Thèses sur le sujet « Defense industries – European Union countries »

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Hans-Eberhard Peters, Donald Abenheim. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-119). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2004.
Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Wadsworth, Robert Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-144). Also available online.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Hans-Eberhard Peters. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-102). Also available online.

This study sets out to explore employer response to the EU social dimension, in answer to the question, "How are employers in the UK and Germany responding to the EU social dimension, and why?" Using case study evidence from nine large British and German engineering companies, as well as material from employers' associations at all levels, it is argued that there is little employer support for extending the social dimension. Focusing on micro-economic aspects of the debate, it is also argued that a common feature in both British and German employer opposition is a concern for the impact of EU industrial relations regulation on firm-level flexibility. This stands in direct contradiction of the EU Commission's own contentions about the flexibility-enhancing effects of its social policy measures, and appears paradoxical in light of earlier research findings of a German flexibility advantage over UK rivals on account of the country's well-structured regulatory framework for industrial relations. Evidence from participant companies, however, suggests that, in the global environment of the late 1990s, much of Germany's former flexibility advantage has been eroded, and the regulation-induced limitations on both the pace and scale of change are increasingly onerous to German companies. German managers perceive a need for targeted deregulatory reform of their industrial relations system; by strengthening (and often extending) existing industrial relations regulation, EU social policy measures meet with firm disapproval. In the UK, by contrast, the changed context has contributed to a significant increase in firm-level flexibility. British companies now operate to levels of flexibility often in advance of their German counterparts, at far lower 'cost' in terms of the time taken, and the extent to which change measures are compromised, to reach agreement. For British managers, EU social policy measures are perceived as a threat to these beneficial arrangements, and vigorously opposed. The thesis concludes by suggesting that such fixed opposition, in the face of Commission determination to extend the EU social dimension, points to an escalation of the controversy surrounding the social dimension.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): David S. Yost. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-64). Also available online.

Tentant de sortir du seul modèle connu et qui s’offre aux partenaires européens, à savoir l’OTAN, l’UE se fonde sur un système original et spécifique qui se veut plus efficace devant les défis de sécurité d’aujourd’hui et de demain. En parallèle, l’Alliance atlantique, qui tire pour beaucoup, sa légitimité de l’Histoire du continent européen, essaie de se maintenir en tant qu’acteur privilégié en matière de défense et de sécurité collective. L’objectif de cette thèse est de défendre l’idée de la pertinence de l’Union européenne en tant qu’acteur majeur dans le domaine de la défense et de sécurité tout en mettant en évidence les différences fondamentales entre celle-ci et l’action de l’Alliance atlantique. Ce travail de recherche fournit une analyse doctrinale et conceptuelle, à la fois « éclectique et pluraliste », pour répondre à la question de l’établissement de relations entre plusieurs institutions internationales de sécurité à partir des comportements étatiques en matière de sécurité et de défense collective. Cette analyse ne peut se faire sans se fonder sur les développements politiques et techniques ayant marqué ces vingt-cinq dernières années. Ces faits constituent des éléments tant explicatifs qu’évaluatifs du processus par lequel ces institutions naissent ou se modifient. Ils contribuent également à mettre en lumière les mécanismes d’interdépendance étroite entre l’Alliance atlantique et le processus de la PESD de l’Union européenne, et par ailleurs, de souligner l’originalité de cette dernière. Cette interdépendance existe sur le plan politique et dans ses différents aspects militaires (stratégique, opérationnel et tactique), ainsi que dans le volet technico-industriel ; elle résulte directement tant de la double appartenance historique des États membres à des instruments multilatéraux de sécurité, d’événements politiques majeurs touchant le continent européen, que des efforts entrepris pour faire converger les intérêts nationaux et, donc, le façonnage d’une culture stratégique
The European Union bases its security system on genuine and specific approach which would allow the face the forthcoming challenges. Meanwhile it has attempted to untangle from the unique model of collective security in the Euroatlantic area, that is to say NATO. This study aims to defend the relevancy of the EU as a major international actor in a large scale of security missions. Moreover it highlights the main differences between the EU vis-à-vis the Alliance’s activities. It is based on a theoretical and conceptual analysis which uses both an eclectic and pluralist approach in order to provide answers on how States’ behavior in defense and collective security matters influences the setting up of relations between several international security institutions. This analysis derives from the political and technical developments that influenced the security landscape the last twenty-five years. These facts help to explain and to evaluate the process by which such institutions arise and develop. They finally contribute to highlight the tight and original interdependency of the between the Atlantic Alliance and the European Security and Defense Policy of the European Union. This interdependency is real from political, military (strategic, operational and tactical) and technical-industrial perspectives ; it directly originates from the historical dual belonging to the multinational security frameworks, from major political events on the European continent, as much as a joint effort to focus on common interests and the shaping of a strategic culture

