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Mekarisce, Arnild Augina. « Teknik Pemeriksaan Keabsahan Data pada Penelitian Kualitatif di Bidang Kesehatan Masyarakat ». JURNAL ILMIAH KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT : Media Komunikasi Komunitas Kesehatan Masyarakat 12, no 3 (10 septembre 2020) : 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52022/jikm.v12i3.102.
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Pendahuluan: Secara umum metode penelitian didefinisikan sebagai suatu kegiatan ilmiah yang terencana, terstruktur, sistematis, dan memiliki tujuan tertentu baik praktis maupun teoritis. Dikatakan terstruktur karena kegiatan ini berlangsung mengikuti suatu proses dan tahapan-tahapan tertentu. Salah satu tahapannya adalah tahapan dalam pengumpulan data. Data merupakan hal yang sangat krusial dalam penelitian, sehingga dalam perjalanannya, data yang dikumpulkan harus memenuhi syarat pada pemeriksaan keabsahan data, termasuk dalam penelitian kualitatif.
Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review, yaitu literatur dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber seperti buku, jurnal, artikel ilmiah yang saling terkait.
Hasil dan Pembahasan: Pemeriksaan terhadap keabsahan data merupakan sebagai unsur yang tidak terpisahkan dari tubuh pengetahuan penelitian kualitatif. Teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan data dalam penelitian kualitatif meliputi uji kredibilitas (perpanjangan pengamatan, meningkatkan ketekunan, triangulasi, analisis kasus negatif, menggunakan bahan referensi, atau mengadakan membercheck), transferabilitas, dependabilitas, maupun konfirmabilitas.
Kesimpulan: Teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan data yang dapat dilakukan pada penelitian kualitatif yaitu dengan melakukan uji kredibilitas, transferabilitas, dependabilitas, maupun konfirmabilitas.
Kata kunci: kredibilitas, transferabilitas, triangulasi, dependabilitas, konfirmabilitas
Data Validity Check Techniques in Qualitative Research in Public Health
Introduction: In general, the research method is defined as a scientific activity that is planned, structured, systematic, and has specific objectives both practical and theoretical, both in quantitative and qualitative research. It is said to be structured because this activity takes place following a certain process and stages. One of the stages is the stage in data collection. Data is very crucial in the research, so that in its journey, the data collected must meet the requirements on the validity of the data. This study aims to explain the theory about the data validity check techniques in qualitative research in public health.
Method: The method used is literature review, which is literature collected from various sources such as books, journals, scientific articles that are interrelated.
Result: Data Validity Check Techniques is an inseparable element of the body of qualitative research knowledge in the field of public health. Data validity checking techniques in this qualitative study include credibility tests (extended observations, increasing perseverance, triangulation, negative case analysis, using reference material, or holding a member check), transferability, dependability, and confirmability.
Conclusion: Data validity checking techniques that can be carried out in qualitative research in the field of public health are by conducting tests of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.
Keywords: credibility, transferability, triangulation, dependability, confirmability
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Zhang, Da Jian, Min Yan Lu et Xing Yu Zhao. « A Dependability Case Construction Approach Based on Dependability Deviation Analysis ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (mars 2014) : 3682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3682.
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As computer-based systems play an important role in our daily life, dependability assessment of these systems is of great significance. Simply combining the result of each dependability attribute could not reflect system dependability faithfully. Therefore, holistic methods to assess dependability are necessary. As a new and promising method which focused on demonstrating the dependability of product-specific system, structured assurance case model receives growing attention. Build a dependability case systematically and effectively is challenging work, particularly for systems which involves multi-contractor who have different responsibilities. In this paper, we proposed a new dependability case construction method to address the ownership problem of system dependability case which involves multiple contractors. Our method extends the existing Dependability Deviation Analysis with contractors analysis and elicitation and integrates the contractors information into the whole dependability argument architecture. We illustrate our contributions by application to a Train Control and Monitor System which preliminarily shows the effectiveness of our method.
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Trivedi, Kishor S., Jogesh K. Muppala, Steven P. Woolet et Boudewijn R. Haverkort. « Composite performance and dependability analysis ». Performance Evaluation 14, no 3-4 (février 1992) : 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5316(92)90004-z.
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Rotshtein, A. Р. « Fuzzy cognitive maps in the dependability analysis of systems ». Dependability 19, no 4 (17 décembre 2019) : 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2019-19-4-24-31.
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Aim. Dependability simulation of a complex system starts with its structuring, i.e. partitioning into components (blocks, units, elements), for which probabilities of failure are known. The classical dependability theory uses the concept of structural function that allows ranking elements by their importance, which is required for optimal distribution of the resources allocated to ensuring system dependability. Man-machine systems are structured using an algorithmic description of discrete processes of operation, where the presence of clear boundaries between individual operations allows collecting statistical data on the probabilities of error that is required for modeling. Algorithmization is complicated in case of man-machine systems with continuous human activity, where the absence of clear boundaries between operations prevents the correct assessment of the probability of their correct performance. For that reason, the process of operation has to be considered as a single operation, whose correct performance depends on heterogeneous and interconnected human-machine system-related, technical, software-specific, managerial and other factors. The simulated system becomes a “black box” with unknown structure (output is dependability, inputs are contributing factors), while the problem of element ranking typical to the dependability theory comes down to the problem of factor ranking. Regression analysis is one of the most popular means of multifactor dependability simulation of man-machine systems. It requires a large quantity of experimental data and is not compatible with qualitative factors that are measured by expert methods. The “if – then” fuzzy rule is a convenient tool for expert information processing. However, regression analysis and fuzzy rules have a common limitation: they require independent input variables, i.e. contributing factors. Fuzzy cognitive maps do not have this restriction. They are a new simulation tool that is not yet widely used in the dependability theory. The Aim of the paper is to raise awareness of dependability simulation with fuzzy cognitive maps.Method. It is proposed – based on the theory of fuzzy cognitive maps – to rank factors that affect system dependability. The method is based on the formalization of causal relationships between the contributing factors and the dependability in the form of a fuzzy cognitive map, i.e. directed graph, whose node correspond to the system’s dependability and contributing factors, while the weighted edges indicate the magnitude of the factors’ effect on each other and the system’s dependability. The rank of a factor is defined as an equivalent of the element’s importance index per Birnbaum, which, in the probabilistic dependability theory is calculated based on the structure function.Results. Models and algorithms are proposed for calculation of the importance indexes of single factors and respective effects that affect system dependability represented with a fuzzy cognitive map. The method is exemplified by the dependability and safety of an automobile in the “driver-automobile-road” system subject to the driver’s qualification, traffic situation, unit costs of operation, operating conditions, maintenance scheduling, quality of maintenance and repair, quality of automobile design, quality of operational materials and spare parts, as well as storage conditions.Conclusions. The advantages of the method include: a) use of available expert information with no collection and processing statistical data; b) capability to take into account any quantitative and qualitative factors associated with people, technology, software, quality of service, operating conditions, etc.; c) ease of expansion of the number of considered factors through the introduction of additional nodes and edges of the cognitive map graph. The method can be applied to complex systems with fuzzy structures, whose dependability strongly depends on interrelated factors that are measured by means of expert methods.
