Thèses sur le sujet « Déficits immunitaires – Génétique »
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Idani, Aida. « A multiomics approach to primary immunodeficiencies in human ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ061.
Texte intégralPrimary immunodeficiencies, or inborn errors of immunity, are a group of disorders caused by monogenic mutations in genes playing a key role in the development and function of the immune system. In this thesis, a multiomics approach was taken to study two genes associated with these conditions, further elucidating the mechanisms by which pathogenic variants impair the immune system. The first subject was HYOU1, defined as a gene whose defects cause primary immunodeficiency. We observed hypogranularity in the patient's neutrophils and revealed a maturation arrest in the B cell lineage before the pro-B cell stage. The second subject was ITGAL, a potential candidate gene not previously described in relation to primary immunodeficiencies. We demonstrated that the studied variant is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, and pathway analyses revealed impairment of multiple adhesion and motility-related pathways. Moreover, we showed an elevation in the expression of other integrins, suggesting a compensatory response to counterbalance the defective integrins
Guffroy, Aurélien. « Etude des mécanismes de rupture de tolérance lymphocytaire au cours des déficits immunitaires primitifs de l'adulte avec manifesations auto-immunes ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ012.
Texte intégralThe association between primary immune deficiency (PID) and autoimmunity may seem paradoxical when PID is considered only as an immune response defect against pathogens and autoimmunity only as an excess of immunity. Nevertheless, far from being simple immune defects increasing the risk of infections, DIPs are frequently associated with autoimmunity. Even more, autoimmunes manifestations can sometimes reveal a PID. Thus, epidemiological data from registers or large series of patients with PIDs agree on an overall prevalence of 25 to 30% of autoimmune complications (with auto-immune cytopenias as first causes). Several hypotheses have been proposed with different underlying mechanisms to explain the tolerance breakdown in PIDs. We can cite : 1°) a severe disturbance of lymphocyte homeostasis, for example in severe combined immunodeficiencies ; 2°) an impaired B-cell developpement with earlystage defects of tolerance ; 3°) a dysregulation of T cells (developpement or activation impairments) ; 4°) a dysfunction of T-reg (or B-reg) ; 5°) an excess of production of proinflammatory cytokines. These hypotheses are especially true for early-onset PIDs (in infancy). In this work (PhD), we explore the mechanisms of tolerance breakdown involved in adults PIDs. We use several approaches to describe the pathways leading to autoimmunity, focusing on the most common PID in adult : CVID (common variable immunodeficiency). This syndrome is not well defined on the genetic and physiopathological level. It is still a therapeutic challenge when complicated by autoimmunity (requiring immunosuppressive therapy)
Adjali, Oumeya. « Modulation de la différenciation des cellules T par thérapies cellulaire et génique ciblant le thymus : modèle du déficit immunitaire lié à l'absence de ZAP-70 ». Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T009.
Texte intégralKaltenbach, Sophie. « Rôle des facteurs de la réparation de l’ADN dans la dynamique du génome au sein du système immunitaire ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T038/document.
