Bibliographies thématiques / Densite trace

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Densite trace »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 4 mai 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Densite trace"

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Renbi, Abdelghani, Arash Risseh, Rikard Qvarnström et Jerker Delsing. « Impact of etch factor on characteristic impedance, crosstalk and board density ». International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no 1 (1 janvier 2012) : 000312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-tp24.

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Signal integrity becomes more important when the length of the Printed Wiring Board (PWB) traces surpasses where λ denotes the wavelength. For fast digital communication purpose and low energy consumption in CMOS technology, faster rise time of the clock which means higher harmonic frequency, has always been preferable. In this case, the importance of considering signal integrity gets a higher priority as issues such reections and crosstalk between adjacent traces cannot be omitted, especially in dense High Density Interconnect (HDI) boards. Several factors control the effect of reections and the crosstalk such as the shape and dimension of the traces, the isolator characteristics which is inserted between the trace and the ground plane, the nearness and the geometry of the nearby conductors. In other words, these factors control the characteristic impedance of the traces and the mutual inductances and capacitances between the adjacent traces. Although these factors have been taken into account during the design phase for good signal integrity, the manufacturing process, which differs from vendor to vendor, has a great impact on the above factors. PWB manufacturing process may result in many different variations, which involve the dielectric constant, the thickness of the insulator, the trace width and the copper foil thickness. In addition to these variations, the etching quality that falls mainly in three different categories of trapezoidal trace form. In this paper we present the effect of three different etching shapes on the characteristic impedance. Moreover, it is concluded that one could gain space which can be used for shrinking the electronics and/or saving the raw material when trading the characteristic impedance error for space. Similar method is followed to investigate the crosstalk reduction between two adjacent microstriplines when tolerating the error in the characteristic impedance. This procedure can only be applied when a 90° etch angle process is feasible.
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Wang, Jiang Feng, Shuo Nie, Xue Dong Yan et Wang Xiang. « Multi-Scenarios Vehicle Traces Modeling in Co-Simulation of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (mai 2012) : 2694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.2694.

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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) form when vehicles are equipped with devices capable of short-range wireless communication. Realistic vehicle trace modeling for VANETs simulations is a challenging task, which requires the reliable characterization of vehicular mobility. In this study, three different vehicle scenarios are proposed to analyze the difference between vehicle traces in multi-scenarios: city road, expressway and highway. Common trace modeling tools and characters of the scenarios are explored. Furthermore, three experimental scenarios are established using VanetMobiSim to produce vehicle traces. The experimental results show that the trend of the average speed versus the number of vehicles is different, and the vehicular density distribution demonstrates the realism of vehicle trace under multi-scenarios.
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Ourabah, Amine, et Allan Chatenay. « Unlocking ultra-high-density seismic for CCUS applications by combining nimble nodes and agile source technologies ». Leading Edge 41, no 1 (janvier 2022) : 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41010027.1.

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In the quest for denser, nimbler, and lower-cost seismic surveys, the industry is seeing a revolution in the miniaturization of seismic equipment, with autonomous nodes approaching the size of a geophone and sources becoming portable by crews on foot. This has created a paradigm shift in the way seismic is acquired in difficult terrains, making zero-environmental-footprint surveys a reality while reducing cost and health, safety, and environmental risk. The simplification of survey operation and the new entry price of seismic surveys unlocked by these technologies are already benefiting industries beyond oil and gas exploration. High trace density seismic has become accessible to industries playing a key role in the net-zero era, such as geothermal and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), to which a good understanding of the subsurface geology is crucial to their success. We describe these benefits as observed during an ultra-high-density seismic survey acquired in June 2020 through a partnership between STRYDE, Explor, and Carbon Management Canada over the Containment and Monitoring Institute site. The smallest and lightest source and receiver equipment in the industry were used to achieve a trace density of 257 million traces/km2 over this test site dedicated to CCUS studies. We discuss the operational efficiency of the seismic acquisition, innovative techniques for data transfer and surveying, and preliminary results of the seismic data processing with a focus on the near-surface model and fast-track time migration.
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O'NEIL, GRETCHEN R., LYDIA S. TACKETT et MICHAEL B. MEYER. « THE ROLE OF SURFICIAL BIOTURBATION IN THE LATEST EDIACARAN : A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRACE FOSSIL INTENSITY IN THE TERMINAL EDIACARAN–LOWER CAMBRIAN OF CALIFORNIA ». PALAIOS 37, no 12 (29 décembre 2022) : 703–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2021.050.

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ABSTRACT Bioturbating activities have played a vital role in shaping the marine ecosystem throughout metazoan history, influencing the abundance and preservation potential of body fossil-producing taxa and driving major environmental and geochemical changes. The earliest trace making behaviors arose during the late Ediacaran Period (∼ 560–541 Ma), disrupting the substrate previously occupied by dominantly sessile organisms. Simple dwelling and grazing behaviors exploited the organic-rich matgrounds, expanding into the underutilized microbial mat ecosystem. In the western United States, trace assemblages from Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary-spanning deposits document a thriving trace-maker ecosystem. One boundary-spanning deposit in this region, the lower member of the Wood Canyon Formation, crops out along the California-Nevada boundary and contains both trace and body fossil assemblages. The Chicago Pass section of the lower Wood Canyon Formation contains a suite of dominantly simple Ediacaran traces, which become commonplace in the upper part of the stratigraphic section, documenting the onset of prevalent trace-making behaviors in this region. While traces have been previously described from this locality, the addition of the complex trace Lamonte trevallis and quantification of trace fossil density of simple Ediacaran traces provides a more comprehensive ichnological view of the Chicago Pass section. Although Chicago Pass does not yield abundant tubicolous body fossils, as are found elsewhere in the region, the low diversity ichnoassemblages document both burgeoning surficial trace making groups and mat-targeted mining in the latest Ediacaran. The behaviors present at Chicago Pass are similar to those of the Dengying Formation in South China, and highlight the need for petrographic-based trace fossil studies. Additionally, studies of Nama Group trace fossils of the same age from Namibia report higher diversity and complexity in trace-making activities than what has been observed at Chicago Pass, but with similar, low Ediacara biota body fossil diversity. If Ediacara biota diversity is anticorrelated with trace-making behaviors, Chicago Pass represents a low-complexity end-member of the same phenomenon observed in Namibia. The effect of surface sediment disruption on the sessile Ediacaran communities may have been decoupled from complexity of the traces, more so influenced by the presence of general trace-making behaviors in aggregate, including simple traces.
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Wooden, Mark. « Union Amalgamations and the Decline in Union Density ». Journal of Industrial Relations 41, no 1 (mars 1999) : 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569904100102.

