, in terms of the production, service life phase and end of life. A vehicle configuration was developed which, in addition to resource-saving production and long-life operation, enables easy access for users and maintenance of the LEV for various purposes. The resource efficiency of light electric vehicles was proven with regard to the ecological aspects. The vehicle design shown here shows high potential for LEVs in the circular economy.
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Nasution, Abdillah Arif, Iskandar Muda, Yasara Ulfah, Erlina Erlina et Alexandru-Mircea Nedelea. « The Effect of Labor Input, Construction Cost, and Building Permits on Production Construction With Structural Equation Modeling, Evidence from Europe ». International Journal of Professional Business Review 7, no 3 (21 octobre 2022) : e0592. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2022.v7i3.0592.
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Purpose : This study examines the impact of labor input, construction costs, and building permits on production construction. Theoritical Framework : Nowadays, construction projects are growing. Construction projects require serious management because the larger the project, the more complex the dependence on one job to another in order to achieve the desired results. Design/Methodology/Approach : The secondary data explore from European data obtained from Eurostat from 2016 to 2019. Analyzing and proving hypotheses using Smart PLS software. Findings : The labor input has impact on production construction. The Construction Cost and Building Permits are not impcat to the Production Construction. Efforts to increase business creation should be a development priority in Europe. This is not only related to efforts to achieve the demographic bonus, but also efforts to achieve increased welfare for the Europe community. Research implication : Regional revenue is money that goes into the regional treasury. In implementation of decentralization, regional revenues consist of revenue and financing. Regional income is a recognized right of local government as in the period concerned, while regional financing is all revenues that need to be paid back and/or expenses that will be received back, either in the relevant fiscal year as well as in other fiscal years next. Practical implication : There is potential for the development and energy sources, increasing mastery of technology and quality of human resources, development of strategic industries, increasing sector between European and non-European countries. Social implication : The construction sector is one sector that can create jobs and encourage the transfer of technology that is useful for social aspects. Originality/Value : Enhancement productivity and quality of human resources to be important factor in the effort to reach the potential bonus demographics in Europe. In an effort to achieve demographic bonus opportunities, then in European countries it is expected focus on improving job creation and business for the population young age due to the number of young people which is relatively less. If this population group has the ability increase revenue and productivity, then the country's economy can be improved which in turn can promote growth economy in achieving the demographic bonus in future.
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Freeman, Mike. « A people's palace opens : the new Library of Birmingham ». New Library World 115, no 1/2 (7 janvier 2014) : 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nlw-10-2013-0079.
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Purpose – The purpose of this report is to provide an account of the UK's new public library of Birmingham. Design/methodology/approach – Details the construction, exterior and interior design, contents and location, including special collections, and describes the official opening. Findings – A large public library building which moves away from old conceptions of libraries, accommodating a variety of functions in a striking and accessible building. Originality/value – Provides a description of the new Library of Birmingham, the largest public library in Europe.
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Shi, Ya Kun. « BIM Technology in the Application and Development of China's Construction Industry ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (février 2014) : 1451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.1451.
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BIM technology used more widely in construction industry in developed countries in Europe and the United States, the integration of building information modeling (BIM) in the domestic large-scale propulsion was still difficult, and further the trend of widening the gap with foreign advanced level. In order to identify problems and solve the current status quo, and cut into the integrated information from project management point of view of China's architectural design, and analysis the status quo of BIM technology in our project management and developmental disabilities, and BIM-based technology and related parties mutual relations, to explain the development prospects of its application in China.
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Krūmiņš, Zigmārs, Juris Smirnovs, Valentina Āmare et Roberts Auziņš. « Use Of BIM In SLLC “Latvian State Roads” For Process Managment ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 1202, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1202/1/012045.
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Abstract BIM is an integrated set of building design, construction and management processes, technologies and regulations that allow all parties involved to jointly design, build and manage a building in a digital environment. In Europe, a common approach to the use and adaptation of technologies is currently being developed with the aim of providing a common regulatory framework that would promote the efficiency of technology application between the countries of the European Union. The use of BIM technologies is based on economic (financial) benefits. The financial benefits are estimated in the long run, and the main factors for financial savings are productivity and quality, which can be achieved by applying BIM technology and appropriate processes during the construction cycle (design, construction and management). Studies show that savings can reach up to 10% of construction costs. Currently underway is the process of implementing and configuring the Microsoft Dynamics platform for processing and using work information of SJSC "Latvian State Roads" (LSR). Microsoft Dynamics is a line of enterprise resource planning and customer relationship management software. In general, LSR intends to use the system in the following stages of the construction cycle: • Design stage • Construction procurement stage • Construction stage • Warranty period Microsoft Dynamic has both pros and cons for processing LSR information. Only after full implementation it will be possible to assess the effectiveness of this platform. Objective of the article is to explore how the use of BIM can improve the LSR work process and what happening at this moment in LSR.
