Bibliographies thématiques / Default rules

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Default rules »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Default rules"

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Wiese, Richard. « On default rules and other rules ». Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no 6 (décembre 1999) : 1043–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99532226.

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This commentary concentrates on the nature of irregularity in morphology. What is called “irregular” in the target article by Clahsen is not a homogeneous class. Rather, there are areas of strong subregularities in the domains both of German participle formation and of German plural information that need to be distinguished from the irregular domain.
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ANTOY, SERGIO, et MICHAEL HANUS. « Default rules for Curry ». Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 17, no 2 (1 juillet 2016) : 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068416000168.

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AbstractIn functional logic programs, rules are applicable independently of textual order, i.e., any rule can potentially be used to evaluate an expression. This is similar to logic languages and contrary to functional languages, e.g., Haskell enforces a strict sequential interpretation of rules. However, in some situations it is convenient to express alternatives by means of compact default rules. Although default rules are often used in functional programs, the non-deterministic nature of functional logic programs does not allow to directly transfer this concept from functional to functional logic languages in a meaningful way. In this paper, we propose a new concept of default rules for Curry that supports a programming style similar to functional programming while preserving the core properties of functional logic programming, i.e., completeness, non-determinism, and logic-oriented use of functions. We discuss the basic concept and propose an implementation which exploits advanced features of functional logic languages.
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Deakin, Simon. « Understanding Corporate Governance Default Rules ». Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 166, no 1 (2010) : 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245610790711465.

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Elhauge, Einer. « Preference-Estimating Statutory Default Rules ». Columbia Law Review 102, no 8 (décembre 2002) : 2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123726.

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Elhauge, Einer. « Preference-Eliciting Statutory Default Rules ». Columbia Law Review 102, no 8 (décembre 2002) : 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123727.

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PARSONS, SIMON, et RACHEL A. BOURNE. « ON PROOFS IN SYSTEM P ». International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 08, no 02 (avril 2000) : 203–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488500000149.

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This paper investigates how the rules of System P might be used in order to construct proofs for default consequences which take into account the bounds on the probabilities of the consequents of the defaults. Using a knowledge base of default rules which are considered to be constraints on a probability distribution, the result of applying the rules of P gives us new constraints that were implicit in the knowledge base and their associated lower bounds. The paper defines a proof system for such constraints, shows that it is sound, and then discusses at length the completeness of the system and the kind of proofs that it can generate.
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Bender, Philip M. « Limits of Personalization of Default Rules ». European Review of Contract Law 16, no 3 (8 septembre 2020) : 366–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2020-0021.

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AbstractThe ‘personalization of the law,’ based on new technological possibilities such as algorithmic analysis of Big Data, is said to be the wave of the future. Especially default rules seem to be particularly apt for personalization, because they are – at first glance – supposed to mirror what the parties would have wanted. This article aims to unveil the limits of preference-based personalization of default rules. In the first part, I attack default rule personalization on theoretical grounds. I analyze the theoretical underpinnings of default rule personalization, which I describe as ‘empirical subjectivism,’ and I challenge this position with arguments from classical and behavioral law and economics. I thereby develop the opposite explanatory model: ‘normative objectivism.’ The arguments presented also provide new insights of default rule analysis which are valid well beyond the personalization debate. The ‘default rule paradox,’ ‘pushing vs pulling default rules,’ or the analysis of default rules as ‘property rules’ and as ‘rules of civility’ are some examples. In the second part, I attack default rule personalization on constitutional grounds with particular focus on the Constitutions of the United States and Germany, as well as the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. So far, neither default rules nor personalization have received a detailed analysis based on constitutional principles. My article provides this analysis with regard to the principles of freedom and equality. I show how personalization reduces freedom in the private and public sphere, because the so-called choice- or agency-dimension of freedom will be significantly limited. In broader terms, the paternalistic tendencies of personalization will trigger the replacement of the ‘entrepreneur’ and ‘citizen’ by the ‘consumer’ as role-model of societal organization. Economically, this development will be accompanied by a shift from capitalism to what I call ‘micro-socialism.’ With regard to the principle of equality, I analyze how personalization leads to inequality by distinguishing ‘intra-preference-classifications’ and ‘inter-preference-classifications.’ I then present justification problems, especially with regard to discriminations that trigger strict and intermediate scrutiny. Finally, I sketch out how personalization would dissolve the essence of the principle of equality and thereby trigger a shift ‘from contract to contact’ or ‘from association to accumulation,’ which is no less important than the previous societal shift ‘from status to contract’ or ‘from community to association.’ In sum, the article combines different discourses around default rules, personalization, and constitutional law, and thereby provides new insights in each of them.
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Lahiri, Somdeb. « Default Bias in Extended Choice Rules ». Studies in Microeconomics 7, no 1 (25 avril 2019) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321022219830187.