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Confronted by a marked decline in trade union density, the union movement in Australia bas responded by promoting the restructuring and amolgamation of trade unions. As a result, the number of active trade unions in Australia has fallen markedly since 1990. Despite tbis, the decline in trade union density accelerated during the 1990s, leading some analysts to suggest that the union amalgamation process may actually have been counterproductive in terms of overall trade union membership. This article tests this hypothesis using panel data collected as part of the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. A regression model of changes in union density in the period 1989/90 to 1995 is developed and estimated. The results indicate that while declining union numbers have been associated with the decline in union density, none of the blame for the fall can be traced to the amalgamation process.
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Chamoux, Marie-Noëlle. « ¿Hacia el indio nuevo ? De lo global a lo local y a la inversa en pueblos nahuas del norte de Puebla ». Revista Trace, no 50 (10 juillet 2018) : 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.50.2006.423.

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La vida cotidiana en las comunidades indígenas ha sufrido muchos cambios desde los años cuarenta del siglo XX. El espacio, tal como los indígenas se lo apropian prácticamente, revela estos cambios. Se usa los conceptos de “mundo rural”, dominado por lo agropecuario, y de “lugares”, espacios con alta densidad de relaciones sociales. Se examina el caso de los nahuas del norte de Puebla (municipio de Huauchinango), señalando el ocaso del etos rural y la dominación ya instalada de valores urbanos. Se constata sin embargo, la permanencia de fuertes solidaridades familiares y el arraigo al pueblo. Pero en cambio se observa la pérdida de sentido del territorio del pueblo, tanto en su uso económico como en su apropiación simbólica y ritual. Casa, pueblo, comarca y “mundo exterior” son los espacios considerados para evaluar los cambios sufridos e imaginar un porvenir ya fuertemente amarrado a la modernidad.Abstract: Daily life in indigenous communities has suffered many changes since the nineteen forties. Space reveals these changes through the manner in which indigenous populations appropriate it. Concepts are employed such as “the rural world”, dominated by agricultural and livestock activity and “places”, spaces containing a high density of social relations. We examine the case of Nahuas in the north of Puebla (municipality of Huauchinango), pointing out a decline in rural ethos and the establishing of a domination of urban values. Nevertheless we verify the permanence of strong family solidarities and attachment to the village. On the other hand we observe the loss of a sense of territory, both in terms of economic use as in symbolic and ritual appropriation. House, village, region and “outside world” are the space taken into consideration to evaluate the changes suffered and to imagine a future firmly tied to modernity.Résumé : La vie quotidienne dans les communautés indigènes a subi de nombreux changements depuis les années quarante du XXe siècle. L’espace, tel que les Indiens se l’approprient dans la pratique, en porte la trace. On utilise les concepts de “milieu rural”, dominé par l’agriculture, et de “lieux”, espaces de haute densité de relations sociales. On examine le cas des Nahuas du nord de Puebla (municipe de Huauchinango), en signalant le déclin d’un etos rural et la domination déjà installée des valeurs urbaines. On constate cependant la permanence de fortes solidarités familiales et l’attachement au village. En revanche on observe la perte de sens du territoire, tant dans ses usages économiques que dans son appropriation symbolique et rituelle. L’habitat, le village, la contrée et le “monde extérieur” sont considérés pour évaluer les changements subis et imaginer un avenir déjà fortement amarré à la modernité.
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Jiang, Chunhua, Cong Zhao, Xuhui Zhang, Tongxin Liu, Ziwei Chen, Guobin Yang et Zhengyu Zhao. « A Method for Automatic Inversion of Oblique Ionograms ». Remote Sensing 14, no 7 (30 mars 2022) : 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071671.

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In this study, a method is proposed to carry out automatic inversion of oblique ionograms to extract the parameters and electron density profile of the ionosphere. The proposed method adopts the quasi-parabolic segments (QPS) model to represent the ionosphere. Firstly, numerous candidate electron density profiles and corresponding vertical traces were, respectively, calculated and synthesized by adjusting the parameters of the QPS model. Then, the candidate vertical traces were transformed to oblique traces by the secant theorem and Martyn’s equivalent path theorem. On the other hand, image processing technology and characteristics of oblique echoes were adopted to automatically scale the key parameters (the maximum observable frequency and minimum group path, etc.) from oblique ionograms. The synthesized oblique traces, whose parameters were close to autoscaled parameters, were selected as the candidate traces to produce a correlation with measured oblique ionograms. Lastly, the proposed algorithm searched the best-fit synthesized oblique trace by comparing the synthesized traces with oblique ionograms. To test its feasibility, oblique ionograms were automatically scaled by the proposed method and these autoscaled parameters were compared with manual scaling results. The preliminary results show that the accuracy of autoscaled maximum observable frequency and minimum group path of the ordinary trace of the F2 layer is, respectively, about 91.98% and 86.41%, which might be accurate enough for space weather specifications. It inspires us to improve the proposed method in future studies.
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Wei Huaikun, 韦怀坤, 宦述虎 Huan Shuhu, 刘颖 Liu Ying, 陈火耀 Chen Huoyao, 邱克强 Qiu Keqiang, 刘正坤 Liu Zhengkun et 洪义麟 Hong Yilin. « 用长程面形仪对变线距光栅的线密度进行拼接测量 ». Acta Optica Sinica 43, no 3 (2023) : 0312007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos221409.

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Scotto, Carlo. « Triple splitting and z-rays in polar ionograms ». Antarctic Science 27, no 4 (29 janvier 2015) : 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201400090x.