Texte intégralThe immune system is particularly dependent on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. The development of the adaptive immune system requires certain DDR mechanisms, in particular during the V(D)J recombination and during class switch recombination (CSR), furthermore, the hematopoietic system is very sensitive to spontaneous DNA lesions. Therefore, there are many immune deficiencies in human directly related to a DDR deficiency. The identification of the responsible gene is important for appropriate genetic counseling. Today, we have access to powerful genetic screening tools, in particular next generation sequencing (NGS) and the list of genes responsible for immune deficiency is growing rapidly. The first part of this work focuses on the development of a new screening tool for DDR defects, in particular in the case of immune deficiency, and evaluation of clinical interest. This test is based on the observation of a bias of the TCRα repertoire in circulating T lymphocytes when thymocytes lifespan is diminished and we know that DDR defect causes decreased thymocyte survival. We have developed two techniques, by molecular biology and by flow cytometry, to detect a potential bias of the TCRα repetoire and assess the suitability of this test in some immunodeficiencies linked to a DDR defect. A significant bias was detected in the case of ATM and NHEJ factor deficiency. Furthermore, we have established a cohort of patients suffering from common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with a clinical presentation highly suggestive of DDR defect, in collaboration with the Clinical Immunology Service of Hôpital Saint-Louis (Paris). Functional test for DDR defect and genetic analysis (CGHarray, whole exome sequencing) were performed in these patients to identify new genes involved in CVID. Among the 18 patients analyzed until now, five cases of cellular sensitivity to genotoxic agents have been detected and a candidate gene was identified in 15 of them. These results are still preliminary and our team will pursue genetic and functional characterization of the identified mutations. Finally, we undertook genetic and functional exploration of two mutations identified in a young patient with combined immunodeficiency (CID) associated with a lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity, and in whom a cellular hypersensitivity to mitomycin C, a DNA crosslinking agent, was detected. The first mutation was identified in the ELKS gene, which codes for a factor involved in DNA repair. Functional complementation of this gene demonstrates the involvement of this mutation in the hypersensitivity of patient’s cells to MMC. We have developed a conditional knockout mouse model of this gene in hematopoietic cells that did not show any defect in development of the immune system. The second mutation was identified in BACH2 gene encoding a transcriptional repressor involved in the development of the immune system. Knockout mice for this gene have a similar phenotype to the immune deficiency described in this patient. Investigations on this mutation are ongoing in the patient and among family members that also carry the mutation
Lamrini, Hicham. « Identification and characterization of novel molecular causes of primary immunodeficiency : RELA mutations are associated to common variable immunodeficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2382&f=17275.
Texte intégralBeyond the clinical benefit for diagnosis, the study of patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) has also largely contributed to the deciphering of the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the human adaptive response against pathogens. Still, a large number of PIDs, especially common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), are genetically not defined. During my thesis, I aimed to identify and characterize novel molecular causes of PIDs based on human natural mutants as a research model (1). By whole-exome sequencing of DNA from patients presenting either with pediatric or familial form of CVID and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), we identified three distinct heterozygous single nucleotide variations predicted deleterious in a CVID patient (RELAY306X), a pediatric SLE patient (RELAR329X) and familial SLE patients (RELAH86N). To better understand how the identified mutations may impact the role of RELA in the NF-kB pathway, we confirmed that the two nonsense RELA mutations led to the expression of truncated forms of the protein, while the missense mutation led to the expression of mutated forms of the protein. By immunoblotting of nuclear protein extracts and cellular immunofluorescence, we demonstrated that the two truncated forms of RELA can translocate into the nucleus. Then, using a labeled NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide, we demonstrated that the two truncated forms of RELA were able to bind to DNA. All three mutated RELA proteins, when expressed ectopically, had an impaired transcriptional activity. Finally, we showed by immunoprecipitation that all three ectopically expressed mutated RELA proteins are able to interact with protein partners and form homodimers. As a whole, our results indicate that mutations affecting the transcription factor RELA can be associated with CVID or SLE. Given the previous cases associating RELA haploinsufficiency to autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with autoimmune cytopenia and to TNF-dependent mucocutaneous ulceration and inflammatory intestinal disease, our work widens the spectrum of disease and clinical phenotypes associated with RELA dysfunction and suggests that different RELA mutations lead to different functional consequences
Boutboul, David. « Bases génétiques des granulomatoses du déficit immunitaire commun variable ». Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077265.
Texte intégralCommon variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent primary immune deficiency in adults. It encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations including infectious, autoimmune and lymphoproliferative complications. Granulomatous disease, defined by nodal or extranodal non-caseating granulomas, belongs to lymphoproliferative complications and remains of unknown etiology. We analyzed the clinical and biological phenotype of 59 patients with CVID-associated granulomatous disease and showed that they belonged to a highly homogeneous subgroup with severe immune deficiency. We also showed a strong association between granulomatous disease and a SNP located at position 488 of the TNFA gene. We failed to demonstrate any statistical association with two SNPs in the BTN L2 and ANXA 11 genes recently linked to sarcoidosis occurrence. We hypothesized that hypomorphic mutations of SCID genes could be responsible for some cases of granulomatous-associated CVID and identified an IL2 RG mutation in a patient with Tropheryma Whipplei infection and two heterozygous RAG 1 mutations in two patients with lymphoma. All mutations were previously undescribed missense mutations and resulted in hypomorphic alleles
Vince, Nicolas. « Bases génétiques et immunologiques du déficit immunitaire commun variable ». Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077108.