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In this paper we provide a reader friendly axiomatic characterization of the default bias extended choice rule, in the framework available in lecture 3 of Rubinstein (2016) . As noted there “experimental evidence and introspection tell us that a default option is often viewed positively by a decision maker, a phenomenon known as the status quo bias”. A different axiomatic characterization of the extended choice rule is available in that lecture. Our proof makes use of the Szpilrajn's extension which for finite sets (as in our case) has a very simple proof. JEL Classification: D01, D03
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Stockman, David R. « Default, reputation, and balanced-budget rules ». Review of Economic Dynamics 7, no 2 (avril 2004) : 382–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2003.09.002.

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Wennberg, Mikko. « On Barnett's Theory of Default Rules ». Canadian Journal of Law & ; Jurisprudence 16, no 1 (janvier 2003) : 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900006664.

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This discussion is a critique of Professor Randy E. Barnett's solution to the problem of filling in gaps in incomplete contracts. The articles discussed are “The Sound of Silence: Default Rules and Contractual Consent” (1992) and “Rational Bargaining Theory and Contract: Default Rules, Hypothetical Consent, the Duty to Disclose, and Fraud” (1992).
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Thèses sur le sujet "Default rules"

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ARGENTIERO, AMEDEO. « Three essays in money, banking and public finance ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1411.

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Questa tesi tratta tre differenti argomenti appartenenti a tre Macro-Aree del mio programma di dottorato. Il lavoro è diviso in tre capitoli, ognuno redatto nella forma di articolo autonomo. Nel primo capitolo viene adottata una metodologia che, attraverso la derivazione delle condizioni comportamentali ottimali per imprese e consumatori, è in grado di generare una serie storica ad alta frequenza per il riciclaggio di denaro sporco grazie ad un modello di equilibrio economico generale dinamico a due settori. Nel secondo capitolo viene eseguita un'analisi empirica sul ruolo delle garanzie reali nel settore bancario sia quale utile strumento per prevenire le conseguenze derivanti dalle asimmetrie informative e come meccanismo credibile per arginare il rischio di perdita su crediti. Infine, nel terzo capitolo viene trattata, nell'ambito di un modello dinamico stocastico di equilibrio generale con prezzi vischiosi, la desiderabilità di regole fiscali e monetarie nell'Unione Monetaria Europea, utilizzando un approccio basato sulle funzioni di benessere sociale. In particolare, la regola fiscale proposta si pone l'obiettivo di stabilizzare sia lo stock di debito pubblico che il ciclo economico. Il raggiungimento di questi due obiettivi rappresenta un aspetto importante legato al'implementazione del Patto di Stabilità e Crescita.
This thesis deals with three different topics belonging to three Macro-Areas of my Doctoral program: Money, Banking and Public Finance. The work is divided into three chapters; each one is written in the form of an autonomous article. In the first chapter I adopt a methodology that exploits firms and households' optimality conditions to generate an high frequency series of money laundering through a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model. In the second chapter I empirically analyze in the banking sector the role of collateral both as an instrument to prevent the consequences arising from informative asymmetries and as a credible buffer to stem credit default risk. Finally, in the third chapter I treat, within a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with sticky prices, the desiderability of fiscal and monetary rules in the EMU, using a welfare-based approach. In particular, the fiscal rule to be evaluated has the purpose of stabilizing for each EMU member country both the stock of public debt and the business cycle. The achievement of these two aims represents an important issue related to the implementation of the Stability and Growth Pact.
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Ökvist, Nicklas, et Max Furberg. « Analysmodell för inbyggt dataskydd och dataskydd som standard ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324930.

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Caetano, Sidney Martins. « Ensaios sobre política monetária e fiscal no Brasil ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/12461.