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Vorontsov, M. A., A. S. Grachiov, A. O. Grachiova, M. A. Kirkin et A. V. Melnikova. « Analysis of the functional dependability of underground gas storage compressor stations in cases when actual performance indicators deviate from the design values ». Dependability 22, no 1 (25 mars 2022) : 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2022-22-1-44-51.
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Aim. The paper examined the matter of assessment of the functional dependability of compressor stations (CS) of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities. A definition of CS functional dependability and guidelines for its assessment were proposed. Methods. Design calculation of compressor stations, scenario analysis. Results. The paper presents: a) a definition, indicators of CS functional dependability and guidelines for its assessment; b) an example of the guidelines application for UGS CS; c) a comparative analysis of UGS CS functional dependability in a number of various versions: use of single-unit and two-unit centrifugal compressors as part of gas turbine gas pumping units for two-stage compression with intercooling. Conclusion. The paper shows the requirement to analyse the functional dependability of various versions of UGS CS for the purpose of identifying the most rational option that ensures unconditional performance of the key UGS CS function under uncertain initial design data.
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Barreau, Mihaela, Alexis Todoskoff, Jean-Yves Morel, Fabrice Guerin et Alin Mihalache. « Dependability analysis of complex mechatronic systems ». IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no 5 (juin 2003) : 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)36471-6.
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Limnios, Nikolaos. « Dependability analysis of semi-Markov systems ». Reliability Engineering & ; System Safety 55, no 3 (mars 1997) : 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(96)00121-4.
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Alemayehu, Temesgen Seyoum, et Jai‐Hoon Kim. « Dependability analysis of cyber physical systems ». IET Computers & ; Digital Techniques 11, no 6 (24 octobre 2017) : 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cdt.2016.0164.
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Bouissou, M., et X. de Bossoreille. « From Modelica models to dependability analysis ». IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no 7 (2015) : 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.470.
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Pokhabov, Yu P. « Problems of dependability and possible solutions in the context of unique highly vital systems design ». Dependability 19, no 1 (13 mars 2019) : 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2019-19-1-10-17.
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Aim. The paper examines the problems caused by the conventional interpretation of dependability that prevent the practical use of dependability analysis (assessment) as a tool for engineers involved in the creation of unique highly vital systems and substantiates proposals for their resolution. Methods. The paper analyzes the problem of quantitative estimation of the dependability of unique highly vital systems without the use of probability statistical models. The view of dependability as a physical property of a product (as a result of changes in its internal state) allows at the physical level ensuring lasting capability to fulfil the required functions and quantitatively estimating the criteria of the required functions’ performance, that can be defined by, for instance, specifying a set of parameters for each function that characterize the capability to perform, as well as the permissible limits of such parameters’ variation. Such approach causes the requirement to take the origin of dependability into consideration and examine the causes of unlikely failures that are to be identified by means of additional analysis in parallel with calculations and experiments performed to support dependability. The solution to the problems of fuzzy terminology allows revealing the interrelation between the quality and the dependability, thus enabling using the single information basis of design and process engineering solutions the analysis, synthesis and assessment of the dependability of unique highly vital systems based on performance parameters without the use of probabilistic statistical models. Results. The solution of the above dependability-related problems allows ensuring dependability based on the physicality (causal connections) and physical necessity (consistency with the laws of nature) of the causes of failures. The dependability of unique highly vital systems must be ensured from the very early lifecycle stages based on consecutive execution of certain design, process engineering and manufacturing procedures, as well as application of engineering and design analysis of dependability, which also allows solving problems indirectly related to dependability, e.g. improving the quality and reducing the cost of the manufactured products. Conciusions. The paper shows that the application of design engineering methods for the dependability analysis (assessment) allows within the framework of existing views, yet with certain corrections solving dependability-related problems without the use of the mathematics of the classic dependability theory. High dependability can be achieved by the same ways as undependability comes about, i.e. through design and process engineering solutions. The analysis, substantiation of engineering solutions and specification of necessary and sufficient requirements for the manufacturing process allows achieving the target dependability by engineering means through higher quality of design and process engineering. If we regard dependability as a multiparametric property, parametric models of products can be developed that enable the evaluation of the temporal stability of parameter values using methods of individual design dependability and/or design engineering analysis of dependability. The principles of unity of the design concept and its implementation in manufacture enables the development of products and assessment of their dependability based on a single foundation, i.e. the design and process engineering solutions directly associated with the capabilities of a specific manufacturing facility.
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Egorov, I. V. « Simulation model of dependability of redundant computer systems with recurrent information recovery ». Dependability 18, no 3 (5 septembre 2018) : 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2018-18-3-10-17.