Texte intégralCommon variable immunodeficiency is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by defective antibody production leading to recurrent infections, lymphoproliferation or autoimmune diseases. This affection is closely restricted to Caucasian population (1/30,000 in France). The 21% of family cases observed in the DEFI cohort led us to study the genetic aspects of CVID. We identified two patients with new mutations in CD19. Their phenotypes indicate that CD 19 signalling remains crucial for a robust humoral response and point to its possible role in IgGl switching and control of autoimmunity. TACI is very frequently mutated in CVID (10% of patients). However, its involvement in CVID genesis is controversial since mutations are also present in controls. TA CI mutations predispose to the onset of CVID, but they are neither necessary nor sufficient, suggesting other features (genetic or environmental) are certainly involved. This work has improved the understanding of CVID pathophysiology by the discovery of mutations in previously known genes (BTK, SH2D1A, CD 19) with unusual clinical and biological features and by the confirmation of TACI mutations frequency in CVID
Rodriguez, Rémy. « Caractérisation de déficits immunitaires humains associés à des anomalies génétiques de la voie PI3K ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB102/document.
Texte intégralThe pathway p110 catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) is selectively expressed in leukocytes and has a central role in lymphocytes biology. Gain-of-function dominant germline mutations of PIK3CD (encoding p110 ) have been recently described in patients presenting a heterogeneous combined immunodeficiency associated with respiratory tract infections, lymphadenopathy and high EBV and/or CMV viremia. The heterogeneous clinical presentation suggests the existence of genetic or environmental modifying factors. In my thesis I report two new patients with different genetic defects causing CID. The first patient, born from a consanguineous family, presented a known gain-of- function mutation of PIK3CD. His clinical presentation was partially compatible with the already described patients. By whole exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in SEC14L2, a known regulator of PI3K pathway. We further analyzed the phenotype and functions of patient’s lymphocytes, and performed a transcriptome analysis to better characterize the implication of SEC14L2 mutation in the pathology. The second patient was born from consanguineous family and presented recurrent severe respiratory tract infections and a fatal Chronic Active EBV disease (CAEBV). By Whole Exome Sequencing, we identified a homozygous rare missense mutation in PIK3CD. 3D structure modelization showed that the mutated amino acid is located in p110 catalytic domain, in an evolutionarily conserved loop that interacts with alpha-helix of PI3K regulatory subunit p85a, which interaction is lost in mutated p110 . Phenotyping of patient’s circulating lymphocytes showed increased CD8+ T cells and reduced NK and CD4+ T cells. The mutation in PI3KCD resulted in impaired PI3K activity in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, patient’s T cells exhibited reduced activation-induced phosphorylation of AKT and p70-S6K, two indirect targets of p110 , that we restored by expressing wild type p110 . Patient’s T cells also showed a decreased induction of IFN- and TNF-↵ and an increased proliferation and calcium flux after TCR stimulation. By CRISPR CAS9 technology, we generated Jurkat T- cell lines expressing wild type or mutated PI3K. Jurkat cells expressing mutant PI3K showed decreased AKT phosphorylation and increased calcium flux and proliferation after TCR stimulation, confirming the implication of PIK3CD mutation in patient’s cells phenotype. Interestingly, we highlighted the existence of a balance between PI3K and PLC- 1 activity during T cell activation, that may be due to a competition for access to their shared substrate, the PIP2. Finally, we identified in our patient a second deleterious mutation in TNFRSF9 that is shared by his healthy sister, who also presented persistent EBV replication in blood, suggesting that this additional mutation may act as a modifying genetic factor. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis identified the first loss-of-function mutation in PIK3CD causing CID
Meulle, Aline. « Place des adipocytes dans la réponse tissulaire aux radiations ionisantes ». Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/333/.