This work addresses to what extent businesses in the United States and the European Union have a moral obligation to participate in social integration processes in areas where they operate with the use of migrant laborers. It begins with the presupposition that a common framework as to what constitutes ethical behavior in business is needed and beneficial. It argues that the very industry that creates a need for migrant labor ought to also be involved in merging this labor successfully into the existing community and specifies that a discourse on business ethics and migration is gravely needed. This must be one that considers how businesses can become more engaged in resolving the social issues that arise both for the migrants and for the local community in which the businesses operate. The purpose would be to fill a social and humanitarian need that government alone cannot. More importantly, it will be to exercise beneficence and display responsible and sincere corporate citizenship. It is claimed that businesses that fail to encourage and participate in integration processes display a moral flaw. Cosmopolitan business ethics are proposed as a way to look at ethical business conduct and it is claimed that businesses that act as cosmopolitan citizens are morally praiseworthy.

Defence date: 11 June 2014
Examining Board: Professor Anand Menon, King’s College London Professor Ulrich Krotz, European University Institute Dr. Antonio Missiroli, European Union Institute for Security Studies Professor Pascal Vennesson, European University Instiute/Rajaratnam School of International Studies (Supervisor).
The European Defence Agency and the Egmont Institute awarded Andrea Gilli, author of the EUI PhD thesis, the 2015 EDA-Egmont PhD prize for his research work on armaments cooperation.
The EDA-Egmont PhD prize was created in 2013 to stimulate research in the field of European defence, security and strategy. The prize rewards research work undertaken as part of a PhD thesis carried out at a recognised academic institution.
Why do countries cooperate for the production of some weapon systems and not some others? Existing IR theories cannot fully answer these questions. In this thesis, I focus on Europe – the area in the world where armaments cooperation has been pursued more extensively. Drawing from the existing literature in international relations theory, in management studies and industrial organization, I make two claims. First, the stability of the post-Cold War era has generally given European countries – although to different extents – an incentive to gear their defense policies towards the protection of domestic jobs and the promotion of military export rather than towards capabilities development. Second, in order to achieve these goals, EU countries have strategically cooperated on the production of some specific weapon systems rather than others. By altering the structure of the market, and thus creating winners and losers, technological change can explain this variation. In my dissertation I show that European countries were more likely to pursue cooperation in armaments production when either an exogenous and relatively major technological change made their defense industries less competitive in export markets (architectural change) or when extremely advanced components were necessary to compete in global armament markets (modular innovations). Conversely, European countries were less likely to cooperate when either an industry was characterized by linear improvements (evolutionary change) – and thus cooperation could only harm domestic industry and employment – or when a revolutionary innovation emerged (radical change). In this latter instance, each country had a strong interest in pursuing its own program so to create a domestic industrial base and, eventually, establish the industry’s dominant design, thus becoming market leader. 2 I test my theory on three case studies. Building on industry statistics, specialized publications and structured and unstructured interviews w