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Today’s digital nanotechnology-based information management systems are especially sensitive to highly-energized particles during operation in irradiated areas. This sensitivity is most often manifested in the form of intermittent soft errors, i.e. distortion of information bits in the system’s memory elements with no hardware failure. The cause is in the afterpulses at the output of the logical elements that occur as the result of ionization of the gate area of the transistor’s semiconductor after it is exposed to a highly-energized particle. In order to counter soft errors the system is equipped with self-repair mechanisms that ensure regular replacement of distorted data with correct data. If this approach to design is employed, the significance of dependability analysis of the system under development increases significantly. Since regular occurrence of soft errors is essentially normal operating mode of a system in conditions of increased radiation, dependability analysis must be repeatedly conducted at the design stage, as that is the only way to duly evaluate the quality of the taken design decisions. The distinctive feature of fault-tolerant hardware and software systems that consists in the presence of nonprobabilistic recovery process limits the applicability of the known methods of dependability analysis. It is difficult to formalize the behaviour of such systems in the form of a dependability model in the context of the classic dependability theory that is geared towards the evaluation of hardware structure. As it has been found out, the application of conventional methods of dependability analysis (such as the Markovian model or probabilistic logic) requires making a number of assumptions that result in unacceptable errors in the evaluation results or its inapplicability.Aim. Development of the model and methods of dependability analysis that would allow evaluating the dependability of hardware and software systems with periodic recovery.Results. A simulation model was developed that is intended for dependability evaluation of complex recoverable information management systems. The model is a network of oriented state graphs that allows describing the behaviour of a recoverable system subject to the presence of computation processes and recovery processes that operate according to non-stochastic algorithms. Based on the simulation model, a software tool for dependability analysis was developed that enables probabilistic estimation of dependability characteristics of individual system units and its overall structure by means of computer simulation of failures and recoveries. This tool can be used for comprehensive dependability evaluation of hardware and software systems that involves the analysis of recoverable units with complex behaviour using the developed simulation model, and their operation along with simple hardware components, such as power supplies and fuses, using conventional analytical methods of dependability analysis. Such approach to dependability evaluation is implemented in the Digitek Reliability Analyzer dependability analysis software environment.Practical significance.The application of the developed simulation model and dependability analysis tool at the design stage enables due evaluation of the quality of the produced fault tolerant recoverable system in terms of dependability and choose the best architectural solution, which has a high practical significance.
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Belkacem, Imad, Safia Nait Bahloul et Oum-El-Kheir Aktouf. « Data Analysis of an RFID System for Its Dependability ». International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 5, no 3 (juillet 2014) : 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2014070101.
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Dependability issues become more and more significant in RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) development and especially in critical domains. However, Operations of reading, detection of readers, and measurements of sensors in a RFID system are inevitably subjected to errors. These factors degrade the overall dependability of RFID systems. The authors study the Fault Tolerance in RFID systems as a means to ensure the dependability. The authors propose to perform a statistical analysis on the RFID tags data, using a confidence interval, at the level of the middleware enabling the detection of erroneous readers and sensors.
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Zhou, Chencheng, Liudong Xing et Qisi Liu. « Dependability Analysis of Bitcoin subject to Eclipse Attacks ». International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no 2 (1 avril 2021) : 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.2.028.
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The immense potential of the blockchain technology in diverse and critical applications (e.g., financial services, cryptocurrencies, supply chains, smart contracts, and automotive industry) has led to a new challenge: the dependability modeling and analysis of the blockchain-based systems. In this paper, we model the Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency system built on the blockchain technology that allows individuals to trade freely without involving banks or other intermediate agents. We analyze the dependability of the Bitcoin system subject to the Eclipse attack. A continuous-time Markov chain-based method is suggested to model the system behavior under the Eclipse attack and further quantify the dependability of the Bitcoin system. The effects of several model parameters (related to the miner’s habits in system protection, restart, and mining frequency) on the system dependability are demonstrated through numerical examples. Findings from this work may provide effective guidelines in designing a resilient and robust Bitcoin system.
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Najafi, Fatemeh, Hamid Parvin, Kamal Mirzaie, Samad Nejatian et Vahideh Rezaie. « Dependability‐based cluster weighting in clustering ensemble ». Statistical Analysis and Data Mining : The ASA Data Science Journal 13, no 2 (26 février 2020) : 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sam.11451.
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Belousova, М. V., et V. V. Bulatov. « On the organization of the dependability service in a machine-building company ». Dependability 20, no 1 (30 mars 2020) : 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2020-20-1-25-31.
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Historically, dependability services originated within design units of companies. A design engineer had his/her own ideas about the quality control of released products. As the initial application field of the dependability theory was the aerospace industry, he/she understood that the presence of errors and omissions within a product could cause catastrophic consequences [1]. Along with the dependability unit the quality and technical supervision service was developing, and that was primarily tasked with organizing and conducting acceptance testing, receiving inspection and prevention of a product’s non-compliance with technical documentation. At one point, a conflict arouse between the two branches, which lead to a general misunderstanding of responsibilities and disorganization of the product dependability control. As a result, in some companies the dependability service is integrated with the quality service, in others it is subordinated to the design bureau. Additionally, operational dependability evaluation requires an uninterruptible source of reliable information on the reliability and maintainability of the equipment. The quality of this information depends on the interaction between the dependability service and the maintenance service. The latter is to compare the repair reports that specify the recovery time and operation time of the product and promptly submit that data for dependability calculation. Thus, the following questions arise: which activities are to be performed by the dependability service, who is to be subordinated to whom, who is the owner of the processes associated with the estimation of dependability parameters? It is important to understand the purpose of establishing a dependability unit in a company, what authority its employees possess, what results the management expects to obtain. The formalization of the research findings presents a problem. As of today, there is no single approach to formalized calculations, preparation of dependability analysis reports. The research findings are to be sent to all the involved business units, therefore a convenient form of information representation must be developed. A special attention must be given to personnel training in terms of technical system dependability. Industrial products become more and more complex, new technologies are developed, and old approaches to dependability calculation and analysis do not always ensure acceptable results. That is not surprising, as the significance of the use of reliable and substantiated methods of dependability estimation is very understated. That is due to the fact, that many believe that the dependability theory is based on the research of the physical, design-specific causes of failure, physicochemical processes, etc., meaning that a dependability engineer is first and foremost a design or process engineer. However, it should not be forgotten that the general dependability theory is subdivided into the mathematical (mathematical methods of the probability theory), statistical (method of mathematical statistics) and physical (research of materials properties variations). Subsequently, a dependability service is to conduct analysis based on competent application of mathematics alongside activities associated with products design research. Proposals regarding future developments in this area, including the education system, will be welcome.Aim. To propose an approach to the organization of the dependability service in a modern machine-building company taking into account advanced methods and concepts of dependability analysis at all lifecycle stages of a product.Conclusions. The paper suggests an organizational structure of a dependability unit for a transport machine building company. The interactions between the dependability service and other business units is examined. A number of factors affecting the efficient operation of the dependability service are identified.