Texte intégralRadiotherapy is a major therapeutic strategy in the treatment of many human tumors becase the exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) induces DNA damage and among them DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). However, cancer is a tissue-based disease in which malignant cells interact dynamically with multiple normal cell or stroma, and to the response to IR, emerging studies suggest that the irradiated stroma can influence the sensibility of cancer cell. Stroma was composed by differents types of cell, and adipocytes cells are excellent candidat because they are highly represented in breast tumor stroma and are able to secrete many factors. So the goal of our project was to investigate if adipocyte can influence the tissue response to IR. As a first step, we have demonstrated that the ability to repair DSBs is increased during adipocyte differentiation, that can explain by the increase of expression and activity of a key protei of DSB repair, DNA-PKcs. This result are observed during human and mrin adipogenesis. Moreover, we are observed that adipocyte are radioresistan cell and this ability to resist to genotoxic stress supports the idea that adipocytes might participate to radioresistance at a tissue level. In fact we demonstrated, in a 2D co-culture model that adipocytes protect breast cancer cell from clonogenic cell death in a manner that is dependent of secreted soluble factors. Accordingly, it would be of interest to evaluate the paracrine role of adipocytes within the context of obesity that has been recently established a negative prognostic factor even for localized breast tumors
Sabatier, Christophe. « Contribution à l'étude du déficit génétique des antigènes du système HLA dans le syndrome des lymphocytes dénudés ». Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T103.
Texte intégralBouis, Delphine. « Etude des conséquences d’un gain de fonction de Sting chez la souris : modèle STING V154M/WT ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ063.
Texte intégralIn humans, point mutations in STING gene, such as V155M, lead to a severe autoinflammatory disease called SAVI (Sting associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy), classified as interferonopathy and characterized by vasculopathy, pulmonary fibrosis and a lupus-like pathology. In order to better understand the pathophysiology of SAVI, we generated a mouse model with the corresponding mutation, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. These STING V154M/WT mice develop a SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease) with decrease of peripheral T, B and NK cells, and expansion of myeloid compartment. This defect seems to be present since the early stages, i.e. pre-proB cells stage in bone marrow and DN2 stage in thymus, and seems intrinsic to hematopoiectic cells. In addition, these mice present a strong hypogammaglobulinemia. Mature T and B cells also present intrinsic defaults. Finally, these mice present an IFN signature but their phenotype is independent of the IFN pathway. These results highlight an important role of STING in lymphoid development
Camerini, Valentina. « Translational control of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) ». Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSL0387.
Texte intégralLeston, Araujo Itaua. « Facteurs environnementaux et génétiques déterminant la fonction thymique chez l'adulte sain ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC092.
Texte intégralThe thymus is a vital organ for homeostatic maintenance of the peripheral immune system. Age-associated thymic involution is associated with a reduction in tissue mass and thymic cellularity, loss of tissue structure and abnormal architecture leading to a decline in naïve T cell output. However, with the exception of age, the underlying parameters that govern thymic function in healthy humans remain to be defined. We characterized the variability of thymic function among 1000 age- and sex-stratified healthy adults of the Milieu Intérieur cohort, using quantification of TRECs in peripheral blood T cells as a surrogate marker of thymopoiesis. Age and sex were the only nonheritable factors identified that affect thymic function. TREC amounts decreased with age and were higher in women compared to men of all ages. In addition, a genome-wide association study revealed a common variant (rs2204985) within the T cell receptor TCRA-TCRD locus, between the DD2 and DD3 gene segments, which associated with TREC amounts. This association was validated in a replication cohort (MARTHA cohort). Strikingly, transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells with the rs2204985 GG genotype into immunodeficient mice led to thymopoiesis with higher TRECs, increased thymocyte counts, and a higher TCR repertoire diversity. Our population immunology approach revealed a genetic locus that influences thymopoiesis in healthy children and adults, with potentially broad implications in precision medicine, especially in aging and vaccines, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and autoimmunity. This study leads also to further study the precise mechanisms of TCRA-TCRD rearrangements at early steps of thymopoiesis
Quintart, Anne. « Mise au point d'un test de réparation des cassures double-brin de l'ADN, application au déficit immunitaire T(-) B(-) caractérisé par un défaut de recombinaison V(D)J avec radiosensibilité accrue ». Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P019.