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AbstractThe theory of propagation in a direction almost parallel to the Earth’s magnetic field is reviewed, calculating the group refractive index of the ordinary ray in the presence of electron-neutral collisions. An electron density profile is estimated from the ordinary trace and is used to compute the z-ray trace. It is shown that this reconstruction can help to identify the rare cases of z-rays from among the numerous cases of duplicate ordinary traces, due to reflection from two different directions.
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Kakuwa, Yoshitaka, et James D. Floyd. « Trace fossils in Ordovician radiolarian chert successions in the Southern Uplands, Scotland ». Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 107, no 1 (mars 2016) : 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691017000044.

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ABSTRACTRadiolarian chert and associated siliceous claystone in the Southern Uplands of Scotland are examined, in order to study the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event of benthic animals on the pelagic ocean bottom. Trace fossils which are uncommon, but convincing, are found in the grey chert and siliceous claystone of Gripps Cleuch. These observations constitute firm evidence that large benthic animals which could leave visible trace fossils had colonised the Iapetan Ocean by the late Middle Ordovician, confirming previous studies from Australia for Panthalassa, the other huge ocean. Red chert is, however, a poor recorder of trace fossils, probably because the highly oxidising environment breaks down organic matter, both inhibiting high-density activity of large benthic animals and removing clear traces of benthic animal life.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Densite trace"

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Scheffler, Michael. « Cost vs. quality trade-off for high-density packaging of electronic systems / ». Zürich, 2001. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=14210.

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LeBlanc, Denis R. « Density and recharge effects during the Cape Cod natural-gradient tracer test ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84242.

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Goss, Cullen. « SLM 125 Single Track and Density Cube Characterization for 316L Stainless Steel ». DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2050.

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Selective Laser Melting is a rapidly developing additive manufacturing technique that can be used to create unique metal parts with tailormade properties not possible using traditional manufacturing. To understand the process from a most basic level, this study investigates system capabilities when melting single tracks of material. Individual tracks allow for a wide range of scan speeds and laser powers to be utilized and the melt pools analyzed. I discuss how existing studies and simulations can be used to narrow down the selection of potentially successful parameter combinations as well as the limitations of interpretation for single track information. Once we attain a solid understanding of what parameters perform well at a bead level, we can move onto looking at complete 3D parts. A challenge we have faced is creating near fully dense parts and determining a reliable density measurement technique that is accessible for operators at our university. Our results show that the previously determined optimized scan speed and laser power can consistently create parts with >99.5% density over a range of sizes using an analysis method utilizing readily available equipment and software.
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Houser, AnnMarie. « Spoor density, movement and rehabilitation of cheetahs in Botswana ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27083.

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The “vulnerable” listing by IUCN of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus in Africa has caused urgency in the protection of their habitat and development of predator management strategies. By understanding the movement and home range of cheetah in Botswana, translocation of problem cheetah or reintroduction of non-problem animals can be managed appropriately. More importantly this information will help to protect what is already there. Due to the increasing numbers of cheetahs being taken by illegal trade and poaching, there have become incidents of orphaned cubs where the only option for their survival is rehabilitation for release into the wild, or euthanasia. The first part of the study focuses on baseline information of movement patterns of cheetah in Botswana. Eleven cheetahs were collared and monitored from 2003-2007, including males and females with and without cubs from the Ghanzi and Southern districts. The understanding of cheetah movement is critical in determining methods of protection and survival of the species in protected areas living with competing predators such as lion Panthera leo, brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea and leopard Panthera pardus, as well as on farmlands where human conflict and habitat loss are the main causes of cheetah death. In the Southern district the cheetah were able to move freely in and out of the Jwana Game Reserve surrounded by communal livestock farms with low to medium conflict, utilizing various livestock protection methods, whilst Ghanzi consisted of livestock and game farms where conflict was high and protection methods were limited or nonexistent. Home ranges in males ranged from 492 km2(in single males) to 849 km2(in one coalition) in Ghanzi, while females ranged from 241 km2 to 306 km2 in Jwaneng. In addition, in order to determine the correlation between spoor density and true density, a 15 month spoor study was conducted in Jwaneng at the Jwana Game Reserve on a population of free ranging wild cheetah. A correction factor was tested and adjusted for accuracy, resulting in two formulas to be used in the wet and dry seasons. Spoor surveys are by no means a determinant factor, as they need to be repeated over time to observe population fluctuations due to outside factors, and are time consuming and can be expensive, but they are a management tool that can be utilized for estimations of cheetah densities on private farms or protected areas. The third part to the study was the rehabilitation of three orphaned cubs, from different families, that were put together from eight to twelve weeks old. The goal of this project was to raise and release fully functional, self sufficient, breeding animals into the wild population on a game farm. These cubs were raised in isolation until 1.5 years of age, then transferred to a 100 ha enclosure where they were given the opportunity to learn to hunt. Daily observations of their behavioural development and hunting abilities were recorded for 48 days and are presented in a descriptive way. At two years old they were released onto a 9000 ha game farm where their potential to survive on farmland was monitored. Botswana does not have the facilities or desire to keep predators captive, and if orphaned cubs could be utilized by placing them back into wild populations where they could add to the gene pool, alternatives would be available for captive bred animals or cheetahs facing life long captivity. Copyright
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Centre for Wildlife Management
unrestricted
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Underdown, Robert Kyle. « Declining trade union density and the future of the Union Movement in Australia / ». Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09aru55.pdf.

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Ahmad, Hafiz Bashir. « Intraspecific variability in embolism resistance and functional trade-offs in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0747/document.