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Zhou, Chencheng, Liudong Xing, Jun Guo et Qisi Liu. « Bitcoin Selfish Mining Modeling and Dependability Analysis ». International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 7, no 1 (23 janvier 2022) : 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2022.7.1.002.
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Blockchain technology has gained prominence over the last decade. Numerous achievements have been made regarding how this technology can be utilized in different aspects of the industry, market, and governmental departments. Due to the safety-critical and security-critical nature of their uses, it is pivotal to model the dependability of blockchain-based systems. In this study, we focus on Bitcoin, a blockchain-based peer-to-peer cryptocurrency system. A continuous-time Markov chain-based analytical method is put forward to model and quantify the dependability of the Bitcoin system under selfish mining attacks. Numerical results are provided to examine the influences of several key parameters related to selfish miners’ computing power, attack triggering, and honest miners’ recovery capability. The conclusion made based on this research may contribute to the design of resilience algorithms to enhance the self-defense and robustness of cryptocurrency systems.
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Zhou, Chencheng, Liudong Xing, Jun Guo et Qisi Liu. « Bitcoin Selfish Mining Modeling and Dependability Analysis ». International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 7, no 1 (23 janvier 2022) : 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889//ijmems.2022.7.1.002.
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Blockchain technology has gained prominence over the last decade. Numerous achievements have been made regarding how this technology can be utilized in different aspects of the industry, market, and governmental departments. Due to the safety-critical and security-critical nature of their uses, it is pivotal to model the dependability of blockchain-based systems. In this study, we focus on Bitcoin, a blockchain-based peer-to-peer cryptocurrency system. A continuous-time Markov chain-based analytical method is put forward to model and quantify the dependability of the Bitcoin system under selfish mining attacks. Numerical results are provided to examine the influences of several key parameters related to selfish miners’ computing power, attack triggering, and honest miners’ recovery capability. The conclusion made based on this research may contribute to the design of resilience algorithms to enhance the self-defense and robustness of cryptocurrency systems.
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Lopez-Benitez, N. « Dependability modeling and analysis of distributed programs ». IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 20, no 5 (mai 1994) : 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/32.286421.
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Kwiatkowska, Marta, Gethin Norman et David Parker. « Controller Dependability Analysis by Probabilistic Model Checking ». IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no 4 (avril 2004) : 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)36115-3.
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Chebila, Mourad. « Bayesian Networks for Frequency Analysis in Dependability ». Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 18, no 3 (5 mars 2018) : 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-018-0433-5.
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Mesbahi, Mohammad Reza, Amir Masoud Rahmani et Mehdi Hosseinzadeh. « Dependability analysis for characterizing Google cluster reliability ». International Journal of Communication Systems 32, no 16 (31 juillet 2019) : e4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.4127.
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Kwiatkowska, Marta, Gethin Norman et David Parker. « Controller dependability analysis by probabilistic model checking ». Control Engineering Practice 15, no 11 (novembre 2007) : 1427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2006.07.003.
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Díaz, Pablo, Miguel Ángel Egido et Frans Nieuwenhout. « Dependability analysis of stand-alone photovoltaic systems ». Progress in Photovoltaics : Research and Applications 15, no 3 (2007) : 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.719.
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Babkov, Yu V., E. E. Belova et M. I. Potapov. « On the classification of motive power failures ». Dependability 21, no 4 (27 décembre 2021) : 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2021-21-4-12-19.
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The Aim of the article is to develop a motive power failure classification to enable substantiated definition of dependability requirements for motive power as a part of a railway transportation system, as well as for organizing systematic measures to ensure a required level of its dependability over the life cycle. Methods. The terminology of interstate dependability-related standards was analysed and the two classifications used by OJSC “RZD” for estimating the dependability of technical systems and motive power were compared. The dependability of railway transportation systems is studied using structural and logical and logical and probabilistic methods of dependability analysis, while railway lines are examined using the graph theory and the Markov chains. Results. An analysis of the existing failure classifications identified shortcomings that prevent the use of such classifications for studying the structural dependability of such railway transportation systems as motive power. A classification was developed that combines two failure classifications (“category-based” for the transportation process and technical systems and “type-based” for the motive power), but this time with new definitions. The proposed classification of the types of failures involves stricter definitions of the conditions and assumptions required for evaluating the dependability and technical condition of an item, which ensures correlation between the characteristics of motive power and its dependability throughout the life cycle in the context of the above tasks. The two classifications could be used simultaneously while researching structural problems of dependability using logical and probabilistic methods and Markov chains. The developed classification is included in the provisions of the draft interstate standard “Dependability of motive power. Procedure for the definition, calculation methods and supervision of dependability indicators throughout the life cycle” that is being prepared by JSC “VNIKTI” in accordance with the OJSC “RZD” research and development plan. Conclusion. The article’s findings will be useful to experts involved in the evaluation of motive power dependability.
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Pokhabov, Yu P. « Design engineering approach to ensuring specified dependability. Case study of unique, highly critical systems with short operation life ». Dependability 22, no 1 (25 mars 2022) : 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2022-22-1-20-29.