Texte intégralLévy, Romain. « Genetic basis of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disease in humans ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB101/document.
Texte intégralChronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is seen in human patients with a variety of conditions and refers to recurrent or persistent infection of the skin, nails and/or mucosae by commensal Candida species. Its pathogenesis had long remained elusive, until human genetic studies of rare patients with inherited forms of idiopathic CMC (whether isolated or syndromic), incriminated impaired interleukin (IL)-17A/F immunity. The first genetic etiologies of idiopathic isolated CMC, autosomal dominant (AD) IL-17F and autosomal recessive (AR) IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) deficiencies, were reported in 2011 in a multiplex and in a sporadic case, respectively. Using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), we identified 26 novel patients bearing 15 different homozygous mutations in the IL17RA gene. The mutations identified are either nonsense; missense; frameshift deletions; frameshift insertions; or non-coding essential splice site mutations. Interestingly, 2 alleles encode for surface expressed receptors, whereas all the other tested alleles are not detected at the surface of the patient’s cells (fibroblasts or leucocytes). IL-17RA deficiency is a fully penetrant AR disease, with early onset symptoms, usually within the first year of life. CMC is always present. In addition, 17 patients present with staphylococcal skin infections, and some patients with pyogenic infections of the respiratory tract, including pneumonia. Interestingly, tuberculosis occurred in two unrelated BCG-vaccinated patients. The response to IL-17A and IL-17F homo- and heterodimers is abrogated in fibroblasts, as well as the response to IL-17E/IL-25 in T cells. Human IL-17RA is thus essential for mucocutaneous immunity against Candida and Staphylococcus, but otherwise largely redundant. AR IL-17RA deficiency should be considered in children or adults with CMC, cutaneous staphylococcal disease, or both. In a separate project, I investigated a female child patient born to consanguineous parents who suffered from CMC, recurrent viral infections, disseminated BCG disease and biliary cryptosporidiosis, suggestive of combined immunodeficiency, and who is homozygous for a mutation in REL, encoding the NF-kB protein c-REL. Sanger sequencing confirmed that the patient is homozygous and that both parents are heterozygous for the mutation, consistent with an AR inheritance. The candidate mutation is a nucleotide substitution localized in an acceptor splice site; is not reported in available public databases; and is predicted to be damaging in silico. The mutation disrupts mRNA splicing and is loss-of expression. The patient shows normal counts of lymphoid subsets, with the exception of diminished frequencies of memory CD4+ T, Th2, Th1*, and memory B cells. The patient’s T cells fail to proliferate in response to recall antigens. Naïve CD4+ T cells produce little IL-2 and respond poorly to polyclonal stimulation, a phenotype reverted by exogenous IL-2. Memory CD4+ T cells also produce little amounts of IL-2, and strongly diminished amounts of key effector cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A and IL-21). The patient exhibited with no detectable specific antibody response following vaccination. Survival and therefore proliferation of naïve B cells are compromised leading to poor generation of plasma cell, and immunoglobulins secretion. The patient shows normal counts of myeloid cells, and frequencies of dendritic cell subsets. IL-12 production is abolished in whole blood in response to BCG+IFN-γ and B-EBV cells in response to mitogens. Although further investigation is needed to fully characterize the patient’s phenotype, these results strongly suggest that the patient suffers from AR complete c-REL deficiency
Lévy, Eva. « Identification de causes génétiques du syndrome d’Evans pédiatrique ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB017/document.