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Plusieurs études ont montré que la productivité des forêts et des cultures décroît sur l’ensemble de la planète en réponse au changement climatique, et que les risques de mortalité liée à la sécheresse s’accroissent. Ces mortalités massives ont été observées dans tous les écosystèmes forestiers et seraient dues à un dysfonctionnement hydraulique des plantes, causé par de l’embolie xylémiène. Le spectre interspécifique de résistance à l'embolie a été largement étudiée, mais peu d'attention a été accordée à la variabilité intra-spécifique de ce trait. C’est pourquoi, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’améliorer notre compréhension de la variabilité intra-spécifique de la résistance à l’embolie chez une espèce cultivée(Helianthus annuus L.) et chez un conifère (Pinus pinaster). Nous avons déterminé la vulnérabilité à l’embolie de quatre variétés de tournesol, présentant des différences significatives de P50 (pression induisant 50% de perte de conductivité hydraulique), allant de -2.67 à -3.22 MPa. Un compromis entre sécurité hydraulique et croissance a été observé mais pas entre la sécurité hydraulique et la capacité de transport de l'eau du xylème. Seuls quelques caractères anatomiques, tels que la densité des vaisseaux et la surface du lumen, présentent une corrélation avec la résistance à l’embolie. Dans un second temps, nous avons phénotypé pour la résistance à l’embolie et la densité du bois 477 génotypes de P. pinaster, issus d’une F2 de pleins-frères correspondant à la 3ème génération consanguine obtenue par auto-fécondation d’un hybride inter-provenance “Corse × Landes. La variabilité de la P50 au sein de l’espèce était extrêmement faible (CVP=5.6%). D’autre part, nous avons mis en évidence l’absence de compromis entre sécurité hydraulique et densité du bois. La part de variance du caractère P50 expliquée par QTLs (PEV)correspondait à 23.6% de la variance phénotypique totale mais aucun QTL commun n’a pu être détecté entre P50 et densité du bois, suggérant qu’au sein de cette famille, la plus forte résistance à l’embolie de certains génotypes n’est pas liée à un bois plus dense. Une analyse multi-caractère du fonctionnement de la feuille et du xylème a été réalisée via l’étude de la dynamique saisonnière de la fluorescence du photosystème II et des traits hydrauliques de la tige, sur une famille de pleins-frères d’un hybride interprovenance “Maroc × Landes” de P. pinaster ; en réponse à une diminution du potentiel hydrique,l’efficience du photosystème II et la conductance stomatique ont tous deux diminué, induisant une décroissance rapide du taux d’assimilation. La résistance à l’embolie du xylème n’a pas montré de relation significative avec les traits foliaires. L’absence de compromis entre ces caractères permet donc d’envisager la sélection génétique de génotypes à la fois efficients et résistants
As a consequence of current global climate change, forest and crop ecosystems are decreasing inproductivity worldwide and are under increased threat of widespread drought-induced mortality due tohydraulic failure caused by xylem embolism. The range of embolism resistance across species has been intensively studied but little attention has been paid to intraspecific variability. This thesis aimed thereforeat improving our understanding of the intraspecific variation in embolism resistance in one crop species(Helianthus annuus L.) and one conifer species (Pinus pinaster). In the first place, vulnerability to embolism was determined across four sunflower accessions with significant variations in P50 (pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) ranging between -2.67 and -3.22 MPa. A trade-off between hydraulic safety and growth was observed but not between hydraulic safety and efficiency. Only few anatomical traits, such as vessel density and vessel lumen area, were found related to embolism resistance.Secondly, we phenotyped 477 P. pinaster full-sib F2 genotypes corresponding to a three-generation inbred pedigree obtained by the self-pollination of an inter “Corsica × Landes” provenance hybrid, for embolismresistance and wood density. The variability for P50 within species was remarkably low (CVP=5.6%). Wealso found a lack of trade-off between hydraulic safety and wood density. The phenotypic variance explained by QTLs (PEV) detected for P50 accounted for 23.6% of the phenotypic variation but no QTL collocated between P50 and wood density, suggesting that embolism resistant genotypes in this family are not dependent on denser wood. A multi-trait analysis of leaf and xylem functioning was performed through seasonal measurements of photosystem II fluorescence and stem hydraulic traits on a full-sib family of aninter “Morocco × Landes” provenance hybrid of P. pinaster; it revealed that with decreasing water potential, the efficiency of both photosystem II and stomatal conductance decreased which resulted in rapid decrease in assimilation rate. Xylem resistance to embolism was found having no relationship with leaf functioning traits. The absence of trade-off between these traits makes it possible to consider selection for both efficient and resistant genotypes
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KAYITESI, Aline. « TRADE UNIONS AND UNEMPLOYMENT : ASSESSMENT OF THE CROSS-COUNTRY EVIDENCE ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104581.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between union’s indicators namely union density rate and collective bargaining coverage rate, and the unemployment rate. I have conducted an empirical analysis on 34 OECD countries grouped into three groups based on their bargaining systems. The results indicate that there is no linear relationship between union density and collective bargaining coverage, and the unemployment rate in countries which have centralized co-ordinated, organized decentralized but co-ordinated bargaining systems and that those systems do not have influence on the way unions affect unemployment rate. However, the predominatly centralized but weakly co-ordinated system indicates to have a positive effect on the way unions affect unemployment rate and union density /collective bargaining coverage are positively related with the unemployment rate in this group. I try to argue for possible reasons for these findings.
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Zhang, Jin 1960. « The influence of copper deficiency on the binding and uptake of high-density lipoprotein by rat hepatic parenchymal cells ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276935.

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This study was designed to examine the influence of Cu deficiency on the binding, uptake, and degradation of apolipoprotein E-free high density lipoproteins (apo E-free HDL) in cultured rat hepatic parenchymal cells. The binding of apo E-free HDL during time course studies was slightly but significantly increased in cells derived from Cu-deficient rats. In saturation studies, the amount of surface-bound apo E-free HDL appeared to be saturable, although no difference was observed between Cu-deficient and adequate animals. The amount of total and specific cell-associated uptake of apo E-free HDL was significantly increased in hepatic parenchymal cells of Cu-deficient animals. The present data suggest that hepatic uptake of the HDL protein moiety may be increased in rats fed a diet deficient in copper.
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Sabil, Naïma. « La datation par les traces de fission : aspects méthodologiques et applications thermochronologiques en contexte alpin et marge continentale ». Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10066.