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Aim. To examine the design engineering approach to ensuring specified dependability on the basis of engineering disciplines and design engineering methods of quality and dependability assurance using the case of unique, highly critical products with short operation life. Such approach, unlike the statistical procedures of modern dependability, allows associating the dependability indicator calculations with the calculated operability parameters and established design criteria that are to be met in order to confirm the specified dependability indicators for products with an indefinite number of critical elements, each of which operates according to a functional principle that is different in its nature. Methods. The paper examined the prerequisites for the implementation of the design engineering approach to dependability, such as the distinctive features of ensuring the dependability of unique, highly critical products with short operation life, the applicability of design engineering approach to dependability, the effect of the genesis on the assurance of design engineering dependability, behavioural models of technical products in terms of dependability and specifics of highly critical product calculation. It was identified that, for items with high specified probability of no failure exceeding three-sigma random value variation interval, dependability is to be calculated not by identifying the dependability function, but rather by proving that undependability function is below the acceptable value, which ultimately ensures the specified dependability. Such approach enables the development of methods of early failure prevention using procedures of design engineering analysis of dependability for the purpose of achieving the required parameters of functionality, operability and dependability of products on the basis of a generalised parametric functional model. Results. The design engineering analysis of dependability allows substantiating the criteria for error-free design (selection of sound principles of operability and validation of engineering solutions for achieving the required dependability indicators). The effect of the error-free engineering criteria combined with the criteria for defect-free engineering (observance of the generally accepted principles, rules, requirements, norms and standards of drawing generation) and defect-free manufacture (strict adherence to the requirements of drawings with no deviation permits) enables a designer to achieve the specified dependability values without using the statistical methods of the modern dependability theory. Conclusion. Dependability as a comprehensive property is characterised by a probability that, on the one hand, determines the rate of possible failures, and, on the other hand, indicates the number of errors that were made by engineers during the design, manufacture and operation of products and can lead to failures. Additionally, the failure rate is determined by the engineers’ efforts to eliminate or mitigate the consequences of possible failures at each life cycle stage. The greater and earlier are such efforts adopted, the higher the product’s dependability will be. Ultimately, dependability is determined by consistent and rigorous implementation of error-free design, defect-free design and defect-free manufacture procedures whose efficiency is in no way associated with the number of manufactured products. Their efficiency and effectiveness are determined by specific decisions and actions by the engineers who make sure that the product performs the required functions with the specified dependability in the established modes and conditions of operation. Ensuring that only takes using engineering disciplines, as well as design engineering methods for quality and dependability assurance.
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Zacharaki, Angeliki, et Ioannis Kostavelis. « Dependability Levels on Autonomous Systems ». International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management 9, no 3 (juillet 2017) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiscram.2017070101.
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Professional robots should be endorsed with great autonomy capabilities when designed for release into the market. The need for autonomy is further reinforced when robots are meant to be used for crisis management situations, where close collaboration with humans and trustworthy operation in hazardous environments is necessary. To this end, this article quantifies the system's autonomy by measuring its dependability. This is achieved by defining a qualitative metric system regarding the different levels of dependability that autonomous systems should retain in order to operate in various crisis situations. It provides a detailed analysis of each level of dependability and proposes the minimum requirements that should be fulfilled in each level, thus realizing a ranking system that outlines the overall system's ability to operate autonomously. The proposed analysis is applied on a real robotic prototype developed for crisis situations and evaluates the system's autonomy capabilities by qualitative assessing the levels of dependability it retains.
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Tundis, Andrea, Lena Buffoni, Peter Fritzson et Alfredo Garro. « Model-Based Dependability Analysis of Physical Systems with Modelica ». Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2017 (2017) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1578043.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Modelica is an innovative, equation-based, and acausal language that allows modeling complex physical systems, which are made of mechanical, electrical, and electrotechnical components, and evaluates their design through simulation techniques. Unfortunately, the increasing complexity and accuracy of such physical systems require new, more powerful, and flexible tools and techniques for evaluating important system properties and, in particular, the dependability ones such as reliability, safety, and maintainability. In this context, the paper describes some extensions of the Modelica language to support the modeling of system requirements and their relationships. Such extensions enable the requirement verification analysis through native constructs in the Modelica language. Furthermore, they allow exporting a Modelica-based system design as a Bayesian Network in order to analyze its dependability by employing a probabilistic approach. The proposal is exemplified through a case study concerning the dependability analysis of a Tank System.
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Bernardi, Simona, José Merseguer et Dorina C. Petriu. « Dependability Modeling of Software Systems with UML and DAM : A Guide for Real-Time Practitioners ». Software 1, no 2 (2 avril 2022) : 146–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/software1020007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The modeling of system non-functional properties is a broad field. Among these properties, dependability is an important one for real-time and embedded systems. On the other hand, UML offers the profiling mechanism to address specific modeling domains. In particular, the DAM (dependability analysis and modeling) profile provides a modeling framework for dependability in the model-driven paradigm. This work is for practitioners to understand the basics of dependability modeling, using DAM. In this sense, the paper digests the literature to understand the concept of the UML profile, the MARTE profile and to obtain a practical guide on dependability modeling using DAM. The modeling approach is illustrated through a case study taken from the literature.
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Chellappan, C., et G. Vijayalakshmi. « Dependability modeling and analysis of hybrid redundancy systems ». International Journal of Quality & ; Reliability Management 26, no 1 (9 janvier 2009) : 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02656710910924189.
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Viswanadham, N., et R. Ram. « Composite performance-dependability analysis of cellular manufacturing systems ». IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 10, no 2 (avril 1994) : 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/70.282548.
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Vijayalakshmi, G. « Dependability Analysis of Homogeneous Distributed Software/Hardware Systems ». International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 22, no 02 (avril 2015) : 1550007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539315500072.
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With the increasing demand for high availability in safety-critical systems such as banking systems, military systems, nuclear systems, aircraft systems to mention a few, reliability analysis of distributed software/hardware systems continue to be the focus of most researchers. The reliability analysis of a homogeneous distributed software/hardware system (HDSHS) with k-out-of-n : G configuration and no load-sharing nodes is analyzed. However, in practice the system load is shared among the working nodes in a distributed system. In this paper, the dependability analysis of a HDSHS with load-sharing nodes is presented. This distributed system has a load-sharing k-out-of-(n + m) : G configuration. A Markov model for HDSHS is developed. The failure time distribution of the hardware is represented by the accelerated failure time model. The software faults are detected during software testing and removed upon failure. The Jelinski–Moranda software reliability model is used. The maintenance personal can repair the system up on both software and hardware failure. The dependability measures such as reliability, availability and mean time to failure are obtained. The effect of load-sharing hosts on system hazard function and system reliability is presented. Furthermore, an availability comparison of our results and the results in the literature is presented.
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Meng-Lai Yin, D. M. Blough et L. Bic. « A dependability analysis for systems with global spares ». IEEE Transactions on Computers 49, no 9 (septembre 2000) : 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/12.869326.