Defence date: 26 May 2008
Examining Board: Professor Kratochwil, Friedrich V., EUI (supervisor) Professor Vennesson, Pascal, EUI Professor James, Andrew, Manchester Business School Professor Krotz, Ulrich, Brown University
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The subject of this thesis is European armaments cooperation between 1992 and 2005. During this period, European governments moved the institutional forum of cooperation from a transatlantic to a European context, extended joint activities to new areas, and established several organizations. Moreover, some of the largest defense companies merged cross-border, and the European Commission started playing an increasing role. The scholarly literature explains these new patterns of cooperation as a result of economic pressures but fails to account for the uneven effects of industrial consolidation, the irregular dynamic of cooperation, the partly overlapping responsibilities of the organizations, and leaves little room for political agency. The thesis conceptualizes armaments cooperation as a setting of a particular problématique and a related regime. It argues that a specific regime configuration corresponds to a certain understanding of the problem at hand, the political project at stake, and a perspective that aligns the joint activities. In 1992 and 1998, different groups of governments conceived of different problems that ought to be solved through cooperation. Hence, the regime was divided into separate arenas inside and outside the EU, in which joint activities were pursued with different purposes, leading to different degrees of integration, and the establishment of partly competing organizations. In 2005, all European governments accepted a link of the problems solved through armaments cooperation to the political project of establishing the EU as an international actor. They agreed that the purpose of cooperation was to provide the necessary military and technological capabilities. Consequently, cooperation was pursued in an increasingly integrated EU arena, inspired by a capabilities perspective, and supported by international organizations like the European Defence Agency and the Commission. Political leadership, timing, and concept crafting are identified as three aspects that are critical for shifts of the problématique. The thesis develops a theory neither of armaments cooperation nor of these cognitive shifts but stresses instead that political phenomena should be made intelligible, with reference to the context and time bound understandings of political actors.

Defence date: 9 May 2016
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti (Supervisor), European University Institute; Professor Eric Brousseau, Paris-Dauphine University; Professor Angus Johnston, University College Oxford; Professor Pierre Larouche, Tilburg University.
The Thesis analyses the impact of the regulation of radio spectrum and energy resources in the liberalisation of wireless communications and electricity in the European Union (EU). The answer to this inquiry presupposes a discussion of three sub-questions: (i) what is the competence of the EU to regulate the radio spectrum and energy resources ("the power gap"); (ii) is there a gap in the regulation of natural resources ("the regulatory gap"); and (iii) how has the Commission used other instruments, particularly competition law, to bridge the two gaps? The Introduction presents the institutional economics approach that guides the reader throughout the Thesis. It builds upon Williamson's four levels of institutional analysis and argues that the way in which access to natural resources is structured ("level 2" of institutional analysis), deeply impacts the regulatory design of the network industries and the way in which the Commission shapes the application of competition law. Its purpose is not to present an ideal system of resource management but rather to highlight that all institutional decisions bear costs, and that, in the absence of level 2 interventions, the Commission has used imperfect alternative solutions, such as competition law, to bridge the regulatory and power gaps.

Defence date: 26 October 2009
Examining Board: David Coen (UCL), Martin Rhodes (University of Denver, formerly EUI) (Supervisor), Sven Steinmo (EUI), Bastiaan van Apeldoorn (VU Amsterdam)
First made available online: 29 July 2021
This thesis contributes to the literature on EU studies by analysing how and why the European Union adopted a new trade agenda in the mid-1990s that departed from previous policies. While the EU was focused largely on its internal market from the mid-1980s onwards, external trade strategy became a key item on the agenda a decade later, wrapped in a more aggressive and free-market stance. I argue that the European Commission rather than the EU member-states was the key player in the decade that followed the signature of the Uruguay Round, and introduced services into trade negotiations. More precisely, based on empirical data from the years when Leon Brittan (1994-1999) and Pascal Lamy (1999-2004) presided as EU Trade Commissioners, the thesis analyses the European Commission’s central role as a skilful ‘network creator’ both in pushing for, and legitimising, an expansion of the free-trade agenda from goods to services. However, this research also argues that the Commission did not act alone, and that different kinds of non-state actors must also be analysed in order to understand changing EU trade governance at the dawn of the 21st century.