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Esta tese apresenta três ensaios sobre política monetária e fiscal dentro do atual regime de metas de inflação. O primeiro ensaio buscou estudar uma possível integração monetária-fiscal ao determinar uma regra ótima de política monetária com restrição fiscal, analisando os efeitos de diversas preferências sobre a regra ótima em função da alteração dos pesos dados para os desvios da razão superávit primário/PIB em relação à sua meta pré-estabelecida. Os resultados mostraram que a regra ótima obtida apresenta uma resposta negativa das taxas de juros aos choques na relação dívida/PIB. Ainda, superávits primários/PIB maiores permitiriam reduções maiores nas taxas de juros e proporcionais aos pesos que essa variávelobjetivo teria na função de perda social. Do ponto de vista tradicional do mecanismo de transmissão da política monetária, a resposta positiva das taxas de juros a uma desvalorização real do câmbio e a uma elevação do prêmio de risco seria mantida. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que a adoção de uma meta explícita para o superávit primário/PIB tem conseqüências positivas sobre a regra ótima de política monetária e para a redução da taxa de juros, bem como na eficiência do atual instrumento de política monetária. O segundo ensaio buscou analisar a relação risco default através do modelo de regressão beta, bem como os impactos que os superávits primários podem trazer sobre o prêmio de risco e, consequentemente, sobre o câmbio. Do ponto de vista da relação default risk, ancorada no modelo de Blanchard (2004/2005), as estimativas baseadas no modelo de regressão beta para as quatro relações propostas neste ensaio apresentaram sinais estatisticamente significativos e compatíveis com a teoria. O fato interessante nos resultados referente ao período do regime de metas de inflação é que as estimativas indicaram uma relação direta e forte entre o superávit primário/PIB e a probabilidade de default; evidências que destacam a importância dos efeitos indiretos que o superávit pode gerar sobre o juro doméstico. O terceiro ensaio analisou a dinâmica discreta da taxa de juros SELIC-meta definida nas reuniões do Comitê de Política Monetária (COPOM). Dois métodos foram utilizados para estudar a possibilidade de o COPOM reduzir/manter/aumentar a taxa de juros básica: probit binomial e probit multinomial. Os resultados mostraram que os desvios de inflação e o hiato do produto são variáveis relevantes para explicar as decisões do COPOM. O modelo probit binomial aplicado para os casos de aumento e redução da taxa SELIC-meta mostraram que a inclusão da variável fiscal gerou melhores resultados. Para o caso agregado, método probit multinomial, os resultados indicaram que a inclusão da variável fiscal combinada com a expectativa de inflação gerou os melhores resultados relativamente aos demais casos. Assim, a resposta do COPOM a resultados fiscais bem como às expectativas do mercado quanto à inflação demonstraram ser os sinais que devem ser observados pelo mercado.
This thesis presents three essays on monetary and fiscal policy of the current regimen of inflation targeting. The first essay searched to study an integration monetary-fiscal when determining an optimal rule of monetary policy with fiscal restriction, analyzing the effect of diverse preferences on the optimal rule in function of the alteration of the weights given for the deviations of the surplus primary as a fraction of GDP in relation to its established targets. The results show that the gotten optimal rule presents a negative reply of the interest rates to the shocks in the debtto- GDP ratio. Primary surplus still bigger would allow bigger reductions in the interest rates and proportional to the weights that this variable-objective would have in the function of social loss. Of the traditional point of view of the mechanism of transmission of the monetary policy, the positive reply of the interest rates to a real depreciation of the exchange and to a rise of the risk premium it would be kept. Therefore, the results suggest that the adoption of explicit targets for the primary surplus in percentage of the GDP has positive consequences on the optimal rule of monetary policy and for the reduction of the interest rates, as well as in the efficiency of the current instrument of monetary policy. The second essay searched to analyze the relation default risk through of the beta regression model, as well as the impacts that primary surplus can bring on the risk premium and, consequently, on the exchange rate. Of the point of view of the relation default risk, anchored in the model of Blanchard (2004/2005), the estimates based on the beta regression model for the four relations proposals in the study had presented significant and compatible signals with the theory. The interesting fact in the results referring to the period of the regimen of inflation targeting is that the estimates had indicated a negative and strong relation between the primary surplus/GDP and the probability of default, evidences that detaching the importance of the positive and indirect impact of the surplus in relation to the interests rate domestic. The third analyzes the discrete dynamics of the SELIC interest rates-target defined in the meetings of the Brazilian Monetary Policy Council (COPOM). Two methods were applied in order to study the possibility of COPOM to reduce/maintain/increase the interest rates: probit model and multinomial probit. It was verified that the deviations of inflation and the GDP gap must be considered importants variables to explain the COPOM’s decisions. The probit model was applied to the cases of the increases probabilies and reduces probabilities showing that the inclusion of a fiscal variable generates better results. To the aggregated case, multinominal probit method, the results indicates that the inclusion of a fiscal variables combined with the inflation expectations generates better results than other possibilities. So, the responses of COPOM to the fiscal results as well as inflation expectations were the reals signs to be considered for the market.
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Aboukdir, Anwar. « The timing of the passing of property and risk under the English Sale of Goods Act 1979, the CISG and the Libyan law : the interplay between the principle of party autonomy and the default rule ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25353.