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La méthode de datation par les traces de fission de l'uranium s'est révélée unique dans le domaine de la thermochronologie par sa capacité à retracer l'histoire finale du refroidissement et de la dénudation de massifs métamorphiques comme de l'histoire thermique de formations sédimentaires ou la datation de certains matériels volcaniques. Dans ce travail, nous décrivons cette méthode et présentons un ensemble de techniques analytiques mises au point et de calibrations réalisées dans le but d'utilisations ultérieures en géologie. Nous discutons quelques exemples d'application. Dans les Alpes occidentales françaises, l'analyse des traces de fission sur apatites d'échantillons issus du granite des Sept Laux (massif de Belledonne), dans la vallée de l'Eau d'Olle, suggère que cette méthode pourrait apporter une contribution dans la discussion actuelle sur l'origine de certaines vallées alpines. Ainsi, l'ouverture de cette vallée pourrait être la conséquence d'un jeu de failles actives depuis le Miocène moyen jusqu'à l'actuel. La caractérisation par traces de fission des apatites détritiques de dépôts fluviaux pourrait éventuellement être utilisée pour l'étude d'éventuels phénomènes de captures liées à des changements de régimes tectoniques. Nous avons ainsi étudié les apatites d'un paléodelta situé dans la moyenne vallée de l'Isère au niveau du sillon subalpin, et de deux vallées, celles de l'Arc et du Bréda, situées en amont. La distribution des âges traces de fission de ces minéraux n'a pas confirmé un modèle suggéré récemment, qui proposait que le paléodelta étudié pourrait être associé à un «paléo-Arc» plutôt qu'à un «paléo-Bréda». Dans la Meseta occidentale marocaine, trois massifs granitiques (massif de Sebt Brikiine, de Ras El Abiod et de Hjir El Bark) situés dans les Rehamna ont fait l'objet d'une étude thermochronologique. L'analyse des traces de fission dans les zircons et les apatites de ces granites montre qu'ils ont enregistré les grands évènements thermotectoniques ayant affecté la Meseta depuis l'ouverture de l'Océan Atlantique central. Nous montrons comment un modèle de simulation numérique récemment proposé (1994) pour l'analyse des traces de fission dans les apatites permet de préciser l'histoire thermique des massifs considérés depuis le dernier refroidissement au-dessous d'environ 120°C des échantillons analysés. Dans des travaux effectués antérieurement à l'apparition de ce modèle, nous avons montré, d'une part, que les sédiments de la marge transformante de Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana avaient connu une période de réchauffement entre 250°C et moins de 60°C post-datant largement, de manière inattendue, le «balayage» d'une dorsale océanique. D'autre part, dans l'Ile d'Elbe, nous avons apporté les premières données «traces de fission» sur l'histoire de refroidissement de la granodiorite de Monte Capanne. Par ailleurs, au début des années 90, la méthode des traces de fission manquait encore de bons échantillons de référence pour la datation des verres volcaniques. A la suggestion de la Sous-Commission de Géochronologie de l'International Union of Geological Sciences, nous avons étudié les macusanites, obsidiennes du SE péruvien. Les résultats de ce travail suggèrent qu'il faut considérer avec réserve ces verres volcaniques en tant que standards d'âge potentiels, même s'ils conservent une certaine valeur comme matériel d'intercalibration entre laboratoires
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Decker, Jeramy Bruyn. « Building, Updating and Verifying Fracture Models in Real Time for Hard Rock Tunneling ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27220.

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Fractures and fracture networks govern the mechanical and fluid flow behavior of rock masses. Tunneling and other rock mechanics applications therefore require the characterization of rock fractures based on geological data. Field investigations produce only a limited amount of data from boreholes, outcrops, cut slopes, and geophysical surveys. In tunneling, the process of excavation creates a priceless opportunity to gather more data during construction. Typically, however, these data are not utilized due to the impedance of sampling and analysis on the flow of construction, and safety concerns with sampling within unlined tunnel sections. However, the use of this additional data would increase the overall safety, quality, and cost savings of tunneling. This study deals with several aspects of the above, with the goal of creating methods and tools to allow engineers and geologists to gather and analysis fracture data in tunnels without interrupting the excavation and without compromising safety. Distribution-independent trace density and mean trace length estimators are developed using principles of stereology. An optimization technique is developed utilizing Differential Evolution to infer fracture size and shape from trace data obtained on two or more nonparallel sampling planes. A method of producing nearly bias free empirical trace length CDF's is also introduced. These new methods and tools were validated using Monte Carlo simulations. A field study was conducted in an existing tunnel allowing the above methods and tools to be further validated and tested. A relational database was developed to aid in storage, retrieval, and analysis of field data. Fracture models were built and updated using fracture data from within the tunnel. Utilization of state of the art imaging techniques allowed for remote sampling and analysis, which were enhanced by the use of 3d visualization techniques.
Ph. D.
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Livres sur le sujet "Densite trace"

1

Flath, David. Regulation, distribution efficiency, and retail density. Cambridge, Mass : National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Disney, Richard. Union density and trade union recognition in Uk establishmenst. Canterbury : University of Kent at Canterbury, 1993.

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Scheffler, Michael. Cost vs. quality trade-off for high-density packaging of electronic systems. Konstanz : Hartung-Gorre, 2001.

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Disney, Richard. Explanations of the decline in trade union density in Britain : An appraisal. Canterbury : University of Kent atCanterbury, 1989.

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5

N, Singhal Surendra, Chamis C. C et United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., dir. Reliability, risk and cost trade-offs for composite designs. [Washington, DC] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Alan, Manning. The effects of density on wages and employment : A dynamic monopoly union model. London : Centre for Economic Performance, 1991.

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Savage, Kathleen. BOREAS TGB-1 [i.e. TGB-3] CH4 and CO2 chamber flux data over NSA upland sites. Greenbelt, Md : NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.

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R, Moore Tim, et Goddard Space Flight Center, dir. BOREAS TGB-1 [i.e. TGB-3] CH4 and CO2 chamber flux data over NSA upland sites. Greenbelt, Md : NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.