Texte intégralEvans syndrome is defined by the occurence of autoimmune cytopenias, either at the same time or sequential, mainly autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia. In children, it may be secondary to infections, systemic autoimmune disease, or primary immune deficiency, though in most patients, its etiology isn't obvious. Patients affected with Evans syndrome can also present other features, such as autoimmunity toward a particular organ, benign lymphoproliferation or immunodeficiency. The main goal of this work was to identify genetic causes in children presenting an Evans syndrome without a known underlying etiology. We focused our study on severe, early onset forms of the disease, with the hypothesis that a monogenic disease would be more frequent in this group of patients. Taking advantage of high throughput "Next Generation" sequencing (NGS) techniques, we sequenced and analyzed exome from patients and their relatives in search for adequate candidate genes. We identified 4 candidate genes: LRBA, CTLA-4, STAT3 (gain-of-function mutations), and NFKBA. Implication of the first 3 genes in new monogenic diseases with autoimmunity as a key feature was also confirmed by others during the course of this work. For each gene, we pursued 2 complementary goals: First, we sought to validate the implication of the gene in the patients' disease. To do so, we used various techniques and approaches: biochemistry and proteomics to identify protein partners, confocal microscopy to localize proteins and interactions, in vitro cellular assays to bring to light functional defect, flow cytometry to identify changes in lymphocytes subpopulations. We also looked for other mutations of each gene in patients with a similar clinical presentation. Hence we created and explored 3 cohorts of patients presenting with mutations of LRBA, CTLA-4 or STAT3. We constituted a cohort of 18 patients with LRBA mutations within 11 families. We then were able to precise and extend the clinical spectrum of this recently described disease. In particular, we observed patients with severe chronic arthritis associated with diabetes mellitus or enteropathies. We identified 15 new mutations of autosomal recessive transmission in the LRBA gene, coding a protein of unknown function, which absence is responsible for a disease mainly characterized by autoimmune features. We identified 29 candidate protein partners of LRBA and precized LRBA localisation in cell compartiments. We also established a cohort of 12 patients within 10 families presenting CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency. Beyond describing 9 new mutations, we report a family with autosomal recessive transmission.In LRBA and CTLA-4 deficiencies, we showed a decrease of regulatory T lymphocyte subset proportion among PBMC and a decrease of CTLA-4 expression in activated T cells. These results support the interaction between these 2 proteins, described concurrently by another team. We showed that the clinical spectra of these 2 diseases, although widely overlapping in first published reports, could be different despite a role of regulatory T cells in both. Hence, organ-specific autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation are more frequent in LRBA deficiency whereas granuloma and hypogammaglobulinemia are more present in CTLA-4 deficiency. Theses results suggests a role of genetic modifyers, which remain to identify. Among our cohort of patients with Evans syndrome, we also identified 5 patients within 5 families presenting gain-of-function mutations of STAT3. 3 of those mutations were reported by others during our work and appeared de novo in our patients. Functional validation of the 4th one is in progress. The last mutation follows a recessive transmission and could exemplify a new transmission modality of this disease. (...)
Jacquenet, Sandrine. « Etude de la régulation de l'epissage du transcrit primaire du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type I ». Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10011.
Texte intégralLe, Guen Tangui. « Caractérisation phénotypique et moléculaire de déficiences humaines liées à des dysfonctions des télomères et / ou de la réparation de l’ADN ». Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T092/document.
Texte intégralMaintaining genome integrity is essential for cell survival and propagation of the genetic information. Improper management of DNA damages and / or aberrations in maintenance of telomere - the ends of linear chromosomes - causes humans disorders associated with genetic instability. Thus, in humans, telomere dysfunction causes Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC), and its rare and severe form, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson Syndrome (HHS). DC and HHS are mainly characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, developmental defects and predisposition to cancer. In addition, many syndromes involving immunodeficiency and developmental abnormalities are caused by defects in DNA repair (e.g. severe immune deficiencies, Fanconi Anemia (FA), Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT),…). In this work, we performed a phenotypic and genetic study of patients with two syndromes presenting distinct clinical features. This work permitted : 1) on one hand, to identify RTEL1 mutations in patients with HHS and describe a new molecular cause of this disease. The analysis of patients’ cells revealed the crucial role for RTEL1 in genome stability and telomere maintenance in human cells. 2) on the other hand, to identify mutations in MYSM1, a histone deubiquitinase, in a new immuno-hematological syndrome associated with defects in DNA repair and sharing some similarities with Fanconi anemia. This study demonstrates for the first time that, in addition to its role in transcriptional regulation, MYSM1 is required to cope with DNA damages
Pouzolles, Marie. « Reconstitution de l’architecture thymique et de la différenciation des cellules T dans les immunodéficiences génétiques : développement de stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant directement le thymus ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT020.