Defence date: 23 May 2017
Examining Board: Prof. Hans-W. Micklitz, European University Institute (EUI Supervisor); Prof. Stefan Grundmann, European University Institute; Prof. Daniela Caruso, Boston University; Prof. Kim Talus, University of Helsinki and University of Eastern Finland
This thesis analyses the impact of the European Integration Project on private law. While the impact of EU law on private law throughout negative integration created European Private Meta-law, and throughout positive integration evolved to European Private law, this thesis claims that EU law has recently moved a step further in regulated markets by creating selfstanding European Private law. Self-standing European Private law is a normative system of rules at supranational level in which its semantically rigid legal norms suggests the intrusion of EU law into the private order of contractual parties with minor divergences within and among national legal systems. This analytical model explains the legal phenomenon of intrusion and substitution, which is different than the phenomenon of divergence, what has so far been the main focus of legal scholars in comparative private law and approaches to Harmonization. To define and identify self-standing European private law, this thesis proposes a systematic understanding of EU law from what H.L.A. Hart conceptualizes as the Internal Point of View. It contextualizes the private law dimension of EU energy law through a discussion of primary and secondary rules and, most importantly, the linguistic framework of analytic philosophy. In so doing, this thesis claims the constitutive element of self-standing European Private law takes shapes when EU law, through governance modes of lawmaking and enforcement at the EU level, creates a set of mandatory rules applied to private relationships, of which the semantic texture of its language leaves minor space for divergent interpretation and implementation by legal official and market actors. To prove the emergence of a self-standing European Private Law, EU energy Law is the blueprint to test the claim. The thesis pursues a socio-legal investigation on how the private law dimension of EU energy law has changed over three decades of market integration and affected two key market transactions in energy markets: transmission service contracts in electricity, and natural gas supply contracts.

Defence date: 13 April 2015
Examining Board: Professor Hans-W. Micklitz, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Stefan Grundmann, EUI; Professor Catherine Barnard, Trinity College, University of Cambridge; Professor Carla Sieburgh, Radboud Universiteit.
This thesis analyses European standardisation of services and its impact on private law. It tells a story of two paradoxes. First of all, the EU – in particular, the European Commission – would like European standardisation of services to improve the internal market for services. However, it is not actually taking any steps to guarantee that European standardisation of services facilitates free movement of services. With the New Approach for goods, European standardisation of goods has been made a tool for internal-market building. Such a regulatory approach has not been developed for European standardisation of services. As a result, it is difficult for the EU to exercise control over the reasons of stakeholders to start working on European services standards. An analysis of European standardisation in the healthcare and tourism sectors shows that parties start making European services standards for various reasons, which often have little to do with the improvement of the internal market. Therefore, the Commission cannot rely on European standardisation as a regulatory strategy to improve free movement of services. Secondly, because there is no European regulatory framework in which European services standards play a clear role, the parties which make European services standards become responsible for their application in law. They want their standards to play a role in private law – in particular, in contract law and in certification schemes. However, although stakeholders want European services standards to be applied in private law, they do not really care about the requirements which are imposed by private law. European services standards are not adopted in a legal vacuum – they regularly interact and clash with existing legal regulation. There is a real risk that European services standards might contain provisions which breach the free movement and competition law provisions. This will prevent their successful application in private law.

Defence date: 16 June 2006
Examining board: Prof. Bruno de Witte (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Marise Cremona (European University Institute) ; Prof. Giacomo Luciani, part time professor, EUI ; Prof. Thomas Wälde, University of Dundee
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
This dissertation offers the first comprehensive assessment of the various internal and external measures undertaken by the European Union to guarantee security of oil and gas supply. It sets out and analyzes in a coherent and thorough manner those aspects of EU external policy that are relevant in establishing a framework for guaranteeing energy security for the Union. What makes the book unique is that it is the first of its kind to bridge the gap between EU energy and EU external policy. The dissertation discusses EU policy towards the major oil and gas producing countries of Russia, the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf at the bilateral as well as regional and multilateral level. It brings together not only the dimensions of trade and investment but also other important aspects of external policy, namely development and foreign policy. The author argues that the EU's energy security cannot be achieved through adopting a purely internal approach to energy issues, but that it is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to external policy, covering efficient economic relations as well as development co-operation and foreign policies towards energy producing countries. The dissertation will be a valuable resource for students of EU law, WTO law or international energy law, as well as scholars and practitioners dealing with energy issues.