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This thesis attempts to critically and comparatively analyse the issues relating to the passing of property and risk under the United Nations Convention on the Contract for International Sale of Goods (CISG) and English Law (SGA). The passing of property and risk plays a central role in the area of international legislation in relation to sales contracts. These elements can be the most significant components in contracts of sale between parties, whether in the international or domestic field. The reason is founded on their legal nature and the close relationship between them. The passing of property and risk has been a central issue for practitioners, judges and lawyers dating back to the Roman period and several ideas have been proposed to resolve it. Where the situation is different for contracts of sale in relation to the passing of property and risk, whether in the domestic or international field, it still creates many unresolved problems, because of ongoing changes in the field of modern commerce, which may contribute to unfair implications between the parties. It has been observed in this thesis that both English law and the CISG adopt the party autonomy principle, where the intention of the parties - whether in relation to the passing of property or risk - is the basic rule. However, the difference lies in the default rules. While English law involves default substitutional rules, which apply in cases where there is an absence of an expressed or implied indication regarding the intention between the parties, the CISG lacks such default rules regarding the transfer of property, which could be viewed as its main weakness, although the CISG does involve such provisions with respect to the transfer of risk. This thesis willdiscusses, the legal nature of the rules in relation to the passing of property and risk, and the role of the party autonomy principle, and the impacts and legal difficulties that might arise through the application of these rules, whether they are default rules or based on the party autonomy principle. It will also examine the legal gaps and weaknesses of both legal systems in an attempt to identify such legal difficulties and to find appropriate solutions and remedies.
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PESCE, EDOARDO. « Rimedi e tutele nella disciplina della vendita : una ricostruzione nell'ottica dell'autonomia ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1057141.

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La tesi si occupa del rapporto che può intercorrere fra autonomia privata e i cosiddetti rimedi contrattuali, sulla cui identificazione concettuale ci si sofferma, traendo indicazioni circa possibilità, limiti e condizioni d'uso dalla disciplina tipica interna del contratto di vendita, fatta oggetto di uno studio analitico.
The thesis deals with the relationship that can exist between the concept of freedom of contract and the so called contractual remedies, drawing indications about possibilities, limits and conditions of use from the typical internal discipline of the contract of sale, whose discipline has been made the subject of an analytical study.
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Li, Cheng-Tao, et 李承陶. « Designing Default Rules of Contract Law from the Perspective of Incomplete Contract Theory- A Focus on the Rules regarding Damages for Breach of Contract ». Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53373290301076272308.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
100
Given the fact that the default rules of contract law can be easily opted-out by the agreement of contracting parties, most of the domestic researches focus on the descriptive analysis of default rules in our civil law. But with regard to the role and the function default rules play in contract law, the majority of domestic scholars merely point out the rules are kind of contractual boilerplates provided by the legislator. As the emergence of interdisciplinary research, the advocates of economic analysis of law redefine the role of the default rules in contract law from the perspective of incomplete contract theory: since it is almost impossible for the parties to structure deals by complete contracts, the goal of default rules is to fill the gaps of the incomplete contract. The theory advocated by Aryes and Gertner introduced in Chapter 2 supports that when designing the default rules, the legislator should consider not only the market participants’ preferences among possible proposals, but various cost of each proposal the participants have to bear when they cannot opt-out the default rules. The legislator can further influence the behaviors of the participants by those various cost to maximize social welfare surplus. This thesis in Chapter 3 takes the theory advocated by Aryes and Gertner as criterion to analyze the respective contractual equilibrium under Expectation Interest, Reliance Interest, Restitution Interest, Disgorgement Interest, Liquidated Damage and other possible proposals for the default damage for breach of contract. This thesis discovers that the default damage for breach of contract will affect the promisor’s cost of precaution against breach and the willingness to breach, the promisee’s willingness to make over-investment in reliance and take self-precaution against breach, the resulting damages from breach and the public cost of resolving disputes through judicial approach. This thesis, after considering all the above factors, claims that Expectation Interest can not only provides the promisee with more sufficient protection but enhance promisor’s willingness to take enough precaution against breach. In addition, given the difficulties in proving the damage and the limited scope of damage for breach of contract, Expectation Interest tends not to be too high to induce the over-investment for the promisee. Therefore, Expectation Interest should be the default rules of damage for breach of contract so as to maximize social welfare surplus. In Chapter 4, this thesis further analyzes first, the calculating standard of Expectation Interest and second, whether the scope of damage for breach of contract should be limited by the promissor’s foreseeability with the theory introduced in In Chapter 2. For the first issue, courts frequently measure the damages of the injured party either by the cost for completing the performance or the diminution in market value at the time of breach from less than perfect performance. This thesis argues that the cost for completion should be the default rule to measure the damages of Expectation Interest. This is because it will reflect the parties’ assessment and allocation of risk at the time of contracting and will not cause over-compensation or economic waste, which will create more social welfare surplus. Current domestic judicial opinion is of similar view. As for the second issue, the thesis argues that it would be less attractive for the contracting parties to strategically withhold information and the cost of gathering information would be lower, if the scope of damage were limited to those foreseeable by the party in breach at the time of contracting. The domestic judicial opinion, conventionally dominated by Taiwanese Adequate Causation, should thus be revised.
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Chang, Yi Ming, et 張益銘. « An Algorithm of Construction of Default Rule Tree for Efficient Utilization of Routing Table in Software-Defined Network ». Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02678579266508153091.