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Savage, Kathleen. BOREAS TGB-1 [i.e. TGB-3] CH4 and CO2 chamber flux data over NSA upland sites. Greenbelt, Md : NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.

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Milieubeheer, Netherlands Directoraat-Generaal, dir. Ministeriële handreiking T.B.V. de proefprojecten Integrale Milieuzonering. Leidschendam : Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, Directoraat-Generaal Milieubeheer, 1989.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Densite trace"

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Weik, Martin H. « track density ». Dans Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1802. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_19802.

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Johnston, Andrew James. « Anachronic Entanglements : Archaeological Traces and the Event in Beowulf ». Dans Bioarchaeology and Social Theory, 97–112. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03956-0_4.

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AbstractThis article provides a reading of archaeological traces in Beowulf that shows how the epic deals with and makes use of the notion of an always-already absent presence not in the singular, but in the plural. Through negotiating the notion of the trace, the epic produces a palimpsestic interplay between various levels and layers of absence-cum-presence—layers of temporality that are imagined, however, in very material terms. This layered, archaeological idea of temporality contributes to generating a complex notion of history. In particular, this article is interested in the ways in which, within the poem, the networks of traces associated with a given object may, in fact, help to constitute a specific concept of the historical event. In Beowulf, this essay argues, a historical event is characterized as such through the particular density and complexity of the entangled traces that mark it in a manner that resembles what Carolyn Dinshaw has called ‘multiple temporalities’. The epic thus conceives of an event in terms of a node that binds together a multiplicity of traces, and hence, a multiplicity of entangled temporalities.
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Fedosov, Boris V. « On the Trace Density in Deformation Quantization ». Dans Partial Differential Operators and Mathematical Physics, 133–34. Basel : Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9092-2_14.

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Hoshida, Takeshi, et Jens C. Rasmussen. « QPSK-Based Transmission System : Trade-Offs Between Linear and Nonlinear Impairments ». Dans High Spectral Density Optical Communication Technologies, 191–202. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10419-0_10.

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Bouglé, D., F. Bureau, B. Guillois, R. Morello, J. F. Duhamel et J. P. Sabatier. « Relationships between Bone Mineral Density, Growth, and Aluminum in Healthy Former Premature Infant ». Dans Therapeutic Uses of Trace Elements, 309–11. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0167-5_52.

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Lerpold, Lin, Örjan Sjöberg et Wing-Shing Tang. « Urban Advantage ? Sustainability Trade-Offs Across and Within the Intra-Urban Space ». Dans Sustainable Consumption and Production, Volume I, 283–313. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56371-4_15.

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Abstract“Sustainable cities” as a singular concept may very well be a utopian vision impossible to realise in a broader sense. In this chapter, we review the literature on urban sustainability highlighting the complexities and trade-offs between and within the 3 Es—ecology, economy and equality. In particular, we focus here on the intra-urban dimensions of density, mobility, the built environment and housing, lifestyle trends and gentrification along with social sustainability issues of crime, homelessness and community. While gains from increased size and density can be had, there are also many outcomes that depend on urban morphology and the consequences of spatial sorting. Positive outcomes generated by density and efficiency may be offset by, for instance, less sustainable construction materials or increased income inequality. In particular, rebound effects are often overlooked. Hence, it often becomes an empirical issue whether the potential for sustainability gains materialise. Furthermore, as assessed from a more holistic 3 Es’ view, where social sustainability is as important as environmental sustainability, the potential of a “sustainable city” may be a victim of trade-offs that are difficult to resolve.
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Eder, K., et M. Kirchgessner. « Lipid Concentrations of Low-Density Lipoproteins and Their Oxidative Susceptibility in Zinc-Deficients Rats ». Dans Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10, 566–67. New York, NY : Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47466-2_181.

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Fradi, Anis, et Chafik Samir. « A New Framework for Classifying Probability Density Functions ». Dans Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases : Research Track, 507–22. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43412-9_30.

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Newton, Peter W., Peter W. G. Newman, Stephen Glackin et Giles Thomson. « Changing Attitudes to Housing and Residential Location in Cities : The Cultural Clash and the Greyfield Solution ». Dans Greening the Greyfields, 121–33. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6238-6_6.

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AbstractThis chapter explores changes in attitudes and preferences—in other words, the underlying demand—for different types and locations of housing in Australia’s largest cities. Until recently, housing preferences have strongly favoured detached housing and low-density urban settings. This is now changing. This section reports on data from a major household survey that examined the attitudes of resident property owners in the middle suburbs of Sydney and Melbourne to neighbourhood change and medium-density housing development. It examines household preferences and trade-offs related to different ‘living arrangements’ (dwelling and location combinations) and attitudes to lot amalgamation and bottom-up redevelopment between neighbours. The survey identified clear shifts in ‘living arrangement’ priorities in the major capital cities that now reveal equivalent preferences for medium-density housing in established areas with good public transport versus detached housing in car-dependent suburbs.It highlights the lag in supply-side response by the property-development and building industries, as well as the missed steps by metropolitan and municipal governments in strategic planning and rezoning of established suburban greyfield precincts to accommodate medium-density housing at scale: in essence, GPR.
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Park, Junwoo, Jungsoo Lee, Youngin Cho, Woncheol Shin, Dongmin Kim, Jaegul Choo et Edward Choi. « Deep Imbalanced Time-Series Forecasting via Local Discrepancy Density ». Dans Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases : Research Track, 139–55. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43424-2_9.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Densite trace"

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Sayiner, Necip. « Impact of the track density versus linear density trade-off on the read channel : TCPR4 versus EPR4 ». Dans Photonics East '95, sous la direction de Raghuveer M. Rao, Soheil A. Dianat, Steven W. McLaughlin et Martin Hassner. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.228219.

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Te-Chun Wang et Yin-Guang Zheng. « Effective dielectric constant method for trace impedance control ». Dans 2008 International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology & ; High Density Packaging (ICEPT-HDP). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept.2008.4607022.

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Hamamci, Andac, M. Serhan Can et G. Unal. « Functionally weighted track density imaging ». Dans 2013 21st Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2013.6531561.