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Statistics and Information Management, specialization in Information Analysis and Management
Since the First Industrial Revolution, the world has seen the arrival of factories, massive assembly lines, and innovations that changed the way people lived. Since then, there has been a shift from analogue devices to digital ones. We are now in the digital era, in which people, processes, and technologies are more connected than ever. Information is everywhere, in everything. Enterprises are investing more in innovations to optimize their business models. Technologies such as the Internet of Things, Big Data Analytics, Cyber-Physical Systems, and Cloud Computing are revolutionizing the way enterprises, academia, and politicians think and act in the face of innovation. It is the beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The proposed study makes use of factor and cluster analysis to evaluate what the dimensions are that characterize the implementation of Industry 4.0 in different economic sectors and European Union countries. The study also tackles how the diverse sectors and countries compare to one another and, consequently, which of the two groups – sectors or countries – influence more strongly the discrepancies in Industry 4.0 implementation levels.

Defence date: 18 September 1998
Examining Board: Prof. Adrienne Héritier (EUI - supervisor) ; Prof. Thomas Ruisse (EUI) ; Prof. Philippe C. Schmitter (EUI) ; Prof. Frans van Waarden (University of Utrecht)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

No âmbito do curso de Doutoramento em Estudos Europeus – Dominante Económica, a questão central desta tese versa A dimensão cultural da Lusofonia como factor de relevância económica. A abordagem introdutória do tema passa pela análise da natureza conceptual da Lusofonia assente nos seus fundamentos teóricos, de acordo com os seus significados possíveis, a sua dimensão universalista, a sua cobertura geográfica e a importância do mar enquanto elemento densificador do Espaço Lusófono. Posteriormente, o processo de investigação debruça-se sobre a sua questão central – compreender como a dimensão cultural da Lusofonia pode ou não constituir um factor de relevância económica, dependendo da sua capacidade de proactividade e da valência dos seus activos, nas suas diversas vertentes associadas, tais como a língua e as múltiplas manifestações/tradições/actividades culturais, no sentido de se verificar se a Lusofonia representa uma base para a intensificação das relações económicas no seio da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP). Seguidamente, o potencial da presença lusófona é também explorado, partindo da abordagem de alguns aspectos: o binário CPLP / Lusofonia; os espaços de integração regional que envolvem países lusófonos, com destaque para o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL) e para alguns blocos regionais em África; os desafios que se colocam à União Europeia (UE) na dinamização desses espaços; a análise de dois casos particularmente relevantes neste contexto – Angola e Brasil; e a Lusofonia como vector portador de futuro, dispondo de alguns instrumentos fundamentais para assegurar a sua vitalidade. Ulteriormente, é abordada a relação entre a UE e a Lusofonia ao abrigo da parceria estratégica estabelecida com África e com o Brasil, através da realização de algumas cimeiras e do estabelecimento de alguns Memorandos de Entendimento / Programas Estratégicos de Apoio. No final, é ainda investigado o potencial das Indústrias Culturais e Criativas (ICC) no espaço comunitário, através da sua definição, da análise do panorama do sector cultural e criativo em Portugal, da indicação de alguns dos efeitos positivos das ICC e dos apoios cedidos pela UE a este sector no caso dos países de África, Caraíbas e Pacífico. Conclui-se que, de facto, a dimensão cultural da Lusofonia é um factor determinante de relevância económica – uma questão estratégica fundamental e uma janela de oportunidade para os Estados da CPLP, para além da síntese entre as vertentes europeia e atlântica de Portugal e da densificação do conceito de Espaço Lusófono.