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碩士
國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
104
Efficient utilization of routing table is an major issue in software-defined network(SDN) due to the high price of the lookup routing table. In this paper, we focus on mini- mizing the usage of TCAM of mice flows (85 percentage overall) in the data center. The liberated spaces of the routing table by the algorithm could be use for increasing the throughput of the network by other traffic engineering functions. First of all, we provide a routing policy is to reuse the default rule as many as possible in order to decrease the TCAM table size. Next, different from the original default tree, which is built as a shortest path tree, we construct a new default rule tree called CDRT tree which could efficiently reuse by the routing policy. Further more, the tree is con- structed by using linear optimization model. At last, we evaluate the performance of CDRT using Bcube topology, and compare with two routing policy. One is shortest path routing, which is the original routing policy for mice flows, the other is to reuse shortest path tree for routing. At last, avoiding the routing path overstretch because of the reuse of the routing method, we would set length limitation on the routing path. Keywords: Default Rule Tree, Efficient Routing.
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Casazza, Alberto. « Strategie di gestione dei costi nei finanziamenti bancari : tecniche contrattuali e rimedi privatistici ». Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1238916.

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La gestione dei costi del rapporto di finanziamento bancario rappresenta un terreno privilegiato d’indagine per comprendere le dinamiche degli assetti di forza e degli equilibri economici nei contratti di durata. Dal momento della negoziazione a quello esecutivo, emergono infatti plurime chiavi di lettura del sistema di distribuzione dei rischi e di manutenzione della relazione economica. L’insieme dei problemi suscitati dalla prassi fornisce, da questo punto di vista, notevoli indicazioni e consente di delineare rimedi efficienti ed equi nel ventaglio di ipotesi che possono presentarsi innanzi all’operatore giuridico, nel caso in cui il rapporto sia staticamente o dinamicamente sbilanciato a causa dell’opportunismo contrattuale o di una sopravvenienza rilevante. Autonomia privata e assetto giurisdizionale in senso ampio svolgono un ruolo essenziale in una realtà che muta continuamente forma, mescolandosi alla sfuggente materia economico-finanziaria: per questo motivo, è più che mai indispensabile ricostruire l’armamentario interpretativo del giurista a partire dall’analisi sul campo della giurisprudenza e della prassi bancaria. In tal modo, viene in evidenza l’insufficienza di soluzioni rigidamente dogmatiche: è preferibile, invece, differenziare le scelte rimediali sulla base di un’analisi multilivello, che coniughi il profilo economico con la dimensione etica del rapporto contrattuale. The cost management of bank financing represents an excellent topic to deal with the dynamics of economic balances in long-term contracts. From the moment of negotiation to the executive one, in fact, several keys to understanding the risk distribution system and the maintenance of the economic relationship emerge. The set of problems raised by the practice provides, from this point of view, significant indications and allows to outline efficient and equitable remedies in the range of hypotheses that may arise before the legal operator, in the event that the relationship is statically or dynamically unbalanced due to contractual opportunism or a significant contingency. Private autonomy and jurisdiction in a broad sense play an essential role in a reality that constantly changes form, mixing with the elusive economic-financial matter: for this reason, it is more than ever essential to reconstruct the interpretative instruments of the jurist starting from the analysis on the field of jurisprudence and banking practice. In this way, the insufficiency of strictly dogmatic solutions is highlighted: it is preferable, in fact, to differentiate the remedial choices based on a multilevel analysis, which combines the economic profile with the ethical dimension of the contractual relationship.
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Livres sur le sujet "Default rules"