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Gau, J. S. « Improving track density by lithography ». Dans International Conference on Magnetics. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1990.734374.

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Mazooji, Kayvon, et Ilan Shomorony. « Substring Density Estimation from Traces ». Dans 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit54713.2023.10206758.

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Godwin, Jim. « An Introduction to the Insite 325 Floptical Disk Drive ». Dans Optical Data Storage. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ods.1989.tuc3.

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Disk drives using optical memory technology are being introduced to the market featuring high capacity, removable media. The improved capacity is available at a significant cost premium over magnetic memory devices for the drive as well as the media. While the linear bit density of present magnetic disk drives matches that of optical disk drives (see Table 1), new advancements in Barium-Ferrite (BaFe) magnetic media will soon allow magnetic bit densities to increase, exceeding optical bit densities by a factor of two or more. By contrast, track densities of removable magnetic media are 15 to 100 times less than their optical counterparts. Increasing track density to over 1000 tracks per inch on a removable, inexpensive, flexible magnetic medium has only recently been achieved by Insite Peripherals.
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Bana, F., L. Arnaud, D. Ney, R. Galand et Y. Wouters. « Effects of current density on electromigration resistance trace analysis ». Dans 2011 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop (IIRW). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iirw.2011.6142589.

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Sampson, Richard L. « Printed Circuit Board Thermal Modeling Without the Use of an Effective Thermal Conductivity ». Dans ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73013.

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The complexity of the circuit traces on the layers of a typical printed circuit board (PCB) poses a serious problem when preparing a thermal model of the board. Thermal analysts have resorted to the use of an average or so called, “effective thermal conductivity”, Keff, treating the board as a homogeneous medium in their PCB thermal models. This approach carries with it the possibility of significant error in the prediction of board temperatures. A typical PCB will have large variations in the density and pattern of the circuit traces, and a single value of Keff cannot accurately represent all board locations. An alternative approach to this long standing problem is presented in this paper. In the new procedure the thermal conductance between pairs of nodes is computed using all of the details of the circuit traces in the internodal region. The trace information is obtained from bitmap files of each circuit layer, files which may be generated from the board CAD files. The conductances are utilized in a general purpose thermal analyzer for computation of system temperatures. Using the details of the local circuit traces in the computation of internodal conductances results in a more accurate thermal model.
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Choi, J., J. Kim et J. J. Song. « Influence of Sampling Window Geometry on the Variation of Fracture Trace Density ». Dans 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0418.

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ABSTRACT Sampling windows are essential tools for characterizing fracture distribution from rock exposures, yet few studies have focused on their geometry and how it affects the obtained fracture trace information. In this study, we investigate the influence of window dimension and orientation on the variation of trace density, derived by the end-point estimator, using analytic and numerical approaches. We employ rectangular, square, and circular windows for sampling the trace density of fractures with various dip angles using Monte Carlo simulations. We find that, regardless of window shape, the variation of trace density decreases as window size increases. Additionally, for rectangular and square windows, fracture dip angle affects the variation of trace density, with more impact on smaller windows. The variation is also impacted by the fracture density and fracture size. Our results illustrate that window geometry and fracture characteristics should be considered when conducting window surveys to acquire fracture data with reduced variance. INTRODUCTION Fracture characterization is an essential prerequisite for the analysis of rock mass behavior in both mechanical and hydraulic aspects. To describe the fracture distribution characteristics, including fracture spacing, density, size and orientation, rock exposures are investigated through window surveys by installing sampling windows upon the rock exposure and collecting data within the window. Different sampling windows have been suggested for the purpose of acquiring various fracture data. In an early study by Kulatilake and Wu (1984), a rectangular window was used to estimate the mean number of trace midpoints per unit area. Later on, Zhang and Einstein (1998) introduced circular windows to estimate mean trace length without orientation bias, and Mauldon (1998) proposed another method for estimating mean trace length and density using convex windows. The proposed methods were applied to an outcrop in Yingxiu, China, and their results were compared (Wu et al., 2011). Song and Lee (2001) also applied rectangular and circular windows to estimate trace length distributions, and reported comparisons between the two types of windows.
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Kaizu, A., Y. Soeno, M. Takai, K. Tagami et I. Sato. « Performance of Discrete Track Perpendicular Media on Off-Track-Capability at Higher Track Density ». Dans INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2006.376290.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Densite trace"

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Cantrell, Ben H. Power Density and Threshold Control Strategies for Radar Track Initiation. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mai 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada155357.

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Albis, Manuel Leonard, Mara Claire Tayag et Jong Woo Kang. Estimating Regional Integration Using the Bayesian State-Space Approach. Asian Development Bank, janvier 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230622-2.

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Estimating regional integration faces challenges due to incomplete data. This paper addresses this through the dynamic factor model estimated using the Bayesian state-space approach. Bilateral economic integration (BEI) indexes are estimated across four dimensions: trade, foreign direct investments, finance, and migration. The regional integration index (RII) of Asia and the Pacific is calculated by applying network density to the BEI estimates. The RII declined slightly in recent years, with the network centering more around the People’s Republic of China.
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Lee, Hyun-Hoon, Cyn-Young Park et Ju Hyun Pyun. International Business Cycle Synchronization : A Synthetic Assessment. Asian Development Bank, août 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220355-2.

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This paper presents findings from a study that synthetically assessed the three major transmission channels of international business cycles: trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and portfolio flows between economies with multiple fixed effects. Results showed that real and financial integration generates heterogeneous impacts on business cycle comovement. Trade integration and greenfield FDI lead business cycle comovements, likely due to deepening intra-industry trade and dense global value chains. Higher debt market integration is associated with more synchronized business cycle comovement, while equity integration leads to business cycle divergence.
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Harris, Jeremy, et Rafael Cornejo. Convergence in the Rules of Origin Spaghetti Bowl : A Methodological Proposal. Inter-American Development Bank, octobre 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011054.