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Brenner, A. « Performance and dependability analysis of fault-tolerant networks ». Microelectronics Reliability 36, no 3 (mars 1996) : 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(95)00128-x.
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Chiacchio, Aizpurua, Compagno, Khodayee et D’Urso. « Modelling and Resolution of Dynamic Reliability Problems by the Coupling of Simulink and the Stochastic Hybrid Fault Tree Object Oriented (SHyFTOO) Library ». Information 10, no 9 (11 septembre 2019) : 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10090283.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dependability assessment is one of the most important activities for the analysis of complex systems. Classical analysis techniques of safety, risk, and dependability, like Fault Tree Analysis or Reliability Block Diagrams, are easy to implement, but they estimate inaccurate dependability results due to their simplified hypotheses that assume the components’ malfunctions to be independent from each other and from the system working conditions. Recent contributions within the umbrella of Dynamic Probabilistic Risk Assessment have shown the potential to improve the accuracy of classical dependability analysis methods. Among them, Stochastic Hybrid Fault Tree Automaton (SHyFTA) is a promising methodology because it can combine a Dynamic Fault Tree model with the physics-based deterministic model of a system process, and it can generate dependability metrics along with performance indicators of the physical variables. This paper presents the Stochastic Hybrid Fault Tree Object Oriented (SHyFTOO), a Matlab® software library for the modelling and the resolution of a SHyFTA model. One of the novel features discussed in this contribution is the ease of coupling with a Matlab® Simulink model that facilitates the design of complex system dynamics. To demonstrate the utilization of this software library and the augmented capability of generating further dependability indicators, three different case studies are discussed and solved with a thorough description for the implementation of the corresponding SHyFTA models.
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Pokhabov, Yu P. « What should mean dependability calculation of unique highly vital systems with regards to single-use mechanisms of spacecraft ». Dependability 18, no 4 (5 décembre 2018) : 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/17292646-2018-18-4-28-35.
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Aim. Calculations are an integral part of the development of any complex technical object. Normally, they are subdivided into the calculations to confirm product operability (kinematic, electrical, thermal, strength, hydraulic and pneumatic systems analysis, etc.) and calculations to confirm its dependability (calculation of reliability, longevity, maintainability, storability and other indicators). As it is understood and provided in statutory documents, dependability calculation involves procedures of identification of an object’s dependability indicators using methods based on their calculation using reference information on the object’s components dependability, on the dependability of analog objects, on the properties of the materials and other information available at the time of calculation. However, in the case of development of unique highly vital systems, obtaining statistical data for dependability calculation is impossible due to two conflicting conditions, i.e. the limited number of produced objects and the requirement of high accuracy of the input information. Nevertheless, in the author’s opinion dependability calculations must be performed. The only question is how to calculate the dependability and what such calculation should mean.Methods. In the classic dependability theory, the conventional understanding of probability of no-failure is the frequency of failures in time, yet for unique highly vital systems the failure rate must tend to zero over the entire period of operation (preferably, there should be no failures at all). For this reason the concept of “failure” in the context of unique highly vital systems should probably be interpreted not as an event, i.e. any fact, which as a result of experience can occur or not occur, but as possible risk, i.e. an undesirable situation or circumstance that is characterized by the probability of occurrence and potentially negative consequences. Then, an event in the form of a real or potential failure in operation can be associated with a risk in the form of probability of failure with negative consequences, which in terms of the consequences is equally unacceptable with regard to unique highly vital systems. In this case dependability calculation can be reasonably substituted with risk assessment, a process that encompasses risk identification, risk analysis and comparative risk assessment. Thus, risk assessment enables the achievement of the target dependability directly by substantiating the stability of manifestation of a specific product’s properties and not indirectly through undependability caused by failures of analog products.Results. The paper shows the procedure of risk assessment for unique highly vital systems. Using the example of a mechanical system with actuated parts represented by a spacecraft single-section pivoted rod the risk assessment procedures are shown. The feasibility of risk assessment with the use of design engineering analysis of dependability is demonstrated.Conclusions. It is shown that the absence of statistical data on the dependability of analogs of unique highly vital systems does not prevent dependability calculation in the form of risk assessment. Moreover, the results of such calculations can be a source and guidelines for adopting design and process engineering solutions in the development of products with target dependability indicators. However, legalizing the method of such calculations requires the modifications of the technical rules and regulations to allow for dependability calculation by other means than with the use of statistical data on the failures of analogs.
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Khramov, S. M., D. M. Rudkovsky et V. M. Mikhailov. « Analysis of the application of Bayesian estimates as part of practical problems in dependability that involve models intended for groups of homogeneous products ». Dependability 22, no 3 (28 septembre 2022) : 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2022-22-3-29-34.
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. Experts in applied dependability are showing an increasing interest in the Bayesian theory. However, the Bayesian approach is not generally accepted by mathematical statistics and dependability researchers. The doubts about its practical applicability are primarily due to the fact that it allows for subjective probabilities. In practice, homogeneous product models are normally considered, i.e., each item in the evaluated batch is characterized by the same selected dependability value. In the case of Bayesian statistical estimation, the model involves heterogeneous products, however, in the course of steady production, it is not considered normal to manufacture products with varied dependability, which calls into question the adequacy of Bayesian statistical estimation methods. Aim. It is demonstrated that using Bayesian estimators that employ models designed for homogeneous products in dependability is erroneous. Methods of research. For the purpose of finding effective estimates within a selected class, integral numerical characteristics of the accuracy of estimation were used, namely, total squared bias of the expected implementation of a certain variant estimate from the examined parameters of the distribution laws, etc. Conclusions. 1. For any result, the realizations of Bayesian estimates are grouped within the dogma of mean – ≈pα = 1 – α / (α + β), while classical ≈Р2 = 1 – R/N and integral ≈Р4 unbiased estimates respond adequately to any external changes. The use of Bayesian estimates in dependability, when models designed for homogeneous products are employed, is erroneous, and there is no need to use them. 2. Bayesian estimates should only be used for groups of heterogeneous products. 3. Instead of Bayesian estimates, integral biased estimates should be used in dependability, when models designed for homogeneous products are employed.