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MacLeod, W. Bentley. Legal default rules : The case of wrongful discharge laws. Bonn, Germany : IZA, 2006.

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Goda, Gopi Shah. Incorporating employee heterogeneity into default rules for retirement plan selection. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Penalver, Adrian. Fiscal rules for debt sustainability in emerging markets : The impact of volatility and default risk. London : Bank of England, 2006.

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Office, General Accounting. Student loans : Direct loan default rates : report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C : GAO, 2000.

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Office, General Accounting. Student loans : Default rates need to be computed more appropriately : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013) : The Office, 1999.

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Eichengreen, Barry J. The bail-in problem : Systematic goals, ad hoc means. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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Office, General Accounting. Student loans : Characteristics of defaulted borrowers in the Stafford Student Loan Program : briefing report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Education, Arts, and the Humanities, Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C : U.S. General Accounting Office, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Student loans : Direct loans could save money and simplify program administration : briefing report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education, Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C : The Office, 1991.

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Martinez, Leonardo, Juan Carlos Hatchondo et Francisco Roch. Fiscal Rules and the Sovereign Default Premium. International Monetary Fund, 2012.

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Martinez, Leonardo, Juan Carlos Hatchondo et Francisco Roch. Fiscal Rules and the Sovereign Default Premium. International Monetary Fund, 2012.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Default rules"

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Antoy, Sergio, et Michael Hanus. « Default Rules for Curry ». Dans Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages, 65–82. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28228-2_5.

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Sunstein, Cass R., et Lucia A. Reisch. « Climate-Friendly Default Rules ». Dans Sustainable Consumption and Production, Volume I, 141–64. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56371-4_8.

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Yager, Ronald R. « Possibilistic qualification and default rules ». Dans Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, 41–57. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-18579-8_3.

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Ayres, Ian. « Default Rules for Incomplete Contracts ». Dans The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 585–90. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_112.

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Lambert, Paul B. « Data Protection aS Default ». Dans Essential Introduction to Understanding European Data Protection Rules, 337–40. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017. : Auerbach Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315115269-32.

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Lambert, Paul B. « Data Protection aS Default ». Dans Essential Introduction to Understanding European Data Protection Rules, 337–40. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017. : Auerbach Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781138069848-32.

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Peterson, Don, et Boris Galitsky. « Handling Default Rules by Autistic Reasoning ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 314–20. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30134-9_42.

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McCoubrie, Paul. « Rule #13 / / The Default Is To Say ‘Yes’ ». Dans The Rules of Radiology, 49–52. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65229-6_13.

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Benferhat, Salem. « Handling hard rules and default rules in possibilistic logic ». Dans Advances in Intelligent Computing — IPMU '94, 302–10. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0035963.

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Krauspenhaar, Daniel. « Compulsory Liability Rule and Liability Rule by Default Regimes ». Dans Liability Rules in Patent Law, 177–228. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40900-4_4.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Default rules"

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Yu, Sun, Li Zhiping et Xu Tianwei. « The Super Default Rules in Ontologies ». Dans 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csss.2012.445.

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Sun, Yu, et Yuefei Sui. « Default Description Logics with Reversing Inference Rules ». Dans 2006 5th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coginf.2006.365709.

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Alviano, Mario, et Andreas Pieris. « Default Negation for Non-Guarded Existential Rules ». Dans SIGMOD/PODS'15 : International Conference on Management of Data. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2745754.2745758.