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Many countries are concerned by the dense body of regulations governing their preferential foreign trade and are seeking to simplify the current diversity of rules. To do this they are starting to look at alternatives that allow a degree of convergence between their agreements. This paper aims to develop a methodological proposal to facilitate negotiation and application of a convergent origin regime, thus enabling the simultaneous use of the tariff reductions agreed in various agreements and establishing a mechanism to cumulate imported inputs under different trade agreements.
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Kress, Marin, Patricia DiJoseph, Patrick Donohue et Kenneth Mitchell. Automatic Identification System Analysis Package user guide. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44783.

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The Automatic Identification System Analysis Package (AISAP) enables acquisition, statistical analysis, and visualization of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data from historic vessel position reports. The web-based AISAP software allows the users to choose which data they want to examine for a specific geographic area, time period, and vessel type(s). Built-in features provide vessel characteristics, arrival and departure information within a geofenced area, vessel travel time between two locations, vessel track line plots, and relative density plots of AIS data reports. AISAP accesses the Nationwide Automatic Identification System database hosted by the United States Coast Guard. This user manual provides training exercises for users to follow to familiarize themselves with AISAP procedures and workflows. These training exercises also provide examples of AISAP products.
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Kinnan, Cynthia, Krislert Samphantharak, Robert Townsend et Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Propagation and Insurance in Village Networks. Inter-American Development Bank, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004385.

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In village economies, small firm owners facing idiosyncratic shocks adjust production by cutting spending and reducing employment. Households with whom they trade inputs and labor scale back their own businesses and reduce consumption. As effects reverberate through local economies, the aggregate indirect adverse effects are larger than the direct effects. Propagation is more severe when transmitted through labor networks as opposed to material supply-chain networks, and goes beyond input-output/sectoral considerations as it varies with network position, closeness to a shocked household, and network density. Participation in gift-giving insurance networks mitigates direct and hence indirect effects. Supply chain and labor networks are fragile as the broken links are not easily replaced, leading to persistent damage. Social gains from better-targeted safety nets are substantially higher than private gains.
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Ronconi, Lucas, Juan Sanguinetti, Maria Victoria Murillo et Mariano Tommasi. The Economic Effects of Unions in Latin America : Teachers' Unions and Education in Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, septembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011247.

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This paper considers the effects of trade unions on the education sector in Argentina and the channels of union influence on the performance of this crucial sector. The authors find that those provinces where teacher unionism is fragmented, where union density is higher and where political relations with the governor are more conflictual, have more strikes (fewer class days). Based on estimates of education production functions both in this paper and elsewhere, we expect this to translate into lower student performance. The authors then find a number of weak conclusions related to the impact that unions have on several variables that affect students' performance (i.e., teachers' tenure, job satisfaction, class size, education budget and teachers' salaries). Reviewing these results, we conclude that the impact of unions on students' performance depends on the channel and kind of political market where unions operate, but not on the existence of unions per se.
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de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes et Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent : a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.

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Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.
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Livensperger, Carolyn, et Dana Witwicki. Status and trend of upland vegetation and soils at Dinosaur National Monument, 2010?2020. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302751.

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In 2009, the Northern Colorado Plateau Network began long-term monitoring of pinyon-juniper woodlands, high-elevation sagebrush, and low-elevation sagebrush shrublands in Dinosaur National Monument. Sagebrush communities have been impacted by fire and grazing in the past, and some areas have converted to an alternative grassland state, which can be dominated by native or exotic species. Pinyon-juniper woodlands are varied in structure but comprise the majority of plant communities throughout the monument. The primary goals of this monitoring are to track the status of these ecosystems and determine trends, or how they are changing over time. This report summarizes ten years of monitoring data and addresses the following questions: (1) What is the status and trend of vegetation and soil indicators for high-elevation sagebrush, low-elevation sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper woodland communities?, and (2) How do climate, grazing, and fire history influence observed status and trend? Results showed that in sagebrush communities, native cool-season perennial grasses decreased in cover while exotic annuals rapidly increased. Cover of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) was on the lower end of known reference conditions but slowly increasing. Biological soil crust and soil stability were both increasing in sagebrush communities indicating improving conditions, but bare soil was also increasing in high-elevation sagebrush. In pinyon-juniper woodlands located in the south-central area of the monument, tree cover was stable but sapling density was decreasing. Cover of exotic species was low in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Managers should consider actions to control the rapid increase of exotic species (primarily cheatgrass) and protect native cool-season grasses in high- and low-elevation sagebrush communities.
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Bourdeau, J. E., et R. D. Dyer. Regional-scale lake-sediment sampling and analytical protocols with examples from the Geological Survey of Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331911.

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Regional-scale lake sediment surveys have been successfully used since the 1970s as a means for reconnaissance geochemical exploration. Lake sediment sampling is typically performed in areas with a lack of streams and an overabundance of small-sized (=5 km across) lakes. Lake sediments are known to have major, minor and trace element concentrations that reflect the local geology. Overall, lake sediment surveys are planned and conducted following four distinct stages: 1) background research, 2) orientation survey, 3) regional survey, and 4) detailed survey. At the Geological Survey of Canada, samples are usually collected from a helicopter with floats. Sample density ranges from 1 sample per 6 - 13 km2. Samples are collected from the centre of the lake using a gravity torpedo sampler which corresponds to a hollow-pipe, butterfly bottom-valved sampler attached by a rope to the helicopter. Collected sediment samples are then placed in labelled bags and left to air dry. Detailed field notes and additional samples (field duplicates), for the purpose of an adequate quality assurance and quality control program, are also taken. Samples are then milled and sent to analytical laboratories for element determination. Commonly used analytical methods include: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and -mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and/or determination of volatile compounds and organic carbon using Loss on Ignition (LOI). Analytical data is first evaluated for quality (contamination, accuracy and precision). Numerous options for the analysis of lake sediment data exist, ranging from simple basic element concentration maps and statistical graphical displays together with summary statistics, to employing multivariate methodologies, and, more recently, using machine learning algorithms. By adopting the set of guidelines and examples presented in this manual, scientific researchers, exploration geologists, geochemists and citizen scientists will be able to directly compare lake sediment datasets from anywhere in Canada.
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