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Gecha, V. Ya, R. N. Barbul, N. I. Sidniaev et Yu I. Butenko. « Method of dependability assessment of spacecraft in design and engineering studies ». Dependability 19, no 2 (16 juin 2019) : 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2019-19-2-3-8.
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The paper examines the matters of operational dependability of space systems (SS), efficiency of complex systems, use of redundancy in spacecraft (SC) design. It presents methods of predicting the dependability of designed devices, design of devices with desired dependability and comparison of dependability of various SS. For that purpose, the authors set forth the fundamentals of the dependability theory for SS design, methods of collection and processing of data of equipment dependability based on the results of operation and special dependability tests. Methods, mathematical models are developed, the equipment architecture at the stage of design and manufacture is analyzed. The paper also cites the design ratios for various tested types of redundancy, lifetime extension of SC units based on the residual operating life estimation method. The existing methods of dependability analysis are classified and examined. The authors outline the problems of ambiguity of information of the input data in case of classical computing. The effect of nominal deviations of the external effects, irregularity of the failure rate, non-linear nature of the effect of external factors on the dependability are examined. The paper also takes a look at the way the external factors affect the dependability and the degree to which such factors are taken into consideration in the existing methods. It is noted that the qualitative, technical and organizational (design and software) requirements for dependability in the technical specifications for each stage of elements and SS development, shall be observed and confirmed at the respective stage of activities. The paper presents the methods of estimation of technical item operating life with the focus on those based on the physical premises of operating life depletion. Attention is drawn to the importance of the economic aspect in the research dedicated to SS lifetime extension.
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Dolganov, A. I. « On the consideration of progressive failure at the stage of design ». Dependability 20, no 1 (30 mars 2020) : 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2020-20-1-20-24.
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The stress that affects structures and their mechanical and geometrical parameters are random values. For that reason, the dependability of a construction facility (technical system) is generally evaluated in terms of the probability of no-failure over the estimated period of operation. The paper shows the feasibility of dependability analysis of building systems in the course of their design using logical and probabilistic methods, presents algorithms for regulating their dependability. It examines the feasibility of assuring the dependability of a construction project using the example of a double-span whole hinged beam. The paper also establishes the requirement of accounting for all possible destruction models of a building system. The dependability of a double-span whole hinged beam is estimated based on the probability of non-occurrence of all possible destruction models or one of a set of possible kinematic mechanisms. A kinematic mechanism forms a chain of plastic hinges or a chain of progressive failures of effective sections. In other words, the task of preventing progressive collapse comes down to ensuring the required dependability of both the building as a whole, and its individual members (effective sections) by adjusting qualitative and quantitative indicators of the dependability structure. The dependability of a member is understood as its ability to maintain internal force within the effective section at least as high as the external force. It is shown that correct design solutions, rational choice of materials and load non-exceedance probabilities enables specified dependability of a building system. In some cases that allows saving materials, in others enables lower probabilities of failure. Constructing the dependability structure of a technical system enables a quantitative estimation of the most hazardous design models of destruction, rational management of the choice of safety factors of load bearing members, redistribution of such safety factors, thus preventing progressive collapse. The introduced differential characteristics of the members’ “weight”, “significance”, “contribution” and “specific contribution” allows demonstrating the distribution of the roles of each member within the specified structure in terms of specific problems, including accounting for the possibility of progressive collapse. The study has shown that the removal of undependable vertical load bearing structures does not solve the problem of dependability of a construction project, including protection against progressive collapse. It has been established that the design of structures, including in terms of considerations of progressive failure, must involve constructing a system dependability structure using kinematic analysis, identifying the most important and significant members of such structure and – using special adjustment techniques – obtaining the required structure dependability. That will enable significant resource saving and reduction of costs associated with the development of construction operations.
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Aggarwal, Anil, Sanjeev Kumar et Vikram Singh. « Performance modeling of the skim milk powder production system of a dairy plant using RAMD analysis ». International Journal of Quality & ; Reliability Management 32, no 2 (2 février 2015) : 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-01-2014-0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to compute RAMD indices to measure and improve the performance of skim milk powder production system of a dairy plant under real working conditions. Design/methodology/approach – The present work is carried out by developing performance model based on Markov birth-death process. The skim milk powder production system consists of six units. The first order governing differential equations are derived using the mnemonic rule and further solved to calculate RAMD indices i.e. reliability, availability, maintainability, dependability, MTBF, MTTR and dependability ratio for each subsystem of the system. Findings – The subsystem SS1 comprising of chiller and cream separator is the most critical from maintenance point of view, as the reliability, availability, maintainability, dependability, MTBF and dependability ratio indices are low as compared to those of other subsystems of skim milk powder production system of the dairy plant. Originality/value – The RAMD indices of the present work is very useful for finding the critical subsystem and its effect on the performance of the system working under real working conditions. Further, based on findings the maintenance priorities for various subsystems can be decided.
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Zhadnov, V. V., et A. N. Zotov. « DATA IMPORT FROM CAD ALTIUM DESIGNER INTO SYSTEM ASONIKA-K-SCH FOR AUTOMATION RELIABILITY PREDICTION OF RADIO-ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ». Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no 192 (juin 2020) : 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2020.06.pp.031-041.
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This article discusses problems of importing data from system of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) to dependability prediction software. Characteristics of dependability of electronic modules to a large extent define reliability of electronic equipment which contains them. Dependability of electronic modules is established on the early stages of engineering and is usually calculated by special software. Obviously, the dependability prediction result accuracy will depend on the quality and fullness of input data. Thus, the purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of dependability prediction of electronic modules calculation results in dependability prediction software by automating the process of inputting data about electrical components and PCB’s (Printed Circuit Board) from CAD-system. The object of the study is typical information about electronic modules which is needed to calculate dependability on early stages of engineering with taking into account the probabilistic characteristics of the life components of its electronic components. The subject of the study are methods, models and algorithms applicable to the transferring data from CAD-system to dependability prediction software. Based on results of analysis of existing data transferring methods between software packages from different vendors, usage of Excel tables and customizable templates was justified. Practical implementation of this method was developed for Altium Designer and ASONIKA-K-SCh dependability prediction software package. An import program was developed which allowed to transfer data from Altium Designer to ASONIKA-K-SCh using Excel tables and customizable templates. The import program as integrated into ASONIKA-K-SCh software. Practical usage showed that it allowed not only to reduce laboriousness of PCB’s and electronical components’ data inputting, but also to reduce a great amount of possible mistakes.
