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1

Programme, World Employment. World recession and global interdependence : Effects on employment, poverty and policy formation in developing countries. Geneva : International Labour Office, 1987.

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2

The Global impact of the Great Depression, 1929-1939. New York : Routlege, 1996.

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3

Rothermund, Dietmar. The Global Impact of the Great Depression 1929-1939. London : Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2004.

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4

Andrea, Cornia Giovanni, Jolly Richard et Stewart Frances 1940-, dir. Adjustment with a human face. Oxford [Oxfordshire] : Clarendon Press, 1987.

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5

The Depression and the Developing World, 1914-1939 : The Depression and the Developing World, 1865-1939, Vol. 2. Routledge, 2006.

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6

Latham, A. J. H. Depression and the Developing World, 1914-1939. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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7

Rothermund, Dietmar. Global Impact of the Great Depression 1929-1939. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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8

Rothermund, Dietmar. Global Impact of the Great Depression 1929-1939. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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9

Rothermund, Dietmar. Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929-1939. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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10

Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929-1939. Routledge, 1996.

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11

Global Impact of the Great Depression 1929-1939. Routledge, 2002.

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12

Rothermund, Dietmar. Global Impact of the Great Depression 1929-1939. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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13

Latham, A. J. H. Economics in the Developing World, 1865-1939. Routledge, 2007.

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14

Cornia, Giovanni Andrea, Frances Stewart et Richard Jolly. Adjustment with a Human Face. Oxford University Press, 1988.

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15

(Editor), Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Richard Jolly (Editor) et Frances Stewart (Editor), dir. Adjustment with a Human Face : Volume II : Country Case Studies (Adjustment with a Human Face). Oxford University Press, USA, 1988.

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16

(Editor), Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Richard Jolly (Editor) et Frances Stewart (Editor), dir. Adjustment with a Human Face : Volume I : Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth (Adjustment with a Human Face). Oxford University Press, USA, 1987.

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17

Minas, Harry. Depression in the Developing World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0017.

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This chapter provides an overview of what is known about prevalence, social determinants, treatment, and course and impact of depression in developing, or low- and middle-income, countries. The importance of culture in depression and in the construction and application of diagnostic classifications and in health and social services is highlighted, with a particular focus on the applicability of ‘Western’ diagnostic constructs and service systems in developing country settings. The role of international organizations, such as WHO, and international development programs, such as the SDGs, in improving our understanding of depression and in developing effective and culturally appropriate responses is briefly examined. There is both a need and increasing opportunities in developing countries for greater commitment to mental health of populations, increased investment in mental health and social services, and culturally informed research that will contribute to improved global understanding of mental disorders in general and depression in particular.
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18

Latham, A. J. H. The International Economy and the Undeveloped World 1865-1914 : The Depression and the Developing World, 1865-1939, Vol. 1 (Routledge Reissues). Routledge, 2006.

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19

Strain, James J., et Michael Blumenfield, dir. Depression as a Systemic Illness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.001.0001.

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Depression has been declared by the World Health Organization in March of 2017 to be the illness with the greatest burden of disease in the world. This volume attempts to examine the current state of our understanding of depressive disorders, from the animal models, allostatie load, patterns of recurrence, effects on other illnesses, for example, cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, wound healing, etc. It is from this perspective that the editors declare that depression is a systemic illness, not just a mental disorder. Therefore, primary care physicians need to know how to diagnose, treat, and refer when necessary for the non-complicated, non-refractory forms of depression. From this perspective models of mental health training for the primary care physician are reviewed. Then a new model, the medical model, a step beyond collaborative care is described. Non complicated depressive illness needs to be addressed by the primary care physician much as they do asthma, diabetes, hyptertension, and congestive heart failure. Even collaborative care models are unable as the number of psychiatrists is too few even in developed countries, let alone in developing ones to work with primary care. Medical schools and residency training programs need to incorporate curriculum and clinical experiences to accommodate developing expertise to diagnose, treat, and refer when necessary in this most common medical malady. Finally, a modified electronic medical record is proposed as a collaborating agent for the primary care physician.
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20

Pamuk, Sevket. Uneven Centuries. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166377.001.0001.

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The population and economy of the area within the present-day borders of Turkey has consistently been among the largest in the developing world, yet there has been no authoritative economic history of Turkey until now. This book examines the economic growth and human development of Turkey over the past two hundred years. Taking a comparative global perspective, the book investigates Turkey's economic history through four periods: the open economy during the nineteenth-century Ottoman era, the transition from empire to nation-state that spanned the two world wars and the Great Depression, the continued protectionism and import-substituting industrialization after World War II, and the neoliberal policies and the opening of the economy after 1980. Making use of indices of GDP per capita, trade, wages, health, and education, the book argues that Turkey's long-term economic trends cannot be explained only by immediate causes such as economic policies, rates of investment, productivity growth, and structural change. The book offers a deeper analysis of the essential forces underlying Turkey's development—its institutions and their evolution—to make better sense of the country's unique history and to provide important insights into the patterns of growth in developing countries during the past two centuries.
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21

Toye, John. Liberal development, 1925–46. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723349.003.0005.

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Keynes’s writings are often disregarded in the context of economic development, overlooking that Russia was a developing country in his lifetime. He wrote about the experimental economic techniques that the Soviet government employed. He visited Russia three times and wrote A Short View of Russia in which he explained and criticized Bolsheviks’ policy of export and import monopolies, an overvalued exchange rate, inflationary government finance, and the subsidization of industry. These were policies that many developing countries adopted after decolonization. Keynes’s conclusion was that they were inefficient and that ‘bourgeois economics was valid in a communist country’. Did Keynes change his mind in the 1930s? If anything, he grew more harshly critical of Soviet economic policies and carefully distinguished them from his own endorsement of moderate trade protection and government supplementary investment in times of depression.
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22

Keshav, Satish, et Alexandra Kent. Starvation and malnutrition. Sous la direction de Patrick Davey et David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0332.

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Starvation is a state of severe malnutrition due to a reduction in macro- and micronutrient intake. The basis underlying starvation is an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The commonest cause of starvation is lack of available food, usually due to environmental, social, and economic reasons, although other causes include anorexia nervosa; depression and other psychiatric disorders; coma and disturbance of consciousness; intestinal failure; and mechanical failure of digestion, including poor dentition and intestinal obstruction. Protein energy malnutrition is usually seen in developing countries. This chapter discusses starvation and malnutrition, focusing on their etiology, symptoms, demographics, natural history, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Quiggin, John. Global Financial Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817345.003.0009.

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This chapter covers the macroeconomic aspects of the Global Financial Crisis, the subsequent Great Recession/Lesser Depression and the policy responses in developed and developing countries. DESA was one of the first international bodies to recognize the impending threat of financial crisis and to advocate the use of Keynesian fiscal stimulus. In the aftermath of the crisis, the goal of most international institutions was to seek an early return to pre-crisis ‘normality’. This was reflected in a rapid turn towards fiscal consolidation, justified by the expectation that private sector expansion would offset public sector austerity. By contrast, WESP correctly warned of the dangers of a premature end to fiscal stimulus.
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24

Breivik, Harald. Epidemiology of pain : Its importance for clinical management and research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0002.

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Chronic pain affects at least 20% of the adult population in Europe. Musculoskeletal, abdominal pain, abdominal pain, and headache dominate. About 10% have widespread pain. Women suffer more chronic pain than men. Chronic pain is more common in older persons, in 50% of home-dwelling women, and 60% of women living in nursing homes. Chronic pain increases, with increasing age, and with increasing obesity, and with more patients surviving after treatment for cancer. After injuries and surgical operations new pain develops and persists longer than healing of the surgical wound in about 10%; with 1% developing disabling pain. Apart from sex and age, risk factors that can be reduced by preventive measures are disturbed sleep, psychological stress, depression, and anxiety. Chronic pain costs 2–10% of gross national products of European countries. Epidemiological studies can enable policymakers to provide preventive and therapeutic measures, and research investment to address this suffering.
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25

Roos, Jerome. Why Not Default ? Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691180106.001.0001.

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The European debt crisis has rekindled long-standing debates about the power of finance and the fraught relationship between capitalism and democracy in a globalized world. This book unravels a striking puzzle at the heart of these debates—why, despite frequent crises and the immense costs of repayment, do so many heavily indebted countries continue to service their international debts? The book provides a sweeping investigation of the political economy of sovereign debt and international crisis management. It takes readers from the rise of public borrowing in the Italian city-states to the gunboat diplomacy of the imperialist era and the wave of sovereign defaults during the Great Depression. The book vividly describes the debt crises of developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and sheds new light on the recent turmoil inside the Eurozone—including the dramatic capitulation of Greece's short-lived anti-austerity government to its European creditors in 2015. Drawing on in-depth case studies of contemporary debt crises in Mexico, Argentina, and Greece, the book paints a disconcerting picture of the ascendancy of global finance. It shows how the profound transformation of the capitalist world economy over the past four decades has endowed private and official creditors with unprecedented structural power over heavily indebted borrowers, enabling them to impose painful austerity measures and enforce uninterrupted debt service during times of crisis—with devastating social consequences and far-reaching implications for democracy.
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Cukierman, Alex. Central Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.64.

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The first CBs were private institutions that were given a monopoly over the issuance of currency by government in return for help in financing the budget and adherence to the rules of the gold standard. Under this standard the price of gold in terms of currency was fixed and the CB could issue or retire domestic currency only in line with gold inflows or outflows. Due to the scarcity of gold this system assured price stability as long as it functioned. Wars and depressions led to the replacement of the gold standard by the more flexible gold exchange standard. Along with restrictions on international capital flows this standard became a major pillar of the post–WWII Bretton Woods system. Under this system the U.S. dollar (USD) was pegged to gold, and other countries’ exchange rates were pegged to the USD. In many developing economies CBs functioned as governmental development banks.Following the world inflation of the 1970s and the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, eradication of inflation gradually became the explicit number one priority of CBs. The hyperinflationary experiences of the first half of the 20th century, which were mainly caused by over-utilization of the printing press to finance budgetary expenditures, convinced policymakers in developed economies, following Germany’s lead, that the conduct of monetary policy should be delegated to instrument independent CBs, that governments should be prohibited from borrowing from them, and that the main goal of the CB should be price stability. During the late 1980s and the 1990s numerous CBs obtained instrument independence and started to operate on inflation targeting systems. Under this system the CB is expected to use interest rate policy to deliver a low inflation rate in the long run and to stabilize fluctuations in economic activity in the short and medium terms. In parallel the fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods system were replaced by flexible rates or dirty floats. The conjunction of more flexible rates and IT effectively moved the control over exchange rates from governments to CBs.The global financial crisis reminded policymakers that, of all public institutions, the CB has a comparative advantage in swiftly preventing the crisis from becoming a generalized panic that would seriously cripple the financial system. The crisis precipitated the financial stability motive into the forefront of CBs’ policy concerns and revived the explicit recognition of the lender of last resort function of the CB in the face of shocks to the financial system. Although the financial stability objective appeared in CBs’ charters, along with the price stability objective, also prior to the crisis, the crisis highlighted the critical importance of the supervisory and regulatory functions of CBs and other regulators. An important lesson from the crisis was that micro-prudential supervision and regulation should be supplemented with macro-prudential regulation and that the CB is the choice institution to perform this function. The crisis led CBs of major developed economies to reduce their policy rates to zero (and even to negative values in some cases) and to engage in large-scale asset purchases that bloat their balance sheets to this day. It also induced CBs of small open economies to supplement their interest rate policies with occasional foreign exchange interventions.
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