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Liu, Shaohua, Junsheng Yu, Yinglong Ma, Xu Zhang, Xiaoming Liu et Hansheng Su. « Prioritizing Default Rules Embedded in Description Logic Knowledge Base ». Dans 2008 Ninth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/snpd.2008.130.

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Javadi, Seyyed Ahmad, Morteza Amini et Rasool Jalili. « Non-monotonocity in OrBAC through default and exception policy rules ». Dans 2012 9th International ISC Conference on Information Security and Cryptology (ISCISC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscisc.2012.6408196.

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Li Ran, Li Jinghua et Cao Lei. « Power System Short-Term Load Forecasting Based on Default Rules Mining ». Dans 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2007.385769.

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de Paris, Lucas, Gracieli Posser et Ricardo Reis. « Electromigration aware circuits by using special signal non-default routing rules ». Dans 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2016.7539173.

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Wu, Chen, Xiaohua Hu, Xiajiong Shen, Xiaodan Zhang et Yi Pan. « An Incremental Algorithm for Mining Default Definite Decision Rules from Incomplete Decision Tables ». Dans 2007 IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing (GRC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/grc.2007.4403089.

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Wu, Chen, Xiaohua Hu, Xiajiong Shen, Xiaodan Zhang et Yi Pan. « An Incremental Algorithm for Mining Default Definite Decision Rules from Incomplete Decision Tables ». Dans 2007 IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing (GRC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/grc.2007.57.

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McKillop, Suzanne, Jie Wen, Robert Keating et Timothy M. Adams. « Technical Basis for Conversion of Non-Mandatory Appendix F of Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code to a Mandatory Appendix : Part II — Associated Code Book Updates ». Dans ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65400.

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In 1974, the Level D Service Limits for Section III, Division 1, Class 1 components were published in Non-Mandatory Appendix F titled “Rules for Evaluation of Service Loading with Level D Service Limits”. Over the past 40 years, the scope of the Appendix F has been expanded to be applicable to certain Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 components and supports in Division 1 as well as in Division 3 and Division 5. With each addition, the organization and implementation of the rules in Appendix F became more cumbersome for the user and consistency between the Appendix and the Code Books1 was not maintained. At the same time, the use of these rules has evolved to the point where the non-Mandatory Appendix is essential the default for Level D Service Limits. Starting in the 2017 Code edition, the component design rules will reference Mandatory Appendix XXVII when Design by Analysis is used to determine Level D Service Limits. In particular, the component design rules, or rules specific to design of components and not Design by Analysis, were removed from Appendix XXVII and placed in the appropriate Code Book. This approach resulted in noteworthy updates to the support rules in Subsection NF, the core support rules in Subsection NG, the valve rules in NB-3500, and the piping rules in NB/NC/ND-3600. The detailed approach used to incorporate the component design rules into each Code Book are presented in this paper.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Default rules"

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Alfaro, Laura, et Fabio Kanczuk. Fiscal Rules and Sovereign Default. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, avril 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23370.

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Goda, Gopi Shah, et Colleen Flaherty Manchester. Incorporating Employee Heterogeneity into Default Rules for Retirement Plan Selection. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, juillet 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16099.

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Matsumoto, A., T. Fujisaki, R. Hiromi et K. Kanayama. Problem Statement for Default Address Selection in Multi-Prefix Environments : Operational Issues of RFC 3484 Default Rules. RFC Editor, juillet 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5220.

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Gomez-Gonzalez, Jose E., Oscar Valencia et Gustavo Sánchez. Sudden Stops, Sovereign Risk, and Fiscal Rules. Inter-American Development Bank, mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003146.

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This paper studies the effect of implementing fiscal rules on sovereign default risk and on the probability of large capital ow reversals for a large sample of countries including both developed and emerging market economies. Results indicate that fiscal rules are beneficial for macroeconomic stability, as they significantly reduce both sovereign risk perception and the probability of a sudden stop in countries that implement them. These results, which are robust to various empirical specifications, have important policy implications specially for countries that have relaxed their fiscal rules in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Ericson, Keith M. Marzilli. When Consumers Do Not Make an Active Decision : Dynamic Default Rules and their Equilibrium Effects. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, mai 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20127.

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Lewis, Dustin, et Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities : Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.

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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.
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