In the context of the PhD of European Studies – Economic Dominant, the central question of this thesis is about The cultural dimension of Lusophony as a factor of economic relevance. The approach begins with the analysis of conceptual nature of Lusophony based on their theoretical foundations, according to their possible meanings, its universalistic dimension, geographical coverage and the importance of the sea as part of the Lusophone Space densifying. Then, the research process focuses on its central question – to understand how the Lusophony cultural dimension may or may not be a factor of economic relevance depending on its proactivity ability and the valence of its assets in its various related aspects, such as language and the multiple cultural events / traditions / activities, in order to verify if the Lusophony provides a basis for the intensification of economic relations within the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLC). Subsequently, the potential lusophone presence is also explored, based on the approach of some aspects, namely the binary CPLC / Lusophony; the areas of regional integration involving Portuguese speaking countries, with emphasis on the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and some regional blocs in Africa; the challenges faced by the European Union (EU) in the dynamics of these spaces; the analysis of two cases particularly relevants in this context – Angola and Brazil; and the Lusophony as a vector carrying the future, with some key instruments to ensure its vitality. After that, the relationship between the EU and Lusophony is analysed under the strategic partnership with Africa and Brazil through some summits and Memoranda of Understanding / Strategical Programmes of Support. At the end, the potential of Cultural and Creative Industries (CCI) is still investigated in the communitary space, through its definition, the analysis of cultural and creative sector overview in Portugal, the indication of some spill-over effects of CCI and the support granted by the EU to this sector in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries. So it’s possible to infer indeed that the cultural dimension of Lusophony is a key factor of economic relevance – a fundamental strategic question and an opportunity window to the states of the CPLC, in addition to the synthesis between the sides European and Atlantic from Portugal and the densification of Lusophone Space concept.
Dans le cadre du cours de doctorat en études européennes – dominant économique, la question centrale de cette thèse est La dimension culturelle de la Lusophonie comme un facteur de pertinence économique. L'approche du thème d'introduction est l'analyse de la nature conceptuelle de la Lusophonie fondée sur ses fondements théoriques, en fonction de leurs significations possibles, sa dimension universelle, couverture géographique et l’importance de la mer dans le cadre de l’espace lusophone densifier. Par la suite, l'enquête se concentre sur sa question centrale – comprendre comment la dimension culturelle de la Lusophonie peu ou ne peu pas être un facteur de pertinence économique en fonction de sa capacité de la proactivité et la valence de ses actifs dans ses divers aspects connexes comme la langue et les multiples événements / traditions / activités culturelles, afin de vérifier si la Lusophonie représente une base pour l'intensification des relations économiques au sein de la Communauté des Pays de Langue Portuguaise (CPLP). Après, le potentielle de la lusophone présence est aussi exploré, de l'approche de certains aspects, à savoir: le binaire CPLP / Lusophonie; espaces d'intégration régionale qui impliquent des pays lusophones, en particulier le Marché Commun du Sud (MERCOSUR) et certains blocs régionaux en Afrique; les défis de l'Union Européenne (UE) dans la promotion de ces espaces; l'analyse de deux cas particulièrement pertinent – l’Angola et le Brésil; et la Lusophonie comme vecteur portant l'avenir avec quelques outils de base pour assurer sa vitalité. Ensuite, la relation entre l'UE et la Lusophonie est discutée dans le cadre du partenariat stratégique avec l'Afrique et le Brésil, grâce à la tenue de sommets et de certains de la mise en place de certains protocoles d'accord / d'appui stratégique à des programmes. Enfin, le potentiel des Industries Culturelles et Créatives (ICC) est encore étudié au sein de l’espace communautaire à travers de leur définition, l’analyse du panorama de le secteur culturel et créatif en Portugal, l’indication de quelques effets positives des ICC et l’aide donnée par l’UE pour les pays d’Afrique, Caraïbes et Pacifique (ACP). Il est possible conclure, en fait, que la dimension culturelle de la Lusophonie est un facteur déterminant de pertinence économique – une question stratégique fondamentale et une fenêtre de l’opportunité pour les états de la CPLP, en plus de la synthèse entre les pentes européenne et atlantique du Portugal et de la densification de la notion de l'Espace Lusophone.