Texte intégralHematopoietic stem cells (HSC) ensure the generation of all blood lineages. Their differentiation to mature T lymphocytes occurs in the specialized microenvironment of the thymus, orchestrated by complex interactions between cytokines, chemokines, and stromal cells. Mutations resulting in a block in T cell differentiation impact on the architecture of the thymus, pointing to the critical crosstalk between developing T cells and thymic stromal components.Genetic severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) are generally treated by the intravenous transplantation of healthy allogeneic HSCs. Although this therapy is often successful, complications can occur, especially for patients receiving non-histocompatible HSC transplants. To circumvent these problems , significant efforts have gone into developing gene therapy strategies but adverse events indicate the necessity of exploring other avenues. Our group hypothesized that in situ gene correction of T lymphoid progenitors in the thymus itself may overcome some of the drawbacks of ex vivo gene therapy. While intrathymic (IT) lentiviral vector administration corrected immunodeficient thymocyte precursors in mice, thymus transduction was inefficient and efficacy in macaques was limited.During my PhD, I assessed the in vivo potential of adeno-associated vectors (AAV) to transduce thymocyte precursors. Intrathymic administration of several different scAAV2 serotypes resulted in a >10-fold higher transduction of thymocytes (3-5%) as compared to lentiviral vectors. scAAV2/8 promoted the highest level of gene transfer and strikingly, transduced cells represented up to 1% of peripheral T lymphocytes in immunocompetent mice. Using ZAP-70-/- immunodeficient mice as a paradigm, I found that IT injection of an AAV2/8-ZAP-70 vector resulted in a rapid transduction and T cell differentiation, correlating with a dramatic generation of the thymus medulla. Indeed, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) expressing the AIRE autoimmune regulator were detected within <2 weeks. While this reconstitution was transient––AIRE+ mTECs decreased by 10 weeks post gene transfer––gene-corrected peripheral T cells, harboring approximately 1 AAV genome/ cell, persisted for >40 weeks. Effector T cells had the potential to secrete high levels of cytokines and significant numbers of gene-corrected regulatory T cells were also generated. Thus, a single wave of thymopoiesis, from intrathymic AAV-ZAP-70-transduced progenitors, allows for a rapid but transient restoration of the thymic architecture and long-term peripheral T cell function.To better assess the diverse TEC populations that orchestrate T cell development and selection, I collaborated with the groups of P. Jay/J. Abramson/I. Amit to combine single cell analysis and in-vivo fate-mapping to de novo characterize the entire stromal compartment of the thymus. Our analyses highlighted four major medullary TEC (mTEC I-IV) populations with distinct lineage regulator function and specifically, we found that mTEC-IV constitutes a highly divergent TEC subset that bears strong molecular and morphological characteristics to intestinal tuft cells. As we previously identified tuft cell secretion of IL-25 as a regulator of the crosstalk between the epithelial and hematopoietic compartments in the gut, we assessed the potential immune-modulatory function of mTEC-IV. Notably, mice deficient in intestinal tuft cells exhibited a specific depletion of mTEC-IV and a perturbed homeostasis of various IL25-R-expressing populations in the thymus. Taken together, our data identify a new tuft TEC population critical for shaping the thymus immune niche.In conclusion, the data generated during my PhD advance the therapeutic potential of intrathymic-based vector strategies for the treatment of patients requiring a rapid T cell reconstitution and provide new insights into thymic stromal subsets that are critical for shaping the thymus immune niche