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Zhadnov, V. V., et A. N. Zotov. « DATA IMPORT FROM CAD ALTIUM DESIGNER INTO SYSTEM ASONIKA-K-SCH FOR AUTOMATION RELIABILITY PREDICTION OF RADIO-ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ». Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no 192 (juin 2020) : 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2020.06.pp.031-041.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article discusses problems of importing data from system of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) to dependability prediction software. Characteristics of dependability of electronic modules to a large extent define reliability of electronic equipment which contains them. Dependability of electronic modules is established on the early stages of engineering and is usually calculated by special software. Obviously, the dependability prediction result accuracy will depend on the quality and fullness of input data. Thus, the purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of dependability prediction of electronic modules calculation results in dependability prediction software by automating the process of inputting data about electrical components and PCB’s (Printed Circuit Board) from CAD-system. The object of the study is typical information about electronic modules which is needed to calculate dependability on early stages of engineering with taking into account the probabilistic characteristics of the life components of its electronic components. The subject of the study are methods, models and algorithms applicable to the transferring data from CAD-system to dependability prediction software. Based on results of analysis of existing data transferring methods between software packages from different vendors, usage of Excel tables and customizable templates was justified. Practical implementation of this method was developed for Altium Designer and ASONIKA-K-SCh dependability prediction software package. An import program was developed which allowed to transfer data from Altium Designer to ASONIKA-K-SCh using Excel tables and customizable templates. The import program as integrated into ASONIKA-K-SCh software. Practical usage showed that it allowed not only to reduce laboriousness of PCB’s and electronical components’ data inputting, but also to reduce a great amount of possible mistakes.
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Pokhabov, Yu P. « On the dependability of highly critical non-recoverable space entities with short operation life. Case study of single-use mechanical devices ». Dependability 21, no 3 (21 septembre 2021) : 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2021-21-3-3-12.
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Aim. To consider matters of dependability of highly critical non-recoverable space products with short operation life, whose failures are primarily caused by design and process engineering errors, manufacturing defects in the course of single-unit or small-scale production, as well as to define the methodological approach to ensuring the required reliability.Methods. Options were analysed for improving the dependability of entities with short operation life using the case study of single-use mechanical devices and the statistical approaches of the modern dependability theory, special methods of dependability of actuated mechanical assemblies, FMEA, Stage-Gate and ground experiments on single workout equivalents for each type of effect. Results. It was concluded that additional procedures need to be conducted for the purpose of predicting, mitigation and (or) eliminating possible failures as part of the design process using exactly the same approaches that cause failures, i.e., those of design and process engineering. The engineering approaches to dependability are based on early identification of possible causes of failures, which requires a qualified and systemic analysis aimed at identifying the functionality, performance and dependability of an entity, taking into account critical output parameters and probabilistic indicators that affect the performance of the required functions with the allowable probability of failure. The solution is found using a generalized parametric model of operation and design engineering analysis of dependability.Conclusion. For highly critical non-recoverable space entities with short operation life, the reliability requirements should be considered primarily in terms financial, economic, safetyrelated and reputational risks associated with the loss of spacecraft. From a design engineer’s standpoint, the number of nines after the decimal point (rounded to a smaller number of nines for increased confidence) should be seen as the indicator for the application of the appropriate approaches to ensuring the required reliability at the stage of product design. In case of two nines after the decimal point it is quite acceptable to use analytical and experimental verification techniques common to the aerospace industry, i.e., dependability calculations using the statistical methods of the modern dependability theory and performance indicators, FMEA and Stage-Gate, ground experiments on single workout equivalents for each type of effect. As the required number of nines grows, it is advisable to also use early failure prevention methods, one of which is the design engineering analysis of dependability that enables designers to adopt substantiated design solutions on the basis of engineering disciplines and design and process engineering methods of ensuring quality and dependability. The choice of either of the above dependability strategies is determined solely by the developer’s awareness and understanding of potential hazards, which allows managing the risk of potential rare failures or reasonably refusing to do so.
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Michálková, Petra, Václav Legát et Zdeněk Aleš. « Dependability Analysis of the Injection Press Using Weibull Distribution ». Manufacturing Technology 18, no 4 (1 septembre 2018) : 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/150.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/4/625.
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Maihulla, Anas Sani, et Ibrahim Yusuf. « Reliability, availability, maintainability, and dependability analysis of photovoltaic systems ». Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering 11, no 1 (21 janvier 2022) : 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41872-021-00180-1.
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Oliva, G. Medina, P. Weber, C. Simon et B. Iung. « Bayesian networks Applications on Dependability, Risk Analysis and Maintenance ». IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no 5 (juin 2009) : 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090610-3-it-4004.00042.
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Acle, J. P., M. S. Reorda et M. Violante. « Early, accurate dependability analysis of CAN-based networked systems ». IEEE Design & ; Test of Computers 23, no 1 (janvier 2006) : 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mdt.2006.10.
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Lee, Dongwoo, et Jongwhoa Na. « A Novel Simulation Fault Injection Method for Dependability Analysis ». IEEE Design & ; Test of Computers 26, no 6 (novembre 2009) : 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mdt.2009.135.
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Papazoglou, Ioannis A., et Eftychia C. Marcoulaki. « Dependability analysis of a very large volume neutrino telescope ». Reliability Engineering & ; System Safety 95, no 11 (novembre 2010) : 1164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2010.05.003.
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Kaur, Raj kamal, Babita Pandey et Lalit Kumar Singh. « Dependability analysis of safety critical systems : Issues and challenges ». Annals of Nuclear Energy 120 (octobre 2018) : 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2018.05.027.
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Jan, Hilal, Anand Paul, Abid Ali Minhas, Awais Ahmad, Sohail Jabbar et Mucheoul Kim. « Dependability and reliability analysis of intra cluster routing technique ». Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 8, no 5 (3 octobre 2014) : 838–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-014-0311-1.
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