Thèses sur le sujet « Depolymerization of cellulose fibres »
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Bélanger, Karine. « Controlled depolymerization and decrystallization of cellulose-rich substrates into glucose ». Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1483.
Texte intégralYeoh, Sang Ju. « Electrospun cellulose fibres from kraft pulp ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12930.
Texte intégralBengtsson, Andreas. « Carbon fibres from lignin-cellulose precursors ». Licentiate thesis, KTH, Träkemi och massateknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244756.
Texte intégralDet ligger i människans natur att hitta lösningar på komplexa tekniska problem, samt att alltid sträva efter förbättringar. Utvecklingen av nya material är inget undantag. Ett av flera material utvecklade av människan är kolfiber. Dess utmärkta mekaniska egenskaper samt låga densitet har gjort det attraktivt som förstärkningsmaterial i lättviktskompositer. Det höga priset på kolfiber, vilket härstammar ur en kostsam framställningsprocess, har förhindrat en mer utbredd användning i exempelvis bilindustrin. Det dominerande råmaterialet för kolfiberframställning är petroleumbaserad polyacrylonitril (PAN). Användandet av fossila råvaror och det höga priset på kolfiber förklarar den starka drivkraften att hitta billigare och förnyelsebara alternativ. Lignin och cellulosa är förnyelsebara makromolekyler som finns tillgängliga i stora kvantiteter. Det höga kolinnehållet i lignin gör det mycket attraktivt som råvara för kolfiberframställning, men dess heterogena struktur ger en kolfiber med otillräckliga mekaniska egenskaper. Däremot har cellulosa en molekylär orientering som är önskvärd vid framställning av kolfiber, men dess låga kolinehåll ger ett lågt processutbyte som i sin tur bidrar till höga produktionskostnader. Det här arbetet visar att många av de problem som uppstår med kolfiber från respektive råvara kan kringgås genom att utgå från blandningar av desamma. Prekursorfibrer från blandningar av kraftlignin och kraftmassa från barrved tillverkade med luftgapsspinning konverterades till kolfiber. Utbytet för kolfibrerna som framställdes var mycket högre än vid framställning från endast cellulosa. Ofraktionerat barrvedslignin och kraftmassa av papperskvalitet presterade lika bra som de dyrare retentatligninen och dissolvingmassan, vilket är fördelaktigt ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Stabilisering är det mest tidskrävande processteget i kolfibertillverkning. I det här arbetet visades det att prekursorfibrerna kunde stabiliseras på kortare än två timmar, eller direktkarboniseras utan någon sammansmältning av fibrerna. Detta indikerar att en tidseffektiv produktion kan vara möjligt. Impregnering av prekursorfibrerna med ammoniumdivätefosfat ökade utbytet avsevärt, men med lägre mekaniska egenskaper som bieffekt. Kolfibrernas mekaniska egenskaper ökade vid en diameterreduktion. En kort oxidativ stabilisering under två timmar i kombination med tunna prekursorfibrer gav kolfiber med en elasticitetsmodul på 76 GPa och dragstyrka på 1070 MPa. Att göra kolfiber från blandningar av lignin och cellulosa är ett lovande koncept om det höga utbytet (39%), den korta stabiliseringstiden samt de lovande mekaniska egenskaperna tas i beaktande.
QC 20190226
Hilgert, Jakob [Verfasser], Ferdi [Akademischer Betreuer] Schüth et Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Muhler. « Mechanocatalytic depolymerization of cellulose and subsequent hydrogenation / Jakob Hilgert. Gutachter : Ferdi Schüth ; Martin Muhler ». Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079843728/34.
Texte intégralLi, Yingjie. « Emulsion electrospinning of nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced nanocomposite fibres ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30474.
Texte intégralQi, Haisong, Jianwen Liu, Yinhu Deng, Shanglin Gao et Edith Mäder. « Cellulose fibres with carbon nanotube networks for water sensing ». Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36157.
Texte intégralBenoit, Maud. « Dépolymérisation catalytique de la cellulose couplée à des techniques d’activation non thermiques ». Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2270.
Texte intégralWith the depletion of fossil carbon resources, biomass (including cellulose) is widely introduced in the chemical industry, as a renewable source of carbon. Cellulose is a huge reservoir (1,3 Million tons) of cheap (< 10 €/kg) and non-edible carbon. So use cellulose as raw material has many advantages, as much as economic plan than environmental one. However, due to important inter and intra hydrogen bonds network, cellulose is highly crystalline and thus insoluble in common solvents (including water) and recalcitrant to hydrolysis by heterogeneous catalysis, due to solid/solid interactions. A preliminary step consists in the activation of cellulose to enhance the solid/solid interactions. However, the pretreatments used in the literature are limited by the cost, corrosiveness, and toxicity. The aim of this study is to develop physical pretreatments of cellulose in order to be environmentally friendly and promote cellulose/catalyst interactions. In this manuscript, two physical methods of cellulose activation will be explored. The first involves a sonic treatment and the second implies non-thermal atmospheric plasma technology. These methods lead to an increase of the glucose yield due to the change of i) the particle size, or/and ii) the degree of polymerization or/and iii) the cristallinity. From carbohydrate obtained via the depolymerisation of cellulose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (platform molecule) is achieved. This synthesis, including dehydration of fructose, will be studied and especially, the nature of the solvent which is a key point ofthis conversion will be discussed. In this work glycerol or glycerol carbonate-based media were studied, as co-solvent from renewable carbon
Le, Moigne Nicolas. « Mécanismes de gonflement et de dissolution des fibres de cellulose ». Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353429.
Texte intégralLy, El Hadji Babacar. « Nouveaux matériaux composites thermoformables à base de fibres de cellulose ». Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00268828.