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Budilovskaia, A., et S. Yu. « Ecological design ideas of large-scale public buildings : review of Russian Botanical Garden greenhouses ecological design ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 926, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/926/1/012089.
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Abstract With the rapid development of cities around the world, the concept of ecological design of large-scale public buildings has gradually come to the attention of the public. One of the main problems is the possibility of maintaining a balance between urban development, nature and man, which creates conditions for improving the environment and improving the quality of life of the population. An ecologically comfortable environment is considered today as one of the main prerequisites for the development of a particular territory. This article first gives a brief overview of scientific sources on the design of public buildings in botanical gardens, then discusses the principles of environmental design of large-scale public buildings and, finally, review the ideas of environmental design of greenhouse buildings in Russian botanical gardens from two aspects of form and content. The relevance of the work is ensured by the fact that botanical gardens occupy an important place in any city and it is necessary to understand how to update the garden space, how to respond to the new requirements of society and by what means to attract more visitors. Based on the analysis of various examples, the author notes the existing problems of construction of large-scale public buildings of eco-friendly design in Russian botanical gardens, and also comes to the conclusion that the landscape architecture of Western Europe and the experience of Western engineers in eco-friendly construction has a great influence on the image of modern Russian botanical gardens.
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Prak, Maarten. « Mega-structures of the Middle Ages : the construction of religious buildings in Europe and Asia,c.1000–1500 ». Journal of Global History 6, no 3 (17 octobre 2011) : 381–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022811000386.
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AbstractHow did medieval builders manage to construct some of the tallest structures in the world without access to modern engineering theories? Construction drawings were limited to details and, with only a handful exceptions, manuals for builders only appeared in the late fifteenth century. By implication, the relevant knowledge had to be transferred on a personal basis. Its underlying principles must therefore have been reasonably simple. This article shows how a modular design, combined with on-site experimentation, guided much of the construction work on large projects such as European cathedrals, Middle Eastern mosques, Indian temples, and Chinese pagoda towers.
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Stroh, Steven L., et Rajan Sen. « Steel Bridges with Double-Composite Action : Innovative Design ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no 1 (janvier 2000) : 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-31.
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Bridge engineers are continually faced with the challenge of providing efficient and cost-effective structures. In particular, the Florida Department of Transportation has recognized the need to develop economical bridge configurations in the medium-span range of 200- to 400-ft (60.96-to 121.92-m) spans and authorized a research project at the University of South Florida to identify and develop innovative design concepts within this span range. The study identified the concept of a steel bridge with double-composite action as an innovative bridge concept with the potential for significant cost savings compared with conventional modes of construction. This bridge type has been used with good success in Europe, but to the authors’ knowledge it has not been used in the United States. In addition to a composite concrete top slab, the double-composite bridge concept utilizes a composite concrete bottom slab in the negative moment regions. The result is provision of a design meeting compact requirements throughout, increased stiffness with corresponding decrease in fatigue stress range and deflections, savings in cross frames, and savings in flange material. The design implications of this system are examined, including redistribution effects due to creep and shrinkage, implications of different construction sequences, and strength and serviceability issues. Trial designs are presented, including both plate and box girder type structures, and design considerations are discussed. A prototype structure is identified for further development of the double-composite concept.
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D’Amico, Antonino, Giuseppina Ciulla, Alessandro Buscemi, Domenico Panno, Michele Zinzi et Marco Beccali. « Road Thermal Collector for Building Heating in South Europe : Numerical Modeling and Design of an Experimental Set-Up ». Energies 15, no 2 (7 janvier 2022) : 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020430.
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The combination/integration of renewable energy and storage systems appears to have significant potential, achieving high-energy results with lower costs and emissions. One way to cover the thermal needs of a building is through solar energy and its seasonal storage in the ground. The SMARTEP project aims to create an experimental area that provides for the construction of a road solar thermal collector directly connected to a seasonal low-temperature geothermal storage with vertical boreholes. The storage can be connected to a ground-to-water heat pump for building acclimatization. This system will meet the requirements of visual impact and reduction of the occupied area. Nevertheless, several constraints related to the radiative properties of the surfaces and the lack of proper thermal insulation have to be addressed. The project includes the study of several configurations and suitable materials, the set-up of a dynamic simulation model and the construction of a small-scale road thermal collector. These phases allowed for an experimental area to be built. Thanks to careful investigation in the field, it will be possible to identify the characteristics and the best operation strategy to maximize the energy management of the whole system in the Mediterranean area.