Texte intégralQuajai, Sirisart, et soj@kmitnb ac th. « Biopolymer Composite based on Natural and Derived Hemp Cellulose Fibres ». RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20061222.111612.
Texte intégralBudd, J. « The adsorption of aluminium from aqueous solution by cellulose fibres ». Thesis, University of Reading, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379304.
Texte intégralFernandes, Susana Cristina de Matos. « Novel materials based on chitosan, its derivatives and cellulose fibres ». Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3222.
Texte intégralO presente trabalho tem como principal objectivo o desenvolvimento de novos materiais baseados em quitosano, seus derivados e celulose, na forma de nanofibras ou de papel. Em primeiro lugar procedeu-se à purificação das amostras comerciais de quitosano e à sua caracterização exaustiva em termos morfológicos e físicoquímicos. Devido a valores contraditórios encontrados na literatura relativamente à energia de superfície do quitosano, e tendo em conta a sua utilização como precursor de modificações químicas e a sua aplicação em misturas com outros materiais, realizou-se também um estudo sistemático da determinação da energia de superfície do quitosano, da quitina e seus respectivos homólogos monoméricos, por medição de ângulos de contacto Em todas as amostras comerciais destes polímeros identificaram-se impurezas não polares que estão associadas a erros na determinação da componente polar da energia de superfície. Após a remoção destas impurezas, o valor da energia total de superfície (gs), e em particular da sua componente polar, aumentou consideravelmente. Depois de purificadas e caracterizadas, algumas das amostras de quitosano foram então usadas na preparação de filmes nanocompósitos, nomeadamente dois quitosanos com diferentes graus de polimerização, correspondentes derivados solúveis em água (cloreto de N-(3-(N,N,N-trimetilamónio)-2- hidroxipropilo) de quitosano) e nanofibras de celulose como reforço (celulose nanofibrilada (NFC) e celulose bacteriana (BC). Estes filmes transparentes foram preparados através de um processo simples e com conotação ‘verde’ pela dispersão homogénea de diferentes teores de NFC (até 60%) e BC (até 40%) nas soluções de quitosano (1.5% w/v) seguida da evaporação do solvente. Os filmes obtidos foram depois caracterizados por diversas técnicas, tais como SEM, AFM, difracção de raio-X, TGA, DMA, ensaios de tracção e espectroscopia no visível. Estes filmes são altamente transparentes e apresentam melhores propriedades mecânicas e maior estabilidade térmica do que os correspondentes filmes sem reforço. Outra abordagem deste trabalho envolveu o revestimento de folhas de papel de E. globulus com quitosano e dois derivados, um derivado fluorescente e um derivado solúvel em água, numa máquina de revestimentos (‘máquina de colagem’) à escala piloto. Este estudo envolveu inicialmente a deposição de 1 a 5 camadas do derivado de quitosano fluorescente sobre as folhas de papel de forma a estudar a sua distribuição nas folhas em termos de espalhamento e penetração, através de medições de reflectância e luminescência. Os resultados mostraram que, por um lado, a distribuição do quitosano na superfície era homogénea e que, por outro lado, a sua penetração através dos poros do papel cessou após três deposições. Depois da terceira camada verificou-se a formação de um filme contínuo de quitosano sobre a superfície do papel. Estes resultados mostram que este derivado de quitosano fluorescente pode ser utilizado como marcador na optimização e compreensão de mecanismos de deposição de quitosano em papel e outros substratos. Depois de conhecida a distribuição do quitosano nas folhas de papel, estudou-se o efeito do revestimento de quitosano e do seu derivado solúvel em água nas propriedades finais do papel. As propriedades morfológicas, mecânicas, superficiais, ópticas, assim como a permeabilidade ao ar e ao vapor de água, a aptidão à impressão e o envelhecimento do papel, foram exaustivamente avaliadas. De uma forma geral, os revestimentos com quitosano e com o seu derivado solúvel em água tiveram um impacto positivo nas propriedades finais do papel, que se mostrou ser dependente do número de camadas depositadas. Os resultados também mostraram que os papéis revestidos com o derivado solúvel em água apresentaram melhores propriedades ópticas, aptidão à impressão e melhores resultados em relação ao envelhecimento do que os papéis revestidos com quitosano. Assim, o uso de derivados de quitosano solúveis em água em processos de revestimento de papel representa uma estratégia bastante interessante e sustentável para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais funcionais ou na melhoria das propriedades finais dos papéis. Por fim, tendo como objectivo valorizar os resíduos e fracções menos nobres da quitina e do quitosano provenientes da indústria transformadora, estes polímeros foram convertidos em polióis viscosos através de uma reacção simples de oxipropilação. Este processo tem também conotação "verde" uma vez que não requer solvente, não origina subprodutos e não exige nenhuma operação específica (separação, purificação, etc) para isolar o produto da reacção. As amostras de quitina e quitosano foram pré-activadas com KOH e depois modificadas com um excesso de óxido de propileno (PO) num reactor apropriado. Em todos os casos, o produto da reacção foi um líquido viscoso composto por quitina ou quitosano oxipropilados e homopolímero de PO. Estas duas fracções foram separadas e caracterizadas.
The purpose of this study was to develop new materials based on chitosan and its derivatives and cellulose, in the form of nanofibres or paper sheet. Firstly, the commercial chitosan samples were thoroughly characterized in terms of morphology and physicochemical aspects. Because of conflicting reports and unrealistic literature values, and because of the use of chitosan as mixtures component, or as precursor for chemical modifications, a systematic study of the surface energy of chitin, chitosan and their respective monomeric counterparts was carried out using contact angle measurements. All the commercial samples of these polymers were shown to contain non-polar impurities that gave rise to enormous errors in the determination of the polar component of their surface energy. After their thorough removal, the value of the total surface energy (gs), and particularly of its polar component, increased considerably. Well characterized chitosan samples were then used to prepare transparent nanocomposite films based on different chitosan (CH) matrices (two chitosans with different DPs and corresponding water-soluble derivatives (N-(3-(N,N,Ntrimethylamonium)- 2-hydroxypropyl) chloride chitosan), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and bacterial cellulose (BC) were prepared by a fully green procedure by casting a water based suspension of CH, NFC and BC. Different contents of NFC (up to 60%) and BC (up to 40%) were dispersed in 1.5% (w/v) CH solutions. The films were characterized by several techniques, namely SEM, AFM, X-ray diffraction, TGA, tensile assays, dynamic mechanical analysis and visible spectroscopy. The films obtained were shown to be highly transparent, displayed better mechanical properties than the corresponding unfilled chitosan films and showed increased thermal stability. Another approach involved the coating of E. globulus based paper sheets with chitosan and two different chitosan derivatives, a fluorescent and a watersoluble derivative, on a pilot-size press machine. First, a fluorescent chitosan derivative was deposited layer-by-layer onto conventional paper sheets and its distribution, in terms of both spreading and penetration, was assessed by emission measurements. The results showed that, on the one hand the surface distribution was highly homogeneous and, on the other hand, the penetration of chitosan within the paper pores ceased after a three-layer deposit, beyond which any additional coating only produced an increase in its overall thickness and film-forming aptitude. These results show that this modified chitosan can be used as probe to optimize and understand the mechanism of the deposition of chitosan onto paper and other substrates. Then, the effect of chitosan and chitosan quaternization on the final properties of chitosan-coated papers was investigated. Different coating weights were attained by the deposition of 1-5 coating layers. The morphological, mechanical, surface, barrier and optical properties as well as the paper ageing and printability of the ensuing coated papers were investigated and assessed. In general, both chitosan and water-soluble chitosan coatings had a positive impact on the final properties of the coated papers, which was quite dependent on the number of deposited chitosan layers. The results obtained also showed that the water-soluble chitosan coated papers presented superior optical properties, inkjet print quality and better results on ageing measurements than chitosan coated papers. Therefore, the use of water-soluble chitosan derivatives on paper coating processes represents an interesting and sustainable strategy for the development of new functional paper materials or for the improvement of the end-user properties of paper products. Finally, chitin and chitosan were converted into viscous polyols through a simple oxypropylation reaction, with the aim of valorising the less noble fractions or by-products of these valuable renewable resources. This process bears “green” connotations, given that it requires no solvent, leaves no byproducts and no specific operations (separation, purification, etc.) are needed to isolate the entire reaction product. Chitin or chitosan samples were preactivated with KOH and then reacted with an excess of propylene oxide (PO) in an autoclave. In all instances, the reaction product was a viscous liquid made up of oxypropylated chitin or chitosan and PO homopolymer. The two fractions were separated and thoroughly characterized.
Hernandez, Zurine. « Conditions required for spinning continuous fibres from cellulose nano-fibrils ». Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2012. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/5286.
Texte intégralAdams, K. V. « Dyeing of cellulose fibres : how the structure of cellulose and the dye molecules affect the dyeing process ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595346.
Texte intégralHardman, Susan Marion. « The mineralization of fibres in archaeological contexts ». Thesis, Cardiff University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320178.
Texte intégralUtsel, Simon. « Surface modification of cellulose-based fibres for use in advanced materials ». Licentiate thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25245.
Texte intégralDet finns idag en stor insikt av att vi behöver nya miljövänliga processer och produkter för att kunna skapa ett långsiktigt hållbart samhälle. Denna medvetenhet har stimulerat sökandet efter förnyelsebara, högkvalitativa material som kan ersätta oljebaserade produkter. I kombination med den ökande konkurrensen inom skogsindustrin, har detta stimulerat forskning inom olika typer av träbaserade material där cellulosarika fibrer kombineras med olika typer av polymerer så att vi använder vår förnyelsebara skogsråvara i så kallade högvärdesprodukter. Det finns därför ett stort behov av utveckling av effektiva tekniker för fibermodifiering där fibrer kan skräddarsys för att erhålla specifika egenskaper. Genom att endast modifiera fibrernas yta kan dessutom en markant förändring i egenskaper erhållas genom att endast modifiera en relativt liten del av det totala fibermaterialet. Den potentiella effekten av ytmodifiering ökar dessutom avsevärt när cellulosananofibriller används, eftersom gränsytan mellan fibrillerna och dess omgivning ökar dramatiskt när storleken minskar med flera tiopotenser. Intresset för mindre byggstenar i nanometerområdet har fortsatt att öka snabbt under de senaste åren, både tack vare tillgängligheten och ny teknik för tillverkning/syntes av mindre byggstenar, och insikter av de mycket goda egenskaper som den här typen av nanokompositer besitter. I föreliggande avhandling presenteras tre olika typer av fibermodifiering som kan användas som nya redskap för att skräddarsy egenskaper hos nya cellulosabaserade material. I det första arbetet har termoresponsiva nanokompositer byggts upp från specialtillverkade termoresponsiva polymerer och nanofibrillerad cellulosa. Polymererna har ett block som är termoresponsivt samt ett andra block som är katjoniskt laddat och därmed kan fästa polymeren till en motsatt laddad fiber/fibrillyta. Multiskikt byggdes upp med dessa polymer och den nanofibrillerade cellulosan genom att använda lager-på-lager tekniken, vilket resulterar i tunna filmer med termoresponsivt beteende som exempelvis skulle kunna användas för kontrollerad frisättning av läkemedel. I det andra arbetet har en amfifil block copolymer med ett högmolekulärt hydrofobt polystyrenblock och ett katjoniskt block syntetiserats för användning som kompatibilisator mellan fibrer och hydrofoba polymer matriser i fiber/fibrill förstärkta kompositer. Dessa polymerer självorganiseras i form av miceller i vatten med den hydrofoba delen i kärnan av micellen och den katjoniska delen i skalet. Eftersom micellerna har katjoniska laddningar adsorberar de till motsatt laddade ytor där de hydrofoba delarna kan frigöras på ytan efter en värmebehandling vilket leder till en ny, mindre vattenvätbar, yta. Ett atomkraftsmikroskop användes för att mäta de adhesiva egenskaperna mellan en polymerbehandlad yta och en polystyrenprob vid olika temperaturer och kontakttider. Adhesionen ökade med kontakttiden för de behandlade ytorna, troligtvis beroende på molekylär intrassling mellan polystyrenblock på den behandlade ytan och polystyrenproben. Den relativa adhesionsökningen, med ökad kontakttid, var högre vid den lägre temperaturen medan den absoluta adhesionskraften var högre vid den högre temperaturen, vilket troligen beror på en högre molekylär konataktyta vid den högre temperaturen. I det tredje arbetet användes klick-kemi för att kovalent fästa dendroner till cellulosaytor och vidare modifiera dem med mannosgrupper för att erhålla specifik växelverkan med Concanavalin A. Proteininteraktionerna studerades vid olika proteinkoncentrationer med hjälp av en kvartskristallmikrovåg. Den flervärda dendroniserade ytan visade en 10-faldig ökning i känslighet gentemot proteinet jämfört med den envärda referensytan. Detta skulle kunna användas för att skräddarsy känsligare cellulosabaserade biosensorer i framtiden.
QC 20101014
Sinden, Jane. « The electrokinetic aspect of cellulose fibres used in the papermaking process ». Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244904.
Texte intégralCoelho, Da Silva Mercês. « Contribution à l'étude des composites à base de fibres de cellulose ». Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0143.
Texte intégralThis dissertation is a contribution of scientific knowledge on the characteristics of several by-products from a bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp mill and their possible valorisation as fibrous raw materials. The structural, thermal, and morphological investigations of these raw materials were carried out and the results obtained indicate that these industrial wastes can be used as potential raw materials in fiber-based applications. The introduction of the fibres into RPU did not alter their thermal stability, but enhanced their density. The use of cellulose fibres as reinforcing phase increased the resistance to compression of the resulting foam, enhanced their thermal insulation performances and their biodegradation rate
Zhu, Chenchen. « Manufacturing of cellulose and chitin fibres using ionic liquids based solvents ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.682729.
Texte intégralDadach, Zin Eddine [Verfasser]. « Mechanism of Depolymerization of Cellulose in Low Sulfuric Acid Medium. Kinetic Investigation and Stochastic Simulation / Zin Eddine Dadach ». München : GRIN Verlag, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1180403568/34.
Texte intégralDe, Matos Fernandes Susana. « Novel materialsbased in chitosan, its derivates and cellulose fibers ». Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU3010.
Texte intégralThe purpose of this study was to develop new materials based on chitosan and its derivatives and cellulose, in the form of nanofibres or paper sheet. . Chitosan samples were then used to prepare transparent nanocomposite films based on different chitosan (CH) matrices (two chitosans with different DPs and corresponding water-soluble derivatives) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and bacterial cellulose (BC). The films obtained were shown to be highly transparent, displayed better mechanical properties than the corresponding unfilled chitosan films and showed increased thermal stability. Another approach involved the coating of E. Globulus based paper sheets with chitosan and two different chitosan derivatives, a fluorescent and a water-soluble derivative, on a pilot-size press machine. First, a fluorescent chitosan derivative was deposited layer-by-layer onto conventional paper sheets and its distribution was assessed. The results showed that the surface distribution was highly homogeneous and the penetration of chitosan within the paper pores ceased after a three-layer deposit, beyond coating only produced an increase in its overall thickness and film-forming aptitude. Then, the effect of chitosan and chitosan quaternization on the final properties of chitosan-coated papers was investigated. In general, both chitosan and water-soluble chitosan coatings had a positive impact on the final properties of the coated papers. Finally, chitin and chitosan were converted into viscous polyols through a simple oxypropylation reaction, with the aim of valorizing the less noble fractions or by-products of these valuable renewable resources
Doineau, Estelle. « Modification de fibres de lin par des nanocristaux de cellulose et du xyloglucane pour le développement de composites biosourcés hiérarchiques Adsorption of xyloglucan and cellulose nanocrystals on natural fibres for the creation of hierarchically structured fibres Hierarchical thermoplastic biocomposites reinforced with flax fibres modified by xyloglucan and cellulose nanocrystals Development of Bio-Inspired Hierarchical Fibres to Tailor the Fibre/Matrix Interphase in (Bio)composites ». Thesis, IMT Mines Alès, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EMAL0007.
Texte intégralThis thesis project aims at developing flax fibres surface treatment for the improvement of the mechanical properties of biocomposites with polymeric matrix and flax reinforcements. This surface modification is inspired by the hierarchical structures present in biological systems (bone, nacre or wood), composed of nano-objects which allow a better transfer of loads in these materials. This presence of nano-sized objects makes it possible to reach impressive strength and toughness values and to limit cracks propagation. In this project, products derived from lingo-cellulosic biomass, namely cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and xyloglucan (XG), were chosen for their interesting properties and mutual affinity to create hierarchical flax fibres. In a first step, the adsorption of XG and CNC onflax fibres w as localized and quantified using fluorescent markers. In addition, atomic force microscopy measurements of adhesive force revealed the creation of an extensible XG/CNC netw ork on the fibre surface. Subsequently, two paths were proposed with the elaboration of thermoplastic (polypropylene/flax fibres) and thermoset (epoxy resin/flax fabric) biocomposites using these nanostructured fibres. In both cases, an increase of the work of rupture has been measured by micro-and/or uniaxial tensile tests, allowing dissipating more energy upon breakage. All this work has allowed evaluating the potential of different hierarchical natural reinforcements (unidirectional fabric or short flax fibers) for the development of structural biocomposites with a focus on the fiber/matrix interphase zone
Plumejeau, Sandrine. « Croissance de TiO₂ en surface de fibres de cellulose pour l'élaboration de filtres photocatalytiques ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT230/document.
Texte intégralThe pollution is definitely a major issue for environmental protection and sustainable development. Membrane technologies and advanced oxidation processes play more and more a key-role in the treatment of water both for the production of drinking water and for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process for generating highly oxidizing species such as OH• in the presence of water and dioxygen, under irradiation of some semiconducting solids like titania (TiO2). The targeted objective for this PhD work is the development of efficient photocatalytic filters to be implemented in hybrid processes coupling separation and photodegradation. The innovative route investigated for preparing such photocatalytic filters is based on the use of a bio-based polymer, i.e. the cellulose, both as reactant (oxygen source) and mechanical support for the growth of titania nanoparticles from titanium tetrachloride. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to a literature review mainly focused on membrane and hybrid processes, on titanium dioxide and its photocatalytic properties and on the chemical, structural, microstructural and thermal behaviour of cellulose. After a description of the experimental procedures, the second part of this manuscript is first dedicated to the presentation and the discussion of the experimental results on the preparation and characterization of pure titania powders and of TiO2-carbon composite powders. The effect of titania doping by different transition metals in order to improve its functional properties is then examined. Simplification of the synthesis process by removing any is described in the next chapter. From the previously developed know-how on synthesis and photocatalytic performance, the last chapter is devoted to preliminary work on the preparation of photocatalytic filters and on the assessment of their functional properties
McGillen, J. G. « Studies on the wet spinning of cellulose fibres from novel solvent systems ». Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372448.
Texte intégralGaffiot, Lauric. « Optimisation d’un procédé d’élaboration d’un composite à base de fibres naturelles ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI056.
Texte intégralNowadays, composite materials are a challenging and dynamic thematic for both industry and academic research. In this context, natural fibres are an interesting alternative to synthetic fibres thanks to their high mechanical properties, low density and biosourced origins in order to meet the requirements in terms of performance, costs and durability.This work take part into an industrial project that include research laboratories, suppliers and end-users. It aims at developing a unidirectional flax fibre composite material for sport and recreation application. The initial objectives of development focused on the surface optimization and the reinforcement, and the improvement of fibre-matrix adhesion. An original strategy has been set, based on the reactivity and the physico-chemical properties of métapériodate oxidized xyloglucan. This molecule has shown a promising effect of reinforcement on cellulosic materials, particularly in wet conditions. Besides, its reactivity with compatibilization agents allows different functionalization possibilities to increase fibre-matrix adhesion, encouraging its use as a coupling agent.The characterizations led on the different scales of flax fibre validated this strategy, as micro-mechanical tests showed adhesion improvement and mechanical properties of wet fibres had significantly increased. However, further mechanical investigations rose numerous experimental issues, and demonstrated that the specific morphology of these objects as well as their natural origins were major obstacles to measures exploitation in this kind of development project. So, the main research axis then focused on directly composite materials.Different structural problematics has been thus identified. Natural fibre impregnation, which can be influenced by treatments composition and elaboration process, has revealed itself has an important parameter linked to the multi-scale organization of flax. The fibre orientation in the unidirectional ply has been also identified as a key parameter that is affected by reinforcement architecture and industrial process of treatment.Those developments on treatments and composite structure led to a great increase of the material tensile properties to reach 30 GPa modulus and 370 MPa in strength, also improving its water ageing behaviour and its flexion ultimate strain. These promising enhancements are not sufficient in terms of overall mechanical performance and elaboration process to envisage an industrialization phase, but the prototyping of finished products will be realized
Ulfstad, Louise. « Rheological study of cellulose dissolved in aqueous ZnCl2 : Regenerated cellulosic fibres for textile applications ». Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-28781.
Texte intégralRandrembason, Vero. « Biocomposites amidon-cellulose : Elaboration, caractérisation et modélisation du comportement viscoélastique ». Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20009.
Texte intégralCuissinat, Céline. « Etude des mécanismes de gonflement et de dissolution des fibres de cellulose native ». Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002729.
Texte intégralHanley, Shaune J. (Shaune John). « Application of atomic force microscopy to cellulose, wood, kraft pulp fibres and paper ». Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40030.
Texte intégralDolores, Gonzalo Mármol de los. « Low-alkalinity matrix composites based on magnesium oxide cement reinforced with cellulose fibres ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74133/tde-17082017-113846/.
Texte intégralUm cimento de baixa alcalinidade à base de blendas de MgO e SiO2 é analisado para o desenvolvimento de Compósitos Cimentícios Reforçados com Fibras (CCRF) celulósicas sem clínquer para resolver os problemas de durabilidade de este tipo de fibras quando são usadas em CCRF com cimento Portland. A evolução da hidratação, desde 7 aos 28 dias, das diferentes formulações é avaliada. Os principais produtos hidratados são o Mg(OH)2 e o gel M-S-H para todas as formulações independentemente da idade estudada. As pastas endurecidas apresentam valores de pH < 11 e bom desempenho mecânico comparado com o cimento Portland convencional. O sistema 60% MgO-40% SiO2 é escolhido como a formulação ótima para o desenvolvimento de CCRF já que é a mais resistente e menos alcalina comparada com 70% MgO-30% SiO2. CCRF com cimento à base de óxido de magnésio e sílica (MgO-SiO2) e fibras celulósicas são produzidos para a análise da durabilidade das fibras lignocelulósicas em ambientes com valores de pH mais baixos comparados com o cimento Portland (PC). O desempenho mecânico a flexão e os ensaios físicos (porosidade aparente, densidade aparente e absorção de água) são comparados aos 28 dias e após de 200 ciclos de envelhecimento acelerado. O cimento à base de MgO-SiO2 preserva a integridade das fibras após o envelhecimento. Os compósitos produzidos com este cimento exibem melhores propriedades após 200 ciclos de envelhecimento acelerado que os compósitos produzidos com cimento Portland. Ambientes com alta concentração de CO2 são avaliados como tratamento de cura para otimizar as matrizes MgO- SiO2 nos CCRF. As amostras são curadas sob 2 condições diferençadas: 1) cura com vapor de água a 55oC e 2) cura com alta concentração de CO2 (20% do volume). As amostras carbonatadas apresentam teores reduzidos de Mg(OH)2 enquanto é produzida uma nova fase cristalina: hidromagnesita [Mg5 (CO3)4⋅(OH) 2⋅4H2O]. Após a carbonatação, o conteúdo de gel M-S-H é reduzido também, indicando uma carbonatação desta fase. A carbonatação aumenta a rigidez da matriz o que influi positivamente no desempenho mecânico e as propriedades físicas dos compósitos sem efeitos prejudiciais ao longo prazo. A adição de sepiolita em CCRF é estudada como possível adição na composição da matriz aglomerante. Baixos teores (1 e 2% em massa) de cimento são substituídos por sepiolita para o estudo das pastas de cimento hidratado e, posteriormente, dos compósitos. O Módulo Elástico Dinâmico das pastas é incrementado com o tempo pela adição de sepiolita. Os ensaios a flexão demostram que a adição de sepiolita melhora a homogeneidade dos compósitos. Reportam-se os efeitos das fibras de sisal após da exposição a sistemas MgO-SiO2 e PC e submetidas a diferentes condições de envelhecimento. Este estudo comparativo da degradação das fibras expostas a diferentes matrizes cimentícias mostra a compatibilidade das fibras lignocelulósicas com os cimentos à base de Mg. As fibras de sisal, inclusive após o envelhecimento acelerado, não apresentam nem redução significativa no conteúdo de celulose nem na cristalinidade da celulose assim como do tamanho de cristalito, quando expostas a cimentos MgO-SiO2.
KHENFER, MOHAMMEDMOULDI. « Caractérisation structurale et rhéologique des ciments et plâtres renforcés de fibres de cellulose ». Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10800.
Texte intégralJimenez, Saelices Clara. « Développement de matériaux super-isolants thermiques à partir de nano-fibres de cellulose ». Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIS417/document.
Texte intégralThe objective of this thesis is the preparation of renewable aerogels having thermal super-insulating properties. To do it, we designed new aerogels from nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) by freeze-drying. This technique is simple and has the advantage of not using organic solvents. First of all, the parameters playing a role on the aerogel morphology and physico-chemical properties of the aerogels were analyzed to get the best thermal insulating properties. Using 2 wt% NFC suspensions, without addition of salts, keeping the initial pH, the obtained freeze-dried aerogels in alumina molds at -80 °C have a thermal conductivity of 0.024 W/m.K. In order to reduce the pore size and to improve the thermal insulating properties by Knudsen effect, a new drying technique was proposed: the spray freeze-drying. Aerogels prepared in the same experimental conditions with this technique have thermal super-insulating properties (0.018 W/m.K) thanks to the nanostructuration of the porous network. Finally, a new device was designed to characterize more precisely the thermal properties of aerogels. This is an impulsive transient device, which can estimate simultaneously the contribution of solid and gas conduction, the radiative effect and thermal diffusivity using a simple theoretical model. This device will allow studying complex heat transfer through porous semi-transparent materials such as aerogels
Khenfer, Mohammedmouldi. « Caractérisation structurale et rhéologique des ciments et plâtres renforcés de fibres de cellulose ». Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10645.
Texte intégralSolberg, Daniel. « Adsorption kinetics of cationic polyacrylamides on cellulose fibres and its influence on fibre flocculation ». Licentiate thesis, KTH, Fibre and Polymer Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1665.
Texte intégralThe adsorption of cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM) and silicananoparticles onto a model surface of silicon oxide wascompared with the adsorption of C-PAM to fibres and theirinfluence on flocculation of a fibre suspension. An increase inionic strength affects the polyelectrolyte adsorption indifferent ways for these two systems. With the silica surface,an increase in the ionic strength leads to a continuousincrease in the adsorption. However, on a cellulose fibre, theadsorption increases at low ionic strength (1 to 10 mM NaCl)and then decreases at higher ionic strength (10 to 100 mMNaCl). It was shown that the adsorption of nanoparticles ontopolyelectrolyte-covered surfaces has a great effect on both theadsorbed amount and the thickness of the adsorbed layer. Theresults showed that electrostatic interactions were thedominating force for the interaction between both the fibresand the polyelectrolytes, and between the polyelectrolytes andthe silica particles. Furthermore, at higher NaClconcentrations, a significant non-ionic interaction between thesilicon oxide surface/particles and the C-PAM was observed.
The adsorption rate of C-PAM onto fibres was rapid andquantitative adsorption was detected in the time range between1 and 8 s at polyelectrolyte addition levels below 0.4 mg/g.Conversely, an increase in the amount of added polymer leads toan increased polymer adsorption up to a quasi-static saturationlevel. However, after a few seconds this quasi-staticsaturation level was significantly lower than the level reachedat electrostaticequilibrium. The adsorbed amountof charges at full surface coverage after 1 to 8 s contact timecorresponded to only 2 % of the total fibre charge, whereasafter 30 minutes it corresponded to 15 % of the total fibrecharge. This shows that a full surface coverage at shortcontact times is not controlled by surface charge. Based onthese results, it is suggested that a combination of anon-equilibrium charge barrier against adsorption and ageometric restriction can explain the difference between theadsorption during 1 to 8 s and the adsorption after 30 minutes.With increasing time, the cationic groups are neutralised bythe charges on the fibre as the polyelectrolyte reconforms to aflat conformation on the surface.
The addition of a high concentration of C-PAM to a fibresuspension resulted in dispersion rather than flocculation.This behaviour is most likely due to an electrostericstabilisation of the fibres when the polyelectrolyte isadsorbed. Flocculation of the fibre suspension occurred at lowadditions of C-PAM. A maximum in flocculation was found ataround 50 % surface coverage and dispersion occurred above 100% surface coverage. It was also shown that for a given level ofadsorbed polymer, a difference in adsorption time between 1 and2 seconds influenced the flocculation behaviour. An optimum inflocculation at 50 % surface coverage in combination with theimportance of polymer reconformation time at these shortcontact times showed that the C-PAM induced fibre flocculationagrees with La Mer and Healys description of bridgingflocculation.
A greater degree of flocculation was observed with theaddition of silica nanoparticles to the fibre suspension thanin the single polyelectrolyte system. Flocculation increased asa function of the concentration of added nanoparticles until0.5 mg/g. At higher additions the flocculation decreased againand this behaviour is in agreement with an extended model formicroparticle-induced flocculation. An increase in flocculationwas especially pronounced for the more extended silica-2particles. This effect is attributed to the more extendedpolyelectrolyte layer, since the adsorbed amount wasessentially the same for both silica particles.
Finally it was found that fines from the wood fibres had asignificant effect on the flocculation. When fines were added,a greater degree of flocculation was detected. Furthermore, itwas also more difficult to redisperse the fibres with polymerin the presence of fines.
Keywords:Adsorption, bridging, cationic polymers,cellulose fibres, electrosteric stabilisation flocculation,ionic strength, nanoparticle, polyelectrolyte, reconformation,retention aids and silica
Kong, Kenny. « Deformation micromechanics of process controlled cellulose fibres using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.545914.
Texte intégralSjöstedt, Anna. « Preparation and characterization of nanoporous cellulose fibres and their use in new material concepts ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fiberteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-155530.
Texte intégralQC 20141107
Wilton, Anne Marie Gibbons. « The physical and dynamic characterisation of heterogeneously acetylated cellulose and of its interaction with dibutyl phthalate, plasticiser ». Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260212.
Texte intégralNouaille, Régis. « Etude du métabolisme de Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 par RMN : synthèse d'oligosides et dégradation de fibres végétales ». Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF22502.
Texte intégralCaceres, Najarro Marleny. « Depolymèrization enzymatique d’Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) pour la conception des nouveaux copolymères à blocs ». Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0027/document.
Texte intégralFollowing the concept of bio-refinery, we propose to produce small fragments of biopolymers that can be used further as building blocks to prepare novel polymeric architectures. In the case of polysaccharides, enzymatic hydrolysis enables to form reducing end groups after each cleavage on the polymer chain. Reaction by reductive amination affords the possibility to introduce polysaccharides fragments in a large variety of materials going from amphiphilic copolymers to more sophisticated devices. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was used in this work because of its remarkable properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, water retention and thermoreversible gelation beneficial for many applications such as drug delivery, film and biomaterial formation. Enzymatic hydrolysis using endo cellulases from Trichoderma reesei was investigated to produce a library of HPMC fragments with molecular weight (Mw) from 6000 to 30000 g mol-1. Mw control was carried out by varying the procedure conditions including the nature of starting HPMC, reaction time and enzyme concentration. The obtained polymers were compared to those produced by acidic hydrolysis.According to the preparation conditions, the structure of short chain polymers regarding substitution degrees varied for the same Mw giving rise to different clouding temperature and thermoreversible gelation properties. Amphiphilic block copolymers HPMC-b-poly(propylene glycol) and HPMC-b-PLA were prepared by reductive amination and by the thiol-ene click reaction, respectively. Self-assembly properties of these novel block copolymer were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and clouding point temperature
Mtibe, Asanda, et Linda Linganiso. « Biocomposites from polyfurfuryl alcohol reinforced with microfibres and nanocellulose from flax fibres and maize stalks ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12175.
Texte intégralLoffler, Steven Marc. « Dyeing of cellulose fibres : a case study in structure-transport relationships in heterogeneous porous media ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627033.
Texte intégralBrännvall, Elisabet. « Aspects on Strenght Delivery and Higher Utilisation of the Strength Potential of Kraft Pulp Fibres ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Träkemi och massateknologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4373.
Texte intégralQC 20100519
Devallencourt, Leriche Christine. « Caractérisation physico-chimiques de celluloses recyclées, de résines mélamine formaldéhyde et de composites résine/cellulose ». Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES055.
Texte intégralKihlman, Martin. « Dissolution of cellulose for textile fibre applications ». Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-12798.
Texte intégralCelluNova
Le, Roux Jérôme. « Modification des fibres cellulosiques : amélioration des propriétés hydrophiles des pâtes bisulfites ». Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12665.
Texte intégralGustafsson, Emil. « Tailoring Adhesion and Wetting Properties of Cellulose Fibres and Model Surfaces Using Layer-by-Layer Technology ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fiberteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-155932.
Texte intégralQC 20141117
Li, Qiang. « Growth of carbon nanotubes on electrospun cellulose fibres for high performance supercapacitors and carbon fibre composites ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/34360.
Texte intégralMortimer, Simon. « Etude de la structuration des fibres Lyocell ». Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10033.
Texte intégralSandberg, Birgersson Paulina. « Transparent paper : Evaluation of chemical modification routes to achieve self-fibrillating fibres ». Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281347.
Texte intégralTransparent papers made from cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), derived from e.g. wood, show great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics in many application areas, such as packaging for foods and goods. CNF, also known as nanocellulose, combine important cellulose properties with the unique features of nanoscale materials, gaining paper-like materials with outstanding mechanical properties and high transparency. However, nanocellulose faces various challenges in order to make the products commercially competitive. One of the main challenges is accompanied with nanocelluloses’ high affinity for water, which makes processing difficult. Dewatering of a nanocellulose dispersion in order to produce transparent paper may take up to several hours. To overcome this obstacle, the Fibre technology division at KTH Royal Institute of technology and BillerudKorsnäs AB have recently developed a new concept of self-fibrillating fibres (SFFs). This material enables fast-dewatering papermaking using fibres of native dimensions and conversion into nanocellulose after the paper has been prepared. In order to obtain SFFs, proper amounts of charged groups and aldehyde groups need to be introduced into the cellulose backbone. When SFFs are exposed to high alkali concentration, i.e. > pH=10, the fibres self-fibrillates into CNFs. In the original study, the functional groups were introduced through sequential TEMPO oxidation and periodate oxidation. In this work, alternative chemical routes have been examined to prepare SFFs with the same functional groups as introduced with the TEMPO-periodate system. The aim of the thesis has been to answer: how does different chemical routes to prepare transparent nanopaper made from SFFs affect the chemical and physical properties of the modified fibres, as well as the final physical properties of the transparent papers? To answer the question, fibres with similar carboxyl and aldehyde contents were prepared using three chemical routes: 1) TEMPO oxidation followed by periodate oxidation (which was used as reference system); 2) periodate oxidation followed by chlorite oxidation; 3) carboxymethylation followed by periodate oxidation. The properties of the fibres were examined regarding aldehyde and carboxyl content, dewatering potential and self-fibrillating ability. Papers were produced using a vacuum filtration set-up and the properties investigated were the mechanical; tensile strength, strain at failure and Young’s modulus, the optical properties; transparency and haze, as well as the oxygen permeability. In order to investigate the impact of the fibrillation of the papers, the properties were measured for both unfibrillated and fibrillated samples. Furthermore, the gravimetric yield after each chemical modification procedure was examined, as well as the dewatering time during sheet making. Fibres obtained from all three chemistries demonstrated self-fibrillating properties in alkaline solutions. This strengthens the hypothesis that the strategical introduction of aldehydes and carboxyl groups is the main feature responsible for the self-fibrillating ability of the fibres. Transparent papers made from fibres treated through TEMPO-periodate oxidation and periodate-chlorite oxidation showed excellent mechanical, optical and barrier properties, comparable to those seen in nanocellulose papers. The properties were further increased after fibrillation. The carboxymethylated-periodate oxidized fibres, on the other hand, behaved differently from the others. While the TEMPO-periodate and periodate-chlorite pulp was semi-translucent and gel-like, the carboxymethylated-periodate oxidized fibres resembled more the unmodified material. Likewise, the properties of those papers resembled conventional paper and no fibrillationwas experienced after immersing the papers in alkaline solution, according to the same protocol developed for the other two chemistries. The dewatering time during sheet making ranged from 4–60 seconds (carboxymethylation-periodate oxidation showing the fastest dewatering rates). The increased dewatering time compared to earlier studies is believed to mainly be due to the use of a filtration membrane on the vacuum filtration set-up, instead of a metallic wire with larger pores. Overall, SFFs was successfully produced using three different chemical routes. SFFs enables production of fast-dewatering transparent nanocellulose papers that shows the potential to replace oil-based plastics in many packaging applications.
Piotrowski, Violaine. « Protéines de soie de Bombyx ou d’araignée, naturelles ou modifiées, et fibres de cellulose comme renfort in situ de composites bioinspirés ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R033.
Texte intégralSynthetic composites consist on a resin and a reinforcement by short or long industrial fibers. Laminated or woven long fibers provide the best possible reinforcement but require a long and complex industrial process for the processing of the composites. Short fibers can be mixed directly into the resin and can form a composite in a single step by photopolymerization or by thermal polymerization. However, the mechanical properties of such composites are considerably lower compared to those obtained by long-fiber reinforcement. The alternative studied in this thesis is the reinforcement of composites by biomimicry, i.e. by natural long fibers introduced as a homogeneous liquid, which become fibers at a solid state during the composites manufacturing process This process could provide the design of composites with macroscopic reinforcement using the ease of production for short fibers composites. In this thesis project, two types of biopolymers were studied: cellulose (and its derivative cellulose acetate), a polysaccharide often used for composite reinforcement, and silk proteins (fibroin H, MaSp1) which are one of the most resistant natural fibers. Fibroin H was extracted from fresh cocoons of the Bombyx mori silkworm and the spider silk protein MaSp1 from Nephila clavipes was produced by bioengineering in E. coli. Polymerizable ionic liquids and a photocleavable surfactant, able to reversible solubilize of biomolecules, were synthesized. Reinforced films from ionic liquids and biomolecules were synthesized and characterized. Finally, composites reinforced with industrial microfibers or biological fibers have been manufactured. The measurement of mechanical properties demonstrated superior reinforcement